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润滑油知识培训讲座

润滑油知识培训讲座
润滑油知识培训讲座

润滑油知识培训讲座

润滑油知识培训讲座润滑油知识培训讲座

, 概述 , 概述

, 润滑油基础知识介绍 , 润滑油基础知识介绍

, 润滑技术与实际应用介绍 , 润滑技术与实际应用介绍

, 国际标准介绍 , 国际标准介绍

一、概述(向设备润滑要效益) 一、概述(向设备润滑要效益) , 润滑油是设备的血液,对于设备正常运行起着重要作用。, 润滑油是设备的血液,对于设备正常运行起着重要作用。也有人说,润滑剂也应算机器零件,至于有40--60%以上设也有人说,润滑剂也应算机器零件,至于有40--60%以上设备故障由润滑不良引起的。这足以说明润滑在设备中的重备故障由润滑不良引起的。这足以说明润滑在设备中的重要地位,尽管如此,人们还是更愿意组织相当人数、设施要地位,尽管如此,人们还是更愿意组织相当人数、设施和备件的队伍专心致志地更换和修理零件,而不肯在润滑和备件的队伍专心致志地更换和修理零件,而不肯在润滑上下功夫,走一条投资少,效益好,少维修的路子。那么,上下功夫,走一条投资少,效益好,少维修的路子。那么,润滑技术创新究竟给维修带来了什么, 润滑技术创新究竟给维修带来了什么,

概述概述

, 油品高性能化,减少了维修次数 , 油品高性能化,减少了维修次数

, 高清洁度油品,减少了维修次数 , 高清洁度油品,减少了维修次数

, 特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段 , 特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段

, 综合油液监测,保证了"状态维修" , 综合油液监测,保证了"状态维修"

, 高科技润滑成果,达到了免维修 , 高科技润滑成果,达到了免维修

, 环保润滑剂,促进了"生态维修" , 环保润滑剂,促进了"生态维修"

油品高性能化,减少了维修次数油品高性能化,减少了维修次数 , ,油中加了高效添加剂(硫,磷)等极性物质,通过与金属表面的反油中加了高效添加剂(硫,磷)等极性物质,通过与金属表面的反应形成了化学吸附膜;(新一代油品与传统油品其润滑机理迥然不应形成了化学吸附膜;(新一代油品与传统油品其润滑机理迥然不同) 同)

, ,用多级油,减少初期磨损(这种油改善了油品粘温性、而且能使用多级油,减少初期磨损(这种油改善了油品粘温性、而且能使发动机在更宽的温度范围内工作,避免季节换油,达到冬夏通用,发动机在更宽的温度范围内工作,避免季节换油,达到冬夏通用,南北通用。南北通用。

减低燃料消耗5-10%。冷天易起动。良好的轴承润滑,维持较低机减低燃料消

耗5-10%。冷天易起动。良好的轴承润滑,维持较低机油耗量)。油耗量)。

高清洁度油品,带来了少维修高清洁度油品,带来了少维修

, SKF轴承制造商是世界最负有盛名的公司,它们通过大量, SKF轴承制造商

是世界最负有盛名的公司,它们通过大量air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and

Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal

lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal

well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,

试验,深入研究了负荷,油液粘度,颗粒污染物等各种因试验,深入研究了负荷,油液粘度,颗粒污染物等各种因素对轴承寿命的影响得出结论:即清除润滑油中2-5微米固素对轴承寿命的影响得出结论:即清除润滑油中2-5微米固体颗粒,滚动轴承疲劳寿命可延长到原来的10-50倍。根据体颗粒,滚动轴承疲劳寿命可延长到原来的10-50倍。根据发动机综合研究理论,使用改良后的清洁型机器润滑油将发动机综合研究理论,使用改良后的清洁型机器润滑油将发动机寿命延长8倍,。发动机寿命延长8倍,。

特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段特种专用润滑剂改变了维修手段 , , 以脂治漏,如一些变速箱、传动箱、齿轮箱等,线速度在6-8m/s以下可以采用以脂治漏,如一些变速箱、传动箱、齿轮箱等,线速度在6-8m/s以下可以采用GM成膜

膏,取代润滑油。在齿轮线速度小于10m/s 以下也可以采用合成油为GM成膜膏,取代润滑油。在齿轮线速度小于10m/s 以下也可以采用合成油为基础油调制半流体脂。基础油调制半流体脂。

, , 就是用化学工程方法。油中加入了极压添加剂,可对重型齿轮早期康复处理、就是用化学工程方法。油中加入了极压添加剂,可对重型齿轮早期康复处理、 , , 高温丝扣防粘剂是一种油膏状物资,涂敷于丝扣上,当螺栓、螺母旋紧时,便高温丝扣防粘剂是一种油膏状物资,涂敷于丝扣上,当螺栓、螺母旋紧时,便会形成一层固体润滑膜,从而防止金属与金属直接接触,防止丝扣磨损、冷焊、会形成一层固体润滑膜,从而防止金属与金属直接接触,防止丝扣磨损、冷焊、卡咬或烧结,长期使用后,仍比较容易拆卸,缩短了设备修理停机时间,减轻卡咬或烧结,长期使用后,仍比较容易拆卸,缩短了设备修理停机时间,减轻了维修工人劳动强度。在化工、油田钻具,酸碱高压、密封工况下都获得满意了维修工人劳动强度。在化工、油田钻具,酸碱高压、密封工况下都获得满意效果。效果。

综合油液监测,保证了"状态维修" 综合油液监测,保证了"状态维修" , 光

谱 , 光谱

, 铁谱 , 铁谱

, 红外线光谱 , 红外线光谱

, 颗粒计数器 , 颗粒计数器

, 理化分析等多种手段来达到监测目的 , 理化分析等多种手段来达到监测目的

高科技润滑成果,达到了免维修高科技润滑成果,达到了免维修

, ,摩擦付表面的自修复材料摩擦付表面的自修复材料

, , 固体润滑(利用固体粉沫,簿膜式某些整体材料来减少两相对运动固体润

滑(利用固体粉沫,簿膜式某些整体材料来减少两相对运动承载表面之间的摩擦,

磨损的作用 ) 承载表面之间的摩擦,磨损的作用 )

, ,全寿命"润滑剂全寿命"润滑剂

随着油品不断更新换代,换油期也在延长。这些长寿命油随着油品不断更新

换代,换油期也在延长。这些长寿命油(脂)和摩擦付同寿命。无须在使用过程中更换油脂和密封件。这(脂)和摩擦付同寿命。无须在使用过程中更换油脂和密封件。这无疑给设备维护很大方便,同时也大为减少维修工作量。无疑给设备维护很大

方便,同时也大为减少维修工作量。

环保润滑剂,促进了"生态维修" 环保润滑剂,促进了"生态维修"

二、润滑油基础知识介绍二、润滑油基础知识介绍

, 润滑油的常用质量指标 , 润滑油的常用质量指标

, 润滑油添加剂 , 润滑油添加剂

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 粘度: 粘度:

air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the

walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows

switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials

require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,

, , 定义:粘度就是液体的内摩擦。润滑油受到外力作用而发生相对移动时,

定义:粘度就是液体的内摩擦。润滑油受到外力作用而发生相对移动时,油分子之间产生的阻力,使润滑油无法进行顺利流动,其阻力的大小称油分子

之间产生的阻力,使润滑油无法进行顺利流动,其阻力的大小称

为粘度。为粘度。 22, , 粘度单位:通常使用的粘度为运动粘度,单位

是:m/s,实际中,通常使粘度单位:通常使用的粘度为运动粘度,单位是:m/s,实

际中,通常使,,662222用厘斯(cSt),即10m/s(即1 cSt,1mm/s)。用厘斯(cSt),

即10m/s(即1 cSt,1mm/s)。

, , 粘度指数:润滑油的粘度随着温度的升高而变小,随着温度的降低而变粘

度指数:润滑油的粘度随着温度的升高而变小,随着温度的降低而变

大,这就是润滑油的粘温特性。评价油品的粘温特性的指标称为粘度指大,这就是润滑油的粘温特性。评价油品的粘温特性的指标称为粘度指

数。数。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 酸值: 酸值:

, , 定义:润滑油的酸值是表征润滑油中有机酸的总含量(在大多数定义:润滑油的酸值是表征润滑油中有机酸的总含量(在大多数

情况下,油品不含有机酸)的质量指标。中和1g石油产品所需的情况下,油品不含有机酸)的质量指标。中和1g石油产品所需的

氢氧化钾毫克数称为酸值。氢氧化钾毫克数称为酸值。

, , 酸值单位:mgKOH./g。酸值单位:mgKOH./g。

, , 酸值对润滑油的影响:润滑油的酸值大,表示润滑油中的有机酸酸值对润滑油的影响:润滑油的酸值大,表示润滑油中的有机酸

含量高,有可能对机械零件造成腐蚀,尤其是有水存在时,这种含量高,有可能对机械零件造成腐蚀,尤其是有水存在时,这种

腐蚀作用更明显。腐蚀作用更明显。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 总碱值: 总碱值:

, , 定义:在规定的条件下滴定时,中和1g试样中全部碱性组分所需定义:在规定的条件下滴定时,中和1g试样中全部碱性组分所需

高氯酸的量,以当量氢氧化钾毫克数表示,称为润滑油或添加剂高氯酸的量,以当量氢氧化钾毫克数表示,称为润滑油或添加剂

的总碱值,总碱值表示试样中含有机和无机碱、胺基化合物,弱的总碱值,总碱值表示试样中含有机和无机碱、胺基化合物,弱

酸盐如皂类、多元酸的碱性盐和重金属的盐类。酸盐如皂类、多元酸的碱性盐和重金属的盐类。

, , 总碱值的意义:是内燃机油的重要质量指标,取样分析总碱值的总碱值的意义:是内燃机油的重要质量指标,取样分析总碱值的

变化,可以反映出润滑油中添加剂的消耗情况。变化,可以反映出润滑油中添加剂的消耗情况。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 水容性酸和碱水容性酸和碱

, , 定义:润滑油的水容性酸,是指润滑油中溶于水的分子有机酸和定义:润滑油的水容性酸,是指润滑油中溶于水的分子有机酸和

无机酸(硫酸及其衍生物,如硫酸及酸性硫酸酯等);润滑油的无机酸(硫酸及其衍生物,如硫酸及酸性硫酸酯等);润滑油的

水溶性碱,是指润滑油中溶于水的碱和碱性化合物,如氢氧化钠水溶性碱,是指润滑油中溶于水的碱和碱性化合物,如氢氧化钠

及碳酸钠等。及碳酸钠等。

, , 检测水溶性酸和碱的意义:水溶性酸和碱不合格,将腐蚀机械设检测水溶性酸和碱的意义:水溶性酸和碱不合格,将腐蚀机械设

备。尤其对于变压器油,水溶性酸和碱不合格时,不仅会腐蚀设备。尤其对于变压器油,水溶性酸和碱不合格时,不仅会腐蚀设

备,而且使变压器的耐电压下降。备,而且使变压器的耐电压下降。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 闪点闪点

, , 定义:在规定的条件下,加热润滑油,当油温达到某温度时,润滑油的蒸气定义:在规定的条件下,加热润滑油,当油温达到某温度时,润滑油的蒸气

和周围空气的混合气,一旦与火焰接触,即发生闪火现象,最低的闪火温度,

和周围空气的混合气,一旦与火焰接触,即发生闪火现象,最低的闪火温度,称为润滑油的闪点。称为润滑油的闪点。

air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and

ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but

taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials

require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in

a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A

clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,

, , 闪点的意义:润滑油的闪点是润滑油的储存、运输和使用的一个安全指标,闪点的意义:润滑油的闪点是润滑油的储存、运输和使用的一个安全指标,同时也是润滑油的挥发性指标。闪点低的润滑油,挥发性高,容易着火,安同时也是润滑油的挥发性指标。闪点低的润滑油,挥发性高,容易着火,安全性较差。润滑油的挥发性高,在工作过程容易蒸发损失,严重时甚至引起全性较差。润滑油的挥发性高,在工作过程容易蒸发损失,严重时甚至引起润滑油粘度增大,影响润滑油的使用。选用润滑油时,一般要求润滑油的闪润滑油粘度增大,影响润滑油的使用。选用润滑油时,一般要求润滑油的闪点比使用温度高20,30?,以保证使用安全和减少挥发损失。点比使用温度高20,30?,以保证使用安全和减少挥发损失。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 倾点倾点

, , 定义:油品在标准规定的条件下冷却时,能够继续流动的最低温定义:油品在标准规定的条件下冷却时,能够继续流动的最低温

度称为倾点。度称为倾点。

, , 倾点的意义:润滑油的倾点是润滑油的低温流动性能的重要质量倾点的意义:润滑油的倾点是润滑油的低温流动性能的重要质量

指标。倾点高的润滑油不能在低温下使用,否则由于润滑油在低指标。倾点高的润滑油不能在低温下使用,否则由于润滑油在低

温下失去流动性,堵塞油路,不能保证润滑。对于发动机润滑油,温下失去流动性,堵塞油路,不能保证润滑。对于发动机润滑油,

因倾点高而造成启动困难。对于低温下使用的机械设备,一般选因倾点高而造成启动困难。对于低温下使用的机械设备,一般选

用比使用温度低10,20?的倾点的润滑油。用比使用温度低10,20?的倾点的润滑油。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, 机械杂质 , 机械杂质

, 定义:润滑油中不溶于汽油或苯的沉淀和悬浮物,经过, 定义:润滑油中不溶于汽油或苯的沉淀和悬浮物,经过

滤而分出的杂质,称为机械杂质。滤而分出的杂质,称为机械杂质。

, 机械杂质的危害:润滑油中机械杂质的存在,将加速机, 机械杂质的危害:润滑油中机械杂质的存在,将加速机

械零件的研磨、拉伤和划痕等磨损,而且堵塞油路油嘴械零件的研磨、拉伤和划痕等磨损,而且堵塞油路油嘴

和滤清器,造成润滑失效。变压器油中有机械杂质,会和滤清器,造成润滑失效。变压器油中有机械杂质,会

降低其绝缘性能。降低其绝缘性能。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, 灰分 , 灰分

, 定义:润滑油的灰分,是润滑油在规定的条件下完全燃, 定义:润滑油的灰分,是润滑油在规定的条件下完全燃

烧后,剩下的残留物(不燃物)。烧后,剩下的残留物(不燃物)。

, 润滑油灰分的危害:润滑油中灰分的存在,使润滑油在, 润滑油灰分的危害:润滑油中灰分的存在,使润滑油在

使用中积炭增加,润滑油的灰分过高时,将造成机械零使用中积炭增加,润滑油的灰分过高时,将造成机械零

件的磨损。件的磨损。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 水分水分

, , 定义:水分表示油品中含水量的多少,用质量百分数表示。油品中应不含水定义:水分表示油品中含水量的多少,用质量百分数表示。油品中应不含水分。分。

, , 水分的危害:润滑油中的有水分存在,将破坏润滑油膜,使润滑效果变差,水分的危害:润滑油中的有水分存在,将破坏润滑油膜,使润滑效果变差,加速油中有机酸对金属的腐蚀作用。水分还造成对机械设备的锈蚀,并导致加速油中有机酸对金属的腐蚀作用。水分还造成对机械设备的锈蚀,并导致润滑油的添加剂失效,使润滑油的低温流动性变差。甚至结冰,堵塞油路,润滑油的添加剂失效,使润滑油的低温流动性变差。甚至结冰,堵塞油路,妨碍润滑油的循环及供油。水分存在时,润滑油乳化的可能性加大,当温度妨碍润滑油的循环及供油。水分存在时,润滑油乳化的可能性加大,当温度air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region,

so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important

region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials

require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source, water is not contaminated. To have a reliable power supply, not only to maintain normal lighting,

高到一定程度时,水分将汽化形成气泡,不但破坏油膜,危及润滑,而且还高

到一定程度时,水分将汽化形成气泡,不但破坏油膜,危及润滑,而且还因气阻影响润滑油的循环和供油。对于变压器油,水分存在,使变压器油的因

气阻影响润滑油的循环和供油。对于变压器油,水分存在,使变压器油的耐电压急剧下降,危害更大。耐电压急剧下降,危害更大。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 抗泡性抗泡性

, , 气泡的形成:润滑油在实际使用中,由于受到振荡、搅动等作用,气泡的

形成:润滑油在实际使用中,由于受到振荡、搅动等作用,

使空气进入润滑油中,以至形成气泡。因此要求评定油品生成泡使空气进入润滑油中,以至形成气泡。因此要求评定油品生成泡

沫的倾向及泡沫的稳定性。沫的倾向及泡沫的稳定性。

, , 气泡的危害:如果油品的抗泡性不好,在润滑系统中形成了很多气泡的危害:如果油品的抗泡性不好,在润滑系统中形成了很多

泡沫,而且不能迅速破除,则将影响其润滑性,增加它的氧化速泡沫,而且不能迅速破除,则将影响其润滑性,增加它的氧化速

度,导致润滑油的损失,而且阻碍润滑油在循环系统中的传送,度,导致润滑油的损失,而且阻碍润滑油在循环系统中的传送,

使供油中断,妨碍润滑,对液压油则影响其压力传递。使供油中断,妨碍润滑,对液压油则影响其压力传递。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, 腐蚀试验 , 腐蚀试验

, 定义:腐蚀试验是测定油品在一定温度下对金属的腐蚀, 定义:腐蚀试验是测定油品在一定温度下对金属的腐蚀

作用。作用。

, 提高润滑油抗腐蚀能力的方法:必须添加腐蚀抑制剂。 , 提高润滑油抗腐蚀能力的方法:必须添加腐蚀抑制剂。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, 氧化试验 , 氧化试验

, 定义:润滑油在加热和金属的催化作用下,抵抗氧化变, 定义:润滑油在加热和金属的催化作用下,抵抗氧化变

质的能力,称为润滑油的抗氧化安定性。质的能力,称为润滑油的抗氧化安定性。

, 氧化安定性的重要性:润滑油的氧化安定性是至关重要, 氧化安定性的重要性:润滑油的氧化安定性是至关重要

的质量指标。润滑油的氧化安定性差,在使用时就容易的质量指标。润滑油的氧化安定性差,在使用时就容易

氧化变质,生成的有机酸增多,酸值增大,将造成机械氧化变质,生成的有机酸增多,酸值增大,将造成机械

设备的腐蚀。设备的腐蚀。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 润滑性试验润滑性试验

, , 润滑剂的润滑性包括油性、抗磨损性和极压性三个不同概念的性质。润滑剂的润滑性包括油性、抗磨损性和极压性三个不同概念的性质。 , , 油性的定义:油性主要是指润滑剂减少摩擦的性能。以提高这种性能为目的油性的定义:油性主要是指润滑剂减少摩擦的性能。以提高这种性能为目的

而使用的添加剂称为油性剂,有时也称为减摩剂。而使用的添加剂称为油性剂,有时也称为减摩剂。

, , 抗磨损性是指润滑剂在轻负荷和中等负荷条件下能在摩擦表面形成薄膜防抗磨损性是指润滑剂在轻负荷和中等负荷条件下能在摩擦表面形成薄膜防止磨损的能力,提高润滑剂这种能力的添加剂称为抗磨损添加剂。止磨损的能力,提高润滑剂这种能力的添加剂称为抗磨损添加剂。 , , 极压性是指润滑剂在低速高负荷或高速冲击摩擦条件下,即在所谓极压条件极压性是指润滑剂在低速高负荷或高速冲击摩擦条件下,即在所谓极压条件

下防止摩擦而发生烧结、擦伤的能力。为防止烧结为目的而使用的添加剂称下防止摩擦而发生烧结、擦伤的能力。为防止烧结为目的而使用的添加剂称为极压添加剂。为极压添加剂。

润滑油的常用质量指标润滑油的常用质量指标

, , 元素分析元素分析

air, keep house air fresh, cooling, moisture, reduce the body temperature of the chicken, which is a measure of the chicken house the first element of the environment. (1) the parameters: ventilation in summer peak demand calculations, 4~5 cubic metres per kilogram of body weight per hour, harmful gas concentration does not exceed 20ppm ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, l0ppm, co 0.15%. (2) ventilation natural ventilation and mechanical ... 5. thermal insulation roof cold season is the region of greatest heat loss, are also hot towel sunlight than any other region, so the roof insulation is the most important region, followed by the walls, if open sheds to make doors and Windows switches freely, and seal well. On most of the walls and roof insulation must be taken or equivalent devices, thermal insulation materials require higher thermal resistance, good thermal insulation properties, and thicken the North wall must also be taken of thickness and measures such as roof and

ceiling canopy. In places with more rain, due the eaves of roofs on both sides extending outward. Pheasants (pheasants) farm building (a) site choose pheasant fields should be selected gaozao terrain, sand texture, well drained, slightly to the South of terrain. Mountain areas should be selected under the sunny, spacious, ventilation, sunshine, where the drainage is good. Pheasant farms should be built in a quiet, safe place, away from residential areas, factories, the main traffic artery, but taking into account feed, transportation problems. A clean water source,

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