Dielectric Polymer Composites With High
Thermal Conductivity
Zhao Mengqi
Abstract: This article reviews the development of the development of dielectric polymer composites with high thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of the composite is rather a complex function of the thermal conductivity of the constituents, the particle loading level, the particle shape and size, the particle dispersion, the particle orientation, the thermal interfacial resistance, the composite microstructure , the particle surface treatment and the hybridization of fibers. And in this article, we discuss the effecting factors one by one and draw some conclusions. Individualizing fillers are also introduced to get a brief grasp of advantages and disadvantages.
Key words: polymer dielectric composite, thermal conductivity, high thermal conductivity filler, 1、Introduction
The increasing power output of electronic devices pushed us to develop dielectric materials with high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
Polymeric materials are preferred owing to their excellent processability and low cost; however, most polymers are thermally insulating which have a thermal conductivity between 0.1 and 0.5 W·m-1·K-1.
One of the easiest approaches to increase the thermal conductivity of a polymer is to introduce high-thermal-conductivity fillers, such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, silicon nitride, beryllium oxide, or diamond.
The thermal conductivity of a composite is a function of the thermal conductivity of the constituents, the particle loading level, the particle shape and size, the particle dispersion, the particle orientation, the thermal interfacial resistance, the composite microstructure , the particle surface treatment and the hybridization of fibers.
Up to now, many theoretical models have been set up to calculate the thermal conductivity of a two-phase composite system. [1]However, only a few of them fits the experimental data well, particularly for composites with high particle loading. This is mainly due to that most models only took effects of thermal conductivity of constituents and filler loading levels into consideration,
while ignored the wide variation in filler shape, size, distribution and orientation.
2、Effects of Thermal Conductivity of Fillers
When the ratio of the filler thermal of the filler conductivity to matrix conductivity exceeds 100:1 there is little further improvement in the thermal conductivity of the composite when the filler thermal conductivity is increased beyond this ration. This means that it may be meaningless to use fillers with ultra high thermal conductivity such as diamond [1].
3、Effects of Loading Level of Fillers
When the fillers have a higher thermal conductivity relative to the polymer matrix, the effective thermal conductivity of the composites increases with filler loading.
The increase in the thermal conductivity of composites filled with platelet-shaped ceramic fillers is almost independent of the intrinsic filler thermal conductivity over the range of 33–300 W·m-1·K-1. Soft filler platelets, such as BN, are shown to deform under stress, making it possible to achieve higher loading levels and greater surface contact between particles than is observed for harder, more rigid fillers. The higher loading levels and improved contact appears to result in the formation of conductive clusters of particles in the composite with improved capability to transfer heat. This deformation and surface contact clearly explain the improved thermal performance of BN-filled composites over that of composites filled with rigid particles, such as TiB2, Al2O3, and SiC, all approximately of the same shape as the BN[2].
4、Effects of Filler Size and Shape
The interfacial thermal resistance arises from two aspects: differences between phonon spectra of different phases and scattering at the interfaces. So a large area of interface can cause large phonon scattering leading to a low thermal conductivity. However, the research results observed are counter-intuitive:The Si3N4 reinforced UHMWPE/LLDPE blend composite plastics were obtained from particle mixtures. The thermal conductivity increased with an increase in filler loading. The high thermal conductivity obtained at low filler loading can be ascribed to the fact that a networked dispersion state of Si3N4particles existed in the composites, which acted as conductive channels.[3]
5、Effects of Filler Dispersion
Increasing the polydispersivity ( value) increases the average size of the void regions in the microstructures as illustrated in Fig. 5. Therefore, one would expect the effective thermal conductivity of the composites to decrease with the increasing value. In other words, a uniform-size distribution should result in microstructures with the best thermal performance. However, the trends observed in this study are counter-intuitive. The primary reason for the increase in the effective thermal conductivity of the particulate composites with increasing value appears to be the reduced resistance to thermal transport in the particulate chains with higher degree of polydispersivity. In other words, the resistance to thermal transport through a larger particle is less than the combined resistance through a number of smaller particles. The polydispersivity also aids the formation of particle chains or the percolation. [4]
6、Effects of Composite Microstructure
Generally, high thermal conductivity can only be achieved by forming thermally conductive pathways (percolating network) in the composites. To form percolating networks, a high filler loading is necessary, and the filler must be largely spherical in shape, which increases the material and processing cost. In addition, high filler loading could deteriorate the mechanical and other properties of the composites. Therefore, it is of interest to design and develop conductive composites with low particle loading. Figure illustrates composites having the same filler loading but different microstructure.
Apart from using hybrid or high-aspect-ratio fillers, there are two methods to make a low percolating threshold possible. First, one can use immiscible polymer blends as the matrix. In this case, fillers can be dispersed at the polymer-polymer interphase or be located in one polymer phase, resulting in a low percolating network; Second one can prepare composites by molding the filler-coated polymer particles.
7、Effects of Particle Surface Treatment
Evidence has shown that surface modification of the particles is of great importance for high thermal conductivity composites. For instance, Acetone, silane, HNO3, and H2SO4 were all used for surface treatment of BN in epoxy composites and achieved significant increase in thermal conductivity. Silane gave the greatest increase because it helped fillers to form covalent bonds with the polymer matrix while the acid treatment is likely to introduce functional groups and the acetone is effective for cleaning function for filler.[5]
8、Effects of Hybridization of Fillers
The composites containing hybrid filler consisting of spherical and fibrous filler were found to have enhanced thermal conductivity at low to intermediate filler content. As confirmed by sedimentation method, material simulation and analysis based on packing principle proved to be
quite useful tool to determine the optimal composition of hybrid filler which yields the highest maximum packing fraction. In these filler content range fibrous filler in hybrid system promotes the interaction among fillers in a way such that a structured network results which facilitates heat conduction through materials. On the other hand, at high filler content beyond the maximum packing fraction where there are already abundant thermal paths, the role of fibrous filler as structuring filler became weak. The use of titanate treated filler increased thermal conductivity by minimizing the interfacial phonon scattering. In addition, surface treatment of filler was also found to be effective in reducing the CTE at given filler contents.[6]
9、Individualizing
Oxide Particles
(a)、Aluminum oxide:
Advantages: high thermal conductivity
low cost
high electrical resistivity
Disadvantages: high dielectric constant
(b)、Silicon oxide
Advantages: high electrical resistivity
low dielectric constant
Disadvantages: low thermal conductivity
(c)、Zinc oxide
Advantages: high thermal conductivity
nonlinear electrical conductivity
Disadvantages: high dielectric constant
(d)、Beryllium oxide
Advantages: high thermal conductivity
corrosion resistant
excellent electrical insulating properties
Disadvantages: high cost
high toxicity
Nitride Particles
(a)、Aluminum nitride
Advantages: high thermal conductivities
high electrical resistivity
low thermal expansion coefficient Disadvantages: low oxidation resistance
high dielectric constant
(b)、Silicon Nitride
Advantages: low dielectric constant
low coefficient of thermal expansion
the thermal conductivity can be improved by tailoring Disadvantages: moderate thermal conductivity
(c)、Boron Nitride
Advantages: high thermal conductivity
high electrical resistivity
low dielectric constant
excellent high temperature resistance
low density
Silicon Carbide
Advantages: high thermal conductivity
high temperature stability
nonlinear electrical conductivity property Disadvantages: high saturated carrier drift velocity
high dielectric constant
Graphene Oxide
Advantages: ultrahigh thermal conductivity
Disadvantages: easily reduced
Diamond
Advantages: high thermal conductivity
Disadvantages: high cost
Barium Titanate
Advantages: relatively low thermal conductivity
Disadvantages: high density
high dielectric constant
10、Conclusion
(a) The thermal conductivity of polymer composites is determined by the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the polymer matrix and fillers, ?filler loading, ?filler size and shape, filler aspect ratio, filler dispersion and orientation, as well as many other factors. As such, it is not possible to conclude that the thermal conductivity of a composite depends on a specific parameter without taking into consideration all other parameters. For instance, and intuitively, one would expect that the thermal conductivity of polymer composites at a given loading should increase with increasing filler size; however, the opposite has been observed.
(b) Fillers having high intrinsic thermal conductivity are beneficial for producing high-thermal-conductivity composites. The thermal conductivity of a composite increases appreciably with the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the filler but only marginally if the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the fillers is greater than 100 times the thermal conductivity of the polymer matrix.
(c) High-thermal-conductivity composites can only be achieved by forming thermally conductive pathways in the matrix. Any approach to maximize thermal conductive pathways and minimize thermal resistance within the conductive pathways will improve the thermal conductivity of the composite. A future challenge is the development of a processing technique with low percolation threshold having larger filler contact.
(d) Surface treatment of filler particles is important for increasing the thermal conductivity. Surface treatment improves the filler dispersion and adhesion between the filler and the polymer
matrix, which can significantly decrease the interfacial thermal resistance and increase the thermal conductivity of composites. However, the thickness of the surface treatment also plays an important role in the effective thermal conductivity of the composites.
(e) Hybrid filler, i.e., filler having mixed shapes, sizes, and size distributions, are useful for fabricating high-thermal-conductivity composites because they aid in achieving a low percolation threshold as well as improving the filler packing density.
References
[1] Bigg D M. Thermal conductivity of heterophase polymer compositions[M]//Thermal and electrical conductivity of polymer materials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995: 1-30.
[2] Hill R F, Supancic P H. Thermal Conductivity of Platelet‐Filled Polymer Composites[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2002, 85(4): 851-857.
[3] Zhou W, Wang C, Ai T, et al. A novel fiber-reinforced polyethylene composite with added silicon nitride particles for enhanced thermal conductivity[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2009, 40(6): 830-836.
[4] Kanuparthi S, Subbarayan G, Siegmund T, et al. The effect of polydispersivity on the thermal conductivity of particulate thermal interface materials[J]. Components and Packaging Technologies, IEEE Transactions on, 2009, 32(2): 424-434.
[5] Xu Y, Chung D D L. Increasing the thermal conductivity of boron nitride and aluminum nitride particle epoxy-matrix composites by particle surface treatments[J]. Composite Interfaces, 2000, 7(4): 243-256.
[6] Lee G W, Park M, Kim J, et al. Enhanced thermal conductivity of polymer composites filled with hybrid filler[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2006, 37(5):
727-734.
With的用法全解 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。 下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）
2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the with结构是许多英 语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 二、with结构的用法 with是介词，其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释。在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 1.带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如： Run with the kite like this.
1. with+宾语+形容词。比如：. The boy wore a shirt with the neck open, showing his bare chest. 那男孩儿穿着一件衬衫，颈部敞开，露出光光的胸膛。Don’t talk with your mouth full. 嘴里有食物时不要讲话。 2. with+宾语+副词。比如：She followed the guide with her head down. 她低着头，跟在导游之后。 What a lonely world it will be with you away. 你不在，多没劲儿呀！ 3. with+宾语+过去分词。比如：He was listening to the music with his eyes half closed. 他眼睛半闭着听音乐。She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐着。 4. with+宾语+现在分词。比如：With winter coming, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天到了，该买些保暖的衣服了。 He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了，（可）灯还亮着。 5. with+宾语+介词短语。比如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他的头枕在臂膀上睡着了。 The young lady came in, with her two- year-old son in her arms. 那位年轻的女士进来了，怀里抱着两岁的孩子。 6. with+宾语+动词不定式。比如： With nothing to do in the afternoon, I went to see a film. 下午无事可做，我就去看了场电影。Sorry, I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 很抱歉，有这么多盘子要洗，我不能出去。 7. with+宾语+名词。比如： He died with his daughter yet a school-girl.他去逝时，女儿还是个小学生。 He lived a luxurious life, with his old father a beggar . 他过着奢侈的生活，而他的老父亲却沿街乞讨。(8)With so much work to do ,I can't go swimming with you. (9)She stood at the door,with her back towards us. (10)He entered the room,with his nose red with cold. with复合结构与分词做状语有啥区别 [ 标签：with, 复合结构, 分词状语] Ciro Ferrara 2009-10-18 16:17 主要是分词形式与主语的关系 满意答案好评率：100%
with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例：
1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.(with+名词+副词，作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。
一、选择题 1、With time ____ by , they got to know each other better. A. passes B. passing C. passed D. to be passed 2、 the economic crisis getting more and more serious, the government is searching for ways to improve people’s life. A. As B. With C. When D. If 3John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ____, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 4、With all flights___, they had to come by bus. A. had canceled B.canceled C.have been canceled D. having canceled 5、With a large number of people _______ camping, it has now become one of the most popular activities in the UK. A. take part in B. took part in C. taking part in D. to be taking part in 6、None of us had expected that the middle﹣aged engineer died with his design _________（） A．.to uncomplete B．.uncompleted C．uncompleting．D．.uncomplete 7、______，we managed to get out of the forest．（） A．The guide led the way B．The guide leading the way C．With the guide to lead the way D．Having led the way 8、Will all his work ,he could have a good rest. A.to do B.doing C.did D.done 9、 ______, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 10、With the kind boy ________ the way, we found the park soon. A. leads B. to lead C. led D. leading 11、 She stood there, ______ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 12、 While watching television, __________. A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings 13、The murderer was brought in, with his hands______ behind his back. A. be tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 14、 With a lot of difficult problem _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
伴随状语的用法 WITH作伴随状语,或说明造成某一局面的原因.至于是用现在分词,还是过去分词得看与主句主句的关系是被动或主动. Fg: with time passing by随着时间的流逝He sat on the chair with his eyes closed.他坐在椅子上,眼睛闭着. 总结一下： with的复合结构可以分以下几种: 一. w ith + 名词 + 形容词.表处于一种状态. He often sleeps with windows open.他经常开着窗户睡觉. 二.with +名词 + 副词. There is a temple with no table in. 三.with +名词 + 介词短语. The teacher came into the classroom with a book under his arm. 四.with + 名词 + 现在分词.这种结构表动作的主动和进行态. The old woman left the her house with water running all the time. 五.with + 名词 + 过去分词,这种结构表被动和完成. The thief was taken to the police station with his hands tied to his back. 六.with + 名词 + 不定式,这种结构表动作的将来式. The mamager has been busy these days with a lot of work to do . 伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，它的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。 例如： ①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 ②All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。 伴随状语的判断 The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分词短语（现在分词表主动过去表被动）前有逗号的是伴随状语。
with用法归纳 （1）“用……”表示使用工具，手段等。例如： ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 （2）“和……在一起”，表示伴随。例如： ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗？ ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 （3）“与……”。例如： I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 （4）“关于，对于”，表示一种关系或适应范围。例如： What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了？ （5）“带有，具有”。例如： ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 （6）“在……方面”。例如： Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 （7）“随着，与……同时”。例如： With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形： 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况） 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
with独立主格结构(即with复合结构) with独立主格结构是英语中一种重要的句法现象，在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年来也一直是命题的热点、重点，因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知，with引导的独立主格结构非常活跃，虽然它在句子中只作状语，但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。 现将with引导的独立主格结构总结如下。 一、句法结构 【结构一】 with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语 例１ He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand． 他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。 【结构二】 with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词 例２ He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open． 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 【结构三】with ＋名词（代词）＋副词 例３ With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year． 产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。 【结构四】 with ＋名词（代词）＋名词 例４ She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion． 她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。 【结构五】with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词 例５ She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her． 她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。 【结构六】with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them
D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.
谓语动词: 有提示词, 句子缺谓语(与主语构成主谓结构) I. I _______ (tell) by my classmates about that. 2. My mother often __________ (stop) me from watching TV. 时态语态变化, 及主谓一致 非谓语动词(主动---doing , 被动---done, 目的/结果/将要to do ,) 1. We must also consider the reaction of the person __________ (receive) the gift. 2. My pupils, Tom__________ (include), liked her. 1. He entered, ________ (hold) a book in his hand. 2. He entered the room and _______ (hold) a book in his hand. 3. I politely refused her invitation and _____ (walk) away. 4. I politely refused her invitation, ______ (walk) away. 两个动词是同时发生的时候 主语+ 谓语1 + and / but + 谓语2 主语+ 谓语，+非谓语 1. When he _______ (come) in, I was reading a book. 2. Unless I ________ (invite), I won’t attend he party. 3. When _____ (hear) the news, I was excited. 4. Unless ____ (invite), I won’t attend he party. --- When / if / unless / /After/Before 等连词后没有主语+非谓语（--- ing /---ed ) , 主句---When / if / unless / /After /Before等连词+ 主语+ 谓语，主句 1. A boy ________( call ) Jack came here today 2. A boy who ________( call ) Jack came here today 3. We enjoy the movie _________ (direct) by a world famous artist. 4. We enjoy the movie which_________ (direct) by the world famous artist. 名词后没关系词时+ 非谓语, 非谓语动词修饰前面的名词做定语 名词后有关系词时+谓语，做定语从句中的谓语 1.“You can’t catch me!” Jan et shouted, _______ (run) away. 2.He said thanks and ____ (smile) a row of teeth. 3.When first ___________ (introduce) to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 4.When he_______( arrive ) at the corner , he met his friend. 5.________ ( sleep ) late, he turned off the alarm clock. 6.Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _______(know) only to people with specific knowledge. [例1] I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man 18 (sit) at the front. （2011广东卷） [例2] He spit it out, __37___(say) it was awful. （2010广东卷） [例3]The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _______ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting turn
with用法小结 一、with表拥有某物 Mary married a man with a lot of money . 马莉嫁给了一个有着很多钱的男人。 I often dream of a big house with a nice garden . 我经常梦想有一个带花园的大房子。 The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely island . 这个老人和一条小狗住在荒岛上。 二、with表用某种工具或手段 I cut the apple with a sharp knife . 我用一把锋利的刀削平果。 Tom drew the picture with a pencil . 汤母用铅笔画画。 三、with表人与人之间的协同关系 make friends with sb talk with sb quarrel with sb struggle with sb fight with sb play with sb work with sb cooperate with sb I have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other, and I have never quarreled with him . 自从我们一起工作以来，我和汤姆已经是十年的朋友了，我们从没有吵过架。 四、with 表原因或理由 John was in bed with high fever . 约翰因发烧卧床。 He jumped up with joy . 他因高兴跳起来。 Father is often excited with wine . 父亲常因白酒变的兴奋。 五、with 表“带来”，或“带有,具有”，在…身上，在…身边之意
独立主格篇 独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构： 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点
1.当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。 2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it, there时，being不可以省略。 三、独立主格结构的用法。 一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。 “名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1.不定式构成的独立主格结构 不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常 作原因状语，有时做条件状语。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day. 由于很多作业要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job. 如此多的孩子要照顾，这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。 2.动词+ing形式的独立主格结构 动词-ing形式的句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，否则就 是不正确的。动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在 动词的-ing形式前加上逻辑主语，构成动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作 时逻辑主语发出的动作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集到他要通过的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 3.过去分词形式的独立主格 过去分词形式的独立主格结构是由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成。逻辑主 语与动词之间为动宾关系，它是分词的动作承受者，这一结构在句中作 时间状语，原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。 This done, we went home.做完这个，我们就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄用完后，我们都开始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance. 如果给予更多的时间和金钱，我们能提前完成这个工作。 五、其他形式的独立主格结构
其实分词做伴随状语就是分词做方式状语的一种，伴随是一种方式。大多情况下其实方式状语从句都等于伴随状语从句。只有在just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体 分词短语作伴随状语 伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的 1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 ）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 比如 The teacher came in the classroom with handing a book in his hand. with handing就是个例子 过去分词，现在分词都可以做伴随状语,即在某件事情发生的时候相伴发生的事情这个句子老师进入了教室，他是拿着本书进入教室的，在他进入教室的时候他的手中有一本书（相伴）知道意思了吧。 做题的时候要注意区分什么时候使用过去分词和什么时候使用现在分词做伴随状语。一般的无非又几种情况： 1，过去分词表示一种完成了的或者是被动意义的动作 分词作状语（关键找逻辑主语） a)放在句首的分词往往看作时间状语1以及原因状语2 1. Looking (when I looked) at the picture, I couldn't help missing my middle school days. 2.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. =As he was seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. b)放在句中或句末常常看作为伴随状态(并列句) The girl was left alone in the room，weeping（crying ）bitterly. (但注意特殊：Generally/frankly speaking... / taken as a whole(总的来讲）不考虑逻辑主语，看作为独立成分)
教学参考：With引导的独立主格结构 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3012244976.html, 2005/03/14 09:41 英语辅导报 with独立主格结构是英语的一种重要的句法现象，在句子结构方面具有相对独立的特点。多年 来也一直是命题的热点、重点，因此应该引起我们的高度重视。众所周知，with引导的独立主格结 构非常活跃，虽然它在句子中只作状语，但是可以表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等各种复杂的情况。现将with引导的独立主格结构加以小结。 一、句法结构 【结构一】with＋名词(代词)＋介词短语 【例句】He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand. 他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。 The old man stood there, with his back against the wall. 那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。 Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 【结构二】with＋名词(代词)＋形容词 【例句】He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open. 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery. 这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。 He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold. 他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。 【结构三】with＋名词(代词)＋副词 【例句】With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. 产量上升了60%, 公司又是一个好年景。 The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on. 这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在 游行队伍中。 The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down. 这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。 He put on his socks with the wrong side out. 他把袜子穿反了。 【结构四】with＋名词(代词)＋名词 【例句】She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion. 她从前总爱在 晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她惟一的伙伴。