Are Supershells Powered by Multiple Supernovae Modeling the Radio Pulsar Population Produce
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科技是把双刃英语作文高二Technology is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it has brought about tremendous advancements and convenience inour lives. From smartphones to artificial intelligence, technology has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and live. It has made information readily accessible andhas connected people from all corners of the world. However, on the other hand, technology has also led to various negative consequences. It has created a sense of dependency and addiction, as people become glued to their screens and lose touch with the real world. Additionally, technologyhas raised concerns about privacy and security, as our personal information becomes vulnerable to cyber attacks.The rapid development of technology has undoubtedly changed the way we communicate. Social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram have made it easier for us toconnect with friends and family, no matter where they are. We can share our thoughts, photos, and videos with just a few taps on our screens. However, this constant need forvalidation and attention on social media has also led to a rise in mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression. People are constantly comparing themselves to others and seeking approval from strangers, which can be detrimental to their self-esteem and well-being.In the workplace, technology has greatly improved efficiency and productivity. With the help of computers and software programs, tasks that used to take hours can now be completed in a matter of minutes. This has allowed businesses to streamline their operations and achieve higher levels of profitability. However, the automation of jobs has also resulted in unemployment and job insecurity for many individuals. As machines become more advanced and capable of performing complex tasks, there is a growing concern that humans will be replaced by robots andartificial intelligence.Education has also been greatly impacted by technology. Online learning platforms and educational apps have made it possible for students to access educational resources anytime, anywhere. This has opened up opportunities forindividuals who may not have had access to quality education otherwise. However, the reliance on technology in the classroom has also raised concerns about the lack of face-to-face interaction and the potential for cheating. Students may become too reliant on technology and lose important social and problem-solving skills.In conclusion, technology has undoubtedly brought about numerous benefits and advancements in our lives. However, it is important to recognize the negative consequences that come with it. We must be mindful of our usage and ensure that technology does not control us. It is crucial tostrike a balance between embracing the convenience and opportunities that technology offers, while also being aware of its potential drawbacks. Only then can we truly harness the power of technology for the betterment of society.。
ABB EntrelecSommaireBU0402061SNC 160 003 C0205SummarySelection guide ....................................................................................page 1Screw clamp ........................................................................................page 2Feed through and ground terminal blocks .......................................................page 2 - 5 to 10Single pole, multiclamp terminal blocks..........................................................................page 4Feed through terminal blocks - Double-deck................................................................page 11Feed through terminal blocks - Triple-deck...................................................................page 12Three level sensor, terminal blocks without ground connection...................................page 13Three level sensor, terminal blocks with ground connection ........................................page 14Terminal blocks for distribution boxes, double deck + protection .......................page 15 - 16Interruptible terminal blocks for neutral circuit......................................................page 17 - 18Distribution : phase, ground terminal blocks .......................................................page 19 to 21Single pole or four pole distribution blocks..........................................................page 22 to 24Heavy duty switch terminal blocks with blade......................................................page 25 - 26Heavy duty switch terminal blocks with push-turn knob..............................................page 26Heavy duty switch terminal blocks with contact control pull lever...............................page 29Heavy duty switch terminal blocks with blade - Double-deck .....................................page 27Fuse holder terminal blocks for 5x20 mm (.197x.787 in.) and 5x25 mm (.197x.984 in.)or 6.35x25.4 mm (1/4x1 in.) and 6.35x32 mm (1/4x11/4 in.) fuse s.........................................page 28 - 29Fuse holder terminal blocks for 5x20 mm (.197x.787 in.) and 5x25 mm (.197x.984 in.) fuses -Double-dec k.....................................................................................................................page 27Terminal blocks for test circuits with sliding bridge ......................................................page 30Terminal blocks for metering circuits.............................................................................page 31ESSAILEC terminal blocks.............................................................................................page 32Safety connection terminal blocks ................................................................................page 33Miniblocks for EN 50045 (DIN 46277/2) rail ..........................................................page 34 - 35Spring clamp ......................................................................................page 36Angled terminal blocks - Feed through and ground .....................................................page 36Feed through and ground terminal blocks ...........................................................page 37 to 41Feed through terminal blocks - Double deck ................................................................page 42Terminal blocks for sensors / actuators ........................................................................page 42Terminal blocks for distribution boxes...........................................................................page 43Switch terminal blocks for neutral conductor........................................................page 44 - 45Heavy duty switch terminal blocks with blade..............................................................page 46Fuse holder terminal blocks for 5x20 mm (.197x.787 in.) and 5x25 mm (.197x.984 in.) fuse s....page 47Miniblocks Spring clamp ......................................................................................page 48 to 52ADO - Screw clamp ...........................................................................page 53Feed through and ground terminal blocks ...........................................................page 53 to 56Feed through and ground terminal blocks - Double-deck............................................page 57Heavy duty switch terminal blocks with blade..............................................................page 58Fuse holder terminal blocks for 5x20 mm (.197x.787 in.) and 5x25 mm (.197x.984 in.) fuse s ......page 59 - 60Miniblocks ADO - Screw clamp............................................................................page 61 to 65ADO - ADO .........................................................................................page 66Feed through and ground terminal blocks ...........................................................page 66 to 69Feed through and ground terminal blocks - Double-deck............................................page 70Terminal blocks for sensors / actuators ........................................................................page 71Heavy duty switch terminal blocks with blade..............................................................page 72Fuse holder terminal blocks for 5x20 mm (.197x.787 in.) and 5x25 mm (.197x.984 in.) fuse s ......page 73 - 74Miniblocks ADO - ADO .........................................................................................page 75 to 79Accessories ADO ...........................................................................................................page 80Power terminal blocks .............................................................page 81 to 84Quick-connect terminal blocks .................................................page 85 - 86Terminal blocks for railway applications ................................page 87 to 97Pluggable terminal blocks .....................................................page 98 to 100Accessories......................................................................................page 101Marking..................................................................................page 102 to 104GrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************PR30PR3.Z2PR3.G2PR5PR4PR1.Z2Rated wire size :Rated wire size :Rated wire size :Rated wire size :Mounting railsShield terminals forcollector barMarking tableHorizontal Rated wire size :0.5 to 16 mm² (22 to 8 AWG)Rated wire size :Rated wire size :Rated wire size :P a g e t o 29e30 t o 32ag e e3P a ge 8 t o 60a g e6t o 6574P a ge 7 t o 79P a ge 9P a g P a gGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************2ABB Entrelecd010830402051SNC 160 003 C0205MA 2,5/5 - 2.5 mm² blocks - 5 mm .200" spacingAccessoriesGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************3ABB Entrelec D010740402051SNC 160 003 C0205M 4/6 - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingAccessoriesGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************4ABB EntrelecD011030402051SNC 160 003 C0205M 4/6.3A - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingM 4/6.4A - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************5ABB Entrelec D010840402051SNC 160 003 C0205M 6/8 - 6 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacingAccessoriesGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************6ABB EntrelecD010850402051SNC 160 003 C0205M 10/10 - 10 mm² blocks - 10 mm .394" spacingAccessoriesGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************7ABB Entrelec D010860402051SNC 160 003 C0205M 16/12 - 16 mm² blocks - 12 mm .473" spacingAccessoriesGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************8ABB EntrelecD010870402051SNC 160 003 C0205M 35/16 - 35 mm² blocks - 16 mm .630" spacingGrossAutomation(877)268-3700··*************************M 95/26 - 95 mm² blocks - 26 mm 1.02" spacingM 70/22.P - 70 mm² ground block with rail contact - 22 mm .630" spacingSelection35 mm / 1.37"12 mm / 0.47"14-30 Nm / 124-260 Ib.in 1.2-1.4 Nm / 10.6-12.3 Ib.in1000600600415400400577070240 mm 2500 MCM 500 MCM 10 mm 2 6 AWG 6 AWG IEC UL CSANFC DIN0.5 - 160.5 - 100 AWG-600 MCM 2 AWG-500 MCM 50 - 30035 - 24018-6 AWGD 150/31.D10 - 150 mm² blocks - 31 mm 1.22" spacingCharacteristicsD 240/36.D10 - 240 mm² blocks - 36 mm 1.41" spacingSelectionWire size main circuit mm² / AWG VoltageV Current main circuit A Current outputARated wire size main circuit mm² / AWG Rated wire size outputmm² / AWG Wire stripping length main circuit mm / inches Wire stripping length output mm / inches Recommended torque main circuit Nm / Ib.in Recommended torque outputNm / Ib.inSolid Stranded Solid Stranded Wire size output mm² / AWG9.5 mm / .37"0.5-0.8 Nm / 4.4-7.1 Ib.in5003003003220204 mm 212 AWG12 AWG0.2 - 422-12 AWG 22-12 AWG 0.22 - 4IEC ULCSANFC DINCharacteristicsWire size mm² / AWGSolid Stranded D 4/6.T3 - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingSelectionVoltage V CurrentARated wire sizemm² / AWG Wire stripping length mm / inches Recommended torqueNm / Ib.inM 4/6.T3.P - 4 mm² block - 6 mm .238" spacingD 2,5/6.D - 2.5 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingD 2,5/6.DL - 2.5 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingD 2,5/6.DPA1 - 2.5 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingD 2,5/6.DPAL1 - 2.5 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingD 4/6... - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingD 4/6.LNTP - 4 mm² closed blocks - 17.8 mm .700" spacingMA 2,5/5.NT- 2.5 mm² block - 5 mm .200" spacingAccessories**SFB2 : 16 to 35 mm² 6 to 2 AWG H= 3 mm/.12"M 10/10.NT- 10 mm² block - 10 mm .394" spacingAccessories(1) Except for M 35/16 NT (closed block)*SFB1 : 0.5 to 35 mm² 18 to 2 AWG H= 7 mm/.28"**SFB2 : 16 to 35 mm² 6 to 2 AWG H= 3 mm/.12"MB 4/6... - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingMB 6/8... - 6 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacingMB 10/10... - 10 mm² blocks - 10 mm .394" spacingBRU 125 A - 35 mm² block - 27 mm 1.063" spacingBRU 160 A - 70 mm² block - 35.2 mm 1.388" spacingBRU 250 A - 120 mm² blocks - 44.5 mm 1.752" spacingBRU 400 A - 185 mm² block - 44.5 mm 1.752" spacingAccessoriesAccessoriesBRT 80 A - 16 mm² block - 48 mm 1.89" spacingBRT 125 A - 35 mm² block - 48 mm 1.89" spacingBRT 160 A - 50 mm² block - 50 mm 1.97" spacing9.5 mm / .37"0.5-0.6 Nm / 4.4-5.3 Ib.in4003003002010104 mm 210 AWG 12 AWG 0.5 - 422-10 AWG20-12 AWG0.5 - 2.5IEC ULCSANFC DINMA 2,5/5.SNB - 2.5 mm² blocks - 5 mm .200" spacingCharacteristicsM 4/6.SNB - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingSelectionWire size mm² / AWGVoltage V CurrentARated wire sizemm² / AWG Wire stripping length mm / inches Recommended torqueNm / Ib.inSolid StrandedM 6/8.SNB - 6 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacing - blade switchingSelectionAccessoriesM 4/8.D2.SF - for fuses 5x20 mm .197x.787 in. and 5x25 mm .197x.984 in. -4 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacingM 4/6.D2.SNBT - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacing - blade switchM 4/8.SF- 4 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacingM 4/8.SFL - 4 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacing12 mm / .472"1.2-1.4 Nm / 10.6-12.3 Ib.in800(1)60060016252510 mm 210 AWG8 AWG0.5 - 1622-10 AWG 22-8 AWG 0.5 - 10IEC ULCSANFC DINCBD2SML 10/13.SF - for fuses 6.35x25.4 mm 1/4x1 in. and 6.35x32 mm 1/4x11/4 in. -10 mm² blocks - 13 mm .512" spacingSelectionAccessoriesCharacteristicsWire size mm² / AWGVoltage V CurrentARated wire sizemm² / AWG Wire stripping length mm / inches Recommended torqueNm / Ib.inSolid Stranded (1) Insulation voltage of terminal block - operating voltage : according to fuse.M 4/6.D2.2S2... - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacing11 mm / .43"0.8-1 Nm / 7.1-8.9 Ib.in50060030306 mm 28 AWG0.5 - 1022-8 AWG0.5 - 6IECULCSANFC DINM 6/8.ST... - 6 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacingCharacteristicsWire size mm² / AWGVoltage V CurrentARated wire sizemm² / AWG Wire stripping length mm / inches Recommended torqueNm / Ib.inSolid Stranded M 6/8.STA - 6 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacing(3)Only for M 6/8.STAM 4/6.ST- 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .236" spacingBNT...PC...(2) Only for M10/10.ST-SnThe PREM IUM solution for testing the secondary circuits of current or voltage transformers.ESSAILEC, approved by the major electricity utilities, remains the premium choice for the energy market.Implemented in the transformers secondary circuits, ESSAILEC thanks to its intelligent “make before break” design eases and secures any intervention. Cutting the energy supply is avoided with zero risk for the operator.The plug and socket connection cuts cost installation as well as in-situ wiring errors. ESSAILEC is ideal for the wiring of sub-assemblies in the secondary circuits.ESSAILEC terminal blocksProtection relays,Protection relays,Testing :The ESSAILEC socket supplies energy to the protection or counting devices. The insertion of the test plug, which is connected to the measurement equipment, allows the testing of the devices, without perturbing the circuit.ESSAILEC blocks are well adapted to current or voltage measurement :-Current sockets with make before break contacts and pre-wired test plug for current measures-Voltage sockets with open contacts and pre-wired test plug for voltage measures-Up to 4 ammeters or 4 voltmeters connected to the test plugDistributing :The ESSAILEC plug is continuously mounted on the socket to supply current or voltage to secondary circuits sub assemblies.ESSAILEC blocks extreme versatility allow :-Safe current distribution with current socket with mobile contacts since the secondary circuit is not cut when plug is removed-Voltage or polarity distribution with dedicated voltage or polarity socket with closed contactESSAILEC is designed to offer :Great flexibility :-Connection multi contacts « plug and play »-Panel, rail, rack fixed mounting or stand-alone connector -Two wiring technologies, up to 10 mm²Extreme reliability :-Non symmetric blocks -Coding accessories -IP20 design -Locking system -Sealed coverR S T NFor technical characteristics and complete part numbers list, please ask for the ESSAILEC catalog10005006003225254 mm 21.65 mm²12 AWG 13 mm / .51"IECB.SCSANFC DINTS 50-180.5 - 0.8 Nm /4.4 - 7.1 Ib.in0.2 - 422-12 AWG0.22 - 40.5 - 1.50.28 - 1.6580050060041252562.512 AWG 13 mm / .51"0.8 - 1 Nm / 7.1 - 8.9 Ib.inIECB.S CSANFC DINTS 50-180.5 - 1020-12 AWG0.5 - 60.28 - 2.590050060046406510 mm 26 mm² 6 AWG 14 mm / .55"IECB.S UL/CSANFC DINTS 50-181.2 - 1.4 Nm / 10.6 - 12.3 Ib.in0.5 - 1620 - 6 AWG0.5 - 100.28 - 6M 4/6.RS - 4 mm² blocks - 6 mm .238" spacingCharacteristicsWire size mm² / AWGVoltage V CurrentARated wire sizemm² / AWG Wire stripping lengthmm / inches Recommended torque (screw)Nm / Ib.inSolid wire Stranded wire Solid wire Stranded wire Screw clampLugsM 6/8.RS - 6 mm² blocks - 8 mm .315" spacingCharacteristicsWire size mm² / AWGVoltage V CurrentARated wire sizemm² / AWG Wire stripping lengthmm / inches Recommended torque (screw)Nm / Ib.inSolid wire Stranded wire Solid wire Stranded wire Screw clampLugspending M 10/10.RS - 10 mm² blocks - 10 mm .394" spacingCharacteristicsWire size mm² / AWGVoltage V CurrentARated wire sizemm² / AWG Wire stripping lengthmm / inches Recommended torque (screw)Nm / Ib.inSolid wire Stranded wire Solid wire Stranded wire Screw clampLugspending SelectionAccessories(1) Only for block M 4/6.RS (4) For blocks M 4/6.RS and M 6/8.RS(2) Only for block M 6/8.RS(3) Only for block M 10/10.RSDR 1,5/4 - 1.5 mm² blocks - 4 mm .157" spacingDR 1,5/5... - 1.5 mm² blocks - 5 mm .200" spacing。
用英语写一篇80字的网络安全作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Cybersecurity: Keeping the Internet Safe for EveryoneHi there! My name is Jamie, and I'm 10 years old. Today, I want to talk to you about something super important called cybersecurity. It's a big word, I know, but it's really important for keeping the internet safe for all of us.You see, the internet is like this massive playground where we can learn, play games, watch videos, and talk to our friends and family. It's so much fun! But just like in a real playground, there are some not-so-nice people who might try to cause trouble or hurt others. That's where cybersecurity comes in.Cybersecurity is all about protecting our computers, phones, tablets, and other devices from bad guys who want to steal our information or mess things up. These bad guys are called hackers, and they use all sorts of sneaky tricks to try and get into our devices.One of the biggest threats is something called malware. Malware is like a computer virus that can infect your device and cause all sorts of problems. It can steal your personal information, slow down your computer, or even delete all your files! Scary, right?But don't worry, there are ways to protect ourselves from malware and other cyber threats. First and foremost, we need to have strong passwords for all our accounts. A strong password is one that's long, has a mix of letters, numbers, and special characters, and isn't something easy to guess like your name or birthday.Another important thing is to be careful about what links we click on and what files we download. Sometimes, hackers will try to trick us into clicking on a bad link or downloading a file that contains malware. That's why it's always best to only click on links or download files from sources you trust, like your parents, teachers, or reputable websites.We also need to be extra careful when we're using public Wi-Fi networks, like at a coffee shop or the library. These networks aren't as secure as the one we have at home, so it's best to avoid doing anything too sensitive, like online banking or shopping, while connected to them.One of the coolest things about cybersecurity is that there are special people called cybersecurity professionals whose job is to keep the internet safe for everyone. They're like the superheroes of the digital world! They use all sorts of high-tech tools and techniques to fight off hackers and protect our devices and information.Cybersecurity professionals work for companies, governments, and even video game companies to make sure their systems are secure and their customers' information is protected. They're always on the lookout for new threats and vulnerabilities, and they're constantly coming up with new ways to stay one step ahead of the bad guys.But cybersecurity isn't just about the professionals – we all have a role to play in keeping the internet safe. By being smart about our online habits, using strong passwords, and being cautious about what we click on or download, we can help make the internet a safer place for everyone.So, the next time you're surfing the web or playing your favorite online game, remember the importance of cybersecurity. It's like having a super-strong force field around your devices, protecting you from all the bad stuff out there.And who knows, maybe one day you'll grow up to be a cybersecurity superhero yourself! Imagine fighting off hackers and protecting the world from cyber threats – how cool would that be?For now, keep being smart and safe online, my friends. The internet is an amazing place, and with cybersecurity on our side, we can all enjoy it without worrying about the bad guys. Let's keep the internet safe and fun for everyone!篇2My Big Sister Teaches Me About CybersecurityMy big sister Julia is so smart! She's in middle school and knows all about computers and the internet. I'm just in 4th grade, so a lot of that stuff is still pretty confusing to me. But Julia is really patient and helps explain things in a way I can understand.The other day, I was playing an online game on my tablet when Julia came into my room. "Whatcha doing, squirt?" she asked, ruffling my hair. I made a face - I hate when she calls me that! "I'm playing Quarriors. It's this really cool game where you build up armies and battle other players online," I explained.Julia nodded slowly. "That's cool. Just be careful when you're playing games like that or browsing online. There are some bad people out there who might try to hack into your device or steal your personal information."I looked at her blankly. "What do you mean? Like a computer virus?""Exactly," Julia said. "Viruses, malware, spyware - those are all types of malicious code that cybercriminals use to attack devices and networks. They can get onto your computer or phone in lots of sneaky ways, like through spam emails, infected websites, or even disguising themselves as safe files or programs."I shuddered at the thought. "That's really scary! What would happen if I got a virus?""Well, it depends on the type of malware. Some viruses just corrupt your data or cause your device to crash. But others can give the hacker remote access, letting them spy on you through your webcam, log your keystrokes to steal passwords, or lock you out of your device entirely and hold it for ransom," Julia explained."That's terrible!" I exclaimed. "How can I protect myself?"Julia smiled. "I'm glad you asked! There are some simple cybersecurity best practices everyone should follow. First, be really careful what you click on or download - never open any files or attachments unless you know exactly what they are and where they came from. Install good anti-virus and anti-malware software to scan for threats."She continued, "Creating strong, unique passwords for every account is crucial too. And never share personal information like your name, address, phone number, or birthday online unless you're absolutely sure the website is safe and legit."I nodded along slowly, trying to absorb all the advice. "This cybersecurity stuff is complicated! Is there anything else I need to know?""Using public WiFi networks can be really risky, since it's easy for hackers to intercept your data traffic over an unsecured connection. It's best to avoid doing anything private like online banking when you're on public WiFi," Julia warned. "Oh, and be careful about the devices and technology you bring into our home too. Some cheap gadgets from sketchy manufacturers could potentially be lined with malware or backdoors for cybercrooks to exploit."My eyes were as wide as saucers. "The internet sounds so dangerous! Maybe I shouldn't even go online at all..."Julia laughed and put a hand on my shoulder. "Don't be scared, little bro. As long as you stay vigilant and follow cybersecurity best practices, you'll be just fine. The internet is an amazing resource when you know how to navigate it safely."I thought for a moment, then nodded firmly. "You're right. Thanks for explaining all this to me, Julia. I'm going to be way more careful about stuff like passwords, downloads, and sketchy links from now on. The internet is awesome - I don't want some meanie hackers ruining it for me!"Julia grinned and ruffled my hair again. "That's the spirit! Now get back to your game, kid. Just remember - if anything seems fishy, log off and come find me. Looking out for cyber threats is all part of being a responsible digital citizen these days.""Will do!" I gave her a cheesy thumbs-up, then turned my attention back to the game, feeling a little wiser about the big wide web and the importance of cybersecurity. With Julia's advice, I was ready to safely explore all the amazing things the online world had to offer!篇3My Big Book About Staying Safe OnlineHey kids! It's me, Cyber Buddy the cyber safety mascot. Today I want to teach you all about staying safe when you're online. The internet is an amazing place where you can learn new things, talk to your friends, watch videos, and play games. But just like in the real world, there are some bad people out there who might try to take advantage of you or get your private information. That's why it's super important to follow some basic rules about cybersecurity.First things first - what even is cybersecurity? It's all about protecting your devices like phones, tablets, and computers from bad people trying to break in or mess with your stuff. Just like you lock your house to keep burglars out, cybersecurity is about putting locks on your virtual spaces too!One of the biggest cybersecurity risks is from malware. Malware is bad software that nasty hackers make to mess up your devices and steal your info. It can come from downloading apps from sketchy websites, opening unsafe email attachments, or even just clicking on virus links. Malware is like a stickycomputer booger that gets all over your device and causes all kinds of problems!To avoid malware, only download apps and programs from legit stores you know and trust. Never open email attachments from people you don't know. And of course, never ever click on suspicious links, even if they look funny or silly. Those could just be traps to infect your device with malware!Another big cybersecurity danger is from phishing scams. That's when a bad person sends you a message pretending to be someone else, like your bank, a company you buy stuff from, or even a friend or family member. They'll make the message look really real and then try to trick you into giving out your passwords, credit card numbers, or other private info. Phishing is just a big fat lie to steal your secrets!The best way to spot a phishing scam is to always double check who the message is really from. If it's asking for your passwords or personal details, that's a huge red flag because legit companies will never ask for that stuff over email or text. When in doubt, ask a trusted adult before responding to any suspicious messages.Speaking of trusted adults, it's really important to have open conversations with your parents, teachers, and other trustedgrown-ups about being safe online. They can help you understand what's safe and what's not, and make sure you aren't doing anything risky without even realizing it. Having that guidance is key to great cyber safety!You should also make sure to keep your device's security software like antivirus programs and firewalls up-to-date. That's like keeping your device's force field strong to deflect any nasty malware trying to break through. Your parents can help make sure all that security stuff stays current.Another cybersecurity basic is using strong passwords that are really hard for bad guys to guess. Never use easy passwords like "password" or "123456". Instead, mix together some wacky words with numbers and symbols to create super passwords that only you know. And definitely don't share your passwords with anyone except your parents!While it's fun to chat with friends online, you have to be really careful about what personal information you share and who you're sharing it with. Never give out sensitive details like your address, phone number, birthdate, or where you go to school to anyone you don't know in real life and trust completely. There could be creepy adults pretending to be other kids trying to coax those secrets out of you.If you ever get a message or see something online that makes you uncomfortable or seems creepy, trust your instincts! Don't engage with that person anymore and tell a parent or trusted adult right away so they can look into it. Some people have really bad intentions online, so you always need to be on guard.Speaking of being on guard, you also need to protect your privacy by being smart about what you post and share online too. Never share passwords or other sensitive details. Be careful about posting your location, since that could let people know where you live or go to school. And simply avoid sharing anything too personal that could be embarrassing or used against you later.Overall, just use common sense and don't be shy about asking parents or teachers for help if you're ever unsure about something online. We all need to work together to build a safer, more secure internet for everyone!Well, that's about all the cybersecurity tips I can fit into one book! Just remember - think before you click, keep your personal info locked, tell a trusted adult about any cyber sketchiness, and we can all explore the internet while keeping the bad guys at bay.Stay cyber smart out there, and I'll see you again soon for more security fun!Your friend,Cyber Buddy篇4Title: Being Safe Online is Important!Hi there! My name is Tommy, and I'm here to talk to you about something really important – staying safe online! These days, we spend a lot of time on the internet, whether it's for schoolwork, playing games, or just having fun. But you know what? There are also some not-so-nice people out there who might try to cause trouble or even hurt us.That's why it's super duper important to be careful when we're online. Let me tell you a little story about what happened to my friend Lily last week.Lily was playing her favorite game online when a pop-up appeared, asking her to enter her parents' credit card information to get a special prize. Now, Lily is a smart cookie, but she got a little too excited about the prize and typed in thenumbers without thinking twice. Big mistake! The next day, her mom got a huge bill for stuff they didn't even buy!That's called a scam, and it's one of the ways thosenot-so-nice people try to trick us into giving them our personal information or money. Lily felt really bad about it, and her parents had to cancel their credit card and go through a whole lot of trouble.But you know what? That's not the only danger lurking online. Sometimes, strangers might try to chat with us and say mean things or ask us for pictures or information we shouldn't share. That's called cyberbullying, and it's not okay at all!So, what can we do to stay safe? Here are some super important tips:Never, ever share personal information like your name, address, phone number, or school with someone you don't know online. That's private stuff!Don't open any links or attachments from people you don't know or trust. They could have viruses that mess up your computer or steal your info.If someone is being mean or making you feel uncomfortable online, tell a trusted adult right away. You don't have to deal with that alone.Use strong passwords that are hard to guess, and don't share them with anyone except your parents or guardians.Be careful about what you post online. Once it's out there, it's really hard to take it back!Always ask your parents or guardians before giving out any personal information or downloading something new.Following these tips might seem like a lot of work, but it's so important to keep ourselves safe. The internet is an amazing place, but we have to be smart and careful explorers!Remember, if something ever feels wrong or makes you uncomfortable online, trust your instincts and tell a trusted adult right away. We're all in this together, and by looking out for each other, we can have tons of fun online without any worries.Stay safe, stay smart, and keep being awesome! Until next time, this is Tommy signing off!篇5Computer Safety is Really Important!Hi friends! Today I want to talk to you about something super important called cybersecurity. Cybersecurity is all about keeping computers, phones, tablets and the internet safe from bad guys trying to cause trouble. It's a big word, but it's really important for all of us to understand, even kids like you and me!The internet is amazing - it lets us learn new things, watch fun videos, play games and talk to our friends and family online. But there are some not-so-nice people out there who try to mess things up and cause problems. That's where cybersecurity comes in篇6Cybersecurity: Keeping Safe in the Digital WorldHi there! My name is Emma and I'm going to tell you all about cybersecurity today. Cybersecurity is really important, especially for kids like us who spend a lot of time online these days. It's all about keeping safe when we use computers, tablets, smartphones and the internet.The internet is an awesome place - we can learn new things, watch fun videos, play games and chat with our friends online. But there are also some bad people out there who try to cause trouble. These troublemakers are called hackers or cybercriminals. Their mean tricks and digital traps are called cyber threats.One common cyber threat is a computer virus. Viruses are programs that can sneak into your device without you knowing. Once inside, they can do all sorts of nasty stuff like delete your files, steal your info or even let the hacker control your device remotely! Scary, right? That's why we need good cybersecurity habits to block viruses.Another threat is called malware, which is short for "malicious software". Malware programs are designed to damage devices or steal data. Some malware locks your computer and holds it for ransom until you pay money to。
顾家北0813精品班作文大作文Many people think it is very important to protect the environment but they make no effort to do it themselves. Why do you think it is the case? What actions can be done to ensure that individuals protect the environment?顾家北Environmental problems have threatened the world but few people have chosen to take any action to deal with these problems, although they realise the impact of these environmental woes on their lives. We should implement some changes to improve the situation.Many people spend money wisely, so they are not willing to purchase environmentally friendly products, de spite the fact that these products can help preserve the environment. These products are normally more expensive than conventionalcounterparts. For example, LED lighting devices are energy efficient, but normally charge consumers a higher price than traditional light bulbs. Electriccarsarenormallylikelyto cost more money than those vehiclespoweredbypetrol. As consumers do not optfor these green products, it is not easy to conserveresources and reducepollution.Another reason is that many people are not willing to change their ways of life, even though these lifestyles can be harmful to the environment. The use of electrical equipment has led to a sharp rise in electricity consumption, which means that the powergenerationsector has a higher demand for fossilfuels. People also prefer to travel by car, but car emissions can cause global warming, which is a threat to the environment. The reliance on different electronic products including mobile phones is another issue, since many of these products end up in landfill sites.These problems can be tackled by two policies. Governments can enact laws to forbid those behaviours which can cause damage to the environment, such as disposing of waste carelessly. Those who drop litter should be fined, so the environmental impact of this behaviour can be reduced. Another solution is to offer subsidies to encourage people to go green. For example, those consumers who buy fuel efficient cars can be subsidised, so car emissions can be reduced significantly.Currently, more and more people are aware of the importance of environmentalprotection but the public never give priority to protect environment during their daily life.One reason accounts for the phenomenon is that people live carefully without spending their money on environmental products. Households live with a tight budget are not willing to spend their money these products, whose prices are higher than other similar goods. For instance, LED lights are energy saving, but they are more expensive than incandescent bulbs. Similarly, prices of electric vehicles are higherthan those of traditional vehicles averagely. For the sake of money, people quit buying green products and this is contrary to our purpose of environmental protection.Another reason can be that people are not willing to change their living styles, which need to consume various kinds of energy. For example, electronic appliances consume electricity while driving consumes petrol. Especially those who are fond of plenty of materials consume more.Personally, the government are supposed to establish relevant laws to ban citizens from doing detrimental behaviours to environment. Punishments are imperative for those who littered. On the other hand, it is also imperative for the government to give subsidies to encourage environmental protection. Some countries, such as China, provide subsidies for those who purchasing vehicles under 1.6L.All in all, only through the joint efforts of government and individuals can we live in a sustainable environment.Currently, a large proportion of children are exposed to an ocean of commercial advertisements day to day. I am on the side that the ads, which purposely incite kids to buy snacks, toys and electronic games, should be limited or even, banned.Suppose that ads aim to kids were rectified, children will not request their parents to buy what they want day in and day out. Kids lack sensitivity to price, nevertheless,parents tend to satisfy their material needs. For instance, some children like expensive toys and girls are in favor of clothes. This will bring a heavy burden for the middle-class families. Only by minimize the impact of ads on kids can the problem be avoided.Children may have eccentric behaviours and bad living habits due to the ads. Some kids are fans of fast food, since they see ads of it every day. Others are in bad temper, due to the violent games they play daily. The predominance of games is also resulted from merchants’ propaganda. All these problems will influence the healthy growth process of kids both physically and mentally.However, we cannot deny that some ads do have their advantages to kids. Some advertisements promote nutrient food, such as milk, wheat, etc. Meanwhile, some advertise books, games and educational toys. Parents, who are not familiar with these products, can have a comprehensive verdict according to advertisements.In a nutshell, I strongly suggest the government ban ads whose target consumers are kids, especially if their products are harmful to children. But if the products the advertisements focus on are beneficial, then the ads should be allowed.小作文第一篇The table illustrates the proportion of people who are laid off in Poland, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Hungary. The two colons are the figures of young people (aged from 15-24) and all citizens respectively.The highest unemployment rate for young goes to Poland, which reaches 37% and is twice more than the rate of its overall rate 15%. Coming next is Italy. The proportionof its young citizens who are out of work is 23% and its unemployment of whole country comes to top at 18%. Hungary shows mediocre rates of 21% and 17%. And German figures are 4% and 3% lower than Denmark respectively. Denmark keepsboth figures lowest, with the unemployment rate for 15-24 age group 8% and for overall only 3%.All of the five countries show 3~5% rates lower of overall unemployment than thoseof the young, except Poland which has the largest gap between the two figures.第二篇The bar charts provide us information about how families in an Asian country spent their money in 1998 and 2008.A glance at the charts tells that expenditure on different goods in 2008 overweighed that in 1998 except that spent on clothes. People gave much more priority to spiritual enjoyment which lead to a huge increase of expenditure on holiday, eating out, reading (newspapers and magazines) and going to cinema, rising from 8% to 15%, 6% to 15%,3% to 8% and 3%to 5% respectively. The costs for electronic goods also increased from 12% to14% during the decade.The only difference is expenditure on clothes which was totally opposite to the mainstream. The proportion of it was 10% in 1998; however it dropped to half of its original rates in 2008.All in all, the past 10 years witnessed a huge change of the expenditure on various of aspects for households.第三篇The charts tell the proportion of different categories of house people live in three parts of Australia in 2001 and 2006.In 2001, Victoria had 76% residents in house, 12% in semi-detached house, 11%in apartments and the rest in other types. In NSW, house also accounted for the largest part of 66%, with 10% and 13% in duplex and flat respectively. And more peoplelived in other kinds. Tasmania had largest proportion of house living population,which reaches 88%.Five years later, the rates for house all dropped 2% in the three regions. As forsemi-detached house, Victoria, NSW and Tasmania saw 1% increase, 1percent decrease and stability respectively. The figures of flat all had a slightly increase. And for the rest unmentioned types, they remained the same at 1% except NSW rose from 11% to 12%.The table compares five European countries in terms of the proportions of unemployed people as well as the figures for those young people out of work. Poland had the highest youth unemployment rate at 37%, nearly five times the level in Denmark. The levels of unemployment for young people were similar in other countries, with the highest seen in Italy 23% and the lowest in Germany at 17%.It is clear from the table that in all these countries, the unemployment rate for the younger generation was higher than the overall unemployment figures. Interestingly, Poland, Germany, Italy and Hungary had similar unemployment rates, ranging between 15% and 18%. The figure for Denmark was significantly lower at 3%. Overall, youth unemployment was more serious in Poland than in other countries. Denmark had the lowest figures for both youth unemployment and overall unemployment, while other countries had similar figures for these problems.流程图写作The chart illustrates how to use cocoa beans to produce several food items for customers.Firstly, whole beans are carefully picking before drying in the shell. Then they are pressed into cocoa liquor, which is the main material of the second stage. Then cocoa liquor is further pressed untilit becomes a coca cake, which is directly sent to industry to make cakes and drinks or is sold to the consumer after grinded into cocoa powder. The cocoa liquor can also convert into cocoa and then be sent to relevantindustry.Cocoa liquor, after further refining, mix with cocoa and sugar turns to industry chocolate. Finished chocolate products will be put on the shell, before the final process.All in all, cocoa beans can be used to produce cocoa powder, chocolate products and ingredients for relevant industry through three simple stages starting frompre-processing raw material to final packaging for sell.顾家北The whole beans are picked at the first stage with shells removed, and then dried and pressed until cocoa liquor is created. This marks the start of the second stage, which involves three processes. The cocoa liquor can be used to make coca cakes in the first option. Another choice is the manufacture of cocoa, while cocoa liquor is refined in the third process to produce industrial chocolate.In the final stage, these materials are processed further to create different end products for either corporate clients or ordinary consumers. Coca cakes are ground into cocoapowder for individual consumers, or directly delivered to catering businesses which provide drinks and cakes. Cocoa in the second procedure mentioned earlier is also transported to these businesses. In contrast, the industrial chocolate is flavored with sugar, and finished chocolate products are subsequently available for consumers.第一篇The table provides us with data of the percentage of consumer expenditure on different items in five countries in 2002.The biggest number existed in Turkey, where people spent 32.14% of their income on food, drink and tobacco, almost five times the number of percentage spent on clothing (6.63%) and eight times the figure of percentage spent on spiritualenjoyment. Coming next is Ireland, whose percentage of national consumer expenditure of eating was28.91%. Costs for clothing and footwear accounted for only 6.43%, three times the expenditure of leisure and education. Spain took the third place though the proportionof its national consumer expenditure was the lowest (1.98%). Expenditure of food items in Spain accounted for 18.8%, threefold the figure of its clothing spending. Italy and Sweden citizenshad small percentages of income spent on food(16.36%,15.77%),only about half the figure of Turkey. However, their clothing costs (9%, 5.4%) and spiritualpay-outs (3.2%, 3.22%) were relatively high.In a nutshell, the percentages of national consumer expenditure by category in 2001 varied a lot among the five countries. But all shared some similarities, namely, largest proportion of expenditure on food, drink and tobacco and smallest percentage of leisure and education costs.第二篇The bar charts show the number of marriages and divorces in USA and marital statusof American adults during the period of 1970 to 2000.The number of marriages remained at 2.5 million in 1970 and 1980, after which it had a slightly decrease to 2 million in 2000. The divorces number started form 1 million in 1970 and suddenly increased to almost 1.5 million during that decade. Then it dropped to nearly 1 million in 1980 and finally reached to its start(1 million).The percentage of never married adults was 15% in 1970 and the figure inclined to 20% thirty years later. The proportions of both married and widowedadults saw drops during the three decades. Married adults accounted for 70% in 1970 while the figure was less than 60% in 2000. As for divorce rate, it had a significant rise form nearly 0% to almost 10%.All in all, the period from 1970 to 2000 witnessed a huge change of marriages and divorces in America. Both the total number and percentage of marriage decreased while the proportions of never married and divorced people saw an upward trend.流程图The two diagrams illustrate how to produce cement and how to use cement to produce concrete.Cement production is relatively complex and uses two materials. Firstly, limestone and clay are placed in the crusher, where these materials are crushed by the crusher. Then powder is mixed by the mixer, before being heated by the rotating heater. At the next stage, heated powder is sent to the grind, where it is grounded into cement. And finally cement is packed in the bags.Concrete production is relatively simple. 15% of cement, 10% of water, 25% of sand and 50% of gravel, namely small stones are mix in the concrete mixer, where they turned out to be concrete.All in all, cement production includes 5 stages and the outcome cement is one of the four raw materials of the concrete production.地图The maps show how an area changed during the period of 1780 to 2000.In 1780, there were 100 homes located on the north-eastern corner with woods to the south. A river crossed the area from south to north with four farms in the middle of the region.80 years later, the number of dwelling places doubled to 200, while the number of farms dropped by half and woods also shrank in size. A road was built in the north area, connecting the living place to the river. Another major change is that a bridge was constructed over the river.In 2000, the number of homes suddenly increased to 500 and a newly built road, heading towards south replaced farm and woods area, which linked the dwelling places to the school and sports field in the south. Several shops opened to the right side of the downstream river with a wetland for birds to their south.Overall, this area saw an increase in constructions such as dwelling places, schools and facilities, although farmland and forests were removed for new buildings and transportinfrastructure.大作文We live in cities or towns which have museums displaying historical and cultural importance, but people do not visit them. Why do you think people do not visit museums in their local areas?What is the importance of museums to society?顾家北Visiting museums is hardly a rewarding experience for many people, so they will not consider this option when they can spend leisure time on other activities. These museums do not organize new exhibitions that can keep up with the trends, or provide any form of entertainment like interactive games to attract the young audience. This is why a trip to a museum can hardly compete for attention with sports, picnics and parties. Another reason is that people can gather information about those artefacts on display on the Internet. They will increase knowledge about the stories behind and the cultural value of each item, without having to visiting the museum in person.Museums can encourage visitors’ interest in their c ultural heritage and disseminate knowledge about a city or a county’s cultural assets. Some exhibitions may show ancient utensils used by previous generations, so people who attend these exhibitions may have a good idea of how traditional food was cooked. Some historical documents and paintings might show the architectural style which used to predominate, and many visitors might be impressed by the architectural achievements of their ancestors. With such knowledge, these visitors may make an effort to preserve some traditions and keep some old-fashioned cooking skills or building techniques alive.Museums have also been operating as a center of learning, where young people can keep up to date with the cutting-edge technology in different fields. The aviation museums, for example, give children a glimpse of the airline industry and even space travel, including spaceships and equipment supporting astronauts who explored the outer space. The museum of archeology can show them how some species have died out, and possibly inspire them to do research in biology and extend our knowledge of how to preserve our ecosystem. They could not make contributions to social progress, if they did not have access to such knowledge.Recently, an increasing number of people refused to pay a visit to museums in their local places. Personally, following reasons may account for the phenomenon.Some people reckon museums as boring places so that they are never willing to visit. For example, the historical and cultural importance displayed there has never changed and there is no entertainment, such as interactive games. All these tend to left people a boring feeling. In contrast, people prefer to join some interesting activities such as ball games, picnic and dining out. Another reason is that nowadays people learn history and acquire science knowledge through internet rather than go to library in person. Information of the exhibition's the historical value and story can be easily accessed on line.However, visiting museums play an important role in tradition inheriting. Ancient vessels provide us with traditional cooking methods while murals enable us to comprehend style of ancient architecture to some degree. It is advantageous for young people to pass on the culture if they have a good acknowledge of their own tradition by visiting museums.Additionally, museums offer us the most advanced science and technology, which is beneficial to the development of the society. The latest development of space and universe in our country can be acquired in space museums and the young can understand the reason of creature extinction through visiting archaeology museums. Museums can motivate the interests of the adolescents and the young will accelerates the development of society in the future.Overall, visiting museums is of great significance for both the individuals’ comprehending of culture and the development of our society.顾家北Visiting museums is hardly a rewarding experience for many people, so they will not consider this option when they can spend leisure time on other activities. These museums do not organise new exhibitions that can keep up with the trends, or provide any form of entertainment like interactive games to attract the young audience. This is why a trip to a museum can hardly compete for attention with sports, picnics and parties. Another reason is that people can gather information about those artefacts on display on the Internet. They will increase knowledge about the stories behind and the cultural value of each item, without having to visiting the museum in person.Museums can encourage visitors’ interest in their cultural heritage and disseminate knowledge about a city or a county’s cultural assets. Some exhibitions may show ancient utensils used by previous generations, so people who attend these exhibitions may have a good idea of how traditional food was cooked. Some historical documents and paintings might show the architectural style which used to predominate, and many visitors might be impressed by the architectural achievements of their ancestors. With such knowledge, these visitors may make an effort to preserve some traditions and keep some old-fashioned cooking skills or building techniques alive.Museums can also provide us with the latest technological advances, which is beneficial to the development of the society. For example, the aviation museums offer us latest knowledge of aeronautics while the archaeology museums help us comprehend the reason of extinction. This is why museums can not only motivate the interests of teenagers but also encourage them to study hard in a long run, which will accelerate the improvement of the society in the future. (Self-written paragraph)The aviation museums spaceships, shuttles, astronauts, explore the outer space,Some people think university education should provide students with skills of employment in the future while others believe that people should focus on academic study only. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.Some people think the increasing business and cultural contact between countries brings many positive effects. Others say it causes the loss of national identities. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.People rely more on foreign products and imitate traditions and culture of other countries, which lead to a hard way to pass on their own culture. For instance, too much reliance on the foreign cosmetics will surely shrink the demand of domestic market, which requires the local industry to downsize work force and thus traditional ways of making up will be abandoned. Additionally, those who are in favor of celebrating others’ festivals tend to give less priority to their own traditions. This will put the intangible culture heritage form our ancestors in a dangerous situation.Many countries spend a lot of money in art. Some people think investment in art is necessary, but others say money is better spent on public services and facilities. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.翻译练习1. 人们对政府赞助艺术(government sponsorship)有不同的看法,特别在国家遇到预算问题的时候。
红警发现核聚变打击的英语作文The world has always been a complex and ever-changing place, where the pursuit of power and dominance is a constant driving force. In this ever-evolving landscape, the emergence of advanced military technologies has become a crucial factor in the global power dynamics. One such technology that has captured the attention of military strategists and the public alike is the concept of nuclear fusion as a weapon of mass destruction.The Red Alert, a highly classified military intelligence organization, has long been at the forefront of studying and understanding the implications of this devastating technology. Through their tireless efforts, they have uncovered a startling revelation – the existence of a nuclear fusion-based strike capability that could potentially reshape the balance of power on a global scale.The principles behind nuclear fusion are well-known – the process of fusing light atomic nuclei to create heavier ones, releasing an immense amount of energy in the process. This energy can be harnessed for peaceful purposes, such as the generation of clean andsustainable electricity. However, in the hands of those with malicious intent, this same process can be weaponized, leading to the development of fusion-based warheads that dwarf the destructive power of traditional nuclear weapons.The Red Alert's investigations have revealed that certain rogue nations and terrorist organizations have been actively pursuing the development of these fusion-based strike capabilities. The implications are staggering – a single fusion-based warhead could level an entire city, leaving behind a trail of devastation and destruction that would echo through the ages. The sheer scale of the potential damage is enough to send shockwaves through the international community.What makes the fusion-based strike capability even more alarming is the relative ease with which it can be developed, compared to the complex and resource-intensive process of building traditional nuclear weapons. The required materials and technological expertise are more readily available, making it a more accessible option for those seeking to acquire weapons of mass destruction.The Red Alert's findings have sparked a flurry of activity within the global intelligence community. Governments around the world have scrambled to bolster their defenses, seeking to develop countermeasures and early warning systems that could potentiallythwart such a devastating attack. The race to stay ahead of the curve has become a high-stakes game, with the future of entire nations hanging in the balance.Yet, the challenge lies not only in the development of effective deterrents but also in the delicate diplomatic balancing act required to prevent the proliferation of this technology. The Red Alert has recognized that a collaborative, international approach is essential in addressing this threat, as no single nation can shoulder the burden alone.Efforts are underway to establish robust international frameworks and treaties that would strictly regulate the research, development, and use of fusion-based weapons. The goal is to create a global consensus that would effectively curb the ambitions of those seeking to harness this power for nefarious purposes.However, the path forward is fraught with obstacles. Geopolitical tensions, conflicting national interests, and the ever-present risk of espionage and sabotage threaten to undermine these efforts. The Red Alert's operatives have been working tirelessly to navigate these treacherous waters, forging alliances and gathering intelligence that could prove crucial in the fight to prevent a global catastrophe.As the world holds its collective breath, the Red Alert continues itsvigilant watch, ever-alert to the slightest hint of a fusion-based strike capability emerging from the shadows. The stakes have never been higher, and the consequences of failure are unthinkable. The future of humanity hangs in the balance, and the Red Alert is the last line of defense against the looming threat of nuclear fusion as a weapon of mass destruction.。
核按钮英语作文Title: The Nuclear Button: Power, Responsibility, and Global Security。
In the realm of geopolitics, few symbols hold as much weight and significance as the nuclear button. It represents the ultimate power wielded by a select few individuals, capable of unleashing devastation on a scale never before seen in human history. The mere existence of this button underscores the importance of responsible governance and the imperative of maintaining global security.The concept of the nuclear button traces its origins back to the development of nuclear weapons during World War II. With the culmination of the Manhattan Project, humanity gained access to a form of destructive power previously unimaginable. Since then, the possession of nuclear weapons has become synonymous with geopolitical influence and deterrence.At the heart of the nuclear button dilemma lies the balance between power and responsibility. The ability to initiate a nuclear strike with the push of a button confers immense authority upon those entrusted with this capability. However, this power comes with an equally immense burden of responsibility. The consequences of a nuclear exchange are catastrophic, with the potential to inflict untoldsuffering and irreparable harm to both present and future generations.Furthermore, the existence of the nuclear button introduces a precarious dynamic into international relations. The concept of mutually assured destruction (MAD) has long served as a deterrent against nuclear conflict,with the understanding that any use of nuclear weaponswould result in catastrophic retaliation. However, the proliferation of nuclear weapons to additional states and the emergence of non-state actors have complicated this delicate balance.In recent years, advancements in technology have addeda new layer of complexity to the nuclear button dilemma. The rise of cyber warfare and the potential for hackers to infiltrate command and control systems raise concerns about the security and integrity of nuclear arsenals. The vulnerability of these systems underscores the need for robust safeguards and protocols to prevent unauthorized access or malicious interference.Moreover, the nuclear button dilemma extends beyond the realm of geopolitics to encompass ethical considerations as well. The very existence of nuclear weapons raises profound questions about the morality of their use and the ethical responsibilities of those who possess them. The indiscriminate nature of nuclear weapons makes them incompatible with principles of proportionality andcivilian immunity, casting doubt on their legitimacy as instruments of warfare.In light of these challenges, it is imperative for the international community to address the nuclear button dilemma with urgency and resolve. This requires a concerted effort to strengthen arms control agreements, promotedisarmament initiatives, and enhance transparency and confidence-building measures among nuclear-armed states. Additionally, investments in diplomatic dialogue and conflict resolution mechanisms can help mitigate tensions and reduce the risk of nuclear confrontation.Ultimately, the nuclear button serves as a sobering reminder of the awesome power of human ingenuity and the fragility of global security. Its existence demands vigilance, accountability, and a steadfast commitment to the pursuit of peace. Only through collective action and cooperation can we hope to navigate the complexities of the nuclear age and safeguard the future of humanity.。
支持正版拒绝盗版英语作文As the world becomes more and more digital, the issueof piracy has become increasingly prevalent. Piracy is the act of illegally copying and distributing someone else's work, whether it be music, movies, or software. This is a serious problem that affects not only the creators of the works, but also the consumers who purchase them. In this essay, I will argue that we should support the use of legitimate products and reject piracy.Firstly, piracy is a form of theft. When people pirate music, movies, or software, they are essentially stealing from the creators of those works. This is not only illegal, but it is also morally wrong. Creators invest a lot of time, effort, and money into producing their works, and they deserve to be compensated for their efforts. Piracy robs them of that compensation, and it discourages them from creating future works.Secondly, piracy harms consumers. Pirated products areoften of lower quality than legitimate products. For example, pirated movies may have poor video and audio quality, and they may be missing important scenes or subtitles. Pirated software may contain viruses or other malware that can harm your computer. Legitimate products, on the other hand, are guaranteed to be of high quality and safe to use.Furthermore, piracy also harms the economy. When people pirate works, they are not only stealing from the creators, but they are also taking money away from legitimate businesses. This can lead to job losses and a decrease in economic growth. In addition, piracy can also lead to an increase in prices for legitimate products, as companiestry to recoup their losses.In conclusion, we should support the use of legitimate products and reject piracy. Piracy is a form of theft that harms both creators and consumers. It also harms the economy and can lead to job losses. By choosing to use legitimate products, we can support the creators of thoseworks and ensure that we are getting high-quality products that are safe to use.。
八年级英语信息安全保护方法单选题30题1.We need to install a good _____ to protect our computer from viruses.A.softwareB.firewallC.hardwareD.program答案:B。
本题考查信息安全相关名词。
选项A“software”是软件,不能直接保护电脑免受病毒侵害。
选项B“firewall”防火墙,可以阻止病毒和恶意软件的入侵,符合题意。
选项C“hardware”是硬件,与防病毒关系不大。
选项D“program”程序,比较宽泛,不一定能起到保护电脑免受病毒侵害的作用。
2.Which one is an important tool for information security?A.keyboardB.mouseC.antivirus softwareD.monitor答案:C。
选项A“keyboard”键盘是输入设备,与信息安全关系不大。
选项B“mouse”鼠标也是输入设备,与信息安全无直接关系。
选项C“antivirus software”杀毒软件是信息安全的重要工具,正确。
选项D“monitor”显示器只是输出设备,不能保障信息安全。
3.A _____ can prevent unauthorized access to a network.A.routerB.switchC.gatewayD.server答案:C。
选项A“router”路由器主要用于网络连接和路由选择。
选项B“switch”交换机用于连接多台设备。
选项C“gateway”网关可以防止未经授权的访问网络,符合题意。
选项D“server”服务器主要提供服务,不能防止未经授权的访问。
4.The _____ is used to store important data securely.A.diskB driveC.cloud storageD.hard drive答案:C。
a rXiv:as tr o-ph/41253v113Jan24Are Supershells Powered by Multiple Supernovae?Modeling the Radio Pulsar Population Produced by OB Associations Rosalba Perna 1,2and Bryan M.Gaensler 31.Department of Astrophysical Sciences,Princeton University,Princeton,NJ,085443.Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,60Garden Street,Cambridge,MA 02138ABSTRACT Traditional searches for radio pulsars have targeted individual small regions such as supernova remnants or globular clusters,or have covered large contiguous regions of the sky.None of these searches has been specifically directed towards giant supershells,some of which are likely to have been produced by multiple supernova (SN)explosions from an OB association.Here we perform a Monte-carlo simulation of the pulsar population associated with supershells powered by multiple SNe.We predict that several tens of radio pulsars could be detected with current instruments associated with the largest Galactic supershells (with kinetic energies 1053ergs),and a few pulsars with the smaller ones.We test these predictions for some of the supershells which lie in regions covered by past pulsar surveys.For the smaller supershells,our results are consistent with the few detected pulsars per bubble.For the giant supershell GSH 242–03+37,we find the multiple SN hypothesis inconsistent with current data at the ∼95%level.We stress the importance of undertaking deep pulsar surveys in correlation with supershells.Failure to detect any pulsar enhancement in the largest of them would put serious constraints on the multiple SN origin for them.Conversely,the discovery of the pulsar population associated with a supershell would allow a different/independent approach to the study of pulsar properties.Subject headings:Galaxy:structure —ISM:bubbles —pulsars:general —supernovae:general1.IntroductionSurveys for radio pulsars form the foundation for the considerable contribution which studies of neutron stars(NS)have made to astrophysics.Not only have such surveys identi-fied a variety of unique or unusual pulsars,but the large samples of objects thus accumulated have provided vital information on the velocity distribution,luminosity function,beaming fraction and magneticfield evolution of rotation powered NS(e.g.Ostriker&Gunn1969; Narayan&Ostriker1990;Lorimer et al.1993).Surveys for pulsars have usually either targeted specific regions such as supernova rem-nants,globular clusters,unidentified gamma-ray sources or steep-spectrum radio sources (e.g.Biggs&Lyne1996;Lorimer,Lyne&Camilo1998),or have carried out unbiased,but usually shallower,surveys over large regions of the sky(e.g.Manchester et al.1996,2001). The former set of surveys are aimed at discovering particulary interesting pulsars but cover only a small fraction of the sky;the latter usuallyfind large number of pulsars,and al-low statistical studies of pulsar birth parameters to be performed.However,these studies generally require apriori assumptions regarding the pulsar birth rate and the initial spatial distribution of pulsars in the Galaxy.In this paper,we perform thefirst study(to the best of our knowledge)of pulsars correlated to supershells in our Galaxy.Expanding giant H i supershells(see e.g.Tenorio-Tagle&Bodenheimer1988for a review)have been observed for several decades in21cm surveys of spiral galaxies.These nearly spherical structures have very low density in their interiors and high H i density at their boundaries,and expand at velocities of several tens of km s−1.Their radii are much larger than those of ordinary supernova remnants,often exceeding∼1kpc;their ages are typically in the range of106to a few×107years.The Milky Way contains several tens of them(Heiles1979,1984;McClure-Griffiths et al.2002), and in one case the estimated kinetic energy of expansion is as high as∼1054ergs(Heiles 1979).Similar supershells are also observed in other nearby galaxies(Rand&van der Hulst 1993;Kim et al.1999).Whereas it is clear that these H i supershells result from deposition of an enormous amount of energy into the interstellar medium,the energy source is still a subject of debate. Collisions with high-velocity clouds(Tenorio-Tagle1981)could account for those cases where only one hemisphere is present,and where the required input energy is not too large.How-ever,it is unclear how such collisions could produce the near-complete ringlike appearance observed in some cases(Rand&van der Hulst1993).Loeb&Perna(1998)and Efremov et al.(1998)suggested that Gamma-Ray Bursts might be responsible for powering the largest supershells.Whereas it is likely that a fraction of the smaller Galactic shells is indeed pow-ered by GRBs given estimates of their rates(e.g.Schmidt1999;Perna,Sari&Frail2003),however GRBs might not be able to power the largest supershells if they are beamed(and therefore their energies reduced compared to their isotropic values∼1053−1054ergs).The most discussed interpretation in the literature is that supershells are a consequence of the collective action of stellar winds and supernova(SN)explosions originating from OB star associations(e.g.McCray&Kafatos1987;Shull&Saken1995).Several hundreds of stars exploding within a relatively short time are necessary to power the most energetic supershells.The motivation for simulating and studying the population of pulsars associated with supershells is therefore twofold:first,it would provide an independent test of the multiple SN origin for them;second,if the pulsar population associated with a supershell is indeed identified,it would possibly provide an independent way to constrain pulsar birth param-eters.This is because both the birth rate and the birth location of the pulsars would be independently constrained rather than assumed a priori.The paper is organized as follows:§2.1discusses the model for the superbubble growth and the corresponding pulsar birth rates;the distributions of the pulsar characteristics and the Montecarlo simulation of the observable population are discussed in§2.2.In§3,the results of our simulations are compared to the data for the supershells which lie in regions of sky covered by past,sensitive pulsar surveys,and predictions are made for some of the other supershells for which current data are not sufficient to make a comparison at this time.Our work isfinally summarized in§4.2.Simulating a population of pulsars from an OB association2.1.OB associations and supershell growthThe evolution of a superbubble powered by a continuous energy source4has been cal-culated by Weaver et al.(1977;see also MacLow&McCray1988;Shull&Saken1995). Weaver et al.derived a similarity solution in terms of the equivalent mechanical luminosity of supernovae,L SN,ambient densityρ0and time t.This yields the time-evolution of thesuperbubble radiusR= 125n0 1/5,(1) and velocityV≈(15.7kms−1)L1/538n−1/50t−2/57.(2)Here n0is the atomic number density(in cm−3),t7=t/(107yr)and L38=L SN/(1038ergs s−1) is the equivalent of one SN of energy E SN=1051ergs occurring every∆t SN=E SN/L38= 3.2×105yr.5For a given superbubble,from the observed values of R,v and n0,we derive the corresponding age t7and the equivalent mechanical luminosity L SN.The number N SN of stars that become supernovae(SN)over the time scale t is given by N SN=L SN t/E SN. Although stellar winds from the OB association will produce a hot bubble before thefirst SN goes off,these winds are not important compared to SNe for the later dynamics of the supershell(McCray&Kafatos1987;Mac Low&McCray1988).Also,while the early times of the bubble evolution are sensitive to the details of the rate of energy injection(which is assumed constant in the Weaver et al.model),the late phase of the bubble is not6(Shull& Saken1995).We should point out that the factor N SN estimated using the equations above is typically a factor of a few smaller than the equivalent number estimated using the energy E E=5.3×1043n1.12R3.12V1.4ergs which would be required to produce the shell by a sudden explosion(Chevalier1974).The latter,larger,number has been the one often used in the literature to estimate superbubble energies(Heiles1979;Rhode et al.1999;McClure-Griffith et al.2002).The initial mass function for massive stars can be written as(Garmany,Conti&Chiosi 1982)f IMF(M∗)≡dN∗/dM∗∝M−β∗,(3) whereβ∼2.6.We assume M min=3M⊙and M max=140M⊙for the minimum and maximum mass of the distribution,respectively.The main-sequence lifetimes of massive stars are given approximately by(Stothers1972; Chiosi,Nasi&Sreenivasan1978)t∗∼ 3×107(M∗/10M⊙)−1.6yr if7 M∗ 30M⊙9×106(M∗/10M⊙)−0.5yr if M∗ 30M⊙.(4)The least massive star that is expected to terminate as a Type II SN has initial mass M min,SN=7M⊙(Trimble1982).We take M max∼140M⊙as the mass of the most massive star of the association.Our results are rather insensitive to the precise value of the minimum star mass,M min,in the distribution,as stars with M<M min,SN would not contribute to the energetics of the shell.Similarly,our results are also rather insensitive to the precise value of the upper mass cutoffdue to both the steep decline in dN∗/dM∗at large M∗,as well as to the fact that low metallicity stars with mass in the range40−140M⊙collapse directly to a black hole(BH)without any significant explosion energy7(Heger et al.2003). The maximum mass of the star that will leave behind a NS is rather uncertain.However, estimates of rates of heavy element production require stars as massive as25M⊙to form supernovae(e.g.,Hillebrandt1982).Numerical simulations(e.g.,Heger et al.2003)find that for low-metallicity,non-rotating isolated stars,M=25M⊙is the maximum initial star mass that would leave behind a NS star remnant,while stars in the range25−40M⊙form a BH by fallback while releasing a small amount of energy into the medium.Following these results,here we assume that only stars in the range7−25M⊙leave behind a NS,while those with M>M SN,max=25M⊙(but M<40M⊙)contribute to power the supershell, but do not leave behind a pulsar.For stars with mass below7M⊙we assume that their energy contribution is negligible compared to that of the SNe.Note that,if stars had solar metallicity,they would be expected to form NS remnants for a much larger range of initial masses(Heger et al.2003),and therefore there would be many more pulsars than what we predict here8.Finally,we consider a model of an OB association with coeval star formation; that is all stars are assumed to be formed at once with no age spread.Once again,note that this is a conservative assumption for our predictions,because if stars were formed with an age spread,the pulsars in the bubble would be generally younger than in the coeval case, and hence would be more likely to be detectable(as younger pulsars have typically larger luminosities and beaming fractions).Also,they would have had less time to travel far from their birthplaces,and therefore a larger fraction of them would be closer to the supershell at the present time.2.2.Properties of the pulsar populationModelling the intrinsic properties of the Galactic population of pulsars,especially with respect to the luminosity function and initial spin period,has been the subject of extensive investigation in the past few decades(e.g.Gunn&Ostriker1970;Vivekanand&Narayan 1981;Phinney&Blandford1981;Narayan&Ostriker1990;Lyne et al.1985;Narayan1987; Stollman1987;Emmering&Chevalier1989;Lorimer et al.1993;Johnston1994;Cordes &Chernoff1998).Despite all these efforts,no consensus has been reached on what the intrinsic and birth properties of the pulsars are.The most recent,comprehensive analysis, based on large-scale0.4GHz pulsar surveys,has been made by Arzoumanian,Cordes& Chernoff(2002;ACC in the following).Here,as afirst step in estimating the expected number of pulsars for a supershell of given age and energy,we use their inferred parameters under the assumption that spin-down is only caused by dipole radiation losses.Theyfind that pulsars are likely to be born with velocities distributed according to a two-component gaussian distribution,with40%of them having a characteristic speed(i.e.magnitude of the3-D velocity)of90km s−1and the remaining of500km s−1.The initial birth period distribution(taken as a gaussian in log),has a mean log P0(s) =−2.3with a spread greater than0.29,while the initial magneticfield strength(also a log-gaussian),is found to have a mean log B0[G] =12.35and a variance of0.4.These distributions of initial parameters have been derived under the assumption of no magneticfield decay.The spin evolution of the pulsars is then simply given by:P(t)= P20+ 16π2R6B29Here we adopt the value0.3,after verifying that variations in the range0.3-0.6do not give statistically different results.spread in luminosity by considering a log-gaussian probability distribution with mean L given by Equation(6)and spreadσL.As pointed out by ACC,this is a way to parameterize the fact that the pulsar luminosity has an angle dependence with respect to the magnetic axis,and the particular value that is observed by a given observer depends on its orientation with respect to that axis.Wefind that,with a mean given by Equation(6),a spread∼0.8 (in the log)appears to give results consistent with the current data.For the evolution of the beaming fraction f with period we adopt the relation derived by Tauris&Manchester(1998)f=0.09 log P2 tanh ˙P315/P3−10DL /σDL +1 ,(8)where˙P15≡˙P/(10−15s s−1).DL=0.5andσDL=1.4represent the position and lateral extent of the death band,respectively.For the pulsar velocity distribution at birth,we adopt the double-gaussian model of ACC described above.The orientation of the pulsar kick at birth is assumed to be random, and the Galactic rotational velocity(220km s−1)is added vectorially to the initial kick velocity.Finally,we compute the detector sensitivity using the standard detector equation(e.g. Dewey et al.1984):S lim=σβ(T sys+T sky)BN pτobsWis the dispersion smearing across one frequency channel,andτscatt is the broadening of the pulse due to interstellar scattering.The dispersion measure and scattering measure of each pulsar(needed to calculate the above quantities)are computed using the public code10by Cordes&Lazio(2003),while the all-sky data are from the408MHz compilation of Haslam et al(1982),scaled to other frequencies assuming a spectral index of–2.6for the brightness temperature of the diffuse Galactic synchrotron background.We neglect the effects of cut-offs in harmonic summing andfiltering of the data(see e.g.Manchester et al.2001),which has a small effect on the sensitivity for periods which are not very short and for large DMs(F.Crawford2003,private communication).3.Simulating a survey of pulsars in a supershellThe simulation of the pulsar population produced by the OB association that gave rise to a supershell is of the Montecarlo-type.First,the mass of a star is generated from the distribution in Equation(3);only stars whose lifetime is shorter than the present age of the supershell,t shell,are followed.The birthtime t birth of a given pulsar is taken as the time that the progenitor star explodes.For each pulsar,the birth properties(Bfield,initial velocity, initial period)are computed according to the ACC distribution described above.The period of each pulsar is then evolved for a time t puls=t shell−t birth according to Equation(5);if the pulsar is still above the death band,a luminosity is assigned(based on the probability distribution described in§3).To determine whether the pulsar is beamed towards our line of sight,a random number x in the interval{0,1}is generated.If x≤f(defined in Eq:(7), then the pulsar is considered beamed towards us.The birth place of the pulsars is assumed to coincide with the center of the supershell;however,because of the relative motion of the supershell with respect to the sun(due to Galactic differential rotation),the coordinates of the supershell on the sky are a function of time.We account for this effect for a pulsar of age t puls by extrapolating backwards by a time t puls to determine the coordinates of the supershell on the sky(and hence of the pulsar birth place)at that specific time in the past.Thefinal position of the pulsar(i.e.,at its current age)is determined by integrating its equations of motion in the Galactic potential(Kuijken&Gilmore1989)for a time t puls.Finally,the flux of each pulsar is compared to the detector threshold after computing the dispersion and scattering measure for its position.The simulation is stopped when the number of supernovae reaches what is needed to power the supershell.Galactic shells and supershells have been studied for several decades since the pioneeringwork of Heiles(1979,1984).Pulsar surveys,on the other hand,have never been specifically directed at sampling supershell regions at high sensitivity.Therefore,for the purpose of our analysis in this paper,we use the results of existing surveys,while emphasizing the importance of future,deeper surveys of the supershell regions.A Montecarlo realization of the1.4-GHz pulsar population expected to be associated with the two Galactic supershells GSH242–03+37and GSH088+02–103(which are among the biggest in the Galaxy)is shown in Figure1and2.In both cases,the left panel shows the expected luminosity versus age distribution of pulsars beamed towards us(independently of whether still inside the shell or not).The oldest pulsars have an age comparable to the age of the supershell.The right panel shows the current position on the sky of the pulsars with respect to that of the supershell.Note that some of the pulsars have moved very far from the supershell and therefore they do not appear in the right panels of thefigures(which shows the region in the sky around the supershell).Our simulations show that there is a significant probability offinding an enhancement of pulsars in the innermost regions of the bubble.These pulsars are a combination of the youngest sources in the sample,those on the low-velocity tail of the distribution,and those whose velocity vector happens to be almost parallel to the line of sight.The region where GSH088+02–103lies has been searched in the Green Bank survey at370MHz(Sayer,Nice&Taylor1997),while GSH242–03+37has been searched at436MHz by the Parkes Southern Pulsar survey(Manchester et al.1996),and also had a few pointings at1.4GHz in the Parkes Multibeam Pulsar survey(Manchester et al.2001;A.J.Faulkner,2003,private communication).The predicted number of detected pulsars for the survey parameters corresponding to the region around each supershell are listed in Table1.In Figures1and2,as an example,we show the pulsars which would be visible with survey parameters corresponding to those of the current Parkes Multibeam Pulsar survey(filled symbols),as well as those which could not be detected by Parkes but would be visible to the planned Square Kilometer Array(SKA),which will have a sensitivity of about1.4µJy for one minute of integration time(Kramer2003).For a quantitative comparison with current data,we selected the most energetic super-shells among those at low Galactic latitude(Heiles1979;McClure-Griffiths et al.2002), where most of the pulsar surveys have been focused.Our results are summarized in Table1. For each supershell,we ran1000Montecarlo realizations of the pulsar population associated with it,and determined the mean and variance of the distribution for the number of pulsars that are expected to be found within the supershell region on the sky at the current time. To be more specific,if l0,b0are the Galactic coordinates of the supershell,and∆l and∆b its total extent(i.e.diameter)on the sky,then the pulsars associated with the supershells are those whose coordinates l,b satisfy the condition|l−l0|<∆l/2and|b−b0|<∆b/2,and are within a distance D±R,where D is the distance to the shell and R its mean radius.Theseare only a fraction of the ones produced within the association and potentially observable,as shown in Fig.1and2.For each supershell,we computed the distribution of pulsars whose flux is above the threshold of the deepest survey which has covered that particular region of sky in which the shell lies,as well as the distribution of pulsars which would be detectable with SKA.The pulsars in the current catalogue11which are candidate associations are also reported.These are selected on the basis of their coordinates l,b which have to satisfy the condition|l−l0|<∆l/2and|b−b0|<∆b/2,as well as on their distance,which has to be within D±R.However,both the pulsars and the shell distances are known with some uncertainty.For pulsars,the distance as inferred from dispersion measure has some25% uncertainty on a statistical average12(see e.g.Cordes&Lazio2003),while the errors on the supershell distances are specifically indicated in the McClure-Griffiths et al.sample,and most of them are in the range10-20%.Unfortunately no distance errors are provided in the Heiles(1979)sample,and for those we assume a more conservative25%uncertainty.We then consider a pulsar a possible association with the supershell if it falls within D±R after accounting for the distance uncertainties in both the pulsar and the supershell.As Table1shows,in a few cases,due to a combination of the large distances of the su-pershells and the comparatively poor sensitivity level at which the corresponding region was surveyed,no pulsars are expected to have been detected in association with the supershell, and therefore no meaningful constraints can be derived.For the two supershells which lie in the region covered by the Parkes Multibeam survey(GSH285–02+86and GSH292–01+55; McClure-Griffiths et al.2002),the predictions of the multiple SN scenario at the detection level of that survey are consistent with the number of candidate associations,although they do not rule out other interpretations,such as GRBs or collisions with high-velocity clouds, as in both these scenarios one would not expect any pulsar enhancement correlated with the supershell.Deeper surveys of those regions are needed to test the multiple SN scenario. However,an interesting constraint can already be derived for GSH242–03+37(Heiles1979). Our results(see Table1)show that there is a95%probability that the supershell was not the result of multiple SNe.Deeper surveys are necessary to set much tighter constraints. Our current results,in fact,are rather dependent on the luminosity function(Lorimer et al. 1993)that we have adopted here;however,recent new discoveries of low-luminosity radio pulsars(Camilo et al.2002a,2002b)might indicate that young pulsars might be fainter than previously realized,and this could be an alternate explanation for the lack of pulsars in the supershell at the current sensitivity threshold.However,when the sensitivity is sufficientlyhigh that even the faintest pulsars can be detected(as it will be with the planned SKA instrument),then the particular details of the luminosity function will be irrelevant for the proposed experiment.Also note that,while current pulsar surveys are able to probe mostly the pulsars within our Galaxy,the SKA survey will be able to detect a large fraction of pulsars also in the LMC,which has several giant supershells(Kim et al.1999).The analysis that we are proposing here can therefore be made also for the LMC supershells in the SKA era.Before concluding we should note that,besides depending on the total energetics13of the supershells(which determine the total number of SN explosions needed),our results also rely on the pulsar birth parameters,and in particular on their velocity distribution,magnetic field,and periods.Here we have adopted the ACC results for the case with braking index n=3,which corresponds to pure dipole losses.In reality,braking indices are often found to be different than3(e.g.Lyne et al.1996),possibly due to a variety of causes(e.g. Menou et al.2001and references therein),and this affects the pulsar evolution.ACC determined the initial birth parameters also for the case n=4.5,and found that they were not significantly different.In particular,the velocity distributions for the two cases are consistent within the error bars.Given that both sets of initial parameters are determined so that they yield the same pulsar distribution today,different initial conditions should not affect much our predictions for the observability of pulsars in the bubbles today.At any event,future population studies resulting from the analysis of the Parkes Multibeam Survey will be very important for further constraining the underlying pulsar distributions(Lorimer 2003;Vranesenic et al.2003)and,as a matter of fact,the study of the pulsar population associated with the largest supershells can be potentially used as an independent way to constrain pulsar birth parameters.Finally,we note that,if the giant supershells are indeed powered by multiple SN explo-sions,then besides the several tens of NS visible as radio pulsars,there should be hundreds of other NSs(all the pulsars not beamed towards us and all the ones that have passed the death line),plus a smaller number of BHs,in the region delimited by the superbubble.The only hope to possibly detect such large concentrations of compact objects would be through accretion from the interstellar medium on a Bondi-type mode(see Blaes&Madau1993 for NSs and Agol&Kamionkowski2002for BHs).However,current limits for detection of isolated,accreting NSs,may suggest that accretion occurs at a rate which is likely wellbelow the Bondi value(Perna et al.2003;Toropina et al.2003),and therefore this large concentration of isolated NSs and BHs in supershells might have to await more sensitive X-ray instruments to be possibly detected in X-rays.4.SummaryPulsar searches so far have mostly focused either on specifc regions such as supernova remnants and globular clusters or on a large contiguous region of sky.In this paper we have, for thefirst time,simulated the pulsar population that should be associated with the giant supershells observed in our Galaxy and in nearby galaxies,if their interpretation as due to multiple SN explosions is correct.We have found that,for the largest supershells,several tens of pulsars should be present within the supershell region.Failure to detect any pulsar enhancement in the largest superbubbles would put serious 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