如何把直接引语转换为间接引语
引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从句。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1. 直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that
．．．．引导，很多时候可省略that。例如：She said, "I am very happy to help you."
→She said she was very happy to help me.
She said, “I will go to Guangzhou tomorrow.”
→She said that she would go to Guangzhou the next day/the following day.
She said, “I have lived in Foshan for several years.”
→She said that she had lived in Foshan for several years.
She said, “ I am reading a book now.”
→She said that she was reading a book at that time/moment.
John said, “I am leaving for Paris on Wednesday”
→John said that he was leaving for Paris on Wednesday.
2. 直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether
．．．．．．．或if．．（是否）引导。先把直
接引语变为陈述句语序，再放在whether或if后面。例如：
He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"
→
→He asked me whether/if I liked playing football.
He asked Mary, “Will you come to my birthday party?”
→You will come to my birthday party.
→He asked Mary whether/if she would come to his birthday party.
注意：大多数情况下，if和whether 可以互换，但后有or not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。例如：
She asked me whether he could do it or not.
He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.
3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导，先把直接引语（去掉特殊疑问词后）变为陈述句语序，再放回特殊疑问词后进行相应的变化。例如：
My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?”
→You like the film
→My sister asked me how I liked the film.
John asked Mary, “Where shall we go?”
→John asked Mary where they should go.
John asked Mary, “When shall we leave for Paris?”
→John asked Mary when they should leave for Paris.
1. Franco asked me, “Is the food ready?”
→Franco asked me whether/if the food was ready.
2. Phillip asked Lily, “Are the young couple drinking red or white wine?”
→the young couple are drinking red or white wine.
→Phillip asked Lily whether/if the young couple were drinking red or white wine.
3. He asked, “Who is working in the restaurant?”
→He asked who was working in the restaurant.
4. Linda asked, “When will the restaurant be ready?”
The restaurant will be ready.
Linda asked when the restaurant would be ready.
5. She asked me, “Will you do me a favor?”
You will do me a favor.
She asked me whether/if I would do her a favor.
6. John said, “I think I will have to take his advice.”
John said that he thought he would have to take his advice.
7. She asked Jack, “What problems have you had this evening?”
→you have had problems this evening.
She asked Jack what problems he had had that evening.
8. Susan asked, “Can I talk to the guests?”
I can talk to the guests.
Susan asked whether/if she could talk to the guests.
4. 直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如：
A. ask/tell sb to do sth.
B. ask/tell sb not to do sth.
The captain ordered, "Be quiet."
→The captain ordered us/them/the soldiers to be quiet.
He said to Sue, “Marry me.”
→He asked Sue to marry him.
Peter told John, “Get out!”
→Peter told John to get out.
注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。
My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh.”
→My teacher asked me not to laugh.
He said to her, “Don’t dance in the toilet bowl.”
→He asked her not to dance in the toilet bowl.
5. 一些注意事项
(1)直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。例如：
They told their son, "The earth goes round the sun."
→They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.
我爷爷告诉我，共产党(Communist Party)的宗旨(gist)是为人民服务。
My grandfather told me that the gist of the Communist Party is to serve the people.
(2)直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。如：this/these→ that/those, now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, last year→the year before, ago→before, here→there等。例如：
My wife said to me, “I will bring my new lover home this evening.”
→My wife said to me that she would bring her new lover home that evening.
He said, "I haven't seen her today."
→He said that he hadn’t seen her that day.
He shouted to me, “Fuck/Piss off!”
→He asked me loudly/angrily to fuck/piss off.
He said to Ivy, “Please don’t leave me.”
He asked/told Ivy not to leave him.
He begged Ivy not to leave him.
Linda asked Kathy, “Will you be there tomorrow?”
→You will be there tomorrow.
→Linda asked Kathy whether/if she would be there the next/following day.
Kevin asked Cecilia, “Do you know how much I miss you?”
→you know how much I miss you.
→Kevin asked Cecilia whether/if she knew how much he missed her.
Kevin asked Cecilia, “When will I see you again?”
→I will see you again.
→Kevin asked Cecilia when he would see her again.
注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。
(3)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：
He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"
→
Tom asked, "What do you want, Ann?"
→
高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese
【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把 听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
直接引语变间接引语口诀 在初中英语中直接引语变为间接引语对于学生们来说也是一个难点，因为需要变化的内容很多，这儿有一个关于直接引语变间接引语的口诀，帮助大家来记忆。 直接引语变间接引语口诀： 直引若是一般问，变间if\whether连。语序变为陈述式，时态人称相应变。 直引若是特殊问，疑问词连接记心间。其余问题挺简单，一切只当一般问。 直引若是祈使句，谓语动词挺要紧。 told\asked\ordered,根据口气来选定。 告诉人、请人、命令人，后跟to do sth.。若是否定祈使句, not to do后边行。 直接引语变间接引语的人称变化: 一主二宾三不变. 直接引语的第一人称取决于主句的主语,第二人称取决于主句的宾语,第三人称一般不变。 附直接引语变间接引语的详细介绍： 直接引语就是直接引用别人的话，并把它放在引号内；间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话，不加引号。直接引语变成间接引语时，间接引语通常以宾语从句的形式出现。直接引语变成间接引语时还要注意人称的变化、时态的变化、指示代词的变化、时间状语的变化及地点状语的变化。 1. 直接引语是陈述句变为间接引语的方法 如果直接引语是陈述句，在变为间接引语时，由连词that引导（在口语中that常省略）。主句中如果有say to somebody （对某人说），通常变为tell somebody （告诉某人）。 He said, “I get on well with people here.” →He said that he got on well with people there. Susan said, “We can finish the work tomorrow.”
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义（9） 被动语态知识点整理总结 被动语态是中高考经常考的语法之一，也是日常口语和写作中必不可少的句子形式，今天笔者就带大家一起来学习它。 01 被动语态的概念 所谓被动语态是相当于主动语态而言的。如果主语是动作的执行者，那么我们就称其为主动语态，反之，如果主语是动作的承受者或动作的对象，那我们就称其为被动语态。如： 主: Many people speak Chinese. 被: Chinese is spoken by many people. 02 被动语态的结构 被动语态由"be＋及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来。下面通过speak来说明常见时态的被动语态：一般现在时 am/is/are＋spoken 一般过去时 was/were＋spoken
一般将来时 will/shall be＋spoken 现在进行时 am/is/are being＋spoken 过去进行时 was/were being＋spoken 现在完成时 have/has been＋spoken 过去完成时 had been + spoken 03 被动语态的执行者 被动语态的执行者一般以by+人/物来引出。如果没有执行者或没必要说出执行者，则可以省略这部分。如： Some computers were stolen last night. 无法确定执行者，因此无by结构。 The glass was broken by Mike.
执行者是Mike，所以这里用by引出。 04 含有情态动词的被动语态 用“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”结构。 如： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. 05 特殊情况主动变被动 make/let+sb+do变为被动要还原to。如： He made the boy work for two hours a day. The boy was made to work for two hours a day. 双宾语结构的物做被动语态主语时，后面要还原出介词。如：Jack gave Peter a present just now. A present was given to Peter just now. 巩固练习 1. The flowers were so lovely that they ______ in no time. A. sold B. had been sold
如何把直接引语转换为间接引语 引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从句。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 1. 直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that ．．．．引导，很多时候可省略that。例如： She said, "I am very happy to help you." →She said she was very happy to help me. She said, “I will go to Guangzhou tomorrow.” →She said that she would go to Guangzhou the next day/the following day. She said, “I have lived in Foshan for several years.” →She said that she had lived in Foshan for several years. She said, “ I am reading a book now.” →She said that she was reading a book at that time/moment. John said, “I am leaving for Paris on Wednesday” →John said that he was leaving for Paris on Wednesday. 2. 直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether ．．．．．．．或if．．（是否）引导。先把直接引语变为陈述句语序，再放在whether或if后面。例如： He asked me, "Do you like playing football?" → →He asked me whether/if I liked playing football. He asked Mary, “Will you come to my birthday party?”
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
语法总结全集 名词和主谓一致 一、名词的分类 英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1．可数名词 可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。 可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词，只要在单数名词之后加“s”，“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen。 有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works。 此外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等。 英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren。2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law。3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers。 2．不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加a/an，或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量，单复数表现在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper。 在有些情况下，不可数名词也可用a/an，表“一种”、“某种”的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper。 有时为了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加“s”，如sands，ashes，waters等。 但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不可加“s”，如weather，information，等。 3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词 英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等。 4．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组 跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many。 跟不可数名词连用的如：little, a little, much。 可数与不可数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of。 二、主谓一致 1．通常被看作单数的主语部分 1）不定式、动名词和主语从句。 eg.. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. What he said was different from what he did. 2）表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。 eg. Twenty years is quite a long time. 10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira. 300 dollars is too much for this old coin.
被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态（The Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时，正值上茶之际。 When they arrived，the experiments were being made. 他们到达时，实验正在进行。
直接引语改为间接引语的变化 1.人称的变化。其规律为：一从主，二从宾，三不变。具体为： （1）如果直接引语的主语是第一人称，变化时，该人称与主句的主语保持一致。 如：Mary said, “I want to forget the past.”→ Mary said (that)she wanted to forget the past. （2）如果直接引语的主语是第二人称，变化时，该人称与主句的宾语保持一致。 如：He said to me,“Do you want to ask about the lab?” → He asked me if I wanted to ask about the lab. （3）如果直接引语的主语是第三人称，变化时，该人称保持不变。 如：Jim said ,“They are going to do their homework..”→ Jim said (that) they were going to do their homework. 2.时态的变化。 （1）如果主句是一般现在时，宾语从句原有时态保持不变。 如：Mary says,“I we nt to see the movie yesterday.” →Mary says that she went to see the movie yesterday.” （2）如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态会有以下变化(科学事实、自然规律除外)。 a.一般现在时→一般过去时 b.一般将来时→过去将来时 c.现在进行时→过去进行时 d.一般过去时→过去完成时 e.现在完成时→过去完成时。也就是说要落后一个时态。 3.直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及动词都会发生相应的变化，变 4.各种句型的直接引语改为间接引语的方法。 （1）.陈述句改为间接引语时，常用动词said, told，连词that,多被省略。 如：Ben said, “I won’t go to Marcia’s house on Friday night.”→ Ben said (that)he wouldn’t go to Marcia’s house on Friday night. Lana said to me,“I’m not mad at you anymore.” → Lana told me(that)she wasn’t mad at me anymore. （2）.一般疑问句常用if或whether来将其改为间接引语（选择疑问句只能用whether），常用ask来引述，可以加间接宾语。语序为陈述语序。 如：She said,“Could I copy your homework?” → She asked (me)if/whether she could copy my homework. She said,“Is this book yours or hers?” →
高中英语语法讲义————特殊句式 倒装句 通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。 一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。 1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Out rushed the children laughing loudly. Away flew the plane. 2.such 位于句首。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sci entist. 注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前 1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends; so do I. 2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。 Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy. 3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He di dn’t make a single mistake. 4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only if you work hard will you be admitted to a top university. 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood Such progress did he make that he won much respect. 三．形式倒装：在语法上称为前置。只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! =How interesting a talk they had! 2.the+比较级.....,the +比较级.....句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 3.whatever+ n.或however+ adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句 Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 4,as / though引导让步状从，表语、状语、含情态动词的谓语提前，表语为单数名词提前不用冠词。 Young as /though he was, he was successful. Child as /though he is, he knows much.
第三节写作中真正实用的英语语法 据考证，“语法”一词源于希腊语“Grammatike”，意指体现于写作过程中的“文字的技巧”，它是语言运用的规则，构建句子的框架，遣词造句的黏合剂，也是英语各项技能的基础，尤其在写作过程中起着举足轻重的作用。 但四、六级考试改革中对语法题目的减少使很多人误以为语法的地位被削弱，加之近年来重视综合技能的各类语言理论的出现，使得一部分考生在写作复习过程中完全摈弃对语法部分的准备，久而久之，形成了“轻语法，重语感”的习惯。而另一部分考生则缺乏必要的语法运用能力，他们可以准确解答语法题目，却不能在作文中灵活运用语法写出漂亮句子。这些考生文章的共同特点就是只有其意，不见其形。 语言是思维的外衣，准确的语法是高分作文的重要必备条件。如果考生能在写作中娴熟地运用语法技巧，就可以使文章逻辑严密，形神兼备。 鉴于语法体系庞大繁杂而备考时间有限，此节内容无法涵盖整个语法体系，只能选择写作中出现频率较高的语法进行重点讲解，如状语前置、倒装、虚拟语气、强调句等，并辅以例句讲解，希望能够帮助考生扫除写作中的语法障碍，轻松闯关。 状语前置 一般而言，英语句子中，状语成分的位置是可前可后的。但状语的前置是六级作文中常用的句式。所谓状语前置，就是把修饰动词的状语结构，如分词短语，介词短语，动词不定式结构等放到句首。 这一句式的最大优点就是断句自然，让单调的句子有跳跃的节奏感。请看下面句子： 1）With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.（随着工业化进程的发展，全世界的能源需求都在增加。） 2）Once lushly forested, this region has seen more than 80% of its original vegetation cut down or burned. (这个地区曾经丛林密布，但现在80% 的原生植被被砍伐或焚烧。) 3）To reach millions of people who watch television, advertisers are willing to pay big money. (为了能抓住千千万万的电视观众，广告商们不惜花费巨额资金。) 在以上例句中，状语的前置使得句子结构分明，避免了后置的平庸化，尤其是第二个句子中的状语部分，既简洁又有力，本身就是一个出彩的表达，如果放置到句尾就不会出现这种效果了。而第三句中不定式目的状语的前置还在一定程度上起到了强调的作用。 倒装 倒装又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。倒装的作用是为了强调或平衡句子结构。 倒装本身是较复杂的高级结构，如果在六级写作中能加以正确运用，就特别
直接引语变间接引语专项练习题 一、将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词： 1. “I am having supper,” he said. He said that _______ _______ having supper. 2. “I’ve seen the film,” Gina said to me. Gina _______ me that she _______ _______ the film. 3. “I went home with my sister,” she said. She said that _______ _______ _______ home with her sister. 4. The teacher said, “The sun is bigger than the moon.” The teacher said that the sun _______ bigger than the moon. 5. “I met her yesterday,” he said to me. He told me that he _______ met her the day _______. 6. “You must come here before five,” he said. He said that I _______ to go _______ before five. 7. “I bought the computer two weeks ago,” she said. She said that she _______ bought the computer two weeks _______. 8. “Did you read the book last week?” he said. He _______ _______ I had read the book the week _______. 9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.” He _______ Jim that he _______ sit there 10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?” He asked her mother _______ _______ _______ found it. 11. “Where have you been these days?” he a sked. He asked me _______ _______ _______ been _______ days. 12 “Do you know where she lives?” he asked. He asked _______ _______ knew where she _______. 13. “Keep quiet, children.” he said. He _______ the children _______ _______ quiet. 14. “Don’t look out of the window,” she said. She told me _______ _______ _______ out of the window. 15. “Are you interested in this?” he said. He _______ _______ I was interested in _______.
Grammar —Adverbial Clause 状语从句 定义：用“引导词 +陈述语序”作状语 状语：修饰动作，把句子“壮大” He speaks English well .（方式状语） The sun rises i n the east and sets in the west .（地点状语）九种状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、方式、目的、条件、让步、比较Ilove you you love me (1)when —时间状语 (2)where —地点状语 (3)because —原因状语 (4)so —结果状语 (5)as —方式状语 (6)inorderthat —目的状语 (7) I will love you if you love me. —条件状语 (8) I won ’ t love you even if you love me. —让步状语 (9)more than —比较状语 意思不同，形式不同，形意相关 I read English loudlyin the open airevery morning.
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Grammar —Adverbial Clause 方式状语地点状语时间状语 用从句形式当状语，即状语从句 (一)时间状语从句引导词 till, until A until B ： A 一直延续到 B 出现或发生就停止 I sleptuntilnoon. I didn ’ t go to bed until midnight. I entered the room until 6:30. I didn ’ t enter the room until 6:30. as soon as, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly no sooner ? than, hardly ? when, scarcely ? when(结合倒装句 ) before, after, 完成 +since( 自从 )+过去时间 --what was the party like? --Wonderful. It ’ s yearsI enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. before C. when D. since
最新《英语语法手册》电子版 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，
English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。 9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，
1. Education is the door to freedom. 教育是通向自由之门。[一个简单的主系结构] 2. Challenges make life interesting. 挑战使生活变得有趣。[make+…+:形容词作宾语补足语。] 3. Difficulties make life worth living. 困难让生活有价值。[make+…+介词短语：介词短语作宾语补足语。] 4. Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. 世界上没有什么可以取代坚持。[否定词作主语。Take the place of：代替。] 5. It’s impossible to defeat a person who never gives up! 打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能的。[动词不定式作主语，“it”为形式主语。“who”引导的定语从句修饰先行词”a person”。] 6. The most important thing in life is to have a great aim and the determination to attain it. 生活中最重要的事情就是有一个远大的目标，并有决心实现它。[动词不定式作表语和定语。] 7. If you can dream it, you can do it. 只要你想得到，人就做得到。[“if”引导的条件状语从句。] 8. Actions speak louder than words. 行动比语言更加强大。[副词比较级] 9. Deeds are more powerful than words. 行为比言语更加强大。[形容语比较级] 10. Mistakes show us what we still need to learn. 从错误中我们知道该学什么。[“what”引导的宾语从句作直接宾语。从句中动词不定式作宾语。]
语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 ———— 语法 ————句法 简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。 并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。 复合句：〖大句套小句〗 一气：虚拟语气 二词：非谓语动词、情态动词 三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 语法 非谓语动词 一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词 二、 啥样呢？ 1. 不定式：To do 2. 动名词：Doing 3. 分词：Done Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue. 围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的 Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done. ☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 ▲ 方法一：口诀法 非谓语，三要点。 变否定，NOT 前。 句法 目的 结 构 形容词 名词 数词 代词 动词 介词 副词 感叹词 冠词 连词 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 并列句 时态、语态 非谓语动词 情态动词 词法 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句
哼哈将，时逻关。 七仙女，记心间。 （一） 变否定 （二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式 主动关系 被动关系 一般式 To do To be done 完成式 To have done To have been done 进行式 To be doing (To be being done) 完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) ▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 ▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. ▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. ▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓 语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years. 时间关系 逻辑关系 B B B B B B B B