高考说明文写作指导
大连经济技术开发区一中李霞吴蔚林
说明文是今年来高考英语书面表达比较常见的一种体裁，其特点是对事物或做事情的方法进行客观地介绍。有些书面表达题虽是以应用文的形式出现的，但其主要内容也属于说明
象、介绍方位地点和指导如何做事情，要求学生能够按照一定的说明顺序进行介绍和说明，以达到实际应用和交际的目的。
写说明文宜采用三段式：第一段主要介绍要说明的对象及说明的目的；第二段说明事物的主要特征或做事情的方法步骤；第三段进行总结概括。时态通常用一般现在时。写作时应遵循以下几个步骤：
一、仔细审题，明确说明对象，抓住要说明的事物或事理的主要特征。
二、选择合理的说明顺序（时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑顺序）分层次进行说明，注意条
理清晰。
三、选择恰当的说明方法，比如定义法、举例法、比较法和细节描述法等，不要遗漏主
要内容。
四、根据说明顺序及内容确定过渡词和恰当的句型结构。文字应客观、简洁、明了，不
要追求华丽和加入太多个人观点。
以下将就高考中常见的三种说明文类型进行具体的写作指导。
【如何进行方位说明】
写作要点
在介绍一个地点时，首先要抓住该地点的特征，在第一段中进行简要介绍：要说明的是工厂还是学校？是农村还是城市？是图书馆还是公园？它们各自有什么区别于其他地点的特征？第二段中要按照一定的顺序对该地点进行具体说明。说明的顺序可从外到内，从上到下，从前到后，由远及近，也可按顺时针方向或逆时针方向等来介绍。这样可以避免文章杂乱无章。通常建议考生采用以下两种说明顺序：1、选择中心坐标进行说明：在介绍规则排列的方位或有多个建筑物时，先选定中心坐标，然后再就其前后左右的其他建筑物进行说明。这样写作可以突出重点，语言也会非常紧凑。2、按照参观的顺序进行说明：介绍不规则排列的方位时，可以按照参观的顺序，选择好起点，然后逐一进行介绍。这种写作方法条理清
晰，符合人们认识事物、欣赏事物的习惯，让人读起来很舒服。但无论选择以上哪种方法进行说明都要注意in front of, behind, on the left, on the right, in the east, to the west等方位词的使用。在句型结构方面建议学生多使用倒装句、定语从句和with短语。介绍方位的文章最容易写得呆板单调，缺乏生气，让人读起来感到乏味。所以可适当地运用描写，增加文章的文采，使所写内容打动读者，达到最佳的表达效果。例如在介绍学校时，可以这样写：On the west of the teaching building lies a small garden, which is very beautiful in spring with all kinds of flowers bursting into blossom.
另外，方位说明类的文章出题常以图画形式出现。这类文章在写作时考生最常犯的两种错误一是未能抓住主题进行说明，二是遗漏画面中主要要点。解决第一种问题，要求考生仔细观察画面，结合提示中的文字信息搞清几幅画间的内在联系，然后进行抽象概括，找出主要的说明对象。然后对图中所给信息进行筛选：哪些是与主题有关的需要加以说明？哪些与主题无关可以忽略？为避免遗漏要点，建议考生把与文章主题有关的事物先在图上圈出，再逐条以文字形式列出。说明时也要按照一定的顺序合理安排这些要点，使文章条理清晰。通常先说明完一幅画再去说明另一幅画，不要穿插着进行说明，否则会显得杂乱无章。
好词好句推荐：
1．过渡词
above, in front of, in the center of, on the left, across, below, in the distance, on the right, beyond, nearby, opposite to, over, further, next to, on top of, up, down, close to, beneath, under, around, near to, along
2．常用句式：
1）It is located / situated in…
2）It lies between …and …
3）In front of it is…, with …on its left and …on its right.
4）Turning to the left, you will see …, behind which is …
5）Walking past …, the building that appears in front of you is …
6）Along the road are lines of trees, from which students can find shade from the hot sun.
7）A walk around …is a feast for the mind as well as the eye.
8）Opposite to the …stands …
9）The door on your left leads you to ….
10) Next to the door against the wall there is a …, in which we sit to watch TV every evening.
11) On your left lies a …, with all kinds of… in it.
实战演练
2006高考英语作文全国卷I
假定你是李华。应英国朋友Bob的要求，写一封短信介绍你校图书馆的基本情况。内容须包括下面两幅图中的相关信息。注意：
1、字数100左右
2、可以适当增减细节，以使行文连贯
3、开头语已为你写好
Dear Bob,
Thank you for your last letter asking about our library.______________________
Best wishes
Li Hua
注：上面的小字是：借阅须知：每人每次5本，借期10天。下面的小字是：开放时间：周一至周五，早9：00至晚7：00，周末闭馆。）
【例文1】
Dear Bob,
Thank you for your last letter asking about our library. Here is some information about it.
Located between the garden and the teaching building, our school library situates in the center of the school and has beautiful surroundings. It has all kinds of books, magazines and newspapers providing us with all kinds of knowledge and the latest information. According to the rules, each student can borrow no more than 5 books at a time for at most 10 days, and it is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m every day except weekends, which makes it convenient for us students to read in it or to borrow books from it.
The school library is our favorite place after class. We enjoy reading in it.
点评：该生作文属于第五档（23分）。考生充分理解了题目要求，带着一种自豪的语气但又很客观准确地介绍了学校图书馆。写作内容覆盖了两幅图中所有要点，在说明第一幅图时采用了选择中心坐标法，在说明第二幅图时将图书馆规则和便于学生使用结合起来，逻辑非常清晰，全文结构紧凑。该考生对倒装句、定语从句使用熟练恰当，行文流畅。完全达到了预期的写作目的。
【例文2】
Dear Bob,
Thank you for your last latter asking about our library.
Our library, which is surrounded by green trees, ①located in the middle of our school, just behind the garden and in front of the teaching building. Even though it has not ②a large space, there are quantities of books for us to read or to borrow. We can borrow books from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. on ③workdays. And each of us can borrow 5 books once for a t most 10 days. Magazines are available too, but we can’t take them away.
I love my school library. Welcome to our school to visit it!
点评：该生作文属于第四档(18分) 该文基本覆盖了所有主要内容，也应用了一些高级表达法和词汇，语言基本准确，但也出现了一些错误（文中①②③处）。第一幅图说明较好，采用了中心坐标法，但第二幅图在说明过程中缺乏一定的顺序和逻辑，只运用了简单的连接词and。总的说来完成了试题规定的任务，达到了预期的写作目的。
模拟练习
假如你叫李华，你的一位外籍朋友John要来你所在的城市工作，请你帮忙租一套公寓。请你根据下面两幅图中所提供的信息给他发电子邮件，向他介绍公寓情况。
字数：100字左右。开头结尾已为你写好，不计入总字数。
Hi John,
I have found a suitable flat for you to stay in when you are working in my city. ___________
____________________________________________________________________________ Yours,
Li Hua
参考答案
Hi John,
I have found a suitable flat for you to stay in when you are working in my city.
It is on the third floor of a four-storeyed building in Nanhua Street. It lies to the north of a beautiful park, with a hospital, a school, a shop and a post office all within walking distance, which makes it convenient for life. Inside the flat, there is a sitting-room on the right hand side of the door, opposite to which is a dining-room and a kitchen. Two bed-rooms lie on the east of the sitting-room and the dining-room, with a bathroom in between.
It’s a nice flat with all furniture and appliances. I hope you’ll be satisfied with it.
Yours,
Li Hua
【如何说明一件事物的特点或优势】
写作要点
近两年高考英语书面表达中出现过要求学生介绍一个新开业的宾馆或一幅图画内容的说明文，这类说明文属于事物性说明文，其说明对象是具体事物，说明目的是使读者了解、认识这个事物的特点或优势。该类文章还可包括产品介绍、人物介绍、地点或景物介绍、图片说明、现象说明等。
事物类说明文多以提纲要点式和提纲表格式出现。考生在动笔前一定先要仔细审题，了解介绍和说明的目的。文章是写给什么人的？他关心的内容是什么？需要说明的主要对象是
什么？应该以什么样的语气来写？头脑中有个大概认识之后再来看需要介绍的具体内容。
给文字提示的说明文，考生最容易写成逐句翻译，这样会严重影响得分。为避免这种现象发生，考生需要将所给要点根据一定的中心重新分类，用“同类合并”的方法把全文划分为几个相对独立的部分，并进而概括出每部分的大意，再用过渡词把每部分的大意连缀起来，就能比较清楚地显示出全文的说明顺序。比如介绍一个地点时，可以从它的位置规模人口、气候植被、旅游景点特产、工农业及重要性四个方面进行概括；介绍一件产品时，可以从物体的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能几个方来介绍；介绍一个人物时，可以从他的外貌年龄、学习工作经历、性格特点、行为举止四方面来说明。
在明确各段说明要点之后，使用什么说明顺序，还要看说明的对象。一般来说，说明事物的演变发展的，用时间顺序；说明建筑物，用空间顺序；介绍高科技产品或说明事物间的联系的，用逻辑顺序。
事物类说明文适合以定义法开头。比如在介绍手提电脑的这种产品时，可以这样写：Laptop is a portable computer that can be carried easily and used conveniently whenever and wherever you are. 在说明的过程中，要借助举例法和细节描述法使被介绍的内容清晰丰满。在结尾段要突出题目要求，重申说明目的，使文章完整。
在语言使用方面，应尽量使语言显得客观公正，不要使用太多夸张的修饰词和表达个人观点的语句，因为你是在客观说明而不是发表议论。为达到这一效果，推荐考生多用被动句，句子不要太复杂，最好长短句结合，另外还要记住尽量使用第三人称。
好词好句推荐
1．过渡词
表顺序：first, second, third, in the first place, above all, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, besides, what’s more, in addition, furthermore, moreover, another, also, especially, in particular
表时间：first, then, next, after that, next, finally now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
表示解释说明：for example, for instance, in this case, such as…, take… for example，in fact, actually
2. 常用句式：
1)…is a new kind of …produced by…, which is …
2)Made of …, it is light, small, and easy to carry.
3)…containing much top and new technique is famous for its excellent qu ality and reasonable
price.
4)China is a large country with rich history and much population.
5) …, the capital of …, lies in the middle of …
6) It has an area of 160,000 square kilometers with a population of over 90 million.
7)It is rich in natural sources such as coal and gold and has mild weather.
8)…is located at the foot of/ by the side of …, to the east of…and to the north of…
9)… is provided for the convenience of customers/ visitors.
10）Built in the16th century, the castle has witnessed too much coming and going in history.
实战演练
07 年全国卷
一家宾馆新开业，为吸引外国宾客，希望在互联网上进行宣传，请你用英语为其写一篇文字
介绍。主要内容应包括：
1．地点：距白山入口处500米；
2．房间及价格：单人间（共20间），100元/天；
双人间（共15间），150元/天；
热水淋浴；
3．餐饮：餐厅（中、西餐），咖啡厅（茶、咖啡）；
4．游泳池：全天免费开放；
5．欢迎预定。
注意：
1．词数100左右，开头语已为你写好；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel
Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business.
【例文1】
Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel
Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business.
The hotel has an ideal location, only 500 meters to the entrance of the mountain. It has 20 single rooms and 15 double rooms, all with hot showers. The price is very reasonable: 100 yuan per day for a single room and 150 per day for a double room. It provides different kinds of services including three meals a day in the dining hall with choices between Chinese food and Western food, coffee and tea in the café, and a swimming pool open all day free of charge.
Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel. Reservation in advance is advised because it is a good choice for all tourists.
点评: 该文章为第五档文（23分）。该生把握主了事物类说明文的主要特征，语言客观、精练。在说明事物时对其特征进行了归类整理，文章条理清晰。在写作过程中注意到了长短句、主被动句交替使用，语言错落有致，丰富精彩，高级句型和词汇运用恰当，显示出其较强的语言运用能力。文章覆盖了所有主要内容，完全达到了预期的写作目的。
【例文2】
Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel
Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business.
Our hotel locates 500 meters away from the entrance to Baishan Mountain. If you pay 100 yuan a day, you can live in a single room. If you pay 150 yuan per day, you can live in a double room, certainly all with hot showers. But there are only 20 single rooms and 15 double rooms, so you’d better book in advance. The hotel serves three meals every day in the dinning room and you can choose the food you like. You can also enjoy coffee or tea whenever you want. In addition, there is a swimming pool which is open all day free of charge.
Welcome to our Baishan Mountain Hotel!
点评: 该文为第四档（19分）。文章语言流畅，能够运用一些高级词汇和表达法，并且注意到了连接词和过渡词的使用。文章覆盖了所有主要内容，但漏掉了1、2个次重点比如餐厅、咖啡厅、中西餐等。主要的问题是未能对文字提示进行有效整合，逻辑略显不清晰。另外，文章在人称的使用上our, you交替出现，显得不够客观。
模拟练习
请根据下表提供的信息写一篇文章向外宾介绍国家体育馆“鸟巢”。字数：100字左右
参考答案
The Bird’s Nest, the national stadium, is located in the north of Beijing, with an area of 5.8 million square meters, holding more than 90,000 audience. Started in December, 2007 and to be completed in 2008, it will be used for track and field events and football matches during the Beijing Olympic Games, while after that it will be used to hold all kinds of grand activities. Seen from the outside, it resembles a real bird nest made of branches, which explains how its name came from. It is no wonder regarded by experts as an incredible symbolism in Olympic history.
【如何说明做某事的具体方法】
写作要点
说明如何做事情的作文属于事理性说明文。生活中这类文章有很多，也很实用，比如说明如何使用一件新产品、如何包饺子，如何学外语、如何查英语字典、如何上网查资料、如何保持身体健康、如何办理出国签证等。
要写好事理类说明文，首先要限制说明的事物和范围，根据题目要求抓住一点去写，拣主要内容去写，不要泛泛而谈、东拉西扯。比如写一篇题为“How to improve your English”的说明文，只能写区别于其他学科的英语特有的方法，而不是适用于所有学科的学习方法。这就需要考生认真审题，明确说明内容。这一点在半开放或开放性作文的写作过程中特别值得注意。以高考07年天津卷为例，题目中点明了要学生从阅读时间、光线、眼睛保健及睡眠等方面谈谈保护视力的具体方法，但有部分考生忽略了“阅读时间、光线、眼睛保健及睡眠等方面”这个范围，随意发挥，这样会导致要点严重缺失，偏离题目要求，从而造成失分。
其次，一定要注意在说明时条理清晰。写这类说明文通常按照逻辑顺序或时间顺序。先做什么，后做什么，为什么要这样做。为达到这一目的，就要借助过渡词的使用，例如：first, then, next, finally, in the first place, above all, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, on top of that, apart from that, last but not least等。
在布局结构方面，在第一段首先要表明说明的对象及目的，如果给出的是图表或图画应首先说明图表或图画内容，但文字不要过多，因为说明的重点应放在方法说明上。第二段应集中在方法说明。要注意在说明时有足够多的、确切的例子阐述例证。选例时不宜太多，否则会给人以堆砌例证、罗列现象的感觉，但也不要只选一例，因为即使事例较典型，如果只选一例其说服力也不够有力。比如在写如何保持身体健康时，可以这样写：One important factor to keep fit is to take regular exercise such as running, swimming, playing basketball, or doing yoga. 最后一段进行归纳总结
在语言使用方面，首先要注意过渡词的使用，其次句型应采用祈使句。另外，还可以多使用介词短语、插入语、定语从句使行文跌荡起伏，错落有致。这类说明文有一些常用句型
和表达法，考生可借鉴使用。
好词好句推荐
1.过渡词：
表顺序：first, then, next, finally, in the first place, last but not least, above all, first and foremost, 表递进：in addition，besides，fruthermore，what’s more，on the other hand，meanwhile，for one thing…for another, on top of that, apart from that,
表举例：for example，for instance，such as，a typical （striking）example is that，a case in point 表目的: for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,
表总结：in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, as we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,
2．常用句型：
1)Nowadays it is common to use…, but not knowing how to use…keeps many people away
from enjoying the wonderful service that …has brought us.
2)As is known to all, it is important to …. Therefore, an increasing number of people are
showing more interest in how to …
3)With the development of …, there is an increasing need for people to know how to …
4)There are several steps to follow./ Here are some tips.
5)The first thing to do is to …
6) Although …is important, but without …, all the efforts you have made will be in vain.
7) To ensure success, there is one more thing that you must bear in mind, that is…
8) If you can do what has been mentioned above, you can guarantee success.
9) With the help of the above methods, you will achieve you goal soon.
实战演练
07 天津卷
假设你校举办看图征文活动，题目为“How to Protect Our Eyesight”。请你用英语写一篇短文，指出图中所反映的现象，并从阅读时间、光线、眼睛保健及睡眠等方面，谈谈保护视力的具体方法。
注意：
1．词数：不少于100词；
2．可适当加入细节，以便使行文连贯。
参考词汇：近视—short-sighted
【例文1】
How to Protect Our Eyesight
Nowadays, when you enter any middle school classroom, you can hardly find any student without glasses on their nose, as we can see from the picture above. How to protect our eye sight has become an important lesson that every teenagers should learn.
To begin with, students must set a limit to their reading time and guarantee enough sleep. Remember to take a break every now and then while reading. In addition, avoid reading in dim light which will do harm to the eyes. What’s more, it is also important to take eye-exercise and have a healthy diet.
If we can do what has been mentioned above, we can protect our eyesight and say farewell to glasses.
点评: 该文章为第五档文（23分）。该生准确地理解了题目要求，先说明图片内容，再根据提示说明保护视力的方法，内容完整，要点齐全。在说明事理的过程中注意了过渡词的使用，条理清晰。语言方面使用了祈使句，状语从句、主语从句和定语从句使用恰到好处。并且用了不少固定短语为文章增色，出色地完成了写作目的。
【例文2】
How to Protect Our Eyesight
Nowadays, we student s’ eyesight is becoming worse and worse. Whenever you come into a classroom, you will find almost everybody has a pair of glasses on his nose. There are many reasons for this.
First, students often tiredly study with their eyes till deep night. Second, many students don’t pay attention to the health protection of their eyes. Third, fewer sleep can also harm one’s eyesight.
So if we want to protect our eyesight from being injured, we must let our eyes have proper rest, and pay attention to the health protection of our eyes.
点评: 本文属于第二档（10分）。文章从文字方面看未出现太多错误，行文还算流畅，也注意了过渡词的使用。但从内容上来看偏离了题目要求，第二段写了较多与要求无关的有关近视成因方面的内容，而对保护视力的方法介绍不足，遗漏了主要点，未能向读者传达有效信息，未能恰当地完成试题规定的任务。
模拟练习
根据调查，每次考试时总有些同学出现头晕、乏力、睡眠不足和食欲不振等“紧张情绪”。请你用英语写一篇短文，介绍一下你是如何对待考试及如何克服考试紧张情绪的。短文应包
括以下内容：
1、平时努力学习，正确对待考试；
2、考前适当运动，正常作息；
3、睡前洗个热水澡、喝杯热牛奶有助于睡眠。
注意：1、文章开头已经给出，但不计入总词数；
2、词数：100左右。
How to overcome the pressure of exams
As we all know, most of us middle school students feel somehow nervous whenever we’re taking an important exam.
参考答案
How to overcome the pressure of exams
As we all know, most of us middle school students feel somehow nervous whenever we’re taking an important exam. As a matter of fact, exams are no more than a means of evaluating, therefore, there is no need to worry too much about the results.
To avoid suffering from the pressure of exams, first of all, we should have a correct attitude towards exams and work hard every day. Besides, w e’d better do proper outdoor exercise and have a regular timetable before exams. What’s more, a hot bath or a cup of hot milk before going to bed night may help you have a sound sleep.
So, my suggestion is: don’t worry about exams, try to relax yourself.
温馨提醒： 对于英语基础较差的同学，作文可采用背模板的方法应对。 以下模板仅适用于英语书面表达较差，到目前为止看到题目仍然无从下笔的同学。实属考前临时抱佛脚的无奈之举。 基础较好的同学，请按照题目要求与提示正常完成写作。 写作注意事项： 1、无论如何要写够字数80词 2、如果实在无法写出完整的符合语法的句子，可以按题目提示的中文顺序罗列你所知道的 英文单词 3、一时想不起如何拼写的英文单词，可以到阅读理解等题目中查找。 万能模板1：（适用所有作文类型） The topic of 此处抄写作文题目is becoming more and more popular recently. It is my thinking about this topic below. This First point is very important. 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） This Second point is important, too. 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） So I believe that we should pay more and more attention to this topic from now on. 万能模板2：（适用所有作文类型） I think it is very important to understand 此处抄写作文题目. Why? That’s because many people don’t understand it well enough nowadays. For one thing, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） For another, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） It is my point of view about此处抄写作文题目above. Let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板3：（适用所有作文类型） I think此处抄写作文题目is an interesting topic. Many people around me are talking about this. In my opinion, we should understand 此处抄写作文题目like this. First, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） Second, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） In conclusion, let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板4：（适用信件类作文） Dear **,
写作指导(7) 说明文 1．说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁明了的语言来解说事物、阐明事理，从而给读者提供知识的一种文体。 2．在高考书面表达中，其主要命题形式为图表式作文，有时也以图画式和提纲式作文来呈现写作材料。 3．它要求语言要简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明过程讲究层次性和条理性。 4．这种文体通常用第三人称，时态以一般现在时为主。 根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意：1.词数：100左右； 2．参考词汇：通讯communicate (with sb.)vi.，communication n．；互联网the Internet n．。 案例分析⊙ 从材料的呈现方式(两幅图对比)及材料所提出的要求“描述变化及影响”可知，本文应该用说明文体来写作。时态的把握是本文的一大难点，一般情况下，说明文应用一般现在时，但本文描述的是今昔通讯方式的变化，所以在描写过去通讯方式的时候要用一般过去时，例如：In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone及 It used__to__take several days to hear from each other.在描写过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响时，谓语动词要用现在完成时，例如本文的起始句可用“Great changes have__taken__place in the
way of communication in people’s life in recent years”及讲述影响的过渡句“With these changes，people’s pace of life has__been__quickened__and people’s work has__been__made more efficient ”。相对来说，本文用第三人称容易把握。 Great changes have taken place in the way of communication in people’s life in recent years. In the past，people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone.But now almost everyone has his own mobile phone.People can communicate with each other almost at any place and at any time.What’s more，people have easy access to the Internet，which enables them to send and receive emails whenever they like.With these changes，people’s pace of life has been quickened and people’s work has been made more efficient.It used to take several days to hear from each other，but now it takes only
高考英语指导写作专题：图表说明文 一，图表说明 1，分类：数字表、函数关系图、曲线图(graph)；表格(table)；几何图形(figure)；图形表、饼状图(pie chart)；条状图、柱状图(bar chart)； 平面图、示意图、外形图(diagram)。 2，一般可分三个层次来写： 按照题目要求描述图表反映的总情况，即概括大意。 对数字进行仔细的比较，抓住特点进行分析、归纳并找出产生变化的原因。 读图表后的想法、结论、评论或针对反映出的问题采取的解决措施。 二．表达方式： 1，常用的描述句型The table/chart/diagram/graph shows that ... According to the table/chart/diagram/graph... As is shown in the table/chart/diagram/graph... As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures... We can see from the figures/statistics... It is clear/ apparent from the figures/statistics... 2．图表中数据(data)的具体表达法 数据(data)在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time 在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time 增加：increase/raise/rise/... 减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall/decline 稳定：remain stable 3．描写变化的形容词及副词 rapid/rapidly，dramatic/dramatically，significant/significantly，sharp/sharply steep/steeply，steady/steadily，gradual/gradually，slow/slowly，slight/slightly 三、写作模板 As (is) shown/indicated by the figure/in the table/graph/pie chart/chart，_____ has been increased/decreased significantly/steadily from _____ to_____. From the sharp decline/rise in the chart，it goes without saying that_____. There are at least two reasons accounting for / contributing to ____. On the one hand, _____ On the other hand, _____. _____is due to the fact that_____. In addition， _____is responsible for_____. Maybe there are other reasons to show. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing/persuasive. As far as I am concerned，I hold the view that_____. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded. 四，作文范例 1，最近你校对中学生的消费情况进行了调查。请根据调查表提供的信息写一篇英语短文，简要介绍调查结果并谈谈你对中学生消费的看法。
高中英语作文写作技巧方法 导读：本文高中英语作文写作技巧方法，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。 高中英语作文写作技巧方法：构思并列出简单的提纲审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。 高中英语作文写作技巧方法：扩展成文根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。 在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题： 1)确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不 偏题、不跑题。 2)要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。 3)用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰， 文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，
而连接词起的正是桥 梁作用。 在扩展的过程中也有些窍门，以下几点可供参考： 1)在整篇文章中，避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词，准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式，如 倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等，从而增加 文章的可读性。 2)使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话，通过分句和合句或用两 句、三句来表达，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。 3)改变句子的开头方式，不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首，或 用分词等。 4)学会使用过渡词。 (1) 递进furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc (2) 转折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc (3) 总结finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc (4) 强调really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc (5) 对比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc
作文范文 请以“How should parents help their children to be independent?”为题，按照以下要点写作： 1. 目前很多父母为子女包办一切 2. 其实父母应该。。。。。。 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to …… And most children …… According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% ……and more than 85% ….. However, kids cannot depend on their parents forever because …… Besides, being independent …… Therefore, parents need to realize the importance of helping their children to be independent. Parents should encourage their children to …… By doing so, parents …… In addition, parents should urge their kids to …… For example, …… 范文 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to make arrangements and decisions for their children. And most children take such excessive attention for granted and depend on their parents for almost everything. According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% still accompany their children to schools, even to examinations, and more than 85% do housework for their kids including cooking
英语作文说明文 说明文类 写作指导 说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下： 第一步：审题，确定主题句、主体时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称； 第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各要点以完整的句子表达出来； 第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。 常用词有： ①表示时间：now, then, afterwards, soon, five minutes later,before long, shortly after that, soon after supper, to this day, just now, just then ②表示顺序、动作过程：first, firstly, first of all, second, secondly, at first, at last, next ③表示转折：but, yet, and yet, however, although, otherwise, in spite of ④表示结果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately ⑤表示强调：above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most ⑥表示并列：and, also, as well as, and then ⑦表示递进：besides, what's more, in addition, even, once more, what was worse ⑧表示解释和说明：that is to say, namely, for example, actually, and so on, such as, believe it or not,to tell you the truth,according this, for this reason ⑨表示比较、对比：just like, just as, in the same way, more or less, sooner or later, on the contrary, on the other hand ⑩表示总结：finally, in conclusion, in a word, in general, generally speaking, in short, as you know, in the end 需要注意的是：使用上述过渡性词必须根据上下文需要的原则，力求自然，决不可牵强附会，让人感觉别扭。 精选范文 以“早起是好习惯”为题写篇议论文。请围绕以下几点来写： ①早起与健康； ②早起与学习； ③早起与一天的活动。 (字数80～120，要求自拟标题) Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit Getting up early is a good habit. It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on. First, getting up early helps to keep us strong. We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies. Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning. Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day. If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good. 练习 ①某国际性英语刊物有一个介绍各国风俗习惯的专栏，请为该专栏写一篇短文，简单介绍中国的农历新年(春节)。请包括以下要点： a．春节是中国人的重要节日；
高考英语写作技巧：写作之描写篇 这里所说的描写，是指对自然景物、社会环境和动植物的描写。 描写，是用生动形象的语言，把景物的形体、特征、性质等具体地描绘出来，使人产生如临其境、如睹其物的感受。它是用富有表现力的文字描绘客观事物的一种表现形式。运用描写，可以展现地域、环境、自然景物的画面，可以绘声绘色、有形有神地展示动物、植物的神态。 人们通常所说的描写，主要是指艺术性描写。我们这里所说的描写也包括了一部分用于说明文里的技术性描写，如地区的介绍等。描写，有单独成文的，也有穿插在其他体裁之中的。比如，在记叙文中，景物描写可以创造某种气氛，烘托人物性格、展示事件背景等。我们这里选编的主要是单独成文的描写文。 一、描写方式 所有描写都包含两个要素：一是对象（object），二是观察者（observer）。前者指看到的或听说的客观事物，后者指看或听的人，一般是指描写文的作者。根据二者之中哪一个要素处于支配地位，我们可把描写方式分为两种： 1.客观性描写 客观性描写独立于观察者的感知和感情，精确记录描写对象的面目。它是一种真实的报道，目的在于告诉不能亲眼看见描写对象的读者景物的真实情况。作者把自己当作是一部照相机，用词语如实摄制真正的照片。从其超然或公正的特点来看，客观性描写文作者很像是科学家，他要从自己的工作中严格排除个人意见和感情。例如，他在描写上楼时，不能写“I am going upstairs”，而只能直接写“on the second floor”；也不能用反映个人意见内涵的词语，例如，要说“大楼”就要用陈述事实的“large building”，而不能用含有感情的表达“a magnificent building”。 2.印象性描写 印象性描写与客观性描写截然不同。它注视的是描写对象在观察者或作者心目中引起的情绪或情感，而不是描写对象本身的存在。就是说，它不是向读者传达信息，而是要激发读者的感情。它是让人们去感觉，而不是让人们去看。所以，感情交流是印象性描写的首要目的。交流的过程起始于作者，它必须来源于真诚的感情。作者要想使自己的描写成功，不仅感觉要深，而且要在自己的心目中明确那是什么感情。只有作者了解了自己的心情才能把它交流给读者。 二、描写类型 描写文有多种分类方法，有从对象上分类的，有从方法上分类的，还有从描写角度分类的。就我们的需要而言描写文可从内容和技法两方面进行分类：
2020年高考英语说明文写作 1.阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的概要。 In 1878, when Margaret Wolfe Hungerford wrote “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”, she was stating that there was no consistent（never changing）view on beauty. Standards of beauty change across time and cultural groups. Traditions and fashions, like society itself, change and adapt with time. So it is reasonable that our ideas of beauty change as well. In 19th-century Europe, women used to wear corsets to achieve a body shape that is no longer considered healthy. Men would wear woolen shawls across their shoulders. It is hard to imagine that they would be seen as attractive in the 21st century. Nowadays, in the western world, one in every ten people has a tattoos or a form of body art. In the past, some cultures used tattoos as an addition to costumes, to show family associations or to mark criminals so that they could easily be recognized. In contemporary society, culture remains a major part in determining our ideas of beauty. In some countries, young women follow slimming diets to lose extra kilos in preparation for their wedding day. In other cultures, looking thin for a husband-to-be is not what a woman desires at all—rather, looking a little overweight is considered more attractive. With the influence of history, society and culture, there are no precise criteria which can be used to judge what is beautiful. Life long commitment and, indeed, the survival of society itself rely on people seeing beauty in difference and depth. The human race would soon die out if we could only see beauty within a set of limited criteria. Physical beauty must also be accompanied by an attraction to something deeper within a person. This particular kind of attraction is found in a wide range of personal qualities, e.g. kindness, warmth, a healthy conscience, etc. judging the appeal of a person's inner beauty is much more subjective. It takes more than a casual glance to appreciate and it is much more important than physical beauty. Beauty, therefore, has more than one dimension. We are influenced by our culture, our biology and our time in history to notice physical beauty quickly and easily, but it is inner beauty that requires us to truly see. Beauty is certainly in the eye of the beholder. 2.阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。 Fisherman Salvador was just trying to make a living on the sea with fellow fisherman Cordoba. Two days into the journey, disaster struck, and the two men would begin the greatest challenge of their lives. The boat was loaded with tons of provisions, including 70 gallons of gasoline, 16 gallons of water, 50 Ibs of sar - dines for bait(鱼饵). They also had a mobile phone, kept safe in a plastic bag, a GPS, and a two-way radio. The two had never spoken before or worked together, but they liked fishing and both of them seemed to know what they were doing. Two days later, the weather was getting worse and worse. Salvador was trying to remain calm, but Cordoba was not prepared. He held on to the rail(围栏) for dear life as the waves crashed around them, vomiting(呕吐）and crying. When the storm finally passed, Salvador noticed that they had drifted far away from land. To make matters worse, the motor had stopped working. Salvador called his boss on the radio, but there was no response. Even worse was the fact that the GPS they has brought with them had stopped working.
大学英语作文万能模板 （一）段首句 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
英语说明文的写作方法 1.罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。 罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习 There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，… We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first，second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 2.举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is…等词语引出 举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 3.比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法 在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 4.定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语比如 A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. 5.顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 6.分类法（classification）分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法 Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested， that is，some books are to be read only in parts，others to be read，but not curiously，and some f ew to be read wholly，and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others；but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…
1. 成功的四个步骤 Four Steps to a Successful Four Steps to a Successful The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance on the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart. Dress properly. While everyone wants to give an impressive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted. If you are still in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose. For businessman or grownups, casual clothes are recommended. Never put up your working uniforms,no matter how well you like that Armani suit. It is no work. A few accessories such as a pair of sunglasses or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere. Take a bath before dating. And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unless you're sure that he or she likes the smell,don't use ones that are too strong. Watch your manner. You're no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the legend. Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart. And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts. And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be "coy" nor "by St. Loy!" after the nun in Chaucer. Be a little sensitive than merely innocent. Do make sure you do not intrude his or her privacy on the first date. For there maybe something deeply concealed within the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn't share often with anyone but his intimacy. Finally, wish you good luck. May you get your hearts combined and start a new journey in the miracle of life and love. Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, and keep on through out the whole way. 简评 看来第一次约会真是令人兴奋并紧张期待的。为第一次约会所提出的建议也是仁者见仁、智者见智。王永同学用词简单、结构精炼，读起来节奏快，例如：“Dress Properly....If you are still in school，a sportswear can fulfill your purpose.For businessman Orgrowmups，casual clothes are recommended.”这样的文章结构像是在提醒我们时不我待，要抓住机会，抓紧时间。 2. 我的宿舍生活My Dormitory Life
说明文阅读理解技巧点拨 科普说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁，包括自然科学类和社会科学类，反映和总结处于世界前沿的自然科学和技术工程（如太空探索、环境保护、生物进化、人体生理、物质微观探索、植物转基因研究等）及社会科学方面的发展状况、科研动向和最新科研成果。 一、文体特点 科普说明文是阅读理解考查的主要体裁之一，地位举足轻重。2017年高考科普说明文的占比继续提升（见下表），全国7套试卷中，除了天津卷以外的6份高考卷均有科普说明文的考查，江苏卷延续2016年的风格，考查了两篇科普说明文。了解此类试题的命题特点及解题策略，对于考生提升高考阅读理解的分数十分重要。 2017年高考英语科普说明文考查情况统计表 目录试卷位置主要内容 全国新课标I 卷阅读D篇介绍了一种可以自己亲手制作的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。 全国新课标II 卷阅读C篇介绍了新型交通工具陆空两用汽车的独特性能和前景。 全国新课标III 卷阅读D篇介绍了老年人开车会面临的问题及相应的解决办法。 北京卷阅读D篇随着科技的发展，人工智能(AI)可能会超出人类的控制。 浙江卷阅读B篇介绍了当今美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯，以及产生的原因和应对措施等。 江苏卷阅读B、D篇 B：介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。 D：世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。
1. 阅读材料的选择 由上表可见，科普说明文的取材具有如下特点：（1）说明性。科普说明文的写作目的在于介绍科学知识，如全国新课标Ⅰ卷D篇。（2）单一性。一篇科普说明文，一般只说明一个科学现象，介绍一种科学知识，2017年各地的试卷中的科普说明文都具备这一特点。（3）通俗性。科普说明文介绍的知识多是普及性的，所以要求用通俗有趣的语言，深入浅出地进行说明，如浙江卷B篇。值得关注的是，最近几年的科普说明文的取材有新的趋势；（4）专业性。少数选题表现为篇幅长、生词多、逻辑性强、长难句多、话题陌生且枯燥，表达方式专业化的特点，如江苏卷B篇。 2. 语篇结构/文体特点 科普说明文强调知识性，以说明为主要表达方式，无论是自然科学类和社会科学类，篇章结构都具有结构严谨、逻辑性强等特点，因此识别和理解科普说明文的语篇结构往往是读懂文章的关键因素之一。科普说明文在结构上常用的写作方法有：（1）总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落（层次）之间常为由总到分、由分到总。（2）承接式。各层次之间按照时间、因果、条件、发展过程等关系安排，前后之间相互承接。（3）递进式。说明的事物以发展进程为序，由简单到复杂、由低层到高层、或由开始到终结，各层次之间的关系由浅入深，后面的内容为前面内容基础上的进一步说明。 3. 语言特点 科普说明文的词汇具有单一性、准确性和学术性的特点，一般不带有感情色彩；句式结构复杂、长难句多；语法分析较为困难，常使用被动语态、虚拟语气等；修辞手段丰富，容易造成理解的障碍。其中，常见的修辞手段有：（1）下定义。为说明的对象给出一个明确的概念或界定。（2）举例子。举出有代表性的恰当的例子来真切地说明事物的特征。（3）做比较。对事物外部或内部关系的比较增加说明事物的效果。（4）打比方。适当运用比喻以增强说明对象的形象性和生动性。 4. 设题特点 科普说明文的设题方式很多，可以考查学生多种阅读技能，加之素材和话题陌生的因素，科普说明文往往是学生阅读理解的重灾区。从阅读微技能的角度，科普说明文的题目设置常为： （1）细节理解 48. Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by ______.（2016年天津卷第48题）