百校联盟2020届普通高中教育教学质量监测考试
全国I卷·英语
注意事项：
1.本试卷分为四部分。
2.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试卷相应的位置。
3.全部答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
4.本试卷满分150分，测试时间120分钟。
5.考试范围：高考全部内容。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What does the man want the woman to do?
A. Talk on the phone.
B. Turn off the TV.
C. Turn down the TV.
2. Where does the conversation probably take place?
A. In a restaurant.
B. In a hotel.
C. In an airport.
3. What does the man invite the woman to do this afternoon?
A. See a film.
B. Go climbing.
C. Go swimming.
4. How much will the woman pay altogether?
A. $ 3.50.
B. $ 21. 50.
C. $ 25.
5. What will Peter do this afternoon?
A. Drive a car.
B. Go skating.
C. Play table tennis.
第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6. What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?
A. Mother and son.
B. Teacher and student.
C. Classmates.
7. How long do the students stay in school every day?
A. Five hours.
B. Seven hours.
C. Nine hours.
听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。
8. What is the man?
A. An operator.
B. An architect.
C. A traveler.
9. How many members are there in the man's family?
A. Two.
B. Three.
C. Four.
10. On what condition will the man accept the job?
A. The working environment is very good.
B. He doesn't have to work in Washington, D
C.
C. The company pays for a return ticket and the salary is good.
听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。
11. Where did the woman find the wallet?
A. In a shop.
B. In a parking lot.
C. Near her home.
12. What can be found in the wallet?
A. Sixteen dollars.
B. An ID card.
C. Some money and a business card.
13. How will the woman get in touch with the owner of the wallet?
A. Call the owner.
B. Ask her father for help.
C. Wait where she found the wallet. 听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。
14. When did the woman's grandmother pass away?
A. Yesterday.
B. Two days ago.
C. Three days ago.
15. Where did the woman's grandmother pass away?
A. At home.
B. In a hospital.
C. On a trip.
16. What was the woman doing when her grandmother passed away?
A. Working.
B. Sleeping.
C. Traveling.
17. What does the man invite the woman to do?
A. To take a photo.
B. To have dinner.
C. To do some exercise.
听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。
18. What do the people have in common in the community?
A. History and interests.
B. History and diets.
C. Diets and interests.
19. When was the American Indian Society of Washington, DC founded?
A. In August 1966.
B. In August 1956.
C. In October 1966.
20. What helps the organization keep its members up-to-date on the Society's activities?
A. A monthly e-mail.
B. A weekly meeting.
C. A monthly newspaper.
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Many people have made a positive contribution to the world. These inspiring men and women have made a positive contribution in different fields－including science, literature, politics, human rights and art.
Moses (1391 BC-1271 BC) was a key figure in Jewish history, who led the
Jewish people from slavery in Egypt across the Red Sea to the promised land.
He gave important teachings of the Old Testament/Torah.
Confucius (551 BC-479 BC), a Chinese philosopher, is one of the most
influential men in the history of China, who laid the groundwork for much of
Chinese philosophy and society.
Socrates(469 BC-399 BC)showed the importance of personal courage and
independent thought. His philosophic method of self-inquiry provided the basis
for Western philosophy.
Jesus Christ (5 BC-30 AD), Spiritual Teacher and inspiration of Christianity. He
taught a message of love, forgiveness and faith.
William Shakespeare's(1564-16161 plays and poetry got the richness and
diversity of human existence in a powerful and poetic way, which has enriched
our culture.
Joan of Arc(1412-1431)inspired the French to unite against the occupation of the
English. Joan of Arc showed that even a young girl from a poor background can
influence the world.
Francis Bacon(1561-1626)，English philosopher, statesman and scientist. Bacon
is considered an important figure in the Scientific Revolution. He introduced the
concept of scientific method and methodical scientific inquiry which relied on
data and evidence.
James Watt(1736-1819), Scottish engineer. Watt improved the Newcomen steam
engine, creating an efficient steam engine, which was essential for the industrial
revolution.
21. What contribution did Moses make?
A. He first found the people of the Jewish.
B. He settled down on the Red Sea with his people.
C. He helped Jewish people live a better life.
D. He founded a famous educational organization.
22. Which of the following persons lived in the same age?
A. Confucius and Socrates.
B. Jesus Christ and Socrates.
C. Joan of Arc and James Watt.
D. William Shakespeare and Francis Bacon.
23. What made William Shakespeare so famous?
A. His outstanding plays and poetry.
B. His philosophic method of self-inquiry.
C. His influence on the history of England.
D. His courage got from a poor family.
B
The other day, my parents stopped by and dropped off a birthday gift to me. After the visit I watched my parents walking down my front steps toward their car. My father took my mother by the arm and slowly and carefully helped her step down the small steps, which hit me really hard. It has been happening slowly over the years. Because my own life has been going through so much change (my kids have grown up and moved out over these years), I had somehow simply failed to notice just how much my own parents were aging.
As a child we see our dads as these big strong men who work hard，protect us, and just take care of things. We see our moms as our caretakers who are always there to make sure our needs are attended to so we always know we are loved. All through my growing up they looked the same to me.
That is how they have always seemed to me. Now I see a little gray haired mom who is fragile and breakable, and I see a gray haired father who walks a little slower than he once did.
The thought made me break into tears. And I realize I need to spend more time with my parents.
I need to make sure I get their advice now on the things I should know for the future so I don't waste my chance to get it while they are still both here with me. I need to ask them to tell me more stories about their own life and all the lessons they have learned. Let's all make an effort to make more time for them and make sure they feel appreciated while we still have them with us.
24. Why did the author refer to her parents' visit?
A. Her parents bought a special gift for her.
B. She was longing for her parents' coming.
C. She overlooked her parents getting old.
D. Her parents seldom came to her house.
25. What can we infer from the first paragraph?
A. The author has raised her kids on her own.
B. The author hardly pays a visit to her parents.
C. The author has a poor relationship with her kids.
D. The author felt guilty while watching her parents.
26. What does the author want to do in the future?
A. To get more attention from her parents.
B. To devote more time to her parents.
C. To listen to her parents' advice carefully.
D. To get a caretaker to attend her parents.
27. Which is the proper title for the passage?
A. Aging Is Really a Fact We Have to Accept
B. Learn More from Parents While They Are Clear
C. Love Your Parents Before They Get Too Old
D. Accompany Your Parents Before It's Too Late
C
China is developing a system that recognizes individuals by their body shape and walking movements. Systems that recognize human faces are already being used to identify people in crowds or as a secure way to unlock personal devices.
The new system, known as "gait recognition", is already on trial by police on the streets of Beijing and Shanghai. The Chinese technology company Watrix developed the system. The company announced last month that it had raised$14. 5 million to speed up the development and sale of the
technology.
The system works in a similar way to face recognition. Cameras capture video of people in public places. Then, machines powered by artificial intelligence (AI) examine and study the video.
Facial recognition systems identify the shapes and expressions on a person's face to identify them. Gait recognition uses a person's body shape and their way of walking to identify them. The system records a person's shape and movements and then creates a model of the way they walk.
Huang Yongzhen is a former researcher who co-founded Watrix in 2016. He told the Associated Press his system can identify people from up to 50 meters away. It is designed to work even when a person's face is covered or hidden. Huang says his gait recognition system is correct 94 percent of the time. This is below the success rate of many face recognition systems. But he says the system can still be helpful to police and for other commercial purposes. He also believes the system can be effective when used together with face recognition.
Gait recognition is not new. The technology has been researched by scientists in Japan and Britain and by U. S. defense officials for about 10 years. But attempts to sell the technology have been slow. One of the reasons the technology has not developed' further is that the systems are more complex than facial recognition.
28. What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A. A system that can recognize human faces is around the corner.
B. It is tough to accurately follow a person in crowds.
C. A system that can identify a person by walking is being developed.
D. A new system that can check a body shape is under way.
29. What do you know about Watrix mentioned in the passage?
A. It has invented a lot of systems adopted by the police.
B. It has earned $ 14.5 million by inventing the system.
C. It has become famous for the face recognition system.
D. It has got well prepared for the new system.
30. Facial recognition is similar to gait recognition because .
A. cameras catch video of people's expressions
B. a person's body shape can be recognized very easily
C. cameras record video of a person in public places
D. a person's action will be sent to the police
31. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Japan and Britain kept a secret about the system.
B. The systems of gait recognition are hard to develop.
C. Gait recognition will suffer a poor market very soon.
D. Almost no one understands how gait recognition runs.
D
On Wednesday V olvo said it will use cameras fixed inside its vehicles to monitor drivers' behavior. Volvo's in-car cameras will monitor eye movements to gauge drivers' distraction. If a driver looks away for a period of time, such as at a smartphone, a representative from V olvo's on-call assistance centers will call them to check in. Drivers who aren't watching the road, or even have their eyes closed, will be warned as well. If they don't respond, the car will slow down and even stop. The system will be applied to all V olvo cars by early 2020.
This follows V olvo's recent announcement that it will be limiting the top speed on all of its vehicles to 180 km/h(112 mph) in a bid to reduce traffic accidents. Over the years, the company built its reputation on safety and designs.
"When it comes to safety, our aim is to avoid accidents altogether rather than limit the effect when an accident is unavoidable," Henrik Green, senior vice president for research and development at V olvo Car Group, said in a statement. "In this case, cameras will monitor behavior that may lead to serious injury or death.”
The camera tracks the driver's eye movements, allowing for a "hands-free" driving experience. If the driver's attention wanders, Super Cruise uses a series of warnings to ensure the driver keeps their eyes on the road.
As cameras are in the name of safety, there's a real chance they can be misused to invade privacy. Automakers are already collecting lots of information from your car today, but mostly for vehicle analytics. GM(通用汽车公司)has said that the camera in its Cadillac cars isn't recording anything.
Volvo didn't respond to questions about access to the vehicle's camera, but in a statement clarified that the exact technical setup of the camera has yet to be decided.
32. What's the meaning of the underlined word "gauge" in the first paragraph?
A. Warn.
B. Judge.
C. Indicate.
D. Predict.
33. What will happen if the program is carried out?
A. The V olvo cars will be sold at a higher price.
B. The Volvo cars will meet with no accidents.
C. The Volvo cars will largely promote sales.
D. The V olvo cars will see fewer accidents.
34. What can we learn according to Henrik Green?
A. The in-car cameras will ensure the drivers' safety.
B. In fact a number of accidents are unavoidable.
C. The in-car cameras are designed to prevent accidents.
D. Volvo Car Group will do research on the accidents.
35. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Volvo is the first car:-maker to use in-car cameras.
B. Some people hold negative opinions on such cameras.
C. GM thinks fixing in-car cameras is their patent.
D. Volvo has no chance to spy on people's privacy.
第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Bound by manners, you can find it difficult to walk away from a conversation without seeming rude. 36 Next time you feel trapped, follow these tips.
37
You can introduce your conversational partner to an individual with a common interest or quality and hope that they hit it off. According to etiquette(礼仪)experts, the simplest way to leave someone who is occupying your time alone at a party is to pull someone else into the conversation.
38 For example, "Bob, have you met Suzy yet?" "Hey Suzy, Bob was just telling me about his pet dog. I know you also have one.”
Tell the person you've enjoyed speaking with them.
If your acquaintance can't tell that you're eager to leave, try summarizing your conversation in the hope that your exchange will come to a natural end. According to etiquette experts, you can
politely say, "Beverly, I have so enjoyed speaking with you and if you will excuse me，I have just seen a colleague/friend/another person that I need to speak with.”39
Give the other person a task.
If you're speaking with someone at a party or networking event, you can suggest activities to your conversational partner. 40 Or ask, "Have you seen the ballroom downstairs yet? I was down there earlier and it was so wonderful. You should have a look!”This method of ending a conversation will work best at events.
A. Bring someone else into the conversation.
B. Speed up your conversation with the other person.
C. After a brief introduction, you are able to excuse yourself.
D. With the help of etiquette experts, we have some solutions.
E. Respecting your partner should come first during a conversation.
F. A farewell like this one will make the other person feel respected.
G. For example, say, "Hey, you should try the beef in the kitchen!”
第三部分语言知识运用(共两节。满分45分)
第一节(共20小题；每小题1.5分。满分30分)
阅读下面短文。从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
On the surface, my life seemed great. I had a dream job, and a 41 apartment. But something was off. I couldn't 42 being chained to my desk in an office any longer. So I decided to 43 and travel the world, bringing only my passport, a small 44 , and my great trust fund.
My co-workers asked me why I could so 45 throw away everything I fought so hard to 46 . But I don't expect everyone to" 47 "me. I set to work packing my bag and throwing out most of my 48 . Whatever didn't bring me joy went straight in the trash. You don't need to own a lot of "stuff" to be 49 , especially when you can buy whatever you later 50 that you need.
Then I 51 a business-class seat, and sent a quick text message to friends 52 them that I was leaving the country forever. As a citizen of the world, 53 get lonely. Everywhere I go. I meet such diverse groups of people. In hostels(招待所), I've 54 beers with friendly
British and Australian friends. In hotels, I've had fun with some 55 and some locals. We all became lifelong friends, despite the 56 barriers.
Once, outside the train station of a small fishing village, I met a man named Greebo, who 57 flowers and various cheap trinkets(小饰品)for a living. Greebo was happy to open up to me about his life, as long as I kept buying roses. Moved by our 58 chatting, some of his friends wandered over to join the conversation. All of our differences soon disappeared.
As I left town, I cast one final 59 back at Greebo. I couldn't help but smile. It felt good to make a 60 in the lives of these simple people.
41. A. plain B. novel C. fine D. strange
42. A. imagine B. allow C. consider D. bear
43. A. break B. quit C. try D. handle
44. A. backpack B. tool C. brochure D. invention
45. A. eventually B. firmly C. lately D. casually
46. A. make B. achieve C. live D. meet
47. A. surround B. satisfy C. touch D. get
48. A. possessions B. barrier C. cases D. books
49. A. free B. grateful C. happy D. optimistic
50. A. expect B. realize C. admit D. prove
51. A. chose B. took C. removed D. reserved
52. A. indicating B. promising C. telling D. inviting
53. A. rarely B. merely C. nearly D. regularly
54. A. bought B. sought C. shared D. owned
55. A. friends B. workers C. farmers D. strangers
56. A. language B. position C. location D. relation
57. A. fetched B. sold C. raised. D. attended
58. A. hard B. familiar C. easy D. meaningful
59. A. glance B. memory C. role D. idea
60. A. decision B. difference C. circle D. contribution
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
It's hard for some people 61 (choose) a sport to play throughout high school because they have never played an organized sport before. Besides, they aren't sure 62 they'll most enjoy. For others it's a tough 63 (decide) because their friends don't like to play the same sport.
No matter what your sports dilemma 64 (be), you have to decide which sport is best for you. If you're great 65 soccer but would rather play football because you think it's 66 (much) fun, then give the rugby a go (just make sure it's cool with mom and dad)!
Sports are 67 (mean) to be fun. If there is a sport you 68 (real) enjoy but you aren't sure if you can make the team, try out anyway. What's 69 worst that can happen? If you get cut, you can always try another sport. And sports like cross-country and track don't typically cut some 70 (participant) from the team. You can still participate even if you're not on the meet group.
第四部分写作(共两节，满分35分)
第一节短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Last week, I go back to my hometown and paid a visit of my grandparents. They were so excited to see myself because we hadn't seen each other for long time. But my friend invited me to attend his birthday party. I actual wanted to join and share his happiness. But think about the promise that I had made to my grandparents before, I chose to refuse my friend's invite. When I saw my grandparents' smile and the delicious food they cooked it for me, I knew I did the right thing. We must keep our promise. If we can't do it, it was necessary to explain, or we will lose trusts from others.
第二节书面表达(满分25分)
假定你是李华，你的交换生朋友Jack要回国，为了表达你对他帮助你学英语的感激之情，你想邀请他和你的家人一起共进晚餐。请依据下列要点，给Jack写封信：
1.邀请并感谢；
2.晚餐安排。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
英语教育经历了哪四个阶段 中国英语教育已近30年的发展历程，面对不断涌现的纷繁复杂的教育理念和宣传口号，家长往往也觉得“乱花渐欲迷人眼”，有一些无从适从。近日，少儿英语教育专家、纳斯达克国际少儿英语老师将英语的发展历程进行了系统梳理，期望对广大家长有所帮助。 英语教育的第一个时期：教育目标——能考试，"哑巴英语" 这个时期，大概是改革开放开始，大多数中国人在工作和生活中不需要使用英语，但是重要的考试里都有英语这一项。为了应付各种考试，中国人抄单词、背语法，练时态……殚精竭虑，把英语当成了高深的学问去研究。正如龚亚夫老师所说的，大家都在研究可乐是加S 还是不加S，为什么？就是为了能够考试。其实这种现象也发生在新概念的作者亚历山大的身上，曾经有一位同学在大会上就问他，亚历山大老师我想问一下同位语从句和定语从句的区别是什么？亚历山大的老师非常不解的说学这个并不能帮助你英语水平的提高。问到最后他干脆说我也不知道同位语从句和定语从句的区别。所以那个时代学英语我们称之为能考试的哑巴英语，的确也成为了很多人现在一提起来的心中的痛。 第二个时期教育目标——能张口。 大约在上世纪90年代，街上的老外越来越多，大家对英语学习的期望有所提高：希望能跟老外说上几句。这个时期中国人遇到外国人，一般会问三个问题："What’s your name? Where are you from? What do you do?"不知道以为中国满大街都是便衣警察呢。这个时期的英语课本中加入了很多情景对话：在课堂上，老师假设一种情境，在简单情景下，进行模式化条件反射式的对话。"How are you ？fine ，thank you. And you？I am fine too"。据说在机场里面只要说"Fine ，thank you.And you?"的都是中国留学生。 第三个阶段，教育目标是能够掌握英语思维。 随着中国加入WTO，很多的外企进入到中国，中国人不仅仅要求能够"how are you"打招呼，点个菜了。更多的是我们要跟老外在国际空间的深度的沟通与交流，甚至对抗与竞争。这个时候要求的英文就需要不仅仅是中英互译，它需要用英语思考、加工、提取信息。这时候我们说要英语思维。英语思维那时候是非常畅销的，但是一个留学生就说了，"随便从美国大街上拉个流浪汉，估计英语思维都比你强。"对吧。因为他本身没有通过中英互译的过程，所以英语思维仍然不是我们英语教育追求的最终点。我们英语教育到底要实现什么？怎么样的人才，什么样的精英才能够在国际职场当中拔得头筹，赢得先机。 第四个时期，就是学科英语教育的时期。 它培养的是学生能够获得基于学科知识及思维运用的领导力。当今国际化的要求已不是英语流利，对某种单一技能的诉求，国际化素养是指在国际的活动空间内具有很强的深层交流、交往、沟通和抗衡的能力，领导世界潮流发展的创造性能力。这是对人的综合能力的需求。正如陶西平主席阐述的国际化人才的三条标准，第一条全球化视野，第二条通晓国际化的规则，第三条具有国际领域交往和交流的能力。这样国际化人才的要求需要什么样的教育模式呢？ Sally女士继而对"学科英语教育"进行了概括，以英语为教学的语言，以语文、数学、科学等学科为教学内容，在浸入式的环境中培养学生获得语言应用能力，掌握综合知识的技能，形成有效的学习策略与思维模式，养成团队合作、项目管理等能力的教育模式，是培养国际化人才的一个有效的途径。她认为，今天的英语教育，或者今天的学科英语已经不再是英语本身、语言本身，工具性本身，更多的是我们对一个人的关注，对人全面发展的关注。
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b19012909.html, 英语教学中的文化意识 作者：邱胜尧 来源：《读写算》2014年第05期 在美国有这样一个尽人皆知的句子：“When you’re down，you are not necessarily out.”但是许多English learners却对其含义不甚了了。原因是不了解这句话的文化背景。这原是一句拳击术语，在拳击比赛中拳击手若被对方击倒，裁判数到10还不能起来则被判输。但在很多情况下不等裁判数到10，倒地的拳击手便能爬起来再战。因此，这句话的表层意思是：当你被人击倒，并不意味着输了这场比赛。其寓意为：当你遇到挫折，并不一定丧失了成功的机会。 由此我们可以得到启示：在英语教学中要注重语言和文化的关系，应提高对中西文化差异的敏感性和适应性，应树立文化意识并注重文化知识的传授。 一、语言和文化 语言和文化是密不可分的。语言不仅仅是一套符号系统，人们的言语表现形式更要受语言赖以存在的社会/社团（community）的习俗，生活方式，行为方式，价值观念，思维方式，宗教信仰，民族心理和性格等的制约和影响（参见胡文仲：《文化与交际》，1994）。长期以来，在英语教学中语言和文化的这种关系一直未得到足够的重视。在教学实践中，似乎认为只要进行听，说，读，写的训练，掌握了语音，词汇和语法规则就能理解英语和用英语进行交际。而实际上由于不了解语言的文化背景，不了解中西文化的差异，在英语学习和用英语进行交际中屡屡出现歧义误解频繁，语用失误迭出的现象。如：用How much money can you earn a month？来表示对外国人的关心，殊不知这是一句冒犯的问话，侵犯了别人隐私（privacy），会激起对方的反感。中国人以谦逊为美德，如当外国人称赞中国人某一方面的特长时，中国人通常会用You are overpraising me （“过奖”）来应酬，这往往会让说话者感到你在怀疑他的判断力；抑或是用“Where？ Where？”来回答，弄得外国人莫名其妙，不知所云。美国社会学家G.R.Tucker 和https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b19012909.html,mbet对于外语教学中只教语言不教文化有这样的看法：“我们相信，任何这类企图都会使学生失去兴趣，使他们不仅不想学习语言符号本身，而且也不想了解使用这一符号系统的民族。相反，帮助学生在学习语言时提高对文化的敏感性，就可以利用他们发自内心的想了解其他民族的兴趣和动力……，从而提供了学习该民族的语言的基础”。 二、中西文化的偶合现象与文化差异 不同民族的文化有可能存在某些相同或相似的地方，这被称为文化的偶合现象。这主要是由于不同的民族在与大自然作斗争的过程中会有相同或相似的生活体验和经历。这种相似性必然会反映到语言中来。因而在英语和汉语中，我们不难发现许多相同或相似的表达。例如：“披着羊皮的狼”，英语为wolf in sheep’s clothing；“同舟共济” ，英语为in the same boat；“破土动工”，英语为break earth；“三思而后行”，英语为 think twice before you act；“蓝图”，英语为
英语试题 第三部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A It was Thanksgiving morning. I was busy preparing the traditional Thanksgiving turkey when the doorbell rang. I opened the front door and saw two small children in rags huddling together on the top step. “Any old papers, lady？” asked one of them. I was busy. I wanted to say “no” until I looked down at their feet. They were wearing th in little sandals(凉鞋), wet with heavy snow. “Come in and I'll make you a cup of hot cocoa.” They walked over and sat down at the table. Their wet sandals left marks upon the floor. I served them cocoa and bread to fight against the cold outside. Then I went back to the kitchen and started cooking. The silence in the front room struck me. I looked in. The girl held the empty cup in her hands, looking at it. The boy asked in a flat voice, “Lady, are you rich？” “Am I rich? Pity, no！” I looked at my worn-out slipcovers(椅套). The girl put her cup back in its saucer(茶碟)carefully and said, “Your cups match your saucers.” They left after that, holding their papers against the wind. They had reminded me that I had so much for which to be grateful. Plain blue china cups and saucers were only worth five pence. But they matched. I tasted the potatoes and stirred(搅动)the meat soup. Potatoes and brown meat soup, a roof over our heads, my man with a regular job, these matched, too. I moved the chairs back from the fire and cleaned the living room. The muddy marks of little sandals were still wet upon my floor. Let them be for a while, I thought, just in case I should begin to forget how rich I am. 36．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．Lady, are you rich? B．A story of Thanksgiving Day C．Don't forget how rich you are D．Does cups and saucers match well? 37．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A．The girl thought the writer was rich just because she wanted to make the writer happy. B．The writer had thought she wasn't rich because her supplies were not expensive. C．If cups and saucers match well, they are a best pair even though cheap.
09届高三英语第一次月考试卷 总分：150分时量：120分钟2008年9月24日 命题人倪建军 第一卷（三部分，共115分） 第一部分听力（共三节，满分30分） 第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 请听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题，每段对话仅读一遍。 1. When did football match begin yesterday afternoon? A. At 2:30. B. At 2:45. C. At 3:10. 2. What is the probable relationship between the two speakers? A. Collegues. B. Employer and employee. C. Mother and son. 3. Where did the conversation most probably take place? A. In a bank. B. In a hospital. C. In a hotel. 4. How does the man control his weight? A. By going on a diet. B. By doing physical exercises. C. By eating fruit and vegetables. 5. How did the wo man feel about the book’s price? A. She thought they were expensive. B. She liked the book. C. She thought they were cheap. 第二节（共12小题，每小题1.5分，满分18分） 请听下面4段对话,每段对话后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间，每段对话仅读两遍。 请听第6段材料，回答第6-7两个小题。 6. What’s the woman doing in the dialogue? A. Perhaps she’s watching a football game. B. Perhaps she’s doing some cooking. C. Perhaps she’s working on the computer. 7. Which of the following is true? A. The man always likes playing football games with his friends. B. The woman wants to learn computer later. C. The man is the woman’s teacher. 请听第7段材料，回答第8至第11四个小题。 8. What day was it yesterday? A. Monday. B. Thursday. C. Friday. 9. Why was the woman late for work?
浅谈我国基础教育英语课程改革发展和变化 当今世纪正处在大发展和大调整的变革时期，英语已成为国际交往和科技、文化交流的重要工具。基础教育阶段的英语课程经历了曲折的改革历程，最终确定了适合我国国情的英语教育体系。这为我国培养具有创新能力和跨文化交际能力的人才奠定了坚实的基础。 一、英语教学目的的变化历程 新中国成立至21世纪英语教学目的的变化。自元代起我国就出现了英语教学的影子，但是英语教学的系统化、体系化是在新中国成立后才实现的。新中国成立以来，我国共颁布了12个教学大纲和2个课程标准，历次的教学大纲和课程标准对英语教学目的都有不同的要求。在50年代的教学大纲中，外语教学目的是单纯的培养阅读能力;60年代大纲的一大进步是提出了对学生听说读写译能力的培养;70年代的大纲在强调听说读写译的能力的基础上增加了培养学生的自学能力;80年代的大纲删除了翻译能力的训练，注重培养学生的口头、书面运用能力以及运用英语进行交际的能力;90年代首次提出了注重学生的情感教育，培养学生的思维能力，90年代末随着对所学语言国家的了解，大纲上都明确提出了对学生进行思想品德、爱国主义和社会主义教育。2000年的两个大纲提到了形成有效的学习策略，把外语教学和学生的终生发展联系起来，体现了素质教育的精神。2011年修订的《义务教育英语课程标准》中提到：义务教育阶段英语课程的总目标是，通过英语学习使学生形成初步的综合语言运用能力，促进心智发展，提高综合人文素养。这样的英语课程总目标，既体现了英语学习的工具性，也体现了其人文性。 二、改革开放以来英语课程的变化 1.课程教学更加灵活自由 课程教学灵活性与自由性的问题是指结合具体情况对语言教学进行适当的取舍
文化教育中的英语教学 发表时间：2012-01-10T10:17:20.520Z 来源：《当代教育之窗》2011年第12期供稿作者：金占鸾 [导读] 英语和汉语表面上看是两种不同的语言，实际上英语和汉语分别代表两种不同的文化, 是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。 金占鸾（固安县第二中学河北固安065500） 【摘要】英语和汉语表面上看是两种不同的语言，实际上英语和汉语分别代表两种不同的文化, 是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。在英语教学过程中，有必要让学生了解英语和汉语所代表的不同文化内涵，理解英语和汉语在表达上的区别，恰当地用英语表达自己的所思所想，正确地运用英语进行得体有效的沟通。 【关键词】英语教育；文化教育 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展变化受政治、经济、历史背景生活习惯的影响，是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。所以语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言，英语教学是语言教学，当然离不开文化教育。 1．为什么进行文化教育 1．1 文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。然而，文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。 1．2 文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键。语言能力是交际能力的基础，然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人已达成共识，即交际能力应包括五个方面：四种技能（听、说、读、写）加上社会能力。但英语教学中，教师往往比较重视语言的语法结构，而忽视了语言的社会环境，即语言中的文化教育，致使学生难以知道什么场合该说什么话。在此，语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题被提了出来。 2．文化教育的内容 在英语教学实践中，文化差异及其对学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面： 2．1 介绍。在教材中“What＇s your name？”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am..."对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ Your name， please？”或“MayI know your name？”如果使用“What＇s your name？”，他们将有一种被审问的感觉。 2．2 打招呼。民以食为天，中国人以米、面食为主，英国是岛国，以渔业为主，日常生活深受天气影响。所以中国人日常打招呼习惯于问："你吃饭了吗？"（Have you had your dinner？）如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。而英语国家人打招呼通常以天气为话题。 2．3 称呼语。例如“comrade"是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用sir和madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们将会感到莫明其妙。 汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称"叔叔"、"阿姨"；对平辈称"大哥"、"大姐"。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称"Uncle Smith"、"Aunt Brown"，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。 又如学生知道teacher的含义是"老师"，也就相应地把"王老师"称为Teacher Wang。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，"教师"已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师=Teacher Wang。同样还把汉语中习惯上称呼的"张医生"、"王护士"称为Doctor Zhang， Nurse Wang，英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议，Doctor Wang 是王博士之意。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.， Miss， Mrs.等。 2．4 感谢。一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用"谢谢"。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家"thank you."几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声"Thank you."公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声"Thank you."。这是最起码的礼节。 当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答："不用了"、"别麻烦了"等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声"Yes， please."若不想要，只要说"No， thanks."就行了。这也充分体现了中国人和英语国家人士之间的文化差异 2．5 称赞。在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是："Thank you."如， A：Your coat looks nice. B：Thank you. 2．6 隐私。中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的"你去哪儿？"（Where are you going？）和"你在干什么？"（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。 2．7 节日。中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如New Year＇s Day）外，双方还各有自己独特的节日，中国有The Spring Festival， The Dragon Festival， Mid-Autumn Day等；英语国家有Valentine＇s Day（情人节），Easter(复活节)April fool’s Day(愚人节)Ｔhanks Giving Day(感恩节)和Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习俗也很不相同。如：在节日中，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人接受后一般当面不打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。 3．文化教育的方法 文化教育的方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，使他们能主动地、自觉地吸
高三月考试卷（七）英语 命题：长沙市一中高三英语备课组 第I卷(三部分，共115分) 第一部分听力 (共三节，满分30分) 第一节(共5小题；每小题1. 5分，满分7. 5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时问来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。 每段对话仅读一遍。 1. Why didn’t Joan come on time for the meeting that morning? A. Because she got up later than usual. B. Because the bus was late. C. Because she forgot the time. 2. What's the relationship between the marl and Helen? A. They are friends. B. They are brother and sister. C. They are a couple. 3. What do you know about Mary? A. She is tired of teaching. B. She was fired. C. She is changing her job. 4. Where are the two speakers going to eat their lunch? A. In a restaurant. B. In the park. C. At home. 5. Why does the woman want to live in Peru? A. Because Peru is a beautiful country. B. Because Peruvians arc very friendly. C. Because she is interested in Peruvian food. 第二节(共12小题；每小题1. 5分，满分18分) 听下面4段对话。每段对话后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6至第7两个小题。 6. What are the two speakers talking about? A. How to learn French. B. Hoe to improve French pronunciation. C. How to remember French words， 7. What troubles the woman? A. French culture. B. French vocabulary. C. French grammar. 听第7段材料，回答第8至第10三个小题。 8. What's the probable relationship between the man and the woman? A. Professor and student B. Principle and teacher C. Friends.
高三年级月考试卷（英语） 第I卷 第一部分：听力（共20小题） 第一节 听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. When can the woman help the man? A. This morning. B. This afternoon. C. This evening. 2. What will the woman do? A. Turn on the air conditioner. B. Turn off the air conditioner. C. Keep the air conditioner on. 3. Where does the conversation take place? A. At home. B. In a bank. C. In a shop. 4. How many people were killed? A. 3. B. 6. C. 23. 5. What does the man advise the woman to do? A. Take a No. 51 bus. B. Take a taxi. C. Take a No. 201 bus. 第二节 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6. What is the woman going to do tomorrow? A. Visit her sister. B. See a doctor. C. Go to a concert. 7. What day is it today? A. Wednesday. B. Thursday. C. Friday. 听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。 8. How often does the man do housework? A. Often. B. Sometimes. C. Never. 9. What did the woman?s mother do on Monday? A. Wash clothes. B. Clean the front room. C. Clean the bedroom. 10. When did the woman?s mother clean the floor?
英语教学中的文化教育 发表时间：2011-02-13T16:37:18.640Z 来源：《学英语》（初中教师版）2010年第24期供稿作者：马凤岭 [导读] 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。 马凤岭山东单县孙溜镇中学 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言，英语教学是语言教学，当然离不开文化教育。 一、为什么进行文化教育 1. 文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。然而，文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。一个企业若想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要高超的经济和技术手段，而且需要深入了解对象国的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如在中国，“龙（dragon）”是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼里，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕的怪物。如果某企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲？能否给企业创造高效益？ 2. 文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键。发展交际能力是英语教学的最终目的。语言能力是交际能力的基础，然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人已达成共识，即交际能力应包括五个方面：四种技能（听、说、读、写）加上社会能力（即和不同文化背景的人们进行合适交际的能力）。但英语教学中教师往往比较重视语言的外在形式和语法结构，即培养学生造出合乎语法规则的句子，而忽视了语言的社会环境，特别是语言的文化差异，致使学生难以知道什么场合该说什么话，从而忽视了学生的交际能力。在此，语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题被提了出来。 二、文化教育的内容 在英语教学实践中，文化差异及其对学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下八个方面。 1. 称呼语。人教社JEFC教材Book 3 Lesson 14 The man upstairs中出现过“I＇m sorry to trouble you, comrade.”的道歉语，“comrade”是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir或Madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们会感到莫明其妙。 在JEFC Book 3 Lesson 34 Uncle Wang＇s factory中，学生们称呼一位工人为“Uncle Wang”，这也是中文思维套用英语的现象。汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”、“阿姨”，对平辈称“大哥”、“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”, “Auntie Brown”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓，只带名，如“Uncle Tom”。 2. 感谢和答谢。一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you”几乎用于一切场合、所有人之间，即使父母与子女、兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you”；公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you”，这是最起码的礼节。 当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答：“不用了”、“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes, please”；若不想要，只要说“No, thanks”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。 3. 赞美。在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。因此，赞美别人发型的很多，赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是：“Thank you.”如： A：Your skirt looks nice. B：Thank you. 4. 隐私。中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16中有这样的对话：“How old are you, Mrs Read?”“Ah, it＇s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如，中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿？”（Where are you going？）和“你在干什么？”（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的话语而不受欢迎。 5. 打招呼。中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗？”（Have you had your dinner？）如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。英语国家人打招呼通常以天气、健康状况、交通、体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。 6. 介绍。人教社JEFC Book 1中“What＇s your name?”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am…”，对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ You name, please?”或“May I know your name?”如果使用“What＇s your name?”他们将有一种被审问的感觉。 7. 节日。中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如New Year＇s Day）外，双方还各有自己独特的节日，中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Festival, Mid-Autumn Day等；英语国家有Valentine＇s Day（情人节）, Easter （复活节）, April Fool＇s Day（愚人节）, Mother＇s Day（母亲节）, Thanksgiving Day（感恩节）和Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也大不相同，这在人教社JEFC教材中有充分地体现，如JEFC Book 2 Unit 3 Mid-Autumn Day和Book 3 Unit l3 Merry Christmas！在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人和英语国家的人也表现出不同的态度。中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也当面不打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“ 贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。 8. 词汇的文化内涵。英语词汇在长期使用中积累了丰富的文化内涵，所以在教学中要注意对英语词汇文化意义的介绍，以防学生单纯从词汇本身做出主观评价。比如red一词，无论在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关，英语里有“red-letter days”
月考试题 命题人：丁梅 本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。第一卷（满分95分） 20个元音 [p][b][m][w][h][i:][i][t][d][n][j][r][E:][E][k][g] [N][l][C:][C][f][v][u:][u][s][z][B:][Q][W][T][e[A] [F][V][ai][ei][Ci][tF][dV][iE][ZE][uE][tr][dr][Eu] [au][ts][dz] 48个国际音标表 元音 12个单元音 长元音 [i:][E:][C:][u:][B:] 短元音 [i][E][C][u][Q][e][A] 8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE][uE][Eu][au] 辅音 10对 清辅音 [p][t][k][f][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts]
浊辅音 [b][d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz] 3个鼻音 [m][n][N] 3个似拼音 [h][r][l] 2个半元音 [w][j] 一、英语知识运用（共四大题，满分55分） （一）语音知识（共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分） 从每小题的A B C D四个选项中，找出所给单词的发音正确选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。 1.f l o o d A.[f l o d]B.[f l u d] C. [flu：d] D [fl ?:d] 2. automatic A. [?:t?m?tik] B. [,aut?m?tik] C. [,aut?metik] D. [?:t?metik] 3. exhibition A. [, eksi'b??n] B. [, iksi'b??n] C. [, igzi'b??n] D. [,eksi 'bi??n] 4. guarantee A. [''g?r?nti:] B. [, g?r?n'ti:] C. [, g?r?nti:] D.[g?r?nti:]
中国外语教育发展史 “中国外语教育在中国近现代史上有其独特地位。中国第一所学校是外语学校, 1862 年办的京师同文馆。中国共产党早在其成立前办了一所外语学校, 1920 年的上海外国语学社, 学生有刘少奇、任弼时、肖劲光、柯庆施、曹靖华?.等。外语教育是我国和世界各国交往的桥梁工作。”其历史可上溯到元朝。 元朝(1280～1368) 是我国以蒙古贵族为统治核心的封建王朝。元朝政府将其统治下的人民分成四等: 一等是蒙古人; 二等是色目人(包括回回、哈剌鲁、钦察、斡罗思) ; 三等是汉人(包括契丹、女真、高丽等族,) ; 四等是南人(也就是南宋遗民) 。元代将中央学校分为三类:一为“国子学”, 主要教授儒家学说, 创立于元世祖至元九年(公元1269 年) 。二为“蒙古国子学”, 创立于元世祖至元十一年(公元1271) 。规定蒙古学生70 人, 色目学生20 人, 汉族学生60 人, 共为150 人。以学习蒙文译为《通鉴节要》为主, 兼学算学。学成考核, 精通者量授官职。三为“回回国子学”, 创立于元世祖到元二十六年(1289 年) , 学生人数定为50 人。限公卿大夫及富民子弟入学。所学的不是蒙古文, 而是亦思替非文(即波斯文) , 以培养官衙译史人才为目的。学科授以回回文文字为主, 专以培养诸官衙译史人才为目的“亦思替非为波斯古代都城之名, 亦思替非文字者, 波斯文字也。回回国子学者, 教习波斯文字者也。元时所谓回回文字,实波斯文字。”(陈垣《元西域人华化考》) 元代以后, 明代教习外语的学校主要是“四夷馆”。据《明史》卷七十四《志》第五十载: “自永乐五年(公元1407 年) , 外国朝贡, 特设蒙古、女直(女真———笔者注下同) 、西番(西藏) 、西天(印度) 、回回、百夷(傣族) 、高唱(维吾尔) 、缅甸八馆, 置译字生、通事, 通译语言文字”。但此时八馆是以翻译语言文字为主, 因而还不是真正的外语学校, 而是翻译机构, 如翻译局。直到明代宣德元年(1426 年) 才“兼选官民子弟, 委官教肄, 学士稽考课程”。明代永乐年间, 由于郑和、侯显相继出洋和出访后交往的增多, 外语教学受到重视。清初改名为四译馆,乾隆十三年(1748 年) 合并八馆为西域、百夷二馆。 明代之后, 清政府开办了我国历史上第一所俄语学校———俄罗斯文馆。关于俄罗斯文馆建立和发展有许多种说法, 其中记载较详而可信的是《康熙四十七年三月, 设立俄罗斯学之上谕奏事档》。1689 年在中俄尼布楚条约谈到时, 曾出现过葡萄牙人徐日升和法国人张诚担任翻译, 这两人暗地里和俄国使团戈洛文“里通外国”, 受贿徇私, 出卖机密, 损及中国的根本利益。这只是一例, 清政府从17 至18 世纪初主要用西欧各国传教士和在中国的俄国商人、学生、战俘担任中俄之间翻译工作, 这种有损中国利益的事不断发生。康熙考虑到中俄交往之事日增, 应培养自己的俄语翻译, 可防止外国人从中捣鬼。康熙四十七年(1708 年) 三月初八日, 于是在南苑召见大学士马齐, 令其“询问蒙古旗内有愿习俄罗斯文者, 具奏”。十二日, 马齐回奏已得7 人, 康熙认为“甚少”, 令马齐“再于八旗蒙古、汉军内”征集。至二十一日, 征得“愿习俄罗斯文语之监生、闲散子弟等六十八名”。当日, 马齐即赴畅春园面奏。康熙下旨: “均令习之”。并命马齐立即着手选择教师和校址, 确定管理体制。经中俄双方协商, 俄方派俄商人瓦西里担任教习,并选定在俄国商团所在地俄罗斯馆(俄国东正教驻北京传教士团驻地———北京东直门以北胡家圈胡同) 内于康熙提出要办俄罗斯学馆后的
英语教学中的文化意识 " 在美国有这样一个尽人皆知的句子：“When you’re down, you are not necessarily out.”但是许多English learners却对其含义不甚了了。原因是不了解这句话的文化背景。这原是一句拳击术语，在拳击比赛中拳击手若被对方击倒，裁判数到10还不能起来则被判输。但在很多情况下不等裁判数到10，倒地的拳击手便能爬起来再战。因此，这句话的表层意思是：当你被人击倒，并不意味着输了这场比赛。其寓意为：当你遇到挫折，并不一定丧失了成功的机会。 由此我们可以得到启示：在英语教学中要注重语言和文化的关系，应提高对中西文化差异的敏感性和适应性，应树立文化意识并注重文化知识的传授。 一．语言和文化 语言和文化是密不可分的。语言不仅仅是一套符号系统，人们的言语表现形式更要受语言赖以存在的社会/社团（community）的习俗，生活方式，行为方式，价值观念，思维方式，宗教信仰，民族心理和性格等的制约和影响（参见胡文仲：《文化与交际》，1994）。长期以来，在英语教学中语言和文化的这种关系一直未得到足够的重视。在教学实践中，似乎认为只要进行听，说，读，写的训练，掌握了语音，词汇和语法规则就能理解英语和用英语进行交际。而实际上由于不了解语言的文化背景，不了解中西文化的差异，在英语学习和用英语进
行交际中屡屡出现歧义误解频繁，语用失误迭出的现象。如：用How much money can you earn a month?来表示对外国人的关心，殊不知这是一句冒犯的问话，侵犯了别人隐私（privacy），会激起对方的反感。中国人以谦逊为美德，如当外国人称赞中国人某一方面的特长时，中国人通常会用You are overpraising me (“过奖”)来应酬，这往往会让说话者感到你在怀疑他的判断力；抑或是用“Where? Where?”来回答，弄得外国人莫名其妙，不知所云。美国社会学家G.R.Tucker 和https://www.doczj.com/doc/3b19012909.html,mbet对于外语教学中只教语言不教文化有这样的看法：“我们相信，任何这类企图都会使学生失去兴趣，使他们不仅不想学习语言符号本身，而且也不想了解使用这一符号系统的民族。相反，帮助学生在学习语言时提高对文化的敏感性，就可以利用他们发自内心的想了解其他民族的兴趣和动力……，从而提供了学习该民族的语言的基础”。 二．中西文化的偶合现象与文化差异 不同民族的文化有可能存在某些相同或相似的地方，这被称为文化的偶合现象。这主要是由于不同的民族在与大自然作斗争的过程中会有相同或相似的生活体验和经历。这种相似性必然会反映到语言中来。因而在英语和汉语中，我们不难发现许多相同或相似的表达。例如：“披着羊皮的狼”，英语为wolf in sheep’s clothing；“同舟共济” ，英语为in the same boat；“破土动工”，英语为break earth；“三思而后行”，英语为 think twice before you act；“蓝图”，