2013年度本科生毕业论文（设计）
毕业论文（设计）
题目A Brief Analysis of Chinese and Western
Wedding Customs Differences（浅析中西
婚礼习俗的差异）
院（系）：外国语学院
专业：英语
年级： 09 级
学生姓名：尚素林
学号： 090350222
导师及职称：施淑星（副教授）
2013年5月
毕业论文（设计）原创性声明
本人所呈交的毕业论文（设计）是我在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文（设计）不包含其他个人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本论文（设计）的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中作了明确说明并表示谢意。
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STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or part from a thesis presented by me for another degree or diploma.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of the thesis.
This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my tertiary institution.
Signed
Dated
Acknowledgments
Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to my tutor—Shi Shuxing, who offers me academic and constructive advices on composing this paper. Her patient help and timely encouragement are worthy of high acknowledgment.
Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis, whose kindness and advice have made this work possible.
Finally, I wish to extend my thanks to the library assistants who supported me with reference materials of great value.
Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Literature Review 1
2. Chinese Marriage Customs 2 2.1. Introduction 2 2.2. Six Etiquettes of Chinese Wedding 3 2.2.1. Proposing 3 2.2.2. Asking the Name 3 2.2.
3. Asking for Fortune 4 2.2.
4. Sending Betrothal Present to the Girl’s Family 4 2.2.
5. Discussing the Date of Marriage 5 2.2.
6. Meeting of Bride 5
2.3. Taboos in the Chinese Wedding 5
3. Western Marriage Customs 6 3.1. Introduction 6 3.2. Four Procedures of Western Wedding 6 3.2.1. Proposal 6 3.2.2. Changing Surname 7 3.2.3. Choosing the Day 7 3.2.
4. Holding the Wedding 7
3.3. Taboos in the Western Wedding 8
4. Reasons for the Differences of Marriage Customs between Ancient China and Western Countries 9 4.1. Different Concepts between Chinese and Westerners 9 4.1.1. Chinese Concepts of Marriage 9 4.1.2. Westerners’Concepts of Marriage 9 4.2. Different Gods of Marriage 10 4.2.1. Marriage God of Ancient Marriage 10 4.2.2. Westerners’ God of Marriage 10
4.3. Different Religious Beliefs 11 4.3.1. Chinese Religious Belief 11
4.3.2. Westerners’Religious Belief 11
5. Conclusion 12 References 13
Abstract：As a significant component of social life, marriage has been considered an important matter throughout human history. Marriage customs are formed in a long historical evolution in a nation. Customs of marriage are greatly different between China and Western countries, owing to different religious belief, cultural origin, concept of marriage and the different geographical environment. There are many procedures in Chinese marriage customs. The book “propriety and ceremony”, which records Chinese the earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, they are proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, and sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. While in western marriage, there are only four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding.
Being based on investigation of ancient Chinese and western marriage customs, the essay figures out the different procedures and taboos between them and then illustrate the reasons for these differences. This paper is of referent value for people to study the culture between China and Western countries, which will help people to build a good relationship in intercultural communication.
Key Words: marriage customs; wedding etiquettes; differences; reasons
摘要：自古以来，婚姻是人伦之首，也是社会生活的重要组成部分。婚姻习俗是一个民族在漫长的历史演变过程中形成的。由于受宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及不同的地理环境的影响，中西婚礼仪式千差万别。中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎”。而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即求婚，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。
本文通过对中西方婚姻习俗差异的科学调查，阐述了中西方结婚仪式上的差异，继而总结了产生这些差异的原因，以期促进人们对文化差异的了解及为跨文化提供参考。
关键词：婚俗；婚礼仪式；差异；原因
1. Introduction
Marriage is a significant component of social life. Marriage customs are formed in a long historical evolution in a nation. Wedding ceremonies have been considered an important matter throughout human history. The 21st century is controlled by science and technology, which makes the whole world develop rapidly.With the constantly increasing economic globalization and international exchanges, different cultures are gradually fused, but the main wedding customs between China and western countries are still different.
During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. The different concepts of marriage between ancient China and western countries reflect in their different daily life. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in these two kinds of marriage customs, especially in the wedding ceremony.
Chinese marriage customs are diverse and full of Eastern charming. There are many procedures in Chinese marriage customs. The book “propriety and ceremony”, which records Chinese earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, there are proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, and sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. Western marriage customs also have distinct features. In western marriage, there are only four procedures：proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding.
1.1. Literature Review
Marriage is a significant component of social life and it plays an important role in the development of human society. Marriage customs are formed in a long historical evolution in a nation. In western countries, Arnold Van Gennep had proposed the concept of the wedding ceremonies. It refers to the course of individuality throughout life such as life, naming, growth, marriage and death. In addition, it also marks the individual with the growth of age, translating from one
stage to anther stage, and then holds the wedding ceremony. Meanwhile, the western scholar Maurice Freedman also made a detailed description of Chinese wedding, which thought the relationship of marriage was uncertain and he had collected a lot of materials about the marriage. Emily Martin noticed that the bride’s statues and the bridegroom’s statues were unequal, and the right was also not equal.
Chinese scholar Xixiao has done abundant study on the different marriage customs between ancient China and western countries. Meanwhile, Zhaoqi and Cai Xingzhi have illustrated traditional Chinese marriage customs in ancient times; they have illustrated the earliest traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Hanfang also has carried out further comparison on the differences of traditional marriage customs between China and western countries. She has pointed out the weeding procedures are complicated in China. “Three Letters and Six Etiquettes” were the basic principles of traditional Chinese marriage customs in ancient times. On the contrary, there are only four procedures in the western marriage customs, which is much simpler.
2. Chinese Marriage Customs
2.1. Introduction
Chinese marriage customs has gone through a long period of development from the ancient simple wedding ceremony to the later complex ceremony, from the feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. In feudal times, the matchmaker functioned almost all the time and the youths had no right to choose who they want to get married, and women were not on an equal right with men. “Three Letters and Six Etiquettes” played an extremely important role in traditional Chinese marriage customs in ancient times. Chinese marriage was systemized into custom in the Warring States period (402-221 B.C.).Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty. As time goes by, marriage also complied with “Six Etiquettes”in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, which had a profound impact on ancient Chinese society. China is a large country with 56 nationalities, different nationalities have different marriage customs, but whatever the nationality is, the wedding ceremony is usually very complicated. In modern China,
various traditional wedding customs and ceremonies were out of date, but “Six Etiquettes”as the basic principles of traditional Chinese marriage customs has not changed much, so many foreigners still get chance to witness traditional marriage ceremony in many rural places in China.
2.2. Six Etiquettes of Chinese Wedding
In ancient times, it was very important to follow a basic principle of “Three Letters and Six Etiquettes”, because they were essential to a marriage. “Three Letters”included a Betrothal Letter, a Gift Letter and a Wedding Letter. There were many procedures in Chinese marriage customs and the traditional Chinese marriage customs usually involved six procedures. The book “propriety and ceremony”, which records Chinese the earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, they are proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, and sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride.
2.2.1. Proposing
Proposing is the first and the most important etiquette in marriage, because it is the first time to meet between two families. In traditional Chinese marriage customs, the matchmaker plays an important role. If the boy’s parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in ancient times, they would invite a matchmaker to propose with the girl’s parents at the girl’s home. In addition, the matchmaker would discuss marriage with the potential bridegroom and bride.
2.2.2. Asking the Name
In ancient China, the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was at an age of marriage. This etiquette is aimed to ask for the girl’s name.
If the bride’s parents did not object the marriage. The matchmaker would ask for the girl’s birthday and the birth-hour in order to assure the compatibility of the potential bride and bridegroom. According to astrology, if the potential couple’s
birthdays and birth-hours didn’t conflict, the marriage would step into the next stage —asking for fortune. But if there was any conflict, there would be no further contact between the two families and the bridegroom’s family may look for another suitable bride.
2.2.
3. Asking for Fortune
After knowing the bride’s name and birthday, making sure there’re no conflict between the potential couple.They would step into the next step asking for fortune. It included two aspects. One was to consult the female virtues, for in ancient times people regarded female virtue as the most important things. In feudal times, a man had many wives in order to solidify and stead the family, people paid more attention to female virtues. So the female should adhere to the principle “the three obediences and the four virtues”. The three obediences were that obey to her father before marriage, obey her husband when married, and obey her son in widow hood. The four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner and diligent work of women.
The other aspect was to consult good or bad luck. If they were nothing wrong with the bride’s birthday and the bride would make the bridegroom prosperous, the bridegroom’s family would arrange the matchmaker to present the betrothal letter to the bride’s family. On the contrary, if they were not fit each other according to the birthdate, there would be no further contact between the two families and the result was that this marriage would not be held. That is, this marriage would be canceled.
2.2.4. Sending Betrothal Present to the Girl’s Family
The bridegroom’s family would send wedding gifts to bride’s family after betrothal letter and betrothal gifts were accepted by the bride’s family. The significance of sending betrothal present to bride’s family included two meanings. The first aspect was to show respect and kindness towards the bride’s family and help the bride’s family to prepare dowry as well. The second aspect was to show their appreciation to bride’s parents bring the bride grows up. After all, to bring up a girl
was not an easy thing.
2.2.5. Discussing the Date of Marriage
In ancient China, the bridegroom’s family would invite an astrologist or look up a astrology book to select an auspicious date to hold the wedding ceremony, and sent the matchmaker to inform the bride’s family.
2.2.6. Meeting of Bride
In the early morning of the wedding day, the bride would put on the new red clothes and a pair of red shoes after taking a bath, then waited the lucky woman to comb her hair. The bride would put on Feng Guan(phoenix coronet）with red bridal veil. The bride would listen to a married woman to tell her how to be a good wife while she waited for the bridegroom. At the same time, the bridegroom would get capped and dressed in a long gown and wore red shoes, then he leaded his parading troop with the bridal sedan chair or the flower car to his bride’s home, usually crowded among his friends as escorts and musicians who play happy music all the way to radiate happiness.
The bridegroom needed to pass a series of tests before he was allowed to enter the room to pick his bride up. When the bridegroom tried to get into the bride’s room, the bridesmaids and bride’s sisters would stop him in.The bridegroom could overcome the difficulties with his wisdom, courage or with his friends help.What’s more, the bridegroom must sing a sog for his bride, only in this way can he see his bride. He also had to negotiate with the bridesmaids and bride’s sisters and give them “red packets” in order to take his bride home.
2.3. Taboos in the Chinese Wedding
Five thousand years of Chinese culture was profound, the wedding taboos were formed with the development of the culture. Nowadays, few Chinese people pay attention to the traditional wedding customs taboos in some rural places of China. The traditional taboos of Chinese wedding customs taboos were as follows.
The first taboo: In the ancient time, the pregnant women were not allowed to present at wedding ceremony, because the ancients believed that pregnant women represents unlucky.
The second taboo: The widow or women whose parents had died were not allowed to attent the wedding.
The third taboo: On the occasion of a wedding ceremony, people should never send umbrellas or pears to the bride or to the bridegroom, because umbrella(san) and pears (li) sounds similar to 散(san means take apart) and 离（li means divorce). So for the gifts, people would manage to relate them to “lucky numbers”, such as six and eight. Avoid like the number four or three, which sounds like the word “death” or “injure” in Chinese.
3. Western Marriage Customs
3.1. Introduction
Greek civilization was the base of western culture ,western marriage came into being by the fused of the Greek culture and Hebrew Christian culture, which had developed into the modern marriage ethic relationship of free love. In western countries, the youth had the legal right to choose whom they want to marry because they thought that marriage was absolutely a private matter and nobody can interfere. That’s the reason they can decide their marriage by themselves without their parents’interference. In addition, there are only four procedures in western marriage. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding.
3.2. Four Procedures of Western Wedding
3.2.1. Proposal
In western countries, marriage was usually started by a proposal. If the woman and the man loved each other, the man should formally ask for the woman the question "Will you marry me?" The man may even go down on his one knee before to propose. Although it looks very simple, it was an important step of a marriage. If the proposal was accepted by the woman, they would hold a simple engagement
ceremony. For the engagement ceremony, many etiquettes needed to be paid more attention, especially the engagement ring, it must be a diamond ring and westerners’regarded diamond as the best symbol of love. In addition, the shape of the diamond ring must be in circle, it symbolize permanent love.
3.2.2. Changing Surname
According to the western marriage customs, it was thought unlucky for a married woman to keep her maiden name. So the bride would give up her maiden name and take her husband’s surname after they got married.
3.2.3. Choosing the Day
Westerners would like to choose the wedding date on statutory holiday, festival or on the weekends, so that guests can attend their wedding ceremony easily. Nowadays, more and more wedding are held on Saturdays, while it was considered unlucky in the past. Friday is considered the worst day of the marriage, especially it is in the 13th. The famous old rhyme advised: Monday for wealth, Tuesday for health, Wednesday the best day of all, Thursday for losses, Friday for crosses (= funerals), Saturday for no luck at all. May was considered an unlucky month to marry because the Feast of the Dead and the festival of the goddess of chastity both occurred in May in Pagan times. In Victorian times, Queen Victoria would forbid her children to marry in May.For most Churches, in the end of April was a busy time to hold weddings as couples wanted to avoid marry in May. However, June was considered to be a lucky month to marry, because June was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of love and marriage.
3.2.
4. Holding the Wedding
Holding the wedding is the final step in western marriage custom. Westerners believe in God, so the wedding is usually held in the church by the priest.If the wedding is held in the church, guests and relatives would be greeted by the usher who would give them whatever books, flowers or other things for the ceremony and lead
them to their seats. Under normal conditions, the families and friends of bride would sit on one side of the church and the families and friends’ of bridegroom will sit on the other side. Accompanied by typically Wagner’s “The Bridal Chorus”, the ceremony begins. Accompanied by her father the bride would step on bright red carpet look towards the bridegroom, then the bride’s father would put her daughter’s hand to the bridegroom’s. Then the priest would conduct the wedding by asking both the bride and the bridegroom,“Do you take this woman/man to be your lawful wife/husband and live together in the holy estate matrimony?”and “Will you love her/him in sickness or in health and forsaking all others, be faithful to her/him so long as you both shall live?” After the bride and the bridegroom say”yes”, the priest would continue, “I would pronounce you are husband and wife, you can kiss your bride.”Then the ceremony ends and the bride and the bridegroom can have their honeymoon.
3.3. Taboos in the Western Wedding
Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding is full of romantic atmosphere. In Europe, the bride must cover her face with a veil at the wedding ceremony, it is not only a decoration, but also a demarcation line. However, there are also many taboos at the western weeding.
The first taboo: In western countries, the white things cannot match with red things, because the westerners’think that the white symbolizes purity, but the red symbolizes evil. So white wedding dress cannot match with red shoes at the western weeding, which stand for jumping into the fire pit. What’s more, the red flowers, red belt or other red things also can’t be matched with white dress.
The second taboo: Usually, the bride should not bow when she wear wedding dress and bridegroom should not pick the bride up. But if the bride have to bow, she can daintily a bow and instead of bending to 90 degree, because most wedding dresses are easily expose the chest. It is impolite if the chest is exposed to others.
The third taboo: The veil can’t be uncovered by other people except the bridegroom. In addition, the bridegroom shouldn’t stand on the left of his bride, otherwise, bride would be grabbed away by others.
4. Reasons for the Differences of Marriage Customs between Ancient China and Western Countries
4.1. Different Concepts between Chinese and Westerners
4.1.1. Chinese Concepts of Marriage
Confucianism plays a dominant role in ancient China , under the influence of Confucianism, which formed a people-oriented and came with the secular view of marriage.In traditional marriage customs, people thought that marriage was not only the matter of two people, but also the two families and social relationships. They thought that was a kind of way to offspring, enhance families reputation and position instead of show a kind of love. In ancient times,the feudal ethical code bound people’s concepts, people paid more attention to the process of the marriage.As above mentioned "Three Letters and Six Etiquettes”, we can conclude that the process of ancient Chinese wedding was very complicated and cumbersome. What’s more, every step had specific requirements in ancient China. In the whole process, from the “Proposing”to “Meeting the Bride”, marriage was decided by their parents.This concept of marriage was influenced by Confucianism. Under the influence of the various effects of feudal ideologies and ethics, the matchmaker plays an extremely important role in the marriage. Matchmaker is actively participate in the wedding, from the engagement to the end of the wedding. When talking about Chinese old marriage, people always to sum it up as “the command of parents and the advice of the matchmaker”. Nowadays,with the constantly increasing of economic globalization and international exchanges, different cultures are gradually fused so that Chinese wedding became simpler, but we can also see the complex etiquettes of marriage in some undeveloped places in China.
4.1.2. Westerners’ Concepts of Marriage
Compared with the traditional Chinese marriage view, the traditional western marriage view is open and free.The concepts of western marriage came into being under the influence of the Greek culture and Hebrew Christian culture, developed into
the modern marriage ethic relationship of free love. Personal freedom is extremely important in the western marriage,the youths thought that marriage is purely a private matter and no one can interfere, so the youth can free love and they have legal right to choose whom they want to marry. The westerners believe that men and women are equal. In their own words,“Husband and wife should be equal cooperative partners.”The parents have no right to make the decision of their own children marriage, they believed that marriage is not the grave of love, but the perfect ending of love. From the “Bible”, the story about the Adam and Eve, we can see directly that the God involves into the western marriage. God said, “ The man lives by himself is not good, I will create a spouse to help him.” So God took action to make a artificial spouse to help the man.So in Christians’ view marriage is created by the creator of God, it is a granted gift of the God, people can experience God's love and grace by marriage.
4.2. Different Gods of Marriage
4.2.1. Marriage God of Ancient Chinese
Based on history record of Chinese ancient myth, there’s a legend that in the late of Tang Dynasty, Fu Xi and Nu Wa, who were brother and sister, got married and reproduced. It had been widely spread in China.They were regarded as the earliest Chinese ancient marriage God and primogenitor of human being as well.The ancient Chinese also believe the destiny view that “bind the feet with a red rope”, they thought that they were engaged to each other by the matchmaker when they were born. Thus, although in the ancient marriage had many unreasonable places, very few people try to resist it initiative.
4.2.2. Westerners’ God of Marriage
In the Western myths and legends, there were many Eros presided at the marriage of human.Such as the ancient Greek myth of Eros, Afu Luo Pasarela, Venus. The ancient Rome myth of Eros, Venus’s son Cupid，with love sword in his hands when he shot a golden sword and shot the young men’s and women’s heart, two people would fall into wonderful love, then got marriage, but when he shot the silver
sword and the young men and women would not have a happy ending.
4.3. Different Religious Beliefs
4.3.1. Chinese Religious Belief
Religion greatly influences the rituals and concept of marriage as a cultural factor of the whole social system.Through the wedding ceremony, we find that religion largely effect people’s concept of marriage and their family life．
In China, the traditional morals and religion beliefs deeply influence the marriage. The most popular religion in China is Buddhism, which greatly influence people’s thought. It is reflected in Chinese wedding custom, especially in the wedding ceremony. Everything prepared for the wedding must be in pairs and people always decorate the whole wedding with red items which means goodness and happiness. The Buddhism also teaches people to respect the heaven and earth, so the bride and bridegroom must worship the heaven and earth first at the wedding ceremony, then worship their ancestors and parents and then themselves, finally they enter the bridal chamber.
4.3.2. Westerners’ Religious Belief
In western countries, the Christian story of Adam and Eve was the origin of Western marriage. Most of the westerners believe in Christianity and they regarded God as the only master of the universe.The church effected marriage and it reached its peak in the middle ages of the Western countries, the marriage relationship was dominated by religious law and marriage must be held in the church, the priest presided over the whole wedding ceremony, the bride and bridegroom had to express publicly willingness their of marriage before the priest, marriage can be established after they got the bless of the priest. According to the Bible, the Christians believed that the marriage was sacred because they thought that the origin of marriage was created by the God.
5. Conclusion
The 21st century is dominated by science and technology, which makes the whole world develop rapidly. With the constantly increasing economic globalization and international exchanges, different cultures are gradually fused, but owing to the different religious, marriage concept, marriage origin, and geographical caused the different marriage customs between China and western countries.
Marriage custom between China and western countries has gone through for a long time. The traditional marriage customs are not easy to change, which has remains for thousands of years. As time goes by, although many wedding customs have experienced various changes, the “Six Etiquettes” has not changed much in some places of China. At the same time, in the western countries, the marriage ceremony have not changed, they are four procedures：proposal, changing surname, choosing the day, and holding the wedding.
Through investigation of marriage customs between China and Western countries, the essay figures out the different procedures and taboos between them, and then illustrate the reasons for these differences. This paper is of referent value for people to study the culture between China and Western countries, which will help people to build a good relationship in intercultural communication.
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中西方婚俗差异的比较 Differences between Chinese and Western Marriage Custom 摘要：婚姻是各民族风俗的重要组成部分，是人类社会有史以来共有的制度之一，从古至今，婚姻对任何人都是至关重要的，婚礼是在公开场合将丈夫和妻子之间的婚姻关系公开确定下来的一种仪式。通过对中西方婚姻婚俗的研究，可以使人们对中西方文化的衣、食、住、行等诸多方面有更多更全面的认识，作为外语专业的学生，研究中西方婚俗的差异，还可以达到提高英语水平和开阔视野的目的。本文试着从中西方筹备婚礼，婚礼仪式，婚宴，婚服等几个方面对古今中外的婚俗进行简单的比较，研究，不尽研究比较中西方文化的差异。也研究其某些共有特征。 关键词：婚俗marriage custom 婚俗习惯the manner of marriage custom 筹备婚礼prepare the wedding 婚礼仪式ceremony of wedding 婚宴礼服formal dress of wedding feasts 文化差异culture differences 引言 中西方由于地理位置的不同，人们的世界观及各种传统皆有很大的差异，也有一些相同的地方。本文就中西方婚俗的差异做简单浅显的介绍。婚俗是一族传统文化的体现,也是这个民族文明程度的指向标,它显示了民族群体的价值观、宗教观、爱情观、婚姻观,审美、民族心理等等,通过一个民族的婚俗,可以窥见该民族的社会生活面貌。由于文化的不同,各个国家的婚俗也各不相同,由此反映出不同文化的人们对于婚姻的态度。中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即建议，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中，媒人起着决定性的作用，而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力，而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。在西方，是牧师在婚姻中起作用，并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。有关文化差异研究的学术论文成果也颇丰。如，韩芳《中西传统婚俗之比较》（《中国校外教育研究理论》2008期）、毕伟《浅析中西方婚礼文化的差异》。 正文 一、婚俗习惯 （1）中国传统的婚俗习惯 中国古人认为黄昏是吉时，所以会在黄昏行娶妻之礼，因此夫妻结合的礼仪称为“昏礼”，后来演化为婚礼。中国人喜爱红，认为红是吉祥的象征。所以传统婚
论中西文化差异-高一作文 当传统国学文化与西方文化相遇，当圣诞节与春节“撞车”，随 着时代的发展进步，人们越来越趋向于欣赏西方文化。如今，“崇洋 媚外”已成为一种风尚；“抨击传统文化，赞赏西方文化“似乎是文 学家教育家津津乐道的话题；越来越多的家长希望自己的孩子出国接受国外的教育……我不得不思索，难道中华五千年源远流长的传统文化真的比不上西方文化吗？ 其实不然。中西方文化的起源不同，二者追求的信仰也不一样。我们的东方文化受到佛教、以孔子为首的儒家思想和老子的道教思想影响深远，主要追求精神的超脱，追求礼孝忠义，注重个人修养和人与自然的和谐相处。而西方文化起源于古希腊罗马文化，他们拥有平等、自由和开放的观念，追求个人权利以及对自然的探索和求证。因此，中西方文化存在明显的差异， 在文化教育方面，中西方各领风骚。传统国学文化深受儒家影响，中国的教育也注重于培养学生的个人素质，注重基础教育和因材施教。虽说应试教育不利于学生的全面发展，但是我们不能全盘否定我国的教育方式。考试是对学生在某个阶段学习效果的检验。应试教育有助于培养学生的自我思考和独立自主能力。而在西方，无论是在学校还是在家庭都很注重培养一个人的动手和实践能力。曾经有一个二年级的中国孩子，随父母去美国读小学，它的教师告诉他父母说：“我可 以告诉你，六年级以前，他们的数学不用学了！”
中西方文化教育的不同直接导致了人们性格修养不同。中国人热情好客，关心和询问别人的身体健康状况是一种有礼貌，有修养的表现。人们一般见面都喜欢相互寒暄：“你吃饭了吗？”“最近过得怎么样？”而西方人喜欢尊重他人隐私，所以才以谈论天气，生活来避免尴尬。中国人提倡默默无闻和无私奉献精神，以集体利益为重，个人利益为轻，崇尚助人为乐和不求回报。但是西方人的自我中心意识很强，他们个人荣誉感极强，把个人利益放在第一位，并且推崇个人奋斗，强调多劳多得。 传统国学文化历史悠久，源远流长。漫步在历史的长廊中，我们可以细细品味抒写美的爱情，反映现实生活的《诗经》。穿越过春秋战国时期的百家争鸣的文化盛宴，我们有唐诗宋词元曲明清小说……伟大的祖先留给我们的文化瑰宝如同满天繁星般璀璨，是每个民族都可望不可及的。传统国学文化是华夏子女的历史财富，是我国全人类的文化遗产，我们应当学会珍惜。 面对着中西方文化的差异，当外来文化“入侵”时，我们应当取之精华，采取谦虚，不卑不亢的态度。对于我们的传统文化，我们则需要总结提炼其精华，推崇提倡中华民族文化之瑰宝，才能培养更高素质的人才。
中西方婚礼文化的差异 文化是一种社会现象，是多元化的，是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说，文化是指一个国家或民族的历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、行为方式、思考习惯、价值观念、文学艺术等包罗万象。历史发展至今，中西方文化就像两条时而交着、时而分离的不规则线，同样源远流长，同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。中西文化的差异表现在建筑、教育、饮食文化、礼仪、宗教等诸多方面。 然而婚俗文化，是一个民族文化的重要组成部分。在当今全球化的影响下，社会文化相互碰撞、相互融合，婚礼文化也在不断的变化。我国的婚礼文化也不断地受到西方婚礼文化的冲击。那么在各国之间文化交流相互影响的大环境下，我国的婚礼文化和西方的婚礼文化到底存在什么样的差异？本文从婚礼的不同方面试图对中西婚礼进行比较，找出其差异，并分析差异产生的原因以促进文化交融。 一．中西婚礼文化的差异 1.婚礼形式： 1)中国：中国传统婚礼习俗有“三书六礼”,“三跪九拜”的礼节。六礼：①纳采：男方请媒人提亲后,女方同意议婚,男方备礼去女方家求亲；②向名：男方在求婚后托媒人问女方的出生年月,准备合婚的仪式；③纳吉：是把问名后占卜合婚的好消息再通知女方的礼仪,这是订婚阶段的主要礼仪形式。 ④纳征：纳吉后,男方将聘礼送往女方,是成婚阶段的礼仪，俗
称过大礼。 ⑤请期：送完聘礼后,选择结婚日期,备礼到女方家,征得同意； ⑥亲迎：是新婿亲往女家迎聚的仪式。这项仪式往往被看作婚礼的主要程序,而前五项则当成议婚、订婚等过渡性礼仪。 2）西方的婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤: ①来宾入席； ②奏结婚进行曲，亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始，伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立； ③女方家长入席，新娘挽着父亲的手，步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐； ④牧师证婚，新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻； ⑤新郎新娘互戴婚戒，宣誓； ⑥献诗，来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌； ⑦礼成，奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边，两人一起走出教堂，伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场； ⑧茶会或晚宴。但整个婚礼过程却有着让人不可亵渎的神圣与庄重。由此看来，传统的中国婚礼仪式比西方传统婚礼仪式要简单得多。2.婚礼服饰： 中西方审美与习俗的差异决定彼此传统婚礼服饰的不同。 1）中国服饰强调统一而不突出个性，因此在中国红色象征喜庆、幸福。在传统的婚礼仪式上，新郎新娘都要穿着红色的礼服。
下载可编辑 山西大学商务学院外语系 学年论文 论文题目浅析中西方婚礼文化差异 专业年级英语（商务英语方向） 姓名_______任思楠_________________ 学号_______2012201120_____________ 指导教师_______郝晓瑞_________________ 日期 2015年6月
Analysis on the Differences in Wedding Culture between China and Western Countries By Ren Sinan
Business College of Shanxi University June, 2015
Contents Abstract (i) 摘要 (ii) 1. Introduction (1) 2. Literature review (2) 3. Different wedding cultures between China and Western countries (3) 3.1 Differences in wedding ceremony (3) 3.2 Differences in wedding dress and color tone (4) 3.3 Differences in wedding customs (5) 3.3.1 Differences in wedding banquet (5) 3.3.2 Differences in taboo wedding date (5) 3.3.3 Differences in wedding venues (6) 4. Causes of different Chinese and Western wedding customs (6) 4.1 Historic culture (6) 4.2 Religious belief (7) 4.3 Family Education (7) 4.4 Values (8) 5. Integration and development trend of China and Western wedding customs . 8 5.1 The integration between Chinese and Western wedding customs (8) 5.2 The reasons about integration between Chinese and Western wedding customs (9) 5.3 Development trend of Chinese and Western wedding customs (9) 5.4 Chinese and Western wedding custom and intercultural communication 10 6. Conclusion (11) References (12)
中英文化差异与翻译策略
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竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除 中西方婚姻家庭观 篇一：中西婚姻家庭观差异 中西婚姻家庭观差异 中国婚姻家庭观 中国婚姻传统历来就是父母做主，子女的婚姻是父母不可推卸的责任和义务，所以子女在选择结婚对象时，父母也理所当然的拥有决定权。无论子女多大，如果依然单身，父母会认为自己的义务还没有完成。分析原因，我认为源于中国的父亲单系制度，就是说中国世袭以男子算的，女子出嫁后也就是出家，进入另外一个家族，娶进的媳妇要融入新的家族，处理婆媳、妯娌等众多的关系，好的儿媳妇不仅是儿子的福气，也为整个家掌脸。所以说选择子女的婚姻选择权在父母，尤其是男子，女子因加入外族选择的慎重性减弱。 这种婚姻意识传统在现代社会中无法消除，也不可能消除，电影泰坦尼克号中为爱情不顾一切，在中国也许只能在幻想中存在。看看我们现在的社会中，一种普遍的现象就是隔代教育，夫妻外出挣钱务工，自己的孩子交给父母教育，
明显大家庭观的表现。但是也忘记了传统教育中重要的一点——养不教父之过。西方婚姻家庭观 西方社会是重视个人的社会，家是短暂性的抚育社群，子女到能自立的时候，就另立门户建立自己的生育社群。而在西方的婚姻传统中，也是非常的自由，提倡自由恋爱，婚姻自由，一般情况下父母是不干涉子女的选择。中国讲究门当户对，西方则主要重视感情。在婚后，中西婚姻生活中最大的差别，是中国的婚姻家庭注重"柴、米、油、盐"，而西方则更重视夫妻间的情感交流，沟通以及性生活的质量。在教育方面，有一部分中国的家庭一般把孩子给父母来抚养，而在西方的家庭一般把孩子留在自己的身边，他们认为教育下一代是自己应尽的责任。 篇二：中西方婚姻观念比较 中西方婚姻观念比较 汉语1001蔡亮 在天愿做比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。——白居易 婚姻就好比桥梁，沟通了两个全然孤寂的世界。——基尔·凯丝勒由于文化、历史、宗教等方面的差异，中西方在婚姻观念上存在着本质的区别。 爱情和婚姻实质是一个民族深层文化的体现，反过来文化背景的差异又影响限制着一个民族的恋爱方式和婚姻习俗。西方人的婚姻观与中国人的婚姻观有着极大的不同，因
论中西文化差异 当传统国学文化与西方文化相遇，当圣诞节与春节“撞车”，随着时代的发展进步，人们越来越趋向于欣赏西方文化。如今，“崇洋媚外”已成为一种风尚；“抨击传统文化，赞赏西方文化“似乎是文学家教育家津津乐道的话题；越来越多的家长希望自己的孩子出国接受国外的教育……我不得不思索，难道中华五千年源远流长的传统文化真的比不上西方文化吗？ 其实不然。中西方文化的起源不同，二者追求的信仰也不一样。我们的东方文化受到佛教、以孔子为首的儒家思想和老子的道教思想影响深远，主要追求精神的超脱，追求礼孝忠义，注重个人修养和人与自然的和谐相处。而西方文化起源于古希腊罗马文化，他们拥有平等、自由和开放的观念，追求个人权利以及对自然的探索和求证。因此，中西方文化存在明显的差异， 在文化教育方面，中西方各领风骚。传统国学文化深受儒家影响，中国的教育也注重于培养学生的个人素质，注重基础教育和因材施教。虽说应试教育不利于学生的全面发展，但是我们不能全盘否定我国的教育方式。考试是对学生在某个阶段学习效果的检验。应试教育有助于培养学生的自我思考和独立自主能力。而在西方，无论是在学校还是在家庭都很注重培养一个人的动手和实践能力。曾经有一个二年级的中国孩子，随父母去美国读小学，它的教师告诉他父母说：“我可以告诉你，六年级以前，他们的数学不用学了！” 中西方文化教育的不同直接导致了人们性格修养不同。中国人热
情好客，关心和询问别人的身体健康状况是一种有礼貌，有修养的表现。人们一般见面都喜欢相互寒暄：“你吃饭了吗？”“最近过得怎么样？”而西方人喜欢尊重他人隐私，所以才以谈论天气，生活来避免尴尬。中国人提倡默默无闻和无私奉献精神，以集体利益为重，个人利益为轻，崇尚助人为乐和不求回报。但是西方人的自我中心意识很强，他们个人荣誉感极强，把个人利益放在第一位，并且推崇个人奋斗，强调多劳多得。 传统国学文化历史悠久，源远流长。漫步在历史的长廊中，我们可以细细品味抒写美的爱情，反映现实生活的《诗经》。穿越过春秋战国时期的百家争鸣的文化盛宴，我们有唐诗宋词元曲明清小说……伟大的祖先留给我们的文化瑰宝如同满天繁星般璀璨，是每个民族都可望不可及的。传统国学文化是华夏子女的历史财富，是我国全人类的文化遗产，我们应当学会珍惜。 面对着中西方文化的差异，当外来文化“入侵”时，我们应当取之精华，采取谦虚，不卑不亢的态度。对于我们的传统文化，我们则需要总结提炼其精华，推崇提倡中华民族文化之瑰宝，才能培养更高素质的人才。
中西方文化差异 ——中西方的浪漫婚礼 摘要：甜蜜的爱情是人生中必不可少的，每个人都需要爱情的滋养。然而在爱情婚姻观上，中西方却有很大的差异。伴随爱情随之而来的是婚礼，婚礼作为文化的一个有机组成部分，也是一个人一生中最为重要的仪式之一，它在中西方不同文化的熏陶下也逐渐的呈现出了不同的婚俗习惯，以上种种差异都明显的体现着中西方文化的不同。本文旨在对中西方爱情婚姻观和婚礼习俗方面的差异进行比较，并对造成差异的原因进行分析，浅谈中西方不同的爱情婚姻文化。 关键字：爱情婚姻观婚礼文化中西方差异 中西方爱情观差异 人的行为方式，思维方式都受其生存环境，教育背景，宗教信仰等的影响。人类是一种有感情的动物，我们的情感表达与我们所处的文化环境息息相关。中西方人们生存在不同的文化氛围中，导致我们对事物的理解存在差异。就如爱情关而言，中西方人们有不同的态度与见解。就我所听所查阅的资料，我得出了以下几点差异： 一、中西方爱情维持时间差异 在我们看来西方人的爱情是瞬间产生的，他们比较相信一见钟情，他们享受爱情带来的感觉，而不是婚姻的约束。西方人个人主义强烈，自我权利意识很重。如果是结婚，财产会选择去公证，很多西方人长期维持一个恋爱关系，而不是选择结婚。 在我们中国，受传统文化的影响，我们会认为爱情只是一时的，没有婚姻来的可靠，恋爱关系确认后的一段时间里就会选择结婚。夫妻双方确立关系，从此长相厮守，白头偕老。中国人的爱情是与亲情相融合的。 二、中西方爱情表达方式的差异 西方的爱情在我们看来是热烈、开放、浪漫的，而中国的爱情相对是保守的。所以西方
人表达爱情的方式也是尤为直接的，用直白的语言，用具体化的行动来表达爱意。在西方“我爱你”是可以很轻易的表达出来的。而在中国，就我们身边的父母而言，我们也很难听到这些字句的，爱的感情是在生活的点点滴滴中的。 三、中西方对爱情的态度的差异 西方人受宗教文化的影响，他们认为爱情是神圣的、至上的。他们崇尚恋爱自由，恋爱双方的选择与婚姻，安全是以爱情为基础。而不论出身、门第、年龄、社会地位和其他因素。在中国，恋爱双方的选择，很多时候长辈会从中掺和，会考虑对方各个方面的条件。爱情相对比较物质，缺乏西方人的神圣。 但是，随着世界文化的交流，中西方文化相互间的交流，我们的爱情观也在与时俱进，不同程度的改变着。比如在中国越来越多的年轻人崇尚自由恋爱，脱离传统观念的束缚。四、中西方婚姻观的差异 西方人的婚姻观与中国人的婚姻观有着极大的不同。因为他们认为：婚姻纯属个人私事，任何人不能干涉；同时婚姻不属于道德问题。一个人有权选择和他／她最喜欢的人生活在一起，一旦发现现有的婚姻是一个错误，他／她有权作第二次选择。如果夫妇一方爱上了第三者，任何一方都不会受谴责。在他们看来：强迫两个不相爱的人生活在一起是残忍的。中国的传统婚姻观，一般都讲百年好合，一定终身。问题是，在现实生活中，因为这样那样的问题，家庭中出现裂缝甚至解构的也为数不少，小问题可以调解，大问题象原则性的问题，就难说了，硬撑着，于己于人都未见得是好。 当感情成熟时，相爱的两个人终于走进婚姻的殿堂。由于中西方文化的不同，这些婚礼中的仪式和习俗在时间的累积中也渐渐有了差异，虽然随着经济和交流的全球化，许多的中西方的婚俗进行了混合，但是中西方的婚俗始终有不可替代的差异，下面就两个方面对中西方浪漫婚礼的差异进行分析。 一、中西方婚礼差异比较 婚礼举行地点比较 对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、喜气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来
中西方语言文化的差异 在语言风格上，西方语言与汉语呈现出精准与模糊、周严与简约、直露与含蓄的差异。 1.模糊与精准 汉语“模糊性强”，是汉语语义型特征决定的；相比之下，西方语言精准性强，这又是西方语言语法型特征决定的。这两点反映到语言风格上，形成精准与模糊的不同修辞风格。 精准与模糊的差异在诗歌语言里更为突出。“玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨”。这样一种表达方式是比喻还是象征，汉语无须指明，而印欧语若是比喻必有“like”一类喻词。如： My love is like a red ，red rose. 2.简约与周严 西方语言周严、汉语简约的原因，根据王力的观点是法治与人治语言的差异：“西洋的语法通则是需求每一个句子都有一个主语的，没有主语就是例外，是省略。中国的语法通则是，凡主语显然可知时，以不用为常，故没有主语就是却是常例，是隐去，不是省略”。 3.含蓄与直露 西洋语言比起汉语来，显得罗嗦，用字多。英语比汉语明确，但铺开。就做诗而论，西洋语言都不如汉语简练、含蓄。 中西方教育差异比较 1. 中国和美国两国高等教育、职业教育差异 中国和西方发达国家在各个教育层次上都存在着差异，并以不同的表现形式体现出来。现仅就中国和美国两国高等教育、职业教育差异进行一些比较。 美国的大学实行学分制，学生可根据个人爱好选修科目，不同的科目学分不同，只要把学分修满即可毕业拿到文凭和学位。美国的大学体制是很灵活的，大学生在校学习期间可以选学几个专业的课程，只要拿到足够的学分就可以取得该专业的学位。因此，我们经常在有关报刊上看到美国的大学生年纪轻轻就取得了好几个学位。 而在中国，在大学里就确定了专业方向，一个人可能一辈子就从事一种职业，这样就有可能忽略了在其他方面的潜能。还有，中国有些教育方面的语言也跟西方存在差异。在
揭阳职业技术学院 毕业论文 题目：浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异学生姓名许展薇指导教师佘烁娜 系（部）外语系专业五年制英教班级 093班学号 60912340 提交日期2014年月日答辩日期年月日 2014 年月日
浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异 论文提纲 前言 一、中西方婚礼差异比较 1、婚礼举行地点比较 2、中西婚礼服饰比较 3、中西婚礼仪式比较 （1）婚前准备 （2）婚礼当天 （3）婚礼过后 二、中西方婚礼习俗差异的原因 1、文化背景不同 2、宗教信仰不同 3、价值观念不同 结束语
浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异 许展薇 （揭阳职业技术学院外语系五年制英语教育093班） 摘要：本文主要通过对中西方文化的研究和比较，并进一步分析中西方传统婚礼的差 异。婚姻，无论是哪一个国家的人们，都是十分重视的。本文旨在对中西方婚礼的举行地点、服饰、仪式等方面的差异进行比较，并对造成差异的原因进行分析，浅谈中西方不同的婚礼文化。 关键字：中西方；婚礼文化；差异；原因分析 前言 婚礼，一个浪漫而温馨的名词，它是情侣步入婚姻的大门，也是夫妻关系确立的标志，婚礼是一个开始，从此夫妻之间要相互鼓励、相互搀扶，相守一生，因而，各种美好的祝愿也都在这样一个与众不同的日子变得更加有意义、更加的珍贵。而婚姻习俗是伴随着婚姻的产生而产生的，它展示了民族群体的社会生活面貌，以及审美观，伦理观，价值观，宗教观，性意识和民族心理的发展态势，是人类创造的文化积累和精神财富。婚俗反映出的时代背景与风俗民情对后代有重要影响。中西婚俗研究也始终是研究的热点问题，因为它可以是我们更多的了解外国文化，对于不同文化间的传播与交流有积极意义。婚俗研究的课题层出不穷，研究的方向也不尽相同，有些着眼点放在中西文化的差异上，有些重点比较了中西婚俗中的一些具体不同。本文试从四个方面更全面的比较中西婚俗差异，同时进行婚俗差异原因的深层探究，使我们也对中西文化有一个基本的了解。 一、中西方婚礼差异比较 1、婚礼举行地点比较 对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。在古代，人们会选在开阔的场院里，大家围坐桌前，爽朗的笑声，锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，一派祥和与红火。在当代难以寻得过去的场院，交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选，与以往一样，从招待到入席，所有的人，无论是主人还是客人，脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑，席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。
中英文文化背景差异与外语教学 中英文文化背景差异与外语教学 英文题目: On Differences of Chinese and English cultural Backgrounds and English Teaching 学生姓名：高琴班级： 06 级英语班专业：英语教育学号： 09931137 指导教师：陈珍珍 东华理工大学行知分院二零一一年五月 目录中文摘要及关键词 英文摘要及关键词 引言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1 1、中英文文化背景差异分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1 （一）教育文 化差异．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1 （二）节日风俗文化差异．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．2 （三）婚礼 习俗文化差异．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3 （四）宗教文化差异．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3 （五）中英饮食差异．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3 （六）中英思维方式差异．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．4 二、中英文化背景差异在英语教学中的重要性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．4 （一）中英文化背景差异与英语教学的关系．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．4 （二）从日常对话入手．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．4 （三）在教学中注重英语国家文化知识．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
浅谈中西文化差异对翻译的影响
浅谈中西文化差异对翻译的影响 【摘要】：翻译作为跨文化交际的重要手段之一，是和文化紧密结合在一起的。而语言又是与文化相互交叉、相互渗透的，任何语言的生存发展都离不开其赖以生存的社会文化环境，社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。本文从宗教信仰、历史文化、风俗习惯、时间观念、日常谈话、思维方式和价值取向的差异来描述中西文化差异对翻译的影响。 【关键词】：文化差异翻译影响 在语际转换中，翻译是我们将一种语言文字所蕴涵的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动，是一种忠实于原文的再创作。但它不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 同时也是从一个国家文化移植为另一个国家文化的过程。从某种程度上来说，它与文化因素、背景知识有密切的联系。翻译家王佐良曾说：“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”而吕淑湘也曾提到过，翻译家必须是一个杂家。所谓的“杂”就是指知识要广博。所以，成功的翻译关键是必须要具备对国家文化差异进行深入的认识。 英汉翻译中西文化差异的不同影响主要表现在以下几个方面： 一、宗教信仰差异 西方文化传统是在基督教文化中得以整合的。从某种意义上说，只有了解基督教文化，才能了解西方的文化传统和文化渊源。 在宗教词汇方面，虽然汉语和英语中都有对应的词汇，但它们所蕴含的宗教文化信息却不同。例如，“龙”与“dragon”虽然本义相同，但其引申义和蕴含的宗教文化信息则大相径庭。在我国文化中，“龙”象征着“神圣、高贵吉祥”。在一定意义上，“龙”是中华民族源远流长的五千年文明史的象征。而英语中的“dragon”是一种没有地位的爬行动物，象征着“怪物、魔鬼、凶残”。因此，如果在翻译时遇到此类词汇就应该要注意，尽量避免造成误解。 二、历史文化差异 回顾人类历史的发展，对民族文化影响最大的主要是地壳变迁、民族迁徙、民族的征服与同化和民族之间的战争。在语言的发展过程中，历史文化的痕迹主要残留在习语当中。罗马人征服不列颠四百多年，英语习语中“Do in Rome as the Romans do—一入乡随俗；
【标题】中西方婚俗文化差异 【作者】 【关键词】 【指导老师】 【专业】英语 【正文】 I. Introduction Marriage is the basic system and form that both sexes combine in society. The marriage culture is produced with the development of marriage, which reflects a certain marriage conception. Marriage custom not only incarnates the social appearance in some times, but also shows values, ways of thinking, and religious beliefs of one nation.1 In ancient China, people thought highly of marriage culture. Ancient people regarded marriage as the primary and incipience of all decorum. Chinese long history and abundance culture have penetrated into marriage culture, so it is the cohesion of Chinese culture. While because of geography, nationality, history, religious beliefs and other aspects, the marriage culture in western countries is different from Chinese. Therefore, this paper has discussed the differences of marriage culture among Chinese, British and American. Firstly, it has introduced some similarities of marriage culture between China and Western Countries. Secondly, it has described ancient and modern Chinese marriage culture, the British and American marriage culture. Besides, it has introduced some main differences, such as the wedding process, the wedding dress, the wedding car and other details. Finally, it analyzed the causes of differences, including religious beliefs, the ways of thinking. II. Similarities of Marriage Culture between China and Western Countries Every country has her nationality, but they have some similarities. No matter in China or Western Countries, marriage is a great turning point in life. Both of people all pay great attention on it, and they always choose a nice day, which is sunny and propitious time, so wedding date is very important in every country. In ancient China, people would like to choose an auspicious day based on lunar calendar, which meant the couple would love each other and live a good life in the future. Similarly, the foreigners also choose a perfect day to hold wedding. For example, in England men hate to hold wedding in May. Because May has been considered an unlucky month to marry in. In addition, Fridays were considered unlucky particularly Friday the 13th. There has a famous old rhyme advises a wedding of the week. “Monday for wealth, Tuesda y for health, Wednesday the best day of all, Thursday for losses, Friday for crosses, Saturday for no luck at all.2
最新200份英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 形合与意合对比研究及翻译策略 2 汉英植物隐喻对比研究 3 哥特电影的黑暗之美-市场与文化的交接 4 论中国特色文化政治经济词汇和缩略语的英译策略 5 腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——解读《雾都孤儿》中费金的善与恶 6 从译者主体性视角探析《红楼梦》中概念隐喻的翻译策略 7 词汇和背景知识对英语阅读理解的重要影响及应对策略 8 国际贸易中的支付方式及其风险回避 9 论哥特式手法在《呼啸山庄》中的应用 10 西方骑士精神与中国侠义精神的比较研究—以《亚瑟王之死》和《水浒传》为例 11 Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies 12 从商业性角度论电影名称的翻译 13 The Comparison between“the Mean”of Confucius and“the Mean”of Aristotle 14 On the Conflicts Reflected in the Character of Rebecca Sharp in Vanity Fair 15 春节与圣诞节的对比研究 16 从《厄舍古屋的倒塌》看爱伦坡写作的哥特式风格 17 《魔戒》中的现实主义初探 18 奥巴马演讲词的人际意义研究 19 中外服装品牌英文标签语言的跨文化研究 20 标记信息结构在字幕翻译中的应用 21 从关联理论角度看《围城》的幽默翻译 22 中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响 23 旅游英语翻译的研究 24 从常见的中英文名字比较中英两国命名文化差异 25 试论爱伦?坡的作品在当时遭受非议的必然性 26 英汉音节结构对比 27 英汉习语的概念隐喻对比研究 28 中英文幽默映射的语言与文化差异 29 透析《洛丽塔》中的性 30 论《厄舍古屋的倒塌》的哥特式写作风格 31 涉外商务用餐中的非言语交际 32 中西节日的对比研究 33 A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 34 工业化进程中的人性异化——解读https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c13324881.html,wrence《儿子与情人》 35 An Analysis of Life and Death in Mrs. Dalloway 36 小学英语语法任务式教学 37 论《双城记》中的现实主义风格 38 从文化角度浅析新闻英语的翻译 39 认知角度下的隐喻翻译 40 《追风筝的人》翻译中的美学体现 41 浅析《还乡》中游苔莎的悲剧根源 42 苔丝悲剧原因探究
中外恋爱观差异的调研 恋爱在一个人的一生中，占有极其重要的地位。社会上甚至有“恋爱至上主义者”，以恋爱的追求为人生的最高目的。这种观点固然过分，但也从另一面说明恋爱的可爱与尊贵。当今社会的恋爱观，既有西方文化恋爱观的影响，又深深地带着中国传统恋爱观的痕迹。将中西方恋爱观作一番比较，应是一件很有趣、很有意味的事。 在西方人眼中，恋爱是人生的至乐。人生如果没有了恋爱，那就失去了无限的趣味。所以西方人将宗教家的天堂，称之为“永远的蜜月”，即是此意。西方人认为人在热恋中时，所倾慕的对象就好比天使一样，是完美无缺的，是绝对纯粹的。所以一次真正的恋爱，会使人的灵魂得以净化，道德得以升华。用中国人的话来说，一次真心的恋爱，会使人大死大活一番，确使人有脱胎换骨之感。此所以西方的文人学者艺术家，无不重视恋爱，甚至于一生多次恋爱，以从中寻找灵感与激情。歌德每经过一次恋爱，就有一首好诗，即是此证。 中国人亦深知恋爱的美妙，但更知恋爱不能仅囿于生理的范围，所以将恋爱与孝悌、礼义相配合。中国人以前依父母之命、媒妁之言来定婚姻。一旦订亲，虽然男女双方从未见面，或仅见过一面，但都知道对方是自己的终身伴侣，所以不免要经常猜测、揣摩、打听，这样，心有所属，终身有托，时间久了，仍会有相思之苦，仍会产生纯真的恋爱。虽然没有西方人那样有形的恋爱对象，但无形的对象更易使人联想，使人美化对方，更易产生一超尘脱俗的纯粹美感。“恋爱使人高尚”，中国传统的恋爱方式仍会使人对此有深刻的体验，且比西方人更刻骨铭心。 其次，中国人的恋爱观中，不仅男女双方要亲密无间，水乳交融，而且要爱中有敬。爱而敬，使爱的境界得以拓展。西方男女夫妇只是爱而恋。只有爱恋，没有敬意，容易使对方视我为他的私有财产，产生一占有欲。更要命的是，视对方为我所喜爱的物品，平日里固然可以像喜爱收藏物一样予以欣赏、把玩，一旦时过境迁，不再喜爱对方，自然可以弃她（他）而去，像抛弃一件物品一样毫不可惜。此所以西方社会离婚率居高不下的原因之一，也就是只爱无敬的恋爱观之弊端。试想，我们对自己尊敬有加的长辈、领袖或偶像会轻易抛弃吗？忍心轻易抛弃吗？恐怕不会吧。不仅不会，而且对我们所尊敬的人，还要追随一生，效仿一生。
浅谈中西文化差异 【摘要】在学习外语的过程中，常常会遇到因文化的差异导致的文化冲突事例。在经济全球化的今天，如何更好的理解中西文化的差异，如何使跨文化的交流得以顺利展开，这是我们这些语言学习者和工作者值得深思的问题。这就要求我们对原语言和目的语有较广的知识面和较深的文化底蕴。本文通过分析典型的几方面中西文化差异来提高语言学习者对于其的重视，更好地进行跨文化交际。 【关键词】文化差异理解跨文化交际 随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，其跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往的与日俱增，她与全世界范围内的文化交流与融合，碰撞与冲突在所难免。跨文化交际学的创始人霍尔曾说过：“文化存在于两个层次中，公开的文化和隐藏的文化。前者可见并能描述，后者不可见，甚至连受过专门训练的观察者都难以查知。”{1}自陌生国家的文化，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中人们总喜欢用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语,这就可能对对方的话语做出不准确的推论,从而产生冲突和障碍。下面就中西文化中几点差异的表现进行阐述。 1、思维方式的差异 1.1模糊性与准确性：模糊性是中国传统思维的一大特点，而准确性是西方思维的一大特点。西方人非常珍惜时间，在生活中往往对时间都做了精心的安排和计划，并养成了按时赴约的好习惯。在西方如果要拜访某人，必须事先通知或约定对方，并明确说明拜访的目的、时间和地点。而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家，在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性，一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行，西方人对此往往感到不适应。 1.2直接性与间接性：曾看到过这样一篇文章, 一个美国人给中国人写信，中国人看美国人的信会很生气，因为美国人在信的开头就开门见山地提出自己的要求，后面才讲些客套话。而美国人看中国人的信则会越看越糊涂，不知道对方要说明什么问题，到信的末尾有几句才是他要说的问题,前面说的都是客套话。又比如有些中国名家文章喜欢用暗示，或者喻古论今。这种含蓄需要去意会，这与西方人的直观性不太一样。像钱钟书先生的关于西方与中国文化方面的对比里，更是谈到了中国诗的长处，它虽然只有寥寥数十字，但表达比西方的长诗更有意境。但对西方人来说，这又是很深奥且难以理解的。
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除中西婚礼礼仪服装的差异 篇一：中西方婚礼文化差异 中西方婚礼文化差异 摘要：婚礼作为文化的一个有机组成部分，也是一个人一生中最为重要的仪式之一，它在中西方不同文化熏陶下也逐渐的呈现出了不同的婚俗习惯，因而这些差异也明显的体现着中西方文化的不同。本文旨在对中西方婚礼的地点、着装、礼仪、婚宴的差异进行比较。 关键词：婚礼文化地点着装婚俗内涵 婚礼，是一个温暖的词汇，它开启了情侣通往幸福婚姻的一扇门，执子之手与子偕老的佳话从此刻被书写。伴随婚礼的是各样多彩的婚庆习俗，这是由于不同的文化背景造成的。现在就让我们一起来探究一下中西方文化的差异。 （一）中西方婚礼地点差异 作为人们一生最重要的日子之一，作为一对幸福恋人新的起点，中国人的婚礼是隆重热闹的。古代的时候，人们会在自己家里或是酒楼里摆上酒席以宴请亲朋好友作为新人
的见证。在当代中国，新人一般会邀请亲朋好友去酒店或是宾馆。会在酒店宾馆里将排场弄得很大，突显婚礼隆重、热闹的特点。而在西方，人们的婚礼一般是在教堂或者是其他比较安静的地方举行，井井有条，不像中国婚礼般热闹。西方的婚礼突出庄重和圣洁，追求浪漫与实在的结合。 （二）中西方婚礼着装差异 中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服。中国人的婚礼离不开红色，习惯以鲜艳的颜色来烘托气氛。因此，历朝女式婚服颜色为大红色已成了定制，以示喜庆，衬托新人，预示未来生活蒸蒸日上，幸福美满。新娘礼服为广袖对襟翟衣，头戴珠凤冠。值得说明的是，翟衣上面的图案很有讲究。对襟本身就有完整的对称感，且在中国文化里本身就代表合称、合美的意思，而上面密布的左右对称且成双成对的锦鸡图案，则象征着中国传统文化里夫妻生活的和美、和乐。一般新娘在婚礼当天高挽发髻，区别于未婚女子。而在婚礼当天，新娘子以红色头盖蒙面，象征着童贞、年轻、纯洁。结婚后由新郎亲手揭开。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始，白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间，白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初，白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱，蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱，象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里，白色代表着快乐；其他一些地区，