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Resolution of Near-Field Microwave Target Detection and Imaging by Using Flat LHM Lens

Resolution of Near-Field Microwave Target Detection and Imaging by Using Flat LHM Lens
Resolution of Near-Field Microwave Target Detection and Imaging by Using Flat LHM Lens

3534IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL.55,NO.12,DECEMBER2007 Resolution of Near-Field Microwave Target Detection and Imaging by Using Flat LHM Lens

Gang Wang,Member,IEEE,Jieran Fang,and Xiaoting Dong,Member,IEEE

Abstract—It is demonstrated in this paper that higher focusing resolution will be provided by?at left-handed metamaterial (LHM)lens if compared to convex dielectric lens and elliptical re?ector focusing system.High-resolution near-?eld microwave target detection and imaging with?at LHM lens can be imple-mented by scanning the focal point of the?at LHM lens in the region under detection and screening directly the?eld intensity distribution of backscattered microwave refocused by the?at LHM lens.Numerical simulations demonstrate that sub-wave-length imaging resolution can be obtained by the proposed approach due to the sub-wavelength focusing resolution of?at LHM lens.Moreover,almost unique imaging resolution for the detection and imaging of target at different depths is also demon-strated.For practical LHM lenses,it is shown that the losses of LHM up to the order as reported in some LHM experiments will limit the sub-wavelength resolution of the proposed approach to an acceptable level.

Index Terms—Near-?eld,left-handed metamaterial(LHM), lens,imaging,resolution.

I.I NTRODUCTION

F OLLOWIN

G Veselago’s prediction of left-handed meta-

materials(LHM)[1],more and more experiments have been reported to demonstrate the unique electromagnetic prop-erties of LHM at microwave frequencies[2]–[8].Nowadays,the design and fabrication of isotropic three-dimensional LHM have also been under consideration[9],[10].Different from the con-ventional right-handed material(RHM)having positive permit-tivity and permeability,the LHM have negative permittivity and permeability.As a result,the electric?eld vector,the magnetic ?eld vector,and the wave vector of electromagnetic wave form a left-handed triplet in LHM.When microwave propagates across the planar interface between RHM and LHM,all-angle negative refraction will occur.Hence,?at slab of LHM can be used as lens to focus microwave,i.e.,microwave emitted from a point source on one side of?at LHM slab can be focused on the other side of the slab.

Pendry[11]?rst considered the use of LHM slab lens to focus microwave emitted from a point source.He reached a remark-

Manuscript received February14,2007;revised July5,2007.This work was supported in part by the Department of Personnel and Department of Education of Jiangsu Province of China under Grant05KJB510012,and in part by the Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant60771041.

G.Wang and J.Fang are with the Department of Telecommunication En-gineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,212013,China(e-mail:gwang@ujs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/3712910449.html,).

X.Dong is with Computational Electromagnetics Laboratory,Darmstadt Uni-versity of Technology,D-64289Darmstadt,Germany(e-mail:dong@temf.tu-darmstadt.de).

Digital Object Identi?er10.1109/TAP.2007.910365able conclusion that the perfect LHM lens(where the LHM was supposed to be lossless)may achieve a focusing resolu-tion better than the diffraction limit.More results with clear evidence of sub-wavelength resolution from different groups have been reported based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulations[12]–[16].Intrigued by the prospect of beating the diffraction limit,several microwave experiments have also been reported[17]–[20].Different from the perfect LHM,practical LHM used in experiments generally have losses.Although the material losses in practical LHM limit the focusing resolution to less than that of the perfect lens,sub-wavelength focusing res-olution of?at LHM lens was still measured.For example,the half-power beamwidth measured by Grbic and Eleftheriades’experiment[19]for thin LHM lens(thickness is approximately 0.27wavelength)is0.21effective wavelength,the full width at half-maximum widths(FWHM)of the focused beams mea-sured by Aydin and Bulu’s experiment[20]with two-dimen-sional LHM slab(thickness is approximately1.2wavelengths) for two different point source distances of0.5and1.0wave-length are0.36and0.4wavelength,respectively.It is now be-coming clear that the idea of a?at LHM lens is physically sound and experimentally feasible.

The unique focusing properties of?at LHM lens may lead to entirely new perspectives on microwave target detection and imaging[21],[22].Based on the facts that the position of the focal point of?at LHM slab lens can be easily adjusted by moving the point source,novel target detection and imaging scheme with?at LHM lens,as shown in Fig.1,has been pro-posed by scanning the focal point,measuring the backscattered ?eld and screening the distribution of the backscattered?eld level[23].In the proposed focus-scanning scheme,the scanning aperture is de?ned by the range of the T-R pair moving along direction parallel to the?at LHM lens surface,and the scanning depth can be controlled simply by moving the T-R pair towards and away from the LHM lens.The maximum detectable target depth

(in Fig.1)of the proposed scheme is restricted

within Due to the losses in practical LHM,the thickness of LHM

lens (and thus the detection depth)is generally limited,so that the LHM lens is restricted to near-?eld target detection.

Our numerical simulations by using two-dimensional(2-D)?nite-difference in time-domain(FDTD)have demonstrated signi?cant improvement of the focusing resolution of?at LHM lens and enhancement of the microwave backscattered from the target by the proposed focus-scanning scheme[23],[24].For ?at LHM lens of thickness

of

(is the wavelength used for

0018-926X/$25.00?2007IEEE

WANG et al.:RESOLUTION OF NEAR-FIELD MICROW A VE TARGET DETECTION AND IMAGING

3535

Fig.1.Focus-scanning scheme for target detection and imaging by using?at LHM lens.

detection),the proposed focus-scanning scheme may yield a

focusing resolution of

approximately for the detection

of a perfect electric conductor(PEC)cylinder of diameter

of

,while the focusing resolution of the?at LHM lens is

approximately[23].Moreover,the use of?at LHM

lens will introduce approximately24dB enhancement of the

backscattered microwave?eld level even for the detection of

thinner PEC cylinder(e.g.,diameter

of)[24],if compared

to the directly backscattered microwave without using the

LHM lens.Thus,the focus-scanning scheme with?at LHM

lens shows great potentials for near-?eld small target detection

and imaging.

Other microwave and millimeter wave focusing systems

have also been considered for target detection and imaging

to generate the high-resolution images of targets[25]–[27].

Microwave microscopy provides sub-wavelength spatial res-

olution[25],while scanning a relatively thick sample with a

millimeter wave lens antenna provides the adjustment of focal

point(plane)by moving of the re?ectometer with lens antenna

[26].For early breast cancer detection,a PEC elliptical re?ector

made of half ellipsoid was suggested[27]with a monopole

antenna probe at one focal point in the half ellipsoid and the

other focal point in the breast,where the focal point is scanned

by moving the probe together with the re?ector.In contrast to

such focus-?xed systems,a?at LHM lens system has?exible

focal point so that the focal point can be scanned in both the

lateral and the depth directions by moving the point source,

without moving the lens.

Therefore,the proposed focus-scanning scheme takes the

advantages of sub-wavelength focusing resolution,signi?cant

enhancement of the backscattered?eld and ease in focal point

scanning.A comparison between the?at LHM lens and convex

focusing lens or re?ector focusing system will be more helpful

to evaluate?at LHM lens focusing.Moreover,the focusing

resolution of the scheme we previously demonstrated is not the

imaging resolution for target detection,and the effects of some

factors such as the target depth and LHM losses on the imaging

resolutions are unknown.In this paper,we study further the res-

olution of the proposed scheme by using two-dimensional(2-D)

?nite-difference time-domain(FDTD)simulation.In Section II,

a comparison of three typical focus-scanning schemes with

convex RHM lens,PEC elliptical re?ector,and?at LHM lens

is presented.In Section III,both the lateral and longitudinal

imaging resolutions of the proposed scheme are investigated.

In Section IV,the imaging resolution for detection of target at

different depth is veri?ed.In Section V,the effects of LHM

losses on the scanning and imaging resolutions are studied.

II.T ARGET D ETECTION AND I MAGING BY F OCUS-S CANNING

Focus-scanning scheme has been proved to be effective for

detection and imaging of targets[25],[26].The performance of

focus-scanning scheme is closely related to the foot-print or fo-

cusing resolution of the focused beam,which can be de?ned by

the half-power beamwidth[19]or the full width at half-max-

imum width(FWHW)[20]of the focused beams.

Fig.2illustrates three typical schemes for focus-scanning de-

tection and imaging.Fig.2(a)shows the convex RHM lens fo-

cusing used to focus the antenna beam as in[26],and Fig.2(b)

shows the PEC re?ector focusing used as in[27].The convex

RHM lens or re?ector must be carefully designed to arrange the

source(or the phase center of transmitting antenna)at one focal

point.The other focal

point can be scanned by moving

the source and lens/re?ector together.The scanning depth is

thus restricted by the focal length.For?at LHM lens shown in

Fig.2(c),the focal point can be easily adjusted by moving the

source(or the probing antenna)in both the lateral and longitu-

dinal direction,thus it has the advantage of simple structure and

?exible scanning.

The three schemes will provide different foot-prints or fo-

cusing resolutions.For comparison,we study the situation that

the three focusing schemes have the same scanning depth,i.e.,

the distances from the focal

point to the near surface of the

RHM/LHM lens or to the open section of the PEC re?ector are

all the same,and are set to

be.

Two-dimensional FDTD codes have been developed to sim-

ulate the focusing of the three typical schemes shown in Fig.2.

In the simulation,a line source of microwave

frequency

GHz

(and

wavelength cm)with unit amplitude

is set at the source point in Fig.2.The computational space is

800*800cells

with mm,which

is.

For LHM lens simulation,ten-cell extended uniaxial anisotropic

perfectly matched layer[28]is considered,and transition layer

between the LHM and its surrounding medium is introduced to

avoid sharp interface as stated in[29].The arti?cial LHM is sup-

posed to be isotropic and characterized by

permittivity and

permeability of the

form

(1)

(2)

By choosing different values of

frequencies and loss

factor(which is related to the collision frequency),we have

different

permittivity and

permeability.Here the2-D?at

LHM lens is chosen to

have by

setting and

3536IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL.55,NO.12,DECEMBER

2007

Fig.2.Three typical schemes for focus-scanning

imaging.

in(1)and(2),where the losses is introduced for the

stability of FDTD simulation.

For the scanning depth

of,the?at LHM lens is typically

chosen to have thickness

of,the PEC elliptical re?ector

or the convex RHM

lens may take different geometries.

For example,the elliptical re?ector of half ellipsoid may have

different short axis even if the focal length is set to

be.El-

liptical re?ectors with different geometries will lead to different

focusing performances.In the comparison,geometries with best

foot-print or lateral focusing resolution is considered for the

convex RHM lens and the PEC elliptical re?ector,which are

determined by studying the foot-prints of various convex RHM

lenses and elliptical re?ectors with the same focal

length.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3712910449.html,teral focusing resolutions for the three schemes.

Fig.3shows a comparison of lateral focusing resolutions(or

the pro?le of foot-print)of the three typical schemes by pre-

senting microwave?eld level distributed along x-direction at the

focal position.From Fig.3,we read that the focusing resolution

of?at LHM lens is

approximately,while the focusing

resolutions of convex RHM lens and PEC elliptical re?ector are

approximately

and,respectively.Therefore,?at

LHM lens provides the highest focusing resolution(smallest

foot-print)among the three schemes.

Among the three focusing schemes,the convex RHM lens and

the?at LHM lens have comparable lateral focusing resolutions.

Further analysis of the focused beam intensities indicate that,

for microwave source of unit amplitude(0dB level),the?eld

intensity at the focal point of convex RHM lens is

approximately

dB,while for the?at LHM lens it

is dB[24].

Hence,the?eld level incident on target for the scanning scheme

with?at LHM lens is approximately3.4dB higher than that

with the convex RHM lens.The backscattered microwave in the

vicinity of the source can thus be enhanced by approximately7

dB.

Generally,higher focusing resolution(smaller foot-print)

will lead to higher imaging resolution in target detection and

imaging by focus scanning.Thus we may expect the best per-

formance with?at LHM lens among the three focus-scanning

schemes.Fig.4shows the reconstruction image of a PEC

cylinder of diameter

of and center at the focal

point

.The imaging is obtained by scanning the focal

point at a scanning step

of mm,calculating

the backscattered?eld and directly screening the?eld level

distribution of the backscattered microwave.The reconstruction

image is presented in full dynamic range.

It should be remarked here that the offset of the T-R pair

we previously used in our simulation in[23]

is,mono-

static target detection and imaging as in[26]with single an-

tenna for transmitted and received signals is simulated here for

Fig.4.Moreover,for the LHM lens consider in our simula-

tion,the refocused microwave?eld recorded at each receiving

point is actually the compound of three parts,i.e.,the wave

emitted from the source,the wave re?ected from the entrance

图表与口诀记忆when、as、while的区别

图表与口诀记忆when、as、while的区别 1.图表与口诀前知识 关键是比较主从句子的动词,看其动词的持续性。瞬间的理解成点,持续的理解成线。主从关系有:点(点点、点线),线线,线点。 点:为瞬间动词,准确地称为“终止性动词”,指动词具有某种内在界限的含义,一旦达到这个界限,该动作就完成了。如come(来),一旦“到来”,该动作就不再继续下去了。 瞬间动词:arrive, begin, borrow, become, buy, catch, come, die, find, go,give, graduate, join, kill, lose, leave, marry, realize… 线:为非瞬间动词,准确地称为叫“延续性动词”。包括动态动词静态动词。 动态动词:live, sit, stand, study, talk, work, write… 静态动词(状态动词):情感、看法、愿望等。Be, belong, consist, exist, feel, hate, have, hope, love, want… 兼有瞬时和非瞬时的动词:feel,look,move,run,work,write…,需要根据不同的语境判断。 2. when、as、while的区别一览表 【表格说明】:第一个点或者线表示从句谓语动词的持续性特征,黑点表示从句所表示的动作持续短,为瞬间动词,线表示持续长,为非瞬间动词。1~7为主句与从句所表示的动作时间有重合,第8为主句与从句所表示的动作不是同时发生,而是有先后顺序。 线线重相并发生, 长线” 【主句谓语为非瞬间动词中的 动态动词】 【记忆:等线动, 相并发生,但: 【主句谓语为非瞬间动词中的 静态动词】 【记忆:等线动,

李阳:我热爱丢脸_名人故事

李阳:我热爱丢脸 我热爱丢脸 李阳和他的公司10年来只做一件事,仍然是10年前提出的——让3亿中国人讲一口流利的英语! 其实疯狂英语最初的动机,只是针对当时传统英语教学中聋哑英语的很多问题,反其道提出的将英语脱口“说”出的办法。其次,李阳本人是一个性格内向的人,小时候,他认为自己能够去买一瓶酱油,就是很大的成功了,因为他不敢和陌生人说话。所以至今他的父母跟同学都会感到纳闷:那是李阳吗?是什么力量使他突破自己最早禁锢的心?李阳说,他是通过喊英语喊出自信来的。为了克服自己的弱点,他找了一个同学跟他一起喊,这个人绝对认死理,一旦制定计划就一定要做到,他们两个相互鼓励坚持喊英语。一段时间后,他们到外语

角讲英语,得到了别人的夸奖,尝到甜头后他们又继续努力。就这样一步一步地,小小的成就感,渐渐地坚定了信念,获得更大的成就。 当问他进展如何时,他说当时提出3亿人觉得还是容易做到的,现在才发现,这是一个庞大的工作:“第一,中华民族是一个要面子的民族,不但自己要面子,而且要求别人要面子,自己不但不能练英语,别人也不能练,你要练他还会给你泼冷水。比如你在单位讲英语,别人会把你当作异类。在中国学习英语口语的环境非常恶劣,这是个巨大的障碍。第二,我们有三四亿人在为了考试而学习英语,每年为考试而出版的书有几十亿册,要砍掉多少林木,这太可怕了,更重要的是没有去用。语言的目的就是交流,为了交流,为了完成一个国际交流的任务,而我们却把语言当作一个游戏,喜欢出选择题,三个错误答案,一个正确答案,中国人四分之三的时间在复习错误答案,这是一个非常严肃的问题。就这样,中国人一张口就是错误的英语,因为他每天都在看错误的答案,正确的东西反而记不清楚了。”

when,while,as的区别

一、根据从句动作的持续性来区分 1.“主短从长”型:即主句是一个短暂性的动作,而从句是一个持续性动作,此时三者都可用。如: Jim hurt his arm while [when, as] he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭了。 As [When, While] she was waiting for the train, she became very impatient. 她在等火车时,变得很不耐烦。 注意:as用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在……期间”时,其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作和发展意味的动词,一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know, have 等),所以下面一句中的while不能换为as: A:I’m going to the post office. 我要去邮局。 B:While you are there, can you get me some stamps? 当你在邮局时,能帮我买几张邮票吗? 若主句与从句表示的是两个几乎同时发生的动作,含有类似汉语“刚要……就”“正要……却”的意思,英语一般要用as(也可用when),且此时通常连用副词just。且此时,从句一般用进行时,主句用短暂性动词的一般时态。【注意与六区别】 I caught him just when [as] he was leaving the building. 他正要离开大楼的时候,我把他截住了。 Just as [when] the two men were leaving, a message arrived. 就在这两个人要离开的时候,突然有了消息。 2.“主长从长”型:即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态,且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间,此时通常要用while。如: I always listen to the radio while I’m driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。 He didn’t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the me ssage. 他没有让我进去,他只顾看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。 但是,若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意时,则习惯上要用as。如: He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。 I couldn’t remember a story to tell the children, so I made one up as I went along. 我想不出有什么故事可给孩子讲了,只好现编现讲。 3.“主长从短”型:即主句是一个持续性动作,而从句是一个短暂性动作,此时可以用a s或when,但不能用while。如:

关于张海迪的励志小故事

关于张海迪的励志小故事 每一个名人的励志故事都是很值得我们去阅读的,一起来看看关于张海迪的励志小故事吧。下面是给大家整理的关于张海迪的励志小故事,供大家参阅! 关于张海迪的励志小故事:童年童年的张海迪,天真活泼,好奇心强。她爱唱歌、爱跳舞、活泼得就象林中的小鸟。她整天唱啊、跳啊,快活极了。不想,5 岁那年一场大病使张海迪失去了行动的自由。 该上学了,同龄的小朋友背起书包,高高兴兴地去上学。张海迪也哭着让妈妈找出户口本,拉着妈妈的手央求道: “妈妈,我也要上学去!我也要上学去!” 妈妈指了指张海迪的双腿,告诉她说: “玲玲(张海迪的乳名),你还不能下地,怎么去上学?” “不,我要去!我要去!我不要一个人在家里。” 张海迪哭着嚷道。 妈妈没有作声,眼泪直在眼圈里转,只是一个劲地用手抚摸着张海迪的头,任凭小海迪脸上的泪水成对成双地滚下来。 哭了一阵,张海迪又开始央求妈妈: “妈妈,你送我去吧,早晨你把我送去,中午再把我接回来。我一定好好学习,听老师的话。” 海迪的话深深刺痛着妈妈的心,多懂事的女儿啊,妈妈多希望她

能站起来,跟别人的孩子一样去读书。妈妈别说送、接,再苦再累也愿意。 可是,不能坐着怎么上课呀? 想到这里,妈妈再也抑制不住辛酸的泪,抱住海迪哭起来,懂事的小妹也在一旁哭,母女三人哭作一团。 半响,妈妈擦擦眼泪,安慰海迪说: “好玲玲,听妈妈的话,等你治好了病,妈妈就送你上学去。” 妹妹也在一旁说: “姐姐,我以后不出去玩了,在家陪你。” 妈妈和妹妹的泪水使张海迪清醒了:上学的热望,将永远成为泡影。这是多么残酷的事实啊!海迪幼小的心灵真的难以承受。 张海迪是一个自尊心很强的孩子,她暗暗下决心,不能上学,就在家里自学,别人会的,我也要会。这个性情倔强的小姑娘,她要以不同寻常的生活方式,走出自己的人生之路。 小海迪开始学识字了。她先根据识字卡片学习汉语拼音。会了拼音,不久她又学会了查字典。识字关她是“连蹦带跳”过来的。根据上、下文,她常常能“猜”出不认识的生字来。每当她“猜”到的字被别人证实是对的时,张海迪就对自己的学习方法更有信心了。谁知,这样的日子也没有维持多久,第三次的手术后,她只能一动不动地躺着,连脖子也不能扭,张海迪多么想看书啊!妈妈看出了海迪的心思,一边护理她,一边抽空给她念书听。 有一天,小海迪忽然对妈妈说:

while、when和as的用法区别

as when while 的区别和用法 as when while的用法 一、as的意思是“正当……时候”,它既可表示一个具体的时间点,也可以表示一段时间。as可表示主句和从句的动作同时发生或同时持续,即“点点重合”“线线重合”;又可表示一个动作发生在另一个动作的持续过程中,即“点线重合”, 但不能表示两个动作一前一后发生。如果主句和从句的谓语动词都表示持续性的动作,二者均可用进行时,也可以一个用进行时,一个用一般时或者都用一般时。 1、As I got on the bus,he got off. 我上车,他下车。(点点重合)两个动作都是非延续性的 2、He was writing as I was reading. 我看书时,他在写字。(线线重合)两个动作都是延续性的 3、The students were talking as the teacher came in. 老师进来时,学生们正在讲话。(点线重合)前一个动作是延续性的,而后一个动作时非延续性的 二、while的意思是“在……同时(at the same time that )”“在……期间(for as long as, during the time that)”。从while的本身词义来看,它只能表示一段时间,不能表示具体的时间点。在时间上可以是“线线重合”或“点线重合”,但不能表示“点点重合”。例如: 1、He was watching TV while she was cooking. 她做饭时,他在看电视。(线线重合) 2、He was waiting for me while I was working. 我工作的时候,他正等着我。(线线重合) 3、He asked me a question while I was speaking. 我在讲话时,他问了我一个问题。(点线重合)

一个很好的励志故事-(2000字)

一楼度娘并献给所有一直默默奋斗的人们。在此说明,由于工作原因做为手机党,我不能为大家整篇的去讲述我的历程,但我会一直连续的写下去。所以我希望进来的兄弟姐妹不要插楼,让我能完整去述叙我的故事。如真想留言,请大家留在回复里,我会一一为大家回复。在此先谢过。无意中进入励志吧已经有好长一段时间了,一直想写自己的故事,但总觉的不知从何说起,今天我终于鼓起勇气在这里写下自己的故事。希望与大家共勉..... 我生在一个很贫脊的小山沟里,小时候虽然贫穷但童年还是很幸福。姐姐比我大三岁,从小就待别疼我,从记事起好像我们姐弟俩从来没有打过架,村里人都说我们真是一对听话的孩子,这点我跟姐姐都很自豪。到现在我们俩都无话不谈。从小我就不太调皮,学习一直很好,尤其是数学。成绩一直在班上第二名和第三名上徘徊,因为第一名她妈是我们的语文老师加班主任。也许,如果一直这样我这辈子也就这样过了。上学,毕业,分配,娶个农村媳妇儿,生娃,上班,种地.....一辈子也就这样平平淡淡的过了。可是命运偏偏就跟我开了个玩笑,从那以后我的生活发生了彻底性的改变。 那一年初二,那天下午上着生物课。突然间发现邻居大哥在窗户外面给我挥手,示意让我出来。不知道为什么我有一种不详的预感,当我听到你妈不行了,你赶紧回去看看。那一刻我全身骨头都软了,耳朵嗡的一声。那天,我真不知道我是怎么走回家的,只觉得脚步很沉,两条腿好像贯了铅一样。回到家之后,母亲在炕上躺着。胳膊上吊着点滴,嘴唇发青。屋子里的人都乱成了一片,我不知道我该干什么我又能做点什么?我唯一能做的就是用我的小手抓紧母亲冰一样的手。我当时想的就是把母亲的手暖热,把她抓住别让她离开自己。可是.....三天后母亲还是离我而去,她自私的走了,走的无声无息,她甚至没有给我和姐姐留下一句嘱咐的话..... 母亲的离去,对我的打击很大,对这个家庭的打击也是毁灭性的。记的当时父亲一个月瘦了十多斤,后来听父亲说,他当时也想到了死,但是,看在我和姐姐无人照顾的份上,他活了下来。从此,我知道活着比死需要更大的勇气。从此,上课我总是走神。有时候想的什么连我自己都不知道。就这样成绩一次不如一次,中考那年考的一踏糊涂。考完试后我给父亲说我不想再读书,父亲没有责骂,他只是质问我你不读书,你以后干吗?只要你读书,我砸锅卖铁都要把你供出来。那年夏天,我基本上都是一个人待着。暑假过后我进入了补习班,曾经的前三名竟然也在这补习,因此,我开始把自已自我封闭,一天除了学习就是在那儿发呆。也许是因为底子好,也许是因为这一年的默默努力。第二年中考,我以全乡第一名的成绩进入了县一中。从此,我以为我会青云直上,向

第七--when-while-as-区别及练习.

When while as区别 一、根据从句动作的持续性来区分 1、“主短从长”型:即主句是一个短暂性动作,而从句是一个持续性动作,此时三者都可用。如: Jim hurt his arm while[when, as] he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 2、“主长从长”型:即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态,且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间,此时通常要用while。 I always listen to the radio while I’m driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。 He didn’t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去,他只顾看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。 但是,若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意时,则习惯上要用as。如: He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。 3、“主长从短”型:即主句是一个持续性动作,而从句是一个短暂性动作,此时可以用as 或when,但不能用while。如: It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。 二、根据主句与从句动作是否同时发生来区分 1、若主句与从句表示的是两个同时发生的短暂性动作,含有类似汉语“一……就”的意思,英语一般要用as (也可用when)。如: The ice cracked as [when] I stepped onto it. 我一踩冰就裂了。 2、若主句与从句表示的是两个几乎同时发生的短暂性动作,含有类似汉语“刚要……就”“正要……却”的意思,英语一般要用as(也可用when),且此时通常连用副词just。如: I caught him just when [as] he was leaving the building. 他正要离开大楼的时候,我把他截住了。 三、根据是否具有伴随变化来区分 若要表示主句动作伴随从句动作同时发展变化,有类似汉语“随着”的意思,英语习惯上要用as,而不用when或while。如: The room grew colder as the fire burnt down. 随着炉火逐渐减弱,房间越来越冷。 注:若不是引导从句,而是引出一个短语,则用with,不用as。如: With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 随着冬天到来,该买暖和衣裳了。 四、根据从句动作的规律性来区分 若暗示一种规律性,表示“每当……的时候”,英语一般要用when。如: It’s cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。 五、根据主从句动作的先后顺序来区分 若主句与从句所表示的动作不是同时发生,而是有先后顺序时,一般要用when。

疯狂英语李阳的成长故事

李阳,疯狂英语地创始人,以自己不懈地追求和不断奋斗,演绎了精彩地人生传奇.他凭一口地道地美式英语被破格录取为英语新闻播音员和“ ”节目主持人,凭一口地道地美式英语让许多外国人认为他是美籍华人,而他却非英语科班出身,也从未出果国. 李阳并非生来就是英语天才,小时候,李阳只是一个普通地孩子,他害羞人、内向、不敢见陌生人、不敢接触电话、不敢去看电影,甚至做理疗时仪器漏电灼伤了脸也不敢出声…… .年李阳考进了大西北地兰州大学工程力学系.进大学后地李阳,生活没有出现亮色,第一学期期末考试中,李阳名列全年级倒数第一名,英语连续两个学期考试不及格. 大学第二个学期即将结束地时候,李阳已是门功课不及格,他觉得很丢脸,他告诉自己必须从灰色人生突围出来!他选择了英语为突破口,发誓要通过四个月后举行地英语四级考试. 这时地李阳,也像其他人一样,开始大量做题.很偶然地一次,李阳发现,在大声朗读时精神会变得特别集中,于是他就跑到校园空旷地地方大喊英语.十几天后,李阳到英语角,别人奇怪地说:“李阳,你地英语听上去好多了.”一言惊醒梦中人!李阳想,这样大喊英语也许式学英语地一种好方法. 为了防止自己斑秃而废,李阳约了他们班中学习最刻苦地同学每天中午去大喊英语,在兰州大学地烈士亭,李阳和他地同学顶着凛冽地大风,扯着嗓子大喊英语句子.他们从年冬一直喊到年春,四个月地时间里,李阳重复了十多本英文原版书,背熟了大量四级考题;每天,李阳地口袋里装满了抄着各种英语句子地纸条,一有空就掏出来念叨一番,从宿舍到教室,从教室到食堂,李阳地嘴总是不断地运动着.个月来,李阳地舌头不再僵硬,耳不再失灵,反应不再迟钝.在当年地英语四级考试中,李阳只用了分钟就答完试卷,并且成为全校第二名,一个考试总是不及格地李阳突然成为一个英语高手,这一消息轰动了兰州大学. 初尝成功地李阳,从此开始迈上奋发进取地人生道路,他发现,在大喊地时候,性格地弱点在大喊地过程中被击碎了,精力更加集中,记忆更加深刻,自信逐渐建立起来.他想,这种方法在他地身上已取得成功,那么何不把这套方法系统地总结,传授给其他还在苦苦挣扎学英语地同学呢?内向地李阳作出了一个惊人地决定--开讲座,他让自己地同学贴满海报说,有个教李阳地家伙,在学英语方面有些体会,希望与大家一起分享.演讲开始前地一两个小时,李阳还恐惧得想要放弃,在同学地掌声中,他跌堞撞撞地被推上了讲台,开始了他人生地第一次演讲.十年后回忆起来,李阳说:“当时我前言不搭后语,根本没有什么演讲技巧.但我地观点很特别,方法很有效,就掩盖了演讲技巧和经验不足.” 年月,李阳从兰州大学毕业,被分配到西安地西北电子设备研究所,从宿舍到办公室,有一段黄土飞扬地马路,李阳每天从这条马路经过,手里拿着卡片,嘴里念着英语,起初他是孤独地,人人都称他“疯子”,慢慢地他地身后有了个、个、个、……同时,李阳每天坚持跑到单位地九楼顶上喊英语,躺着喊,跪着喊,跳着喊,冬天喊在雪花飞舞中喊英语;夏天,光着膀子,穿着短裤,迎着日出大喊英语.就这样,坚持每天在太阳出来之前脱口而出个句子,喊了一年半之后,李阳地人生道理又一次走到了新地转折点. 年,李阳来到了广州,在多人地竞争中脱颖而出,考到了广东人民广播电台英文台,工作后他才发现入选地播音员中别人都是北外、广外地研究生,只有自己是非英语专业出身地本科生.很快,李阳又成为广州地区最受欢迎地英文广播员和中国翻译工作者协会最年轻地会员. 随后地几年,李阳得了个外号“万能翻译机”,曾创下过小时美金地口译记录和每分钟港元地广告配音员记录,超过香港同行,成为广州最贵地同声翻译. 想想全中国又三亿以上地人为“聋哑英语”而苦恼,为向更多地人推广自己地英语成功地经验,年,李阳毅然辞去了电台地工作,组建了“李阳·克立兹国际英语推广工作室”,开始了苦行僧般地“传道”生涯.十年来,他不断总结,不辞劳苦、跋山涉水,向全国余城市近万

When while as的区别和用法(综合整理)

When while as的区别和用法 when的用法 当主句使用持续性动词时. Dave was eating,when the doorbell rang.门铃响时,大卫在吃饭. 2.一个动作紧接着另一个动作发生. When the lights went out, I lit some candles.灯灭了,我赶紧点上一些蜡烛. 3.谈论生命中的某一阶段,或过去的某段时间. His mother called him Robbie when he was a baby. 在他很小时,他妈妈叫他Robbin. 4.指"每一次" When I turn on the TV, smoke comes out the back. 每当我打开电视,就有烟从后面冒出. while/as 的用法 从句多为进行时,而且为持续性动词. I'll look after the children while you are making dinner. 你做饭,我来照顾孩子. 注意事项: (1) “主短从长”型:主句表示的是一个短暂性动作,从句表示的是一个持续性动作,三者都可用: He fell asleep when [while, as] he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。 Jim hurt his arm while[when,as]he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 As[When,While]she was waiting for the train,she became very impatient. 她在等火车时,变得很不耐烦。 (2) “主长从长”型:若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作,且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间,通常要用while: Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。 I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候,我默不做声。 但是,若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边…一边”之意思,通常用as:

when,while,as引导时间状语从句的区别

when,while,as引导时间状语从句的区别 when,while,as显然都可以引导时间状语从句,但用法区别非常大。 一、when可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂性动词连用;而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。 ①Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already?(get 为短暂性动词)你已经找到如此好的工作,为何还想再找新的? ②Sorry,I was out when you called me.(call为短暂性动词)对不起,你打电话时我刚好外出了。 ③Strike while the iron is hot.(is为延续性动词,表示一种持续的状态)趁热打铁。 ④The students took notes as they listened.(listen为延续性动词)学生们边听课边做笔记。 二、when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生;while 和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。 1.从句动作在主句动作前发生,只用when。 ①When he had finished his homework,he took a short rest.(finished先发生)当他完成作业后,他休息了一会儿。 ②When I got to the airport,the guests had left.(got to后发生)当我赶到飞机场时,客人们已经离开了。 2.从句动作和主句动作同时发生,且从句动作为延续性动词时,when,while,as都可使用。 ①When /While /As we were dancing,a stranger came in.(dance为延续性动词)当我们跳舞时,一位陌生人走了进来。 ②When /While /As she was making a phonecall,I was writing a letter.(make为延续性动词)当她在打电话时,我正在写信。 3.当主句、从句动作同时进行,从句动作的时间概念淡化,而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时,只能用as。这时,as常表示“随着……”;“一边……,一边……”之意。 ①As the time went on,the weather got worse.(as表示“随着……”之意) ②The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.随着高度的增加,大气越来越稀薄。 ③As years go by,China is getting stronger and richer.随着时间一年一年过去,中国变得越来越富强了。 ④The little girls sang as they went.小姑娘们一边走,一边唱。 ⑤The sad mother sat on the roadside,shouting as she was crying.伤心的妈妈坐在路边,边哭边叫。 4.在将来时从句中,常用when,且从句须用一般时代替将来时。 ①You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.在我读完这本书后,你可以借阅。 ②When the manager comes here for a visit next week,Ill talk with him about this.下周,经理来这参观时,我会和他谈谈此事。 三、when用于表示“一……就……”的句型中(指过去的事情)。 sb.had hardly(=scarcely)done sth.when...=Hardly /Scarcely had sb.done sth.when...

李阳疯狂英语演讲稿

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When,While,As引导时间状语从句的区别

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