海口朗阁英语2014-01-02浅谈新托福阅读的修辞目的题
海口朗阁英语培训中心预祝2014参加新托福考试的学生取得高分，顺利出国。
修辞目的题（Rhetorical Purpose Questions），为新托福必考题型，每篇文章考0-2题。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，它主要考查考生们理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置或者以某种特殊的方式陈述一个特别的信息。
1）有时要求学生确定一个段落与另一个段落之间的联系
2）有时考查作者提到某一条特别信息的原因（句子之间的联系）
注意：此类题目不考查整篇文章的结构，只考查句子或段落之间的逻辑关系。
问题形式
?The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to…
?Why does the author mention X?
?The author uses X as an example of…
答题技巧
修辞目的题一般可分为以下几类：
一、例子题
例子题一般占修辞目的题出题机会的70%, 题干中出现的X本身是段落中出现的一个例子，这类题是送分题，因为要么是先举例子后总结/概述（理论），要么是先概述（理论）后举例子，所以答案多半是绕过例子看概述，而概述的改写就是本题答案的所在，也就是说哪个选项的内容和概述的内容一致就是答案。因此考生也可以用排除法选答案。
如：OG Title: ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to
○support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories
○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery
○argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories
○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints
分析：此题中我们根据mill worker定位，能定位到原文对应内容为One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines”, 绕过例子读理论，理论“The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules.”在例子前面，根据此理论，我们即可以选出正确答案为第一个选项。
如：OG Title: AGGRESSION
Paragraph 5
7. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people
○deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger
○usually release aggression in explosive ways
○must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up
○typically lose their aggression if they do not express it.
分析：此题中，我们根据Freud和steam engines定位，原文对应内容为The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.” 绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions.”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第三个选项。
如：OG Title: EARLY CINEMA
2. The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order to
○explain Edison’s financial success
○describe the model used to design Kinetoscope parlors
○contrast their popularity to that of Kinetoscope parlors
○illustrate how much more technologically advanced Kinetoscope parlors were
分析：此题中，我们根据phonograph parlors定位，原文对应内容为These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. 绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第二个选项。
二、逻辑关系词或者态度类词汇的题
在段落中，将某一个逻辑关系词X划出，题干中why does the author mention X?
朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，这种题目的解法主要是关注逻辑关系词或态度类词所表达的含义，如：
转折关系：however, but, although, instead, rather than等
因果关系：because, result in, result from, consequently, as a result等
递进关系：furthermore, also, moreover等
态度类词汇：happy, worried, panic, luckily, fortunately, unfortunately, impatient, curious, anxious, ridiculous, hopeless等
如：
Why does the author begin paragraph 4 with unfortunately?
○It indicates that NA SA has been unhappy with all of Hubble’s photograph.
○It shows that NASA’s plan to use stars to orient the Hubble telescope was misguided.
○It emphasizes the need to have telescopes on the earth.
○It indicates that high expectation were not initially met.
分析：此题即考查态度类词Unfortunately所表达的含义。结合原文内容中的“initially delayed in”,说明作者用Unfortunately一词是为了表达对Hubble telescope最初使用时并未成功的遗憾，因此我们可以确定答案即为第四个选项。
如：OG Title: THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS
9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossils included hind legs?
○Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.
○The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.
○The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.
○Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.
分析：此题即考查态度类词luckily所表达的含义。结合原文内容中的“a good proportion of the hind legs”以及“The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly both functional both on land and at sea”, 说明作者用luckily一词是为了表达对fossil包含了较好比例的后腿的欣喜，而此后腿又提供了很多信息，因此我们可以确定答案即为第二个选项。
海口朗阁英语培训中心预祝2014参加新托福考试的学生取得高分，顺利出国。
托福阅读修辞目的题实例解析（七） 在托福阅读的十大题型中，修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose questions)是新托福阅读中难度较大的题型之一。这种题型对于国内考生来说较为陌生，在考场上时间紧张的情况下考生往往不知该在文中什么地方找答案。那么，对于这样一种类型的题目我们究竟该从何入手呢?在以下的一些例题中，我们就为大家进行详细的分析。 托福阅读修辞目的题例题 例题7： Paragraph 2: If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history. This break in Earth’s history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct. While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared. Q:In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared? A:To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
托福阅读错题总结： 改变计划——从第一套开始做！ TPO24：细节题做完之后，通读文章，了解全文的结构和主要内容层次 一、Lake Water 2、词汇题gains：这里是增量的概念所以应该是increase，而不是存量的概念savings 8、比较细节题：弄清A比B还是B比A，Lake Erie体积小，选择表述相反但正确。 11、解释现象题：定位前后句，前面一句是：Climatic change影响很大，后面一句是： Theslowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences，由further可以推知Theslowing down of water renewal也是前面现象的原因 14、概括多选题：太细节的不选，没有提到的不选，选项一般是文章几个层次的内容。 同一部分的内容不可能选两个答案。 二、Breathing During Sleep 7、注意题目中的限定during NREM，和文章中的比较转折（往后看） 13、归类题：要理解文章的主要内容，对各部分的内容都要熟悉 三、Moving into Pueblos 1、词汇题：traumatic，外力的，受迫的 3、理解推断题：要理解原文想要表达的意思，原来更加自由 5、细节题：定位对应段的内容，同义句的替换 14、概括多选题：表述过于绝对的选项是不正确的 TPO23：定位，理解，替换（分析定位句，转换含义），不要多想（文中没提到的绝对不选） 一、Urban Climates 11、词汇题：modified（改进的——changed）中性的改变，increased修饰不合理。 定位原句：Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds。 13、插入句子题：Another possibility is for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers, since large waterways typically have a warming effect on the air directly above them. 原文环境：■The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors.■For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. ■When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃warmer than the side streets. ■ 通过标红的词，以及并列的语义：许多原因，例如XX，另一个XX，判断插入第三处。 14、多选题：分析文章的主要内容：城市热的一个现象——这个热是怎么造成的——形 成热岛效应及其特征——城市表面空气造成的其他现象 此题中其他三个选项都是文中没有提到的！ 二、Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 2、句子同意转述题：Importing the grain, （which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves）, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods. 主干：Importing the grainkept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.虽然由and 连接，但其实是因果关系句！ Thus 一词体现出了因果关系！B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer
1麦考瑞雅思 已具有近10年英语和雅思培训经验，全国唯一开设在复旦大学城的专业雅思培训机构，唯一雅思承诺保分班，唯一突破中国学生写作口语瘸腿的创新性教学，写作口语成绩普遍高出社会平均分70%左右，唯一每天13小时《雅思高分技巧课+训练课》复合式教学体系，大学氛围，省级重点高中的管理模式，坚持高强度、大容量、出高分，得到了复旦大学高校教师和复旦内部大学生及上海大学生的普遍认可，享有极高的声誉，尤其是在写作口语双7分方面极为擅长。适合零基础、高中生、大学生在短期内的快速突破雅思6—8分。 麦考瑞雅思06年即开始G类移民类雅思培训，对G类雅思5分—8分都有丰富的教学和应试经验，每年都有G类学员在麦考瑞雅思的帮助下，取得了雅思4个6分，4个7分，总分和7分等，成功技术移民或投资移民到澳洲、美国、加拿大、新西兰等国家。 麦考瑞雅思低调而务实，从不做广告，除了江浙沪皖，仍有北京、河北、湖南、四川、内蒙等全国各地学员慕名而来。2010年度，麦考瑞雅思在沪江网被万名（ielts）《2010年度学员最满意的雅思培训机构》，并被央视CCTV、新华网等权威媒体报道班级成功故事，成为上海8万考生雅思7分实战人气排名第一和教学质量最好的专业雅思培训。 2新东方雅思 新东方教育科技集团(New Oriental Education & Technology Group )成立于1993年11月16日。经过十多年的发展，新东方教育科技集团已发展成为一家以外语培训和基础教育为核心，拥有短期语言培训系统、基础教育系统、教育研发系统、出国咨询系统、文化产业系统、科技产业系统等多个发展平台，集教育培训、教育研发、图书杂志音响出版、出国留学服务、国际游学服务，新东方在线教育、教育软件研发等于一体的大型综合性教育科技集团。2006年9月7号，新东方教育科技集团在美国纽约证券交易所成功上市，成为中国第一家在美国上市的教育机构。 3环球雅思
常常有考友询问，为什么托福阅读明明有42个题，总分却只有30分，分数如何计算的呢？其实，每每看到这种问题，小编的内心是疼痛的。 大家准备一个考试，却不看考试指导手册，考得不太理想，简直太正常了。就算天生神勇，也应该有个作战纲领呀！ 打开OG，第一部分就是托福阅读的介绍，编者首先给出了评分标准的表格。 紧接着给出了各类题型的题型解析，这些就是托福阅读的考察内容，众位考友一定要反复研究，在准备考试时，下意识的按照出题者的思路去解题。 那么托福阅读有些什么考察类型？应该怎么解题？
在iBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。 1、词汇题 解题方法：若认识，直接解题，没得说；若不认识，就只能推断了。 但是备考阶段最重要的一点。背单词！首先，考托福没有一定的词汇量等于直接酱油了，所以词汇量是一切的基础。 2、指代题 考点：句子直接词之间的关系 解题方法： （1）代词 a. 从句的主语指代主句的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则) d. some 和 others （2）名词 a. 优先选择题干的上下意词 m is a kind of M, M是m的上意词 b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理 注意: a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 b. 从句开头往后找答案 c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致 d. 指代的传递现象 3、句子简化题 解题方法： （1）确定题干句子中的逻辑成分 逻辑成分主要包括：关联词，动词，状语 而托福最爱考的逻辑主要是：因果，比较、最高级，否定 （2）确定与逻辑相关的语义 要依据最简化原则，抓句子中的逻辑要素。 因果的逻辑要素是：原因结果 比较的逻辑要素是：比较三要素 最高级 否定的逻辑要素是：作用对象 （3）选择与题干逻辑语义一致的选项 先主后次，从逻辑到语义（千万要保证逻辑正确）
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6） 【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it
2个实例详解托福阅读修辞目的题从题干找线索解题技巧 托福阅读中既有不需要思考太多直接就能从原文找到答案的题目，也有需要考生自己 主动思考分析才能得出结论的题目。今天小编给大家带来了2个实例详解托福阅读修辞目的题从题干找线索解题技巧希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣 赏一下吧。 2个实例详解托福阅读修辞目的题从题干找线索解题技巧 托福阅读修辞目的题出题形式简介 托福阅读修辞目的题的格式是这个样子的：“why does author mention ”注意这里的why不是定位文中的because来找答案，而是应采取这样一种思维即：题干作为一个细节，其存在的价值是为了支撑前面出现的观点，所以答案在题干细节出现的位置前 面去找，也就是找到观点 (注意避开其他同样支撑观点的细节) 修辞目的题解题思路实例分析 实例1： Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitativeinstinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems tobe a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficientdetachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather thanas serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition thatcontributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of theaesthetic sense. 2. Why does the author mention “comedy”? A. To give an example of early types of theater. B. To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare. C. To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater. D. To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society. 本题中的comedy虽为一个小词，看似不起眼，但是它所存在的句子，句首为for example，这就构成了明显的举例关系，所以答案还是在前面找这个例子所证明的观点。第一句中的neither直接否定了两个观点，后面出现的therefore带起的句子是个
托福阅读28分高分备考要求 托福阅读高分策略相比口语写作而言相对简单，但是也是一大挑战。下面就来和大家谈谈要拿到托福阅读高分策略28+都有哪些需要了解的呢? 托福阅读高分策略 想得28分以上，一般就是错3个左右，也就是不含加试一篇一个。给自己的要求：不能错词汇题以外的任何题 阅读时间： 15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇) 13道题中除了4道词汇题，1道多选题之外，其他题目一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。 在题目上一般是(细节词汇，细节作用，细节词汇，细节词汇改写，细节词汇，黑点大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。 简单的文章可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的方法去读的话，20分钟一般都是够用的。 托福阅读高分障碍： 速度：1’大概150-170字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。 选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不造句都感觉不出区别。 新托福阅读真题训练技巧： 1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。 2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读) 3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是。(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色。 这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列，如下)红——黄——绿 4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤，解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。 新托福阅读真题做题策略： 词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段耗时3分钟 词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人，是物)，保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。 In the past,whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但
大连朗阁雅思培训—雅思配对类题型：段落标题配对题解题技巧
大连朗阁雅思培训—雅思配对类题型：段落标题配对题解题技巧 段落标题配对题是雅思阅读考试中比较特别的题型，因为大部分的题型都是考查考生对细节的理解，而段落标题配对题考查的是考生对段落主旨的把握能力。而由于雅思的文章篇幅长，题目较多，而时间又非常紧张，因此这种题型对于考生来说无疑是一道难过的坎。在本文中，雅思阅读专家将针对这种题型，从出题特点、阅读技巧角度来分析它的解题方法。 一、出题特点 1. 永远位于文章之前 段落标题配对题是唯一的一个位于文章之前的题型，这意味着考官建议考生事先完成这种题型。因为对文章主旨的把握有助于考生更好地寻找文章中的细节。 2. 选项以短语形式出现，数量大于段落数，且为乱序 在List of headings中，选项都是以一个短语的形式出现的，考生需要从中选出最能够概括一个段落大意或者主要内容的短语。出于干扰的需要，选项中一定会有若干干扰选项，需要考生去鉴别。另外选项全部是打乱顺序的，即与文章的顺序不一致。 3. 个别题目中会有示例；选项不可能重复使用 个别文章中，题目中会有一个Example，会提示某一段的答案。由于选项不可能出现一个选项使用两次的情况，因此这个给出的答案即可以排除。 二、解题步骤 1. 浏览文章 专家建议考生，如果文章有标题、副标题、图片、小标题，则必须在做题之前仔细进行阅读，因为这些内容往往暗示了文章的主题，这对于考生把握全文大意、排除干扰选项会有一定的帮助。 2. 划掉示例中的选项 由于选项不可能被重复使用，因此Example中的选项不可能再次出现，故没有必要浪费时间去阅读这部分内容。所以直接在这个选项上划叉即可。另外，对于某些记忆力不好的考生来说，也可以把这个选项所对应的段落做上记号，以免误读从而浪费时间。 3. 阅读所有选项，标出关键词 由于选项是乱序，因此如果先读文章再去找选项，就有可能出现每读一个段落，就要通读一遍所有的选项这样的问题，最后发现把所有的选项读了数遍。因此，专家建议考生在阅读文章之前就先把所有选项仔细阅读一遍，并且划出关键词以便记忆。 4. 甄别干扰选项 由于出题需要，考官会放出一些干扰选项，这里列举出两种常见的干扰选项：
托福培训丨托福阅读句子插入题解题要点 朗阁托福培训中心孙亚楠 句子插入题是托福阅读中的一道必考题型，题量不多，每篇文章中出现一道。句子插入题是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应该加入1-2个段落中的四个黑方块的哪个部分，用鼠标点击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解待插入的句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。下面朗阁托福培训中心的专家将就句子插入题的解题步骤做出详细的说明。 解题步骤与解题要点 阅读并分析待插入的句子，找出其中的线索词； 从第一个小黑方块前一句开始读，逐一代入进行验证； 插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索） 从此步骤中可以看出掌握线索词是解答此题的关键，那么线索词都有哪些？主要有两大类，指代线索和逻辑线索。 1. 指代线索 (1). 指代词(they, it, them)必然有所指代；指代词(this, these, their, other, another, such)后面若有名词短语，则向前寻找此名词短语或其同义改写。 例题1: Paragraph 4: Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. ■Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground.
The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the
2020托福阅读修辞目的题出题形式简介 托福阅读中既有不需要思考太多直接就能从原文找到答案的题目，也有需要考生自己 主动思考分析才能得出结论的题目。今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读修辞目的题出题 形式简介,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。 托福阅读修辞目的题出题形式简介 托福阅读修辞目的题的格式是这个样子的：“why does author mention ”注意这里的why不是定位文中的because来找答案，而是应采取这样一种思维即：题干作为一个细节，其存在的价值是为了支撑前面出现的观点，所以答案在题干细节出现的位置前 面去找，也就是找到观点 (注意避开其他同样支撑观点的细节) 修辞目的题解题思路实例分析 实例1： Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitativeinstinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems tobe a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of thiscondition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficientdetachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather thanas serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition thatcontributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of theaesthetic sense. 2. Why does the author mention “comedy”? A. To give an example of early types of theater. B. To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare. C. To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater. D. To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society. 本题中的comedy虽为一个小词，看似不起眼，但是它所存在的句子，句首为for example，这就构成了明显的举例关系，所以答案还是在前面找这个例子所证明的观点。第一句中的neither直接否定了两个观点，后面出现的therefore带起的句子是个 过渡，第三句中才给出了detached view这一观点，因此看A项中没有detached相
大连朗阁雅思培训—雅思口语:the politest person Describe the politest person you know这个话题N年前就在雅思考试中出现过了，很多烤鸭看到它之后的第一个反应是，有礼貌的表现都有啥？或者没有礼貌的表现都有啥？再在前面加上not，就符合题目要求了。这个思路完全没错哦，不过不能单纯的罗列一群行为，这样凑到两分钟得挺难。所以在大致列举出行为之后，要针对某一个具体展开加入细节。 我们先列一下好的行为和坏的行为： 有礼貌的行为： keep your voice down in public offer your seat to someone on the bus put away his cell phone when talking or eating with friends compliment the host's cooking while you are invited to dinner 没礼貌的行为： It's impolite to go to a friend's home for dinner without bringing a gift. Eating food on a subway or bus is bad manners. Talking with your mouth full is considered rude. It's rude to cut in line. blow your nose when eating with others swear or use bad language have an argument in public show affection in public（当街秀恩爱，不知道从什么时候起这个变成了伤害狗的行为……） 如果还是达不到两分钟，别忘了，随便描写一下人物长相，可能会多说个二十秒…… The politest person I met is a high school boy living upstairs. He always wears a friendlysmile on his face, saying hello to everyone he bumps into. He's not very tall, about averageheight, but he always works out at the gym, so he's well built, you know, with six-pack abs. Iknow that because he once taught me how to swim. Well, that's another story. Anyway, his family is loaded, but he's not spoiled at all! I remember one time, when I justmoved into the apartment, his friends threw him a surprise birthday party, and you know howwild teenagers can be these days, so at the end of the party, the whole building was in a mess,balloons and cakes were everywhere, and the worst part is, it was noisy and disturbing thewhole time. Some of the neighbors were so furious because it was Saturday, and they neededto rest. I was like, oh, great, another spoiled rich boy. However, to my surprise, after his friendswere gone, he and his housemaid cleaned all that up instead of waiting around for the