英汉法律翻译教程孙万彪
前言
合同有一定的模式和一般性的条款。
法律翻译的基本标准。“忠实通顺”
法律翻译的难处：对法律用于的理解，长句的解读和翻译。
导论：法律文件的翻译
法律英语的严肃性和严密性
法律文件往往使用正式的词语，被赋予专门意义并已进入法律英语范畴的普通词语，英语古词语，外来词语，法律属于和行话，套话。
法律文件之中经常会不少结构复杂，文辞冗长的句子。法律文件最突出的特点是客观公正，不带主观色彩，因而句子中较少出现人称主语，更多的是被动语态和名词化结构。
法律翻译，直译。应对法律文件的每一个词（包括虚词）都不能掉以轻心，应该按其在法律语境中的意思进行翻译。即使是介词也应当重视。
翻译长句，应该在准确理解句子的完整意思的基础上，按中国所习惯的时间顺序（如由过去，现在到将来），和逻辑思维顺序（如“因”而“果”），将英语原句译成符合汉语表达习惯的文字。“拆分——整合”的处理方式。
法律翻译工作者除了在英语和汉语的功底和写作能力有较高的要求，同时还需要有一点个法律和经济方面的知识。
1．人称代词和物主代词的翻译
汉语里的人称代词不多。在英语里，凡是能用人称代词取代名词的地方都用代词。汉语有重复名次的强，而不会过多使用人称代词。法律翻译之中只有代词“其”才是最合适的。
三种翻译方法：
1．译成汉语代词
(a) Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.
未经事先允许，任何一方不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给第三方。
2．译成所代替的名词
(a) This Contract is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. 本合同以中文文本签署。如有必要，本合同可译成其他文字。(b) This Agreement constitues the entire agreeement between the parties with respect to its subject matter, and no variation of this Agreement shall be dffective unless made in writing and signed by all of the parties. 本协议构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，对本协议的任何修改，只有通过书面形式并经双方签字后方能生效。
3．省略不译
(a) The formation of this Contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China. 本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行和合同争议的解决，均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
(b) A certificate issued by the Chamber of Commerce or other appropriate authority where such circumstances occur shall be sufficient proof of the existence of such circumstances and their duration. 不可抗力事件发生地的商会或其他有关部门出具的证明，应足以证明不可抗力事件的存在和延续的时间。
Assignment/transfer 转让
1. Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization invilving the assigning Party, and (ii) any entity to which the assigning Party may transfer all or substantially all of its assets; provided that the assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the terms and conditions of the Agreement and provides documentation as evidence that the assignee has the ability and capability of meeting all of the obligations under this Agreement.
任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给（i）涉及转让方的因兼并，合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司，（ii）转让方可以向其转让全部或绝大部分资产的实体；但受让方须书面同意受本协议所有条款和条件约束，并提供文件证明受让方有资格、有能力履行本协议项下的全部义务。
2. Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of it rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its rights and interests and delegates its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate; provided that Part B shall continue to warrant that such affiliate will complete the purchase of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement.
任何一方未经事先书面批准，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。但乙方有权将其在本协议项下的权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给一家关联公司，但是乙方应继续保证该关联公司将以本协议拟定的方式完成对股权的购买。
3. Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests herunder without the other Party’s prior written cons ent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clause, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable, and (b) Party B may, without the consent of Party A, assign in whole, but not in part, its rights herunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity of Party B or its ultimate parent company (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shal not be deemed as a release of Party B’s obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written consent to any such release and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clause.) Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clause shall be void.
本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益。尽管本条有上述规定，但(a)甲方有权将其权利让与任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体，只要在适用情况下，加方仍有责任履行其在本协议项下的全部义务，(b)乙方可以无须经加方同意，将其在本协议项下的全部（而不是部分）权力让与乙方的任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体或其最终的母公司（但是像任何该等子公司进行转让，不应被视为解除一方在本协议项下的义务，除非甲方已事先书面同意予以解除，且乙方若违反本条规定仍需对甲方负有责任）。任何试图违反本条规定进行的转让均为无效。
Hereto ,hereunder 中的here 系指this Agreement, hereto =to this Agreement, hereunder= under this Agreement
Shall 用在法律文件中，表示法律规定的义务，legal obligation 翻译成“应”Should 表示道义上的义务，moral obligation 翻译成“应该”，“应当”Notwithstanding 尽管，正式用语
Such 是典型的法律用语，用以指前面提及的人或事，一般译为“该（等）”，有时视上下文也可译作“上述”、“前述”。
4. Transfer of Registered Capital 注册资本的转让
(a) Either Party may transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to the Company to any third party, provided that it first obtains the unanimous approval of the Board and the approval of the Approval Authority and complies with the provisions of this Article.
任何一方均可将其在公司注册资本中的全部和部分出资转让给第三方，但该等转让首先须经董事会一致通过及审批及格的批转，并符合本条的规定。
Registered capital contribution = contribution to the registered capital 在注册资本中的出资额
Board =the board of directors 董事会
Approval Authority = the examination and approval authority 审批机构
(b) When a Party ( the “ Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice ( the “Notice”) to the other Party ( the “ Non-disposing Party”). The Noti ce shall state that the Disposing Party wishes to make the transfer and shall specify the interest it wishes to transfer, the terms and conditions of the transfer, and the identity of the proposed transferee. ( the “ Transferee”).
一方（“转让方”）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”）。通知应表明转让方欲转让其出资，明确欲转让的股权、转让的条款和条件及受让人（“受让人”）的身份。
在合同中，放在括号里首字母大写的词，是为了后文叙述简便，指称明确而对其前面的对象所作的定义，只不过是省略了“hereinafter referred to as” （以下简称）一语而已。
(c) The Non-Disposing Party shall have a preemptive right to purchase the whole of such interest (i) on terms and conditions no less favorable than those specified in the Notice or (ii) at a fair market value appraised as set forth in paragraph (e). If the Non-Disposing Party elects to exercise its preemptive right, it shall notify the Disposing Party in writing (the “Acceptance Notice”) within thirty (30) days ofo the actual delivery of the Notice to the Non-Disposing Party that it intends to purchase the whole of the interest to be transferred.
非转让方有优先权，（i）按不逊于通知规定的条款和条件，或（ii）按（e）规定，以经评估的公平市价购买全部该等股权。如果非转让方决定行使优先权，应在转让方向非转让方实际送通知后三十（30）天内，以书面形式通知转让方（“接受通知”），表明其有意购买拟转让的全部股权。
在合同中，凡是表示数目的词（包括金额和天数），除了写出英语外，习惯上还要附以加括号的与之相应的阿拉伯数字。翻译的时候也照此处理。
(d) If the Non-Disposing Party fails to respond in writing to the Notice within such thirty (30)-day period, the Non-Disposing Party shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. If the Non-Disposing Party consents, the Disposing Party may transfer such interest to the Transferee, on the terms and conditions set forth in the Notice, but not otherwise, provided that such transfer takes place within six (6) months after the delivery of the Notice and that the Transferee agrees in writing to become subject to and to comply with the terms and conditions of this Contract and the Articles of Association. The Disposing Party shall provide the Non-Disposing Party with a duplicate of its executed transfer agreement with the Transferee within fourteen (14) days after the agreement is executed. 如果在上述三十（30）天内非转让方未能作出书面回应，即被视为业已同意转让。如果非转让方同意、或被视为同意转让，转让防止可按通知规定的（而不是其他的）条款和条件，将该等股权向受让人转让，当转让人须在通知发出后六（6）个月内进行，且受让人须书面同意服从和遵守本合体和章程的条款和条件。转让方应在与受让人签署转让协议后十四（14）天内，向非转让方提供经其签署的转让协议副本。
(e) If the Non-Disposing Party elects to purchsas the interest to be transferred at fair market value, the Non-Disposing Party shall state in the Acceptance Notice that it so elects, and shall include in the Acceptance Notice a list of at least two (2) internationally reconginzed accounting firms with experience in conducting valuations in China. The Disposing Party shall, within thirty (30) days after receiving the Acceptance Notice, by notice in writing delivered to the Non-Disposing Party to value the interest to be transferred. The Non-Disposing Party shall arrange the valuation, which shall be completed within three (3) months after the delivery of the Acceptance Notice.
如果非转让方决定以公平的市价购买拟转让的股权，应在接受通知中表明其此等意向，并在其中列出至少两（2）家在中国进行评估方面具有经验的国际知名会计事务所名单。转让方应在收到接受通知后三十(30)天内，向转让方送交书面通知，提名非转让方提供的两家会计事务所之一对拟转让的股权进行评估。非转让方应对评估做出安排，评估应在送交接受通知后三（3）个月内完成。
Elect= choose or decide to do something 做不及物动词，正式词，译成“决定”。
Assignment/transfer 转让补充练习——此章结束
1．The rights and obligations of the JVC under this Agreement may not be assigned or sub-contracted in whole or in part without the prior writtten consent of Party A.
未经甲方的书面同意，合资公司在本协议下的权利和义务不得全部或者部分转让或分包。
2．Should one Party assign all or part of its registered capital, prior written consent shall be sbtained from the other Party. In addition, the orther Party shall have a preemptive right on the same terms and conditions to to extent permited by law.
如果一方要转让全部或者部分其注册资金，应事先获得另一方的书面同意。此外，该另一方应在法律许可的范围内的同等条款和条件下享有优先购买权。
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Party hereby waives its preemptive right in the case of any asignment of all or part of the other Party’s regist ered capital to an affiliate of the other Party. Each of the Parties further agrees to cause the director(s) it has appointed to the Board of Directors to vote in favor of any such proposed assignment. If, as a result of its corporate restructuring, Party A transfers its equity interest in the CJV to one of its newly-founded affiliates (“ Party A Affiliate”), Party A shall provide Party B with a written assurance guaranteeing the performance of the obligations under this Contract by Party A Affiliate.
尽管有上述规定，如果一方将其全部或部分注册资本转让给一家关联公司，另一方则在此放弃其优先购买权。各方进一步同意促使其向董事会委派的董事投票赞成该等拟议的转让。如果由于甲方进行公司重组而将其在合作经营企业中的股权转让给其新成立的关联公司之一（“甲方关联公司”），则甲方应向乙方提供书面保证，确保甲方关联公司履行本合同项下的义务。
3．If a Party (“Intending Transferor ”) intends to sell or otherwise transfer (collectively re ferred to in this Clause as “Transfer”) all or part of its equity interest in the JV Company (collectively referred to in thie Clause as “Transferred Equity Interest”), it shall first send a written notice (“Transfer Notice”) to the other two Parties, stating its intention to make the transfer, the quantity of the Transferred Equity Interest, the conditions for purchase thereof and the identity of the proposed tranferee. The other two Parties shall have the preemptive right to purchase the Transferred Equity Interest. If the other two Parties exercises their preemptive right to purchase all (but not part) of the Transferred Equity Interest, they shall, within ninety
(90) days of receipt of the Transfer Notice, purchase the Transferred Equity Interest at
a price equal to the selling price set out in the Transfer Notice. If the other two Parties fail to exercise such preemptive right to puchase or pay the (90)-day period, they shall be deemed to have given their prior written consent to the proposed transfer. When the Intending Transferor transfers the Transferred Equity Interest, the actual conditions for such transfer may not be more favorable than the conditions for purchase set out in the Transfer Notice. Where the Intending Transferor is either Party B or Party C, and Party A cannot increase its Equity Ration in the registered capital of the JV Company due to the restriction imposed by Chinese law, then Party A shall have the right to assign its preemptive right of purchase to a third party approved by Party A.
若一方（“拟转让方”）意欲出售或以其他方式转让（在本条中统称“转让”）其在合资公司的全部或部分股权（在本条中统称“转让股权”）时，首先应向另外两方发出书面通知（“转让通知”），表明其转让意向、转让股权的数量、购买条件以及拟议的受让人身份。另外两方享有购买转让股权的优先权。若另外两方行使其优先权购买全部（但不是部分）转让股权，则应在收到转让通知后的九十（90）天内意向等已转让通知内列明的出售价的价款购买转让股权。若另外两方在九十（90）天期限内未行使其优先购买权或未向拟转让人支付出售价款，则应被视为已就该项拟议中的转让给予事前书面同意。拟转让方转让转让股权时，实际转让条件不得比转让通知内所在的购买条件优惠。若拟转让方式乙方或丙方，而甲方因受中国法律限制不能增加其在合资公司注册资本中的股份比例，在甲方有权将其优先购买权让与其认可的第三方。
第二章Breach and Infringement
词语的翻译(一)
1. 一词多义
good a good contract 有效合同
goodwill 公司或企业的“商誉”
(a) Neglect of duty is good cause for removal of a trustee.
理事玩忽职守，理应解除其职务。
Good cause 表示a legally sufficient reason 法律上有充分理由。
(b) The vendor shall procure that the Purchaser acquires good title to the Shares free from all charges, liens, encumbrances, quities and claims whatsoever.
卖方应保证买方获得不容置疑的股份所有权，且该等股份不带任何押记、留置、负担、权益和主张。
Good title = title that is legally valid and effective 法律上有效的所有权，也可译成无可争辩的所有权。
(c) Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises, and the representations, warranties, covenants, and undertakings of the parties hereinafter set forth, and for other good and valuable consideration, the parties agree among themselves as follows.
鉴于上述事实和各方在下文所作的陈述、保证、立约和承诺，及其他有效的有价约因，现各方达成协议如下。
Good consideration = consideration that is valid under the law 法律上有效的约因或对价
(d) Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and is good standing as a legal person under the laws of the PRC. 甲方是根据中华人民共和国的法律正式成立，有效存续和资格完备的法人公司。
In good standing 表示是符合法律法规要求的，是有资格的。
(e) If any term or provision of this Agreement shall become or be declared illegal, invalid or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever, such term or provision shall be severed from this Agreement and shall be deemed to be deleted from this Agreement; provided that if such deletion materially affects or alters the basis of this Agreement, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to amend and modify the provisions and terms of this Agreement as may be necesaary or desirable in the circumstances.
如果因任何原因本协议的任一条款或规定变为或被宣布为不合法、无效或不可执行，该条款或规定须与本协议分离，且被视为从本协议中删除。但如果删除该条条款或规定会实质性影响或改变本协议的基础，双方应以诚信的态度进行谈判，以期在必要或可取的情况下队本协议的规定和条款进行修改和变更。Good fatith = honesty, fairness and lawfulness of purpose 诚信
2. 一词多译
(a) The Amendments include provisions for freedom of speech, of the press and of worship; the right of citizens to meet peacefull y; the right to be secure in one’s own home against unreasonable searches and seizure of persons or property; and the right of any person charged with breaking the law to have a speedy trialby a jury of fellow citizens. 修正案条款中规定言论、新闻和信仰自由，公民有和平集会的权利，又在自己家里享有安全、人身不受无理搜查和逮捕，财产不受无理查抄的权利，以及任何人被指控犯罪时享有公民陪审团及时审理的权利。
(b) None of the Parties shall be entitled to make or permit or authorize the making of any press release of other public statement or disclosure concerning this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated in it, without the prior written consent of the other Parties, save as required by law or other competent authority.
未经其他各方事先书面同意，任何一方均无权就有关本协议或本协议与其的任何交易举行新闻发布会，发表公开声明或进行披露，亦无权允许或授权他人进行此等发布或披露，法律或其他主管部门要求的除外。
相关条款的翻译
1．If Party A materially breaches this Contract, Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract. If Party B materially breaches this Contract, Party A is entitled to request Party B, by issuing a written notice, to redress the breach with in fifteen (15) days upon receiving such notice. If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen (15)-day period, Party A is entitled to rescind the Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract.
如果甲方实质性违反合同，乙方或其权益承继人有权中止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。如果乙方实质性违反本合同，甲方经发出书面通知，有权要求乙方在收到书面通知后十五（15）天内改正违约行为。如果乙方在十五（15）天期限内未予改正，加方则有权解除合同并要求得到违约赔偿。
2．If a Party materially fails to perform any of its obligations under this Contract or if a Party’s representa tion or warranty under this Contract is materially untrue or inaccurate, such Party shall be deemed to have breaches this Contract. The Party in breach shall have thiry (30) days from receipt of a notice form the other Party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable. The Party in breach shall in any case be liable to the other Party for all damages caused by the breach. Liability for such damages shall not be waived in the event the non-breaching Party terminates this Contract under Aticle X. All remedies providded for herein and under law shall be cumulative.
如果一方实质上未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，或一方在本合同项下的陈述或保证实质上是不真实的或不准确的，该方应被视为违反了合同。违约方应在收到另一方指明其违约行为的通知后三十（30）日内，纠正其违约行为（若该违约行为是可以纠正的）。无论如何，违约方有责任赔偿另一方因该等违约而造成的一切损害。如果守约方根据X条中止本合同，违约方仍应给予损害赔偿。本合同规定的及法律规定的一切救济应当是累积的。
3．The Licensee shall promptly notify the Licensor, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the Trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention, The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings or call on the Licensor to take any proceedings in any of the aforsaid matters; provided, however, that the Licensor may, at its own dicretion and cost, prosecute or otherwise stop or prevent such acutal or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of them, and in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance required by the Licensor.
一旦被许可方获悉设计商标的侵权行为或涉嫌的侵权行为，或涉及商标的不正当竞争行为，以及引起混淆的类似商标的应用和注册，被许可方应立即书面通知许可方。被许可方无权就上述任何行为起书或要求许可方起诉，但许可方可自行决定并自付费用，以许可方和被许可方双方名义或任一方名义，对实际发生或似将发生的商标侵权行为提起诉讼，或以其他方式阻止或防止该等行为侵权行为。无论许可方采取前述何种行动，被许可方均应提供许可方所要求的一切合理协助。
4．Infringement and legal proceedings
(a) The Licensee shall give the Licensor in writing full particulars of any use or proposed use by any other person, firm or company of a trade name, trademark or get-up of goods or means of promotion or advertising which amounts to or is likely to amount to infrinement of the rights of the Licensor in relation to the Licensed Trademarks or contravention of the Anti-unfair Competition Law as soon as it becomes aware of such use or proposed use.
被许可方一旦获悉任何其他人、商行或公司使用或拟使用的商品名称、商标、商品装饰、促销活广告手段相当于或可能相当于侵犯许可方对于受许可商标的权利或违反反不正当竞争法，应立即以书面形式将详细情况告知许可方。
(b) If the Licensee becomes aware that any other person, firm or company alleges that any of the Licensed Trademarks is invaild or that use of the Licensed Trademarks any rights of another party, the Licensee shall immediately give the Licensor in writing full particulars thereof and may make no disclosure of information or admission to any third party in respect thereof. 如果被许可方获悉任何其他人，商行或公司宣称受可商标是无效的或受许可商标的使用侵犯了他方权利，应立即以书面形式将详细情况告知许可方，并不得向任何第三方披露有关此方面的信息或对此作出承认。
(c) The Licensor conduct all legal proceedings in respect of any infringement or alleged infringement of the Licensed Trademarks and any claim or counterclaim brought or threatened to be brought in connection with the use or registration of the Licensed Trademarks and shall in its absolute discretion decide what to do. The Licensor shall not be obliged to bring or defend any proceedings in relation to the Licensed Trademarks if the Licensee decides in its sole discretion to do so.
对于受许可商标所受到的侵权或侵权指控，以及就受许可商标的使用或注册提出或拟将提出的索赔或反索赔，许可方应进行一切法律诉讼，并完全由其决定采取何种行动。如果被许可方自行决定就受许可商标提起诉讼或进行抗辩，许可方无义务九次提起诉讼或进行抗辩。
(d) The Licensee will, at the request of the Licensor and at the Licensor’s expense, give full coorperation to the Licensor in any action or claim brought or threatened to be brought in respect of the Licensed Trademarks, including joining in as a party to any proceedings. 对于就受许可商标提起或拟将提起的诉讼或索赔，应许可方要求并由许可方支付费用，被许可方将给予许可方充分合作，包括作为当事人参与任何诉讼。
补充翻译练习
1．If any party fails to perform any of its obigations in any material respect under this Agreement or breaches any of the terms or Warranties set out in this Agreement in any material respect, then without prejudice to all and any other rights and remedies available at any time to a non-defaulting party (including but not limited to the right to damages for any loss suffered by that party), the non-defaulting party may, by notice either require the defaulting party to perform such obligations or remedy such breach, or treat the defaulting party as having repudiated this Agreement and rescind the same. The rights conferred upon the respective parties by the provisions of the Clause are additional to and do not prejudice any other rights the respective parties may have. 如果任何一方未在实质性方面履行其在本协议项下的任何义务，或实质性违反本协议规定的人以条款或保证，在不损害非违约方任何时候可享有的一切和任何其他权利和补偿（包括但不限于要求赔偿损失的权利）的情况下，非违约方可经通知要求违约方履行其义务或纠正违约行为，或视违约方已否认协议有效而取消本协议。本款规定赋予各方的权利，是对各方可能享有的其他权利的补充，而不是损害。
2．In the event that Licensor or Licensee becomes aware of an actual or threatened infringement of a Patent anywhere in the Territory, that party shall promptly notify the other party in writing. Licensor shall have the right but not the obligation to bring, at its own expense, an infringement action against any third party and use Licensee’s name in connection therewith and to name Licensee as a party thereto.
如果许可方或被许可方得知区域内任何地方实际发生或似将发生的专利侵权行为，该方应立即书面通知另一方。许可方有权利但无义务真独任何第三方提起侵权诉讼，并在诉讼中使用被许可方的名称，以及制定被许可方为诉讼的当事人，诉讼费由许可方负担。
3．In the event of the institution of any suit by a third party against Licensor, Licensee or its sub-licensees or distributors fro patent infringement involving the manufacture, use, sale, distribution or marketing of the Product anywhere ini the Territory, the party sued shall promptly notify the other party in writing. Licensor shal have the right but not the obligation to defend such suit at its own expense. Licensor and Lisensee shal lassist each other and co-operate in any such litiga tion at the other’s request without expense to the requesting party.
如果有第三方在区域内任何地方就涉及产品的制造、使用、销售、分销或营销，对许可方、被许可方、或被许可方的分被许可方或分销商提起专利侵权诉讼，被诉方应立即书面通知另一方。许可方有权但无义务对该等诉讼进行抗辩，备用由许可房子里。在任何该等诉讼中，许可方或被许可方中的一方应另一方请求，应向请求方提供协助并与请求方合作，但不得向其收取费用。
第三章Confidentiality
词语的翻译（二）
1．复叠词的翻译
法律英语在用词方面的特点之一，是常常讲两个同义词或近义词复叠在一起使用，形成相对固定或稳定的词组，或是为了加强语势，或是为了措辞严谨。在翻译时，大体上有下列两种方法：
（1）两个复叠的词意义相同或大体相同，一般只需译成一个汉语词：
(a) The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority.
主管部门宣布该合同无效。
(b) If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement shall be invaild, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired and shall remain in full force and effect.
如果本协议的某条或数条条款，根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法的、或不能强制执行的，则本协议的其他条款的效力、合法性和可执行性不受任何影响或损害，并依然完全有效。
(c) During the term of this Agreement, Party A shall undertake, renew and maintain for its benefit and interest, and at its own cost and expense, the following primary insurance policies.
在本协议期间，甲方应为自身利益自费购买、续买和保持下列主要保险。
(d) Party A further represents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all claims, charges, easement, encumbranches, lease, convenants, security interest, liens, option, pledge, rights of others, or restrictions.
甲方进一步陈述和保证，该土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、权利负担、租约、契约、担保权益、留置权、购买权、质押、他人权利或限制。
(e) In the event that any of the conditions referred to in Clause X is not fulfilled on or before the Cut-off Date, then the Puchaser may by notice to the Vendor terminate this Agreement whereupon all obligations and liabilities of the parties hereunder shall cease and determine.
如果在截止日期或之前，X款提到的任何条件未得到满足，买方则可以经通知卖方终止本协议。协议一旦终止，各方在本协议项下的所有义务和责任即刻终止。
（2）两个复叠的词意义相近，可用两个汉语近义词来翻译，以充分体现原文的意旨：(a) The Company shall, at its own cost and expense, at all times during operation of the factory and other facilities and during any construction work take out and maintain full and adequate property insurance covering the buildings, contents, and other first party risks of the Company as are customarily insured against in China.
公司应在工厂和其他设施运营期间以及工程施工期间，自费购买并保有在中国按惯例应予保险的，包括公司建筑物，内部设施以及其他第一方风险在内的全面和充分的财产保险。
(b) Each Party undertakes with the other Party that it shall treat as strictly confidential all information received or obtained by it or its employees, agents or advisers as a result of entering into or performing this Agreement and that it shall not at any time hereafter make use of or disclose or divulge to any person any such information.
各方向另一方承诺，其将对因签订或履行本协议而由其或其雇员，代理人或顾问得到或获得的所有信息严格保密，且在此后任何时候均不使用或向任何人披露或泄露任何该等信息。
1．一连串相关词的翻译
法律英语在用词方面的另一个特征是，常常把一连串意义相关或相近的词房子一起，以求全面而无疏漏。但由于并不是每个法律用词在汉语中都有完全等同或对应的词，这给翻译造成了难题。处理这个问题的办法是，能找到对应词的，尽量用对应词来译；没有类似的同类词的，只能暂告阙如。
(a)The Parties agree that this Agreement may be pleaded in any court of competent
jurisdiction as a bar to any action, suit, claim, cause of action or proceeding commenced by Party B against Party A or Party C for or in respect of or in any way connected with or arising out of the claim. 各方同意，本协议可在有管辖权的任何法庭上用于答辩，以阻止乙方为索赔、就索赔、与索赔有关或因索赔而向甲方或丙方提起诉讼、索赔、诉讼事由或诉讼程序。
(b) Taxation shall comprise all forms of taxes, including without limitation income tax, capital gains tax, stamp duty, tariffs, customs duties, import and export duties, impositions, duties and levies, and all fines, penalties, charges, fees, costs and rates imposed, levied and collected by the taxation authority and other competent authorities. 税收包括各种形式的税项，包括但不限于税务局和其他主管部门征收的所得税、资本利得税、印花税、关税、进出口税、各种征税、以及一切罚金、收费和税款。
相关条款的翻译
1．Each Party undertakes with the other Party that it shall treat as strictly confidential all information received or obtained by it or its employees, agents or advisers as a result of entering into or performing this Agreement including information realting to the provisions of this Agreement, the negotiations leading up to this Agreement, the subject matter of this Agreement or the business or affairs of the other Party or any member of the other Party’s group of companies and that it shall not at any time hereafter make use of or disclose or divulge to any person any such information and shall use its best endeavors to prevent the publication or disclosure of any such information.
各方向另一方承诺，其将对因签订或履行本协议而由其或其雇员、代理人或顾问得到或获得的所有信息，包括与本协议的规定、为达成本协议进行的谈判、本协议的标的、或另一方的或另一方集团公司任意成员的业务或事物相关的信息严格保密，其在此后任何时候均不使用或向任何人披露或泄露任何该等信息，并竭力防止该等信息的公布或披露。
2．From and after the date of this Agreement, Party A shall, and shall cause its affiliates and successors to, use the same efforts to maintain the confidentiality of any Confidential Information as Party A used to maintain the confidentiality of such information prior to the date hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Party A and its affiliates and successors shall, after prior notice to, and consultation with Party B, be permitted to disclose any such Confidential Information to the extent legally required or necessary for obtaining appropriate regulatory licenses or approvals.
自本协议之日起及其后，甲方应尽力并应促使其关联公司或承继人尽力对机密信息进行保密，一如其在本协议之日前为该等机密信息保密。尽管有前述规定，甲方及其关联公司和承继人经事先通知乙方并与乙方协商后，应允许其仅按照法律要求，或为获得有关管理部门的执照或批准而披露必须予以披露任何该等机密信息。
3．All Proprietary Information disclosed by either Party or its affiliates to the CJV in accordance with the provisions of this Contract and the Technology License Agreement and/or the Tragdemark License Agreement to be entered into between an affiliate of Party B and the CJV on or about the date hereof substantially in the form attached hereto as Appendix X shall be used by the CJV and its personnel solely for the CJV’s account and purposes. Each party and any of i ts affiliates shall maintain the secrecy of all Proprietary Information that may be disclosed or furnished to it by the CJV or the other Party and its affiliates, and neither of the Parties or their affiliates shall disclose or reveal any such Propriertary Information to any third party without explicit written authorization form the other Party. Any Proprietary Information obtained by the CJV or a Party or its affiliates may be disclosed only to the designated employees of the CJV or that Party and its affiliates whose duties so require for the implementation of this Contract. The CJV and each Party and its affiliates shall take all reasonable precautions (including the conclusion of confidentiality contracts with each such employee) to prevent such employees from using and disclosing the Proprietary Information in contravention of this Article 3.
任何一方或其关联公司根据本合同及一方一家关联公司与合作经营企业于本合同同日或稍后签订的技术许可协议和/或商标许可协议（其格式见附件五）的规定，向合作经营企业披露的所有专有信息，仅供合作经营企业及其人员用于合作经营企业的自身利益和目的。各方及其关联公司应对合作经营企业或另一方及其关联公司向其披露或提供的所有专有信息保密；未经另一方明示的书面授权，任何一方或其关联公司不得向任何第三方披露或透露任何该等专有信息。合作经营企业或一方或其关联公司获得的人和专有信息，只能披露给为执行本合同其职责需要其知悉该等信息的合作经营企业或该方及其关联公司的指定雇员。合作经营企业和各方及其关联公司应采取一切合理的预防措施（包括与每一个该等雇员订立保密合同），防止该等雇员违反本条规定而使用或披露专有信息。
4．“Confidential Information” means all documents, software and documentation, reports, financial or other data, records, forms, tools, products, services, methodologies, present and future research, technical knowledge, marketing plans, trade secrtes, and other materials obtained by Consultant and Client from each other in the course of performing any Services, whether tangible or intangible and whether or not stored, compiled, or memorized physically, electronically, graphically, in writing, or by any means now known or later invented. Confidential Information includes without Limitation records and information and Counsultant’s Information (i) that has been marked as proprietary or confidential; (ii) whose confidential nature has been made known by Client or Consultant; or (iii) that due to its character and nature, a resonable person under like circumstances would treat as confidential. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Confidential Information does not include information which (i) is already known to the recipient at the time or disclosure; (ii) is or becomes publicly known through no wonderful act or failure of the recipient; (iii) is independent ly developed by the recipient without benefit of the other party’s Confidential Information; or (iv) is received from a third party wihich is not under and does not thereby breach an obligation of confidentiality. Each party agrees to pro tect the other’s Confidential Information at all times and in the same manner as each protects the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential materials, but in no event with less than a reasonable standard of care. Consultant will deliver to Client all Confidential Information and all copies thereof (and all other property obtained from or through Client) when Client requests the same or immediately upon termination of this Agreement, whichever occures earlier, except for one copy thereof that Consultant may retain for its records. Neither party shall, except with respect to those of its employee with a need to know under this Agreement, use or disclose to any person, firm or entity any Confidential Information of the other Party without such other party’s express, prior written permission; provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing, Consultant may disclose Confidential Information to the extent that it is required to be disclosed pursuant to a statutory or regulatory provision or court order. The confidentiality restrictions and obligations imposed by this Section 4 shall terminate two (2) years after the expiration or termination of this Agreement.
“机密信息”系指在履行服务期间，顾问和客户相互间获得的一切文件、工具、产品、服务、方法、现在和将来的研究、技术知识、营销计划、商业秘密及其他资料，无论是有形的还是无形的，无论是否以实际、电子、图形或书面形式、或以现在已知的或日后发明的方式存储、编写或纪录。机密信息包括但不限于下列记录和信息及顾问的信息：（i）已被称为“专有”或“机密”；（ii）其机密性质已为客户或顾问告知；或（iii）由于其特点和性质，有理性的人在相同情况下，会将该等信息作为机密信息对待。尽管有前述规定，但机密信息不包括以下信息：（i）披露之时早已为收受方所知的信息；（ii）并非因收受方的非法行为或违约而成为公众所知的信息；（iii）收受方并非借助另一方机密信息而独立开发的信息；或（iv）从无保密义务因而也不违反保密义务的第三方获取的信息。各方同意，在任何时候都以保护自身专有资料和机密资料相同的方式保护另一方的机密信息，在任何情况下都已不低于合理的保密标准予以保护。客户要求时，或本协议终止时（以两种情况种先发生的为准），顾问将向客户提交所有机密信息及一切副本（和从客户或通过客户获得的一切其他财产），但顾问可以存档的一份副本除外。未经另一方事先明示的书面允许，任何一方均不得使用或向任何人、公司或实体披露该另一方的任何机密信息，但根据本协议需要知晓的本方雇员除外。但尽管有前述规定，法律或行政规定或法院命令要求披露的机密信息，顾问可予以披露。本条规定的保密限制和义务，在本协议期满或终止二（2）年后终止。
补充翻译练习
1. During the term of this Agreement, all the oral and written information, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques, experiences, know-now, and business information (“Confidential Information” ) to be provided by Party A to Party B shall be treated as strictly confidential and shall be used only for the purpose set forth herein. Title to such information and the interest related hereto shall remain with Party A at all time.
在本协议期限内，甲方向乙方提供的一切口头和书面信息，包括但不限于制造工艺、程序、方法、配方、数据、技术、经验、诀窍和商业信息（“机密信息”），均以绝密对待，且只用于本协议规定的目的。该等信息的所有权及相关权益始终属于甲方。
Party B agrees to take all necessary steps to prevent Confidential Information from being disclosed to third parties and shall require its personnel to abide by the same confidentiality regulation. Party B shall not disclose Confidential Information to anyone other than to such persons who require access to thereto for the exclusive purpose provided hereunder and who are aware of their obligations of confidentiality thereunder.
乙方同意采取一切必要步骤，以防止机密信息披露给第三方，并且应要求其人员遵守同样的保密规定。乙方除了向为了本协议规定的目的而需要接触机密信息、且了解本协议规定的保密义务的人员披露机密信息外，不得向其他任何人披露。
2. Party A acknowledges that the System, all technical documentation delivered to Party A by Party B hereunder, and all other information relating to the design, development, configuration, use, installation, operation and maintenance of the System constitutes confidential or proprietary information of Party B, and Party B acknowledges that Party A may provide confidential or proprietary information to Party B hereunder (collectively referred to as “Confidential Information”). Each Party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other Party only for the purpose contemplated by this Agreement and for no other purposes. Except as specified in this Agreement, no other rights express or implied, including but not limited to licenses, of trademarks, inventions, copy rights, patents, or any other intellectual property rights whatsoever, are granted hereunder or by the conveying of Confidential Information. Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form except as required to accomplish the intent of, and in accordance with the terms of, the Agreement. Each Party shall provide the same care to avoid disclosure or unauthorized use of the other Party’s Confidential Information as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. Confidential Information must be kept by the receiving Party in a secure place with access limited to only such Party’s employees, contractors, or agents who need to know such information for the purposes of this Agreement and who have similary agreed to keep such information confidential pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement which reflects the terms thereof. Except as provided herein and unless otherwise specified in writing, all Confidential Information (i) remains the property of the disclosing Party, and (ii) must be returned to the disclosing Party or destroyed after the receiving Party’s need for it has expired. At the request of the disclosing Party, the receiving Party shall furnish a certificate signed by a director or authorized office of the receiving Party certifying that Confidential Information not returned to the disclosing Party has been destroy.
甲方确认, 系统、乙方根据本协议向甲方交付的一切技术文件以及与系统的设计、开发、购形、使用、安装、操作相关的一切其他信息，构成乙方机密信息或专有信息，且乙方确认，甲方可以根据本协议向乙方提供机密信息或专有信息（合称“机密信息”）。各方同意仅为本协议预期的目的而不是其他目的的使用从对方得到的机密信息。除本协议规定外，本协议并不授予，亦不通过机密信息的转让授予任何其他的明示的或默示的权利，包括但不限于执照、商标、发明权、著作权、专利权或任何其他知识产权。所提供的机密信息不得以任何形式加以复制，但为实现本协议的意向和根据本协议的条款需要复制的除外。各方应谨慎从事，以防披露或擅自使用另一方的机密信息，犹如各方保护自己的类似专有信息。收受方必须将机密信息保存在安全的地方，可以接触该等信息的人，仅限于该方为本协议之目的需要知道该等信息、且已按照一份反映本条条款的书面保密协议同样统一对该等信息进行保密的雇员、承包商或代理人。除非本协议有规定或另有书面规定，一切机密信息（i）始终为披露方的财产，（ii）且在收受方所需要的使用期届满后必须退还披露方或予以销毁。应披露方要求，收受方应提供经收受方的一名董事或授权的主管人员签字的证明，证明未退还披露方的机密信息已被销毁。
第四章Definition and Interpretation
翻译技巧词类转换
按照汉语的表达习惯，有时候英语的名词需要译成汉语的动词，有时候英语的形容词需要转换为汉语的浮词，甚至在有些情况下英语的介词也可以译做汉语的动词。
英语名词——动词汉语
形容词——副词
这是因为汉语句子里动词非常活跃，一句话里可以出现好几个动词，而英语则不然，一个句子只能有一个谓语动词。
相关翻译
1．”Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party, including a Party’s parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party. For the purpose of this Agreement, “control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.
for the purpose of this Agreement = in this Agreement 在本协议中
general meetings = shareholders general meetings 股东大会
“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方（包括其母公司或子公司）或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。在本协议中，“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十（50%）或以上的公司普通股股本，或拥有任命公司董事会多数董事的权利。
2. “Proprietary Know-how” shall mean processes, methods and manufacturing techniques, experience and other information and materials including but not limited to the Technical Information and Technical Assitance supplied or rendered by the Lisensor to the Lisensee hereunder which have been developed by and are known to the Lisensor on the date hereof and/of which may be further developed by the Lisensor or become known to it during the continuance of this Agreement excepting, however, any secret know-how aquired by the Licensor from third parties which the Licensor is precluded from disclosing to the Licensee.
“专有技术”指本协议签订之日，已由许可方开发和为许可方所知，和/或在本协议持续期间可能由许可方继一部开发和为许可方获知的工序、方法、生产技术、经验及其他信息和资料，包括但不限于许可方根据本协议向被许可方提供的技术信息和技术协助，但许可方从第三方获得的不允许向被许可方披露的任何秘密技术除外。
3．” Proprietary Information” means the information, whether patenable or not, disclosed to the CJV by neither Party or its Affiliates or disclosed by the CJV to either Party or its Affiliates during the term of this Contract, including technology, inventions, creations, know-how, formulations, recipes, specifications, designs, methods, processes, techniques, data, rights, devices, drawings , instructions, expertise, trade practices, trade secrets and such commercial, economic, financial or other information as is generally treated as confidential by the disclosing Party, its Affiliates, or the CJV, as the case may be; provided that when such information is in unwritten or intangible form, the disclosing Party, its Affilates or the CJV shall, within one month of making the disclosure, provide the other Party and/or the CJV with a written confirmation that such information constitues its Proprietary Information.
“专有信息”指在本合同期内，任何一方或其关联公司向合作经营企业披露的、或合作经营企业向任何一方或其关联公司披露的不论可否获得专利的信息，包括技术、发明、创造、诀窍、配制、配方、规格、设计、方法、工序、工艺、数据、权利、装置、图样、知识、专门知识、商业惯例、商业机密以及披露放，其关联公司或合作经营企业（视情况而定）通常视为机密的商业、经济、财务或其他信息；但是，如果该等信息不是以书面或有形形式披露的，披露方、其关联公司或合作经营企业应在披露后一个月内，向另一方和/或合作经营企业提供该等信息系其专有信息的书面确认。
4. “Encumbrances” include any option, right to acquire, right of preemption, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, hypothecation, title creation, right of set-off, counterclaim, trust arrangemnet or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law.)
“权力负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制（包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制。）
5. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation fo this Agreement;
(b) words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa;
(c) words importing a gender include any gender;
(d) an expression importing a natural person includes any company, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other body corporate and any governmental agency;
(e) a reference to any law, regulation or rule includes all laws, regulations, or rules amendin, consolidating or replacing them, and a reference to a law includes all regulations and rules under that law;
(f) a reference to a document includes an amendment or supplement to , or replacement or novation of, that document;
(g) a reference to a party to any document includes that party’s successors and permitted assigns;
(h) a reference o an agreement includes an undertaking, agreement or legally enforceable arrangement or understanding whether or not in writing;
(i) a warranty, representation, undertaking, indemnity, convenant or agreement on the party of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally; and
(j) the schedules, annexures and appendices to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.
在本协议中，除非上下文另有要求，
（a）标题仅为行文方便而设，并不影响对本协议的解释
（b）单数词包含其复数，反之亦然。
（c）单一性别的词包含其各种性别
（d）自然人的含义包括公司、合伙企业、合营企业、关联企业、法人团体或其他法人和政府机构
（e）凡提到的任何法律、法规或条例，包括修正、合并或替代该等法律、法规或条例的一切法律、法规或条例，凡提到的某一法律，包括根据法律项下的一切法规和条例。
（f）凡提到的文件，包括该文件的修正件、补充件或替代件
（g）凡提到的文件的一方，包括该方的继承人和被许可的受让人
（h）凡提到的协议，包括承诺、约定或法律上可强制执行的安排或谅解，无论是不是书面形式
（i）两人或两人以上的保证、陈述、承诺、赔偿、约定或协议，各人共同和分别受其约束
（j）本协议的附表、附录和附件构成本协议不可分割的部分。
补充翻译练习
1.“Control ” means the power of any entity to direct the affairs of another entity
whether by any of the following means or otherwise:
(a) beneficial ownership of or entitlement to acquire shares or assets of the other;
(b) power to exercise voting rights in relation to the other;
(c) power to appoint members of the supervisory board, board of directors or bodies legally representing the other; or
(d) power to operate, direct or manage the general affairs of the other
“控制权”指任何实体，无论是通过下列任一途径还是通过其他方式监督另一实体的事务的权利：
（a）拥有另一实体股份或资产的受益所有权或收购另一实体股份或资产的权利；（b）行使与另一实体相关的投票权的权力；
（c）任命合法代表另一实体的监事会、董事会或机构成员的权力；或
（d）经营、监督或管理另一实体的一般事物的权力。
2. “Technical Information” shall mean all technical data, drawings, designs, formulae, specifications, processes, methods of manufacture, computer programs or other software or technical documents and similar intellectual property rights of or developed by the Lisensor as of the date hereof or to be developed by the Licensor during the term of this Agreement relating to the Product, including improvements hereto.
“技术信息”指本协议签订之日，许可方拥有的或已开发的、或在本协议期间内许可方开发的与产品（包括产品的改进）有关的一切技术数据、图纸、设计、公式、规格、工序、生产方法、计算机程序或其他软件或技术文件及类似知识产权。
3. The headings used in this Contract are for ease of reference only, and in no event shall the subtance of any paragraph or the intent of the Parties be interpreted or controlled by such headings.
本协议中的标题仅为方便参考而设，不得用于解释或控制协议任何条款的实质内容或各方的意向。
法律英语学习的层次与材料简介来源：胡敏的日志 接触法律方面的英语已数年，从漫无目的信手乱翻，到上法律英语课，再到上英语的法律课程，到现在的用英语进行法律方面的工作，走了很多弯路，也积攒了点滴经验体会。看版面上相关的讨论，觉得还可以更体系化，总结几点，和各位切磋。 学习法律英语，不能仅以会读、会写几个词汇就觉得万事大吉，要清楚自己的目标、学习的层次，循序渐进，渐次登堂入室。根据不同的层次，大致可分一下几个类型： 1. 入门搭框型：了解法律英语的基本词汇、语用同时西方法律、司法基本体系构架，即Mr.何家弘的“一石二鸟”。 可以学习下何家弘的《法律英语》（法律出版社，2003 第二版，好像已有配套翻译）。这种书要精读。试着自己动手翻译一遍，事半功倍。基础好同学可以接着读一点，英国人或美国人专门给外国人学法律英语的书，如《English Law and Language》(Cassell 出版)。 2. 专业型拓展型：拓展下自己的专业或者自己喜欢的领域。建议通读一本相关领域的简明教材，例如blackstone,nutshell系列的都不错的。另外，以熟悉的领域为核心，是提高英语的水平的有效捷径。 3. 比较参考型：即研究某个课题外国是否有相同的法律规定、案例规则等。学会泛读，把握主旨。以精读课的方式来读，反而会让自己陷入生词、查词旋涡。类似方面的，可以读一些案例。例如：https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/3210435145.html,数据库大学校园网通常能已经由学校付费，学生可以免费使用。 （附：《https://www.doczj.com/doc/3210435145.html,数据库》是面向法律专业人员设计的，拥有11400多个数据资料库以及31500多项资料来源，特别是在法律事务方面，是收录最全的法律资源库之一。包含了LexisNexis中全部法律内容，也包含了商业、金融、政治、时事等方面的内容，主要是全球范围内（如英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新加坡、马来西亚、中国内地、香港等）法律案例、法律法规条文、国家法、国际条约和协议、知识产权等，使用的对象为律师、大学法学院、法律咨询公司、司法官员等。） 4. 日常应用型：即与法律有关的日常业务中，处理涉外信函。注意学习一些商务信函的知识和相关领域的常用词汇、句型、格式。推荐《国际商务写作教程》（王素清，对外经贸大学出版社）。日常应用的专业词汇、句型跟法律英语教材、案例书籍、法条等的具有很大差别，这是新手一定要注意的。多阅读些此前的卷宗，虚心学习，不怕修改，三几个月就能顺手了。 5. 专业应用型：即出具外语法律文书、法律建议，如合同等。最保险的还是找一些类似的格式文书照搬过来，格式文书在网上能够搜索的到，或者参考此前业务成文。 6. 翻译通才型：即从事涉及法律内容的材料翻译。多读、多练、功夫在诗外。中英文方面的法律书都通读些，一些基本的简明教程即可。另外，还应当以法律为中心，多关注关联的知识
山东外语教学 Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal 2004年第4期(总第101期) 试论英汉法律术语的不完全对等现象与翻译 陈文玲 (广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院,广东广州 510420) 收稿时间:2003212223 作者简介:陈文玲(1976-),女,汉族,广东梅州人,教师,助教,外国语言学及应用语言学硕士。研究方向:法律语言学、外语教学与研究。 摘要:法律术语的翻译是法律翻译中的难点,因为翻译法律术语时,译者面临这样一个问题:一方面,法律翻译要求 语言功能上的对等和法律功能的对等,另一方面,翻译中又经常没有确切对等词,面对的是接近对等、部分对等和不对等这几种情况。本文探讨了法律术语英译中时这种不完全对等的现象,并提出了翻译法律术语的一些方法:使用功能对等词、扩充词义、释义、使用非法律专业用语的中性词、译借或创造新词等。关键词:法律翻译;法律术语;不完全对等;确切对等词中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100222643(2004)0420098204一 文本(special 2purpose texts )时的种种困难,其中必须面对的一个障碍是术语的翻译。法律文本属于特定目的文本,因此,对法律文本的翻译不可避免地要解决术语的翻译问题。 法律术语使人很容易联想到行业语。行业语是供某种行业专门使用的词语。例如,语言学中的“m orpheme (词素)”,“langue (语言)”,“parole (言语)”等;电子计算机行业中的“m ouse (鼠标)”,“bus (总线)”,“mem ory (内存)”等。行业语是各行业为适应本行业的需要而长期使用的特殊词语。法律专业和其它行业一样,也有自己专门使用的行业词语,例如:“specific performance (强制执行)”,“contempt of court (藐视法庭)”,“power of attorney (委托书)”等。我们把这种具有法律专业特色的行业词语称为法律术语,法律术语是法律语言中的重要词汇成员。(孙懿华、周广然,1997:59-60) 在讨论英汉法律术语翻译之前,我们必须对法律翻译进行分类。从法律效应来看,法律翻译可以分成两类:权威性翻译(authoritative translation )和非权威性翻译(non 2authoritative translation )。权威性翻译指的是该翻译由一国的立法机关通过并生效的法律译本,是具有法律效力的规范性条文,其本身就是一部法律。这类译本在国际条约和具有多种官方语言的国家的立法中比较常见,联合国宪章、维也纳条约法公约和加拿大等国家的多语立法等都属于此类。非权威性翻译不具有法律效力,一般是为了交流和对外宣传等所作的翻译。虽然它不具有法律效力,但也会带来一定的法律效应。比如在涉外案件中,法官和律师除了熟悉本国法律外,也必 须了解外国的有关法律规定,这时,他们就要参考相关的法 律译本。 权威性翻译对术语翻译质量的要求比非权威性翻译要高。因为权威性翻译要求法律翻译者使译文和原文具有同等的法律效力,保证它们一致的理解和运用(Sarcevic ,1997)。所以,权威性法律翻译不仅要求语言功能上的对等,还要求法律功能上的对等。法律功能对等就是源语和译入语在法律上所起的作用和效果是相同的。这样,译入语才能准确地表达原语的真正涵义,才能尽可能减少译文意思的丢失。但是,要做到这一点并不容易,因为没有人能用另一种语言完完全全地转达一篇文本中的观念思想,因为在几百年以来的法律、政治和文学上的使用中,词和结构总是带着文化的痕迹,而这些痕迹是不可能得到完整的传递的(Joseph ,1995)。译者把源语文化翻译到译入语文化时发现有些领域很好地对应,有些却不对应,这意味着源语文化中有些因素在译入语文化中是不存在的,对这些因素的语言表达在译入语中是‘空缺(gap )’或‘空白(void )’的。(Ivir ,1998)没有确切对等词(exact equivalents )或者说不对等(non 2equivalence )的现象在英汉法律术语的翻译中也是普遍存在的。法律术语通常指某个国家法律制度中特有的事物、关系、行为和程序,每个法律制度是不同习俗、历史、文化和社会经济原则的产物,有它自己的法律事实,因此有自己的概念体系和知识结构。不同法律制度的大部分法律术语在概念上是不一致的。另外,所有法律制度都包含了一些术语,这部分术语在别的法律制度或法系中没有对应词。(Sarcevic ,1997)例如,由于中国和英美国家属于不同法系,在 8 9
第二单元接待口译Interpreting for Reception Service 2-1 机场迎宾Greeting at the Airport 人力资源部经理：manager of Human Resources. Top-notch: 顶尖的 能够成行：make it 不辞辛苦：in spite of the tiring trip 百忙中抽空：take time from busy schedule run into a storm:下暴雨 Be held up: 耽搁clear up:天气转好 Attending service：服务倒时差：get over the jet-lag 行李齐了：get all the luggage 下榻宾馆：take sb.to the hotel 设宴洗尘：host a reception in one’s honor 总裁：chairman 杂技表演：acrobatic show 2-2 宾馆入住Hotel Accommodation Check-in: 登记住宿预定房间：have a reservation with 确认函：confirmation letter travel agency：旅行社 Itinerary：行程表accommodation：住宿 双人间：double room 豪华套房：a deluxe suite 8折优惠价：have a good rate with 20% off morning cal：:叫醒 Photo-copy：复印express mail：快递邮件 总台：Front desk 餐饮部：Catering Service 洗熨部：Laundry Service 楼层服务台：Floor Service Desk Fitness exercise：健身教练：coach 2-3 宴会招待Banquet Service 敬业（的专家）：dedicated（experts）contribute one’s share：尽了…责任Maneuver ：机动，演习，策略，调遣大自然所赐予的：Mother Nature grant us Cuisine：菜系色，香，味，形：color，aroma,taste,appearance 食物的质地：raw materials with quality texture 调料：seasonings 原汁原味：original flavor appetizing：引起食欲的 特色点心：special snack 酸甜适口：a sweet and sour sauce 皮薄汁醇：with thin and translucent wrappers and rish tasty soup. 皮脆肉嫩：(with a ) crispy skin and tender meat figure out：想出 好戏还在后头：have more surprises to expect 祝酒：drink to (the health) of sb. 干杯：cheers 2-4 参观访问Getting Around 高科技园区：High-Tech Park 业务经理：operation manager 鸟瞰：take a bird’s eye view of 言归正传：come back to story 走马观花：cast a passing glance at flowers while riding on horsehack 显目审批权：be authorized to approve projects (with) 优惠政策：preferential policies 与国际管理体制接轨：operate under the management system of international standards 跨国公司：multinationals 骨干企业：enterprises of pillar industries 生物技术：biotechnology 高技术产业链：high-tech industry chains 一条龙服务：a stream –lined one-stop service 生态型开发：ecological conservation 可持续发展：sustainable development 绿草成茵：boasts stretches of green grass 流水潺潺：streams murmuring 鸟儿啁啾：birds chirping 四季花香：fragrant flowers blossoming all year round 安保服务：security service
汉英翻译教程
第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考： 翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词（Diction）、转换（Conversion）、增补（Amplification）、省略（Omission）、重复（Repetition）、替代（Substitution）、变换（Variation）、倒臵（Inversion）、拆离（Division）、缀合（Combination）、阐释（Annotation）、浓缩（Condensation）、重组（Reconstruction），以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换，也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难，归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此，对比、分析和归纳这些差异，便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译，也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性，在进行交际时，能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能，《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某
英汉翻译教程— 张培基编著上海外语教育出版社 翻译:是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
第一节翻译的标准忠实：忠于原作内容、保持原作风格 通顺：通顺易懂、符合规范 语言现象(词汇含义、句法结构、惯用法) 理解逻辑关系 原文所涉及的事物 第二节翻译的过程表达直译：保持内容、形式(比喻、形象等) 意译：正确表达原文内容，不拘泥于形式 人名、地名、日期、方位、数字 段、句、重要的词 校核错或不妥的词、句 无生僻字、陈腔滥调、标点符号 校核两遍：内容、润饰蚊子 对照原文通读一遍 第二节对翻译工作者的要求 1.坚定的无产阶级立场和较高的马克思主义、毛泽东思想的理论水平 2.努力提高本族语和外语的水平 3.不断吸收和丰富各种基础知识，对有关国家的历史、地理、政治、外交、经 济、文化、科学、风俗习惯等。 完全对应:已有通用译名的专用名词、术语、日常生活事物 词义部分对应:概括的范围有广狭之分 无对应：英中新词、反映英美社会特俗风气及事物的词 多对应 第一节词汇词的搭配能力单词作定：英名前后，汉一般前置 定语的位置短语作定：英名前，汉视习惯 饰形或状英汉均前 词序单词作状饰动英动后汉动前 状语的位置程度状饰状英前后汉视习惯 短语作妆英汉动前后均可 英地点时间(小到大)，汉时间地点（大到小） 英简单句→汉复合句 英复合句→汉简单句 句子结构英复合句→汉其他句(英主从→汉其他、英并列→汉偏正) 英倒装句→汉正装句 英主\被→汉被\主 时间英灵活，汉有先后 句序英灵活，汉前因后果 逻辑英灵活，汉前条件假设后果 第二节句法英汉前行后目 英汉前理后果 句子内容的一些其他表达手段：增补、省略、变此类、正反表达
书名： 1．《合同法》和《公司法》的英文翻译打码QQ群：54493069 2.孙万彪：《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》 3.《法律翻译-从实践出发》 4.李克兴：《法律翻译理论与实践》 5.陈忠诚：《法窗译话》 入门级： 1、孙万彪的《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》，涉及的内容都是最基本的，书写得比较严谨，孙老师应该是语言专业出身，对一些词（比如说threatened ）的处理比较好。 2、中文版的《合同法》和《公司法》以及英文版的《合同法》和《公司法》，中文版的不必管哪个出版社的，想来都差不多。英文版的至少有两个版本，我在书店里见过，但现有手头没有，也不方便找。 3、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》，有中英文对照版，算是做得比较精致的一本书。这本书不厚，但可以让你明白好的翻译作品应该是什么样的。 4、香港的双语资料库，至少可以利用一下香港联合交易所的双语《上市规则》。香港的词法和句法与大陆有所不同，但值得借鉴。 中级篇： 1、《法律文本与法律翻译》，作者之一是李克兴，他最近还写了一本书，也不错，可以看看。书名记不得了，但如果你在百度搜索栏敲入“李克兴”、“法律翻译”，逐页翻页，应该可以找到。 2、《法律翻译-从实践出发》，这本书有多名作者，既有宏观的论述，又有微观的剖析，作者基本上都是圈内高人。 3、《美国1933年证券法》和《美国1934年证券交易法》，著名的两部美国法律，主译是张路老师，这一系列的书还有，与律所的实战翻译风格比较接近。 4、利用互联网，直接查阅相关法律，如美国的《特拉华州普通公司法》。至于具体查阅哪部法律，看个人的兴趣。每本书后面都有参考书目，可以利用这个作为线索。 高级篇 1、《国际商法教学案例英文选编》，对外经济贸易大学考研用的“灰皮书”，不知现在是不是这样？先读懂这本书，加深对法律知识的了解。 2、《英美商事组织法》，对外经济贸易大学丁丁老师著，同一系列的书还有很多。 3、陈忠诚老师的《词语翻译漫谈》及其续篇、《法窗译话》以及相关的词语翻译书，加强“炼字”功夫。
汉英法律翻译实用技巧 摘要：由于中英文使用者思维方式的不同，中英文表达习惯的差异，为了实现意义的准确和表达的贴切，在中英文互译时，特别是对语言准确性要求更高而自身又有着特殊行文特点的法律语言中，一些常用的翻译技巧显得十分重要而有效。 关键词：法律翻译；技巧；实用 翻译由于其涉及跨语言、文化交流性质，语言学习中被认为是重要而难以掌握的一项技能。法律翻译中，由于法律文本模糊而又精准、简洁而又繁复的语言特征，以及法律语言本身特有的表达方式和专业术语，加之法律翻译常常具有一定的时效性要求，这使得法律翻译对译文在语言质量要求近乎高，对译者在英语及法律专业知识方面要求也较高。本文拟对法律翻译中实用的一些技巧作一简略介绍，其中有的在一般翻译中也可见到，因其在法律翻译中具有较强的使用价值，也一并列出。 一、增词 由于中国人和西方人的思维方式不同，所以在表达同一事物或概念时，可能会用不同的词或短语。所以在将中文翻译成英文或把英文翻译成中文时，就有可能要增加一些词，以便符合中文的表达习惯。至于到底应该增加哪种词或多少词，这并没有特别的规律，完全由译者按照原文译文的表达及上下文来确定。例：Subject to Article 5.4(c) below, in the event that a Party fails to make its capital contribution, in whole or in part, in accordance with the provisions of this Contract, such Party shall be liable to pay simple interest to the Company at a rate equal to [default interest rate] per annum on the unpaid amount from the time due until the time the full outstanding amount including penalty interest is paid to and received by the Company. 参考译文：在遵循以下第5.4（c）条规定的前提下，如果一方未依照本合同的条款全额或部分出资，则该方应就欠缴的出资额按年利率[ ]的单利向合营公司支付罚息，计息期为该笔出资的应缴日期至该笔出资及罚息全额支付，并由合营公司收到之日。 解释：译文中的“计息期”在原文中并没有对应的英文词，但译者在翻译这个句子时，考虑到加上“计息期”这个词会更加通顺、更加符合中文的表达习惯，所以在译文中就加上了“计息期”这个词。 二、省略
高等教育自学考试冲刺模拟试卷一 （英语专业） 英汉翻译教程（三） Part One I.Multiple Choice Questions （30 points, 2 points for each）A. Directions: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1.For Britain our membership of the European Union and the World Trade Organization has brought this home. A.对英国来说，我们的欧盟成员和世界贸易组织成员身份把这带到了家。 B.对英国来说，我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织把我们送到了家。 C.对我们英国来说，我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织的经历使我们对这一点深有感触。 D.对我们英国来说，我们的欧盟成员和世界贸易组织成员身份使我们如鱼得水。 2.So now he contrived an eager, ingratiating smile, which he bestowed on Mr. Squires. A.因此他就装出急切的、迷人的笑，并投向史奎尔先生。 B.因此他就装出殷切的、拍马的笑，并把这笑赠予史奎尔先生。 C.因此他就对史奎尔先生装出一副殷勤、讨好的笑脸。 D.因此他就给史奎尔先生设计了一副殷勤、讨好的笑脸。 3. People disappear in that river every year, one of the policemen said to me that afternoon, half in dismay, half in frustration. A. 这条河里年年都有人消失，”当天下午警察中的一个以一种无可奈何的神气沮丧地对我说。 B. 这条河里年年都要死人，”当天下午一个警察半是沮丧，半是失意地对我说。 C. 这条河里年年都要死人，”当天下午一个警察以一种无可奈何的神气沮丧地对我说。 D. 年年都有人消失在这条河里，”当天下午警察中的一个半是沮丧，半是失意地对我说。 4. As recently as the early 1960s, the phrase environmental law ” would probably have produced little more than a puzzled look, even from many lawyers.
第十章法律翻译中被动句式的翻译（课堂讲练） 本章教学目标：掌握法律英语翻译中有关被动句翻译的若干基本方法。 课堂讲练： 1、概述 在法律英语句式中，被动语态（PASSIVE VOICE）使用频率很高。通常在以下情况中，法律英语会使用被动语态： 例1、（1）、The Conformity Certificate of the Goods to be delivered shall be delivered directly to Party A by Party C on the Delivery Day of such Goods. 参考译文：拟交付货物的产品合格证应由丙方在该批货物交货日直接交给甲方（或：丙方应在交货日将拟交货物的产品合格证直接交给甲方）。 （2）、When the Goods to be pledged under this Agreement have been delivered to the Dealer acting on behalf of the Pledgee, the Pledgor shall submit to the Dealer a Delivery Note. 参考译文：依照本协议应质押的货物交付给代表质押权人的经销商后，质押人应向经销商提交一份交货单。 （3）、Unless otherwise specified in writing herein, all Confidential Information must be returned to the disclosing Party or destroyed on the expiration of the period of the receiving Party’s using such Confidential Information. 参考译文：除非本协议另有书面规定，所有机密信息在接收方使用期限届满时必须退还给披露方或者销毁。 （4）、如果在合同任何一方向对方发出就因本合同引起的或与之有关的任何争议进行协商的书面请求后15天内，争议仍未得到解决，则任何一方可以将该争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁。 参考译文：Where the disputes arising out of or in relation to this Contract can not be resolved within fifteen (15) days after any Party hereto requesting in writing the other Party to commencing a consultation on said disputes, either Party may submit it to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration(CIETAC). （5）、对于任何因违约而给对合同任何一方造成的损失，违约方必须做出金钱赔偿。 参考译文：Any losses suffered by any Party hereto arising from any breach shall be indemnified by the Party in breach. 小结：从上述例句的翻译中可以看出，法律英语使用被动语态，通常是因为（1）、强调动作对象（即受动者），比如例句（1）、（2），此时，往往施动者没有必要说出或不愿说出；或者（2）、施动者本身无法确定，如（3）、（4）；或者两种情形兼而有之，如（5）。在汉译时，由于汉语被动语态的使用频率较英语为少，所以，不必受英语句式限制，将所有被动句都翻译成汉语被动句，译文应以既忠实于原文意义，又符合汉语表达习惯为要旨。 2、英语被动语态基本翻译技巧 1）、译成被动句 如需要强调源语中被动语态的受动对象，一般译成汉语被动句。不过，可以使用”予以、由、受、受到、得以、得到、经“等词汇替代”被“，以表达被动含义。 例2、（1）、If any of the provisions of this Contract is held invalid or unenforceable and unless the invalidity or unenforceability materially violates the fundamental intent and sense of other parts of this Contract, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity and enforceability of any other provisions hereof. 参考译文：如果本合同任何条款被认定为无效或不可执行，除非此无效或不可执行性实质性地违反本合同根本意图或其其他部分意义，则不得影响本合同其他条款的有效性或可执行性。
中国法律体系用语翻译（汉英对照） 中国特色社会主义法律体系the socialist system of laws with Chinese Characteristics 依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家govern the country by law and build a socialist country under the rule of law 刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedure Law 民事诉讼法Civil Procedure Law 行政诉讼法Administrative Procedure Law 民法通则General Principles of the Civil Law 暂行条例interim Regulations 民族区域自治法Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy 香港特别行政区基本法Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 劳动法Labor Law 专利法Patent Law 商标法Trademark Law 著作权集体管理条例Regulations on the Collective Administration of Copyright 计算机软件保护条例Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software 信息网络传播权保护条例Regulations on the Protection of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information 知识产权海关保护条例Regulations on the Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Right 经济合同法Economic Contract Law 环境保护法Environmental Protection Law 水污染防治法Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution 大气污染防治法Law on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution 固体废物污染环境防治法Law on the Prevention and Control of Pollution by Solid Waste 矿产资源法Mineral Resource Law 环境影响评价法Law on Environment Impact Assessment 义务教育法Compulsory Education Law 高等教育法Higher Education Law 职业教育法Vocational Education Law 文物保护法Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics 消费者权益保护法L aw on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests 继承法Succession Law 产品质量法Product Quality Law 反不正当竞争法Anti-Unfair Competition Law 海商法Maritime Code 票据法Negotiable Instruments Law
法律英语课文翻译 第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”
几个法律术语的翻译 更多资料请点击 1.contract. 现在多译为"合同"，我以为不分场合、不分情况一律译为"合同"是不妥的。因为我们中国人看见"合同"一词就想到一个书面的、写成一条一条的文件，可是contract一词的含义范围却要广泛得多。contract不限于书面的文件，口头上也可订contract，打电话也可以订contract，甚至于不说话也能订contract，例如在报摊上付钱买份晚报或买票搭乘公共汽车。contract就是有法律约束力的协议，只有较重要的contract才采取书面形式。所以一般的、泛指的contract应当译"契约"，例如law of contract应当译"契约法"，较重要的、书面的contract才译"合同"，例如contract for the international sale of goods可以译"国际售货合同”。 2.intellectual property. 不知道当初为何译成"知识产权"，以后竟然以讹传讹广泛沿用至今，而且订入法律，实在可叹！这个词组不论按字面上译、按含义译都不能译"知识产权".intellectual一词根本没有"知识"的意思，它与"知识"是两个不同的概念。作为名词intellectual指"知识分子"，但是在intellectual property词组中intellectual显然是形容词而不是名词，何况"知识分子"与"知识"并不能划等号，即使退一万步对号入座地硬译，也只能译"知识分子产权"而不能译"知识产权".当然，译"知识分子产权"也是错的。从含义上看，何谓intellectual property？它是指对于智力劳动所创造的智力产品或智力成果的权利，主要包括版权、专利权、商标权等，所以应该译为"智力产权".我们的前辈严复曾说，"一名之立，旬月踟蹰"，我们今天对待译名多么需要那样的认真精神啊！译名宜慎重，不要随便译，使用现有的译名也该慎重，尤其不要随便跟着别人使用、传播错误的译名，应该抵制错误的译名！ 3.joint venture. 这个术语译时要当心。因为按其原来的意思，是指短期的临时性的合伙，可是现在又常用来表示"合资企业、合营企业".所以翻译时要依据上下文及其他情况来判定该译"短期合伙"还是译"合营企业". 4.jurisdiction. 除了管辖、管辖权、审判权、审判机构等释义外，还有一个释义，即"法域"或"法律管辖区域"，意思是自有一套法律制度的区域。一个国家可能是一个法域，如法国，也可能有许多法域，如美国的50个州每个州都是一个法域。"一国两制"，可以说是"一个国家、两个法域". 5.jurisprudence. 除了法理学外，jurisprudence还有一个释义，即"判例"，裁决的总称。lawyer不一定总是指律师，它也可能是指"法学者"或"法律工作者"。international lawyer并不是"国际律师"，而是研究国际法的"国际法学者". 6.remedy. 该词在法律文件中常用，它并不是"治疗、疗法、医药"的意思。它是指法律规定的，执行、保护、恢复权利的方法，或补救权利所受侵害的方法，应当译"补救方法"或"补救".具体地说remedy（补救方法）包括什么内容呢？主要有支付损害赔偿金，另外有强制令（injunction）、依约履行（specific performance）的裁定、法院宣告（declaration）等。法律文件中的redress、
句子精炼( Sentences in Focus ) Unit 2 接待口译（机场迎宾、宾馆入住、宴会招待、参观访问） 1. This is a fantastic airport, absolutely one of the top-notch international airports.（这个机场太美了，绝对是一个顶尖的国际机场。） 2. I’m very bad with a jet-lag. But I will be all right in a couple of days.（我倒时差很慢，但两天后自然就回复了。） 3. I’d like to have a 7 o’clock morning call, breakfast sent up to my room, laundry done, some documents photocopied, an express mail sent out, and something like that.（我要早上7点钟叫醒，早餐送到我房间，衣服要熨，文件要复印，邮件要快递，诸如此类的事情需要服务。） 4. We all maneuvered successfully to get our job done, so to speak.（可以说我们每个人都成功的使我们的使命得以完成。） 5. Let’s delight ourselves completely in the foods that Mother Nature grants us.（让我们尽情享受大自然赋予我们的食物吧。） 6. 我要是没认错的话，您一定是从伦敦来的泰莱科教授吧。(You must be Prof. Tallack from London, if I’m not mistaken.) 7. 我是海通集团人力资源部经理。(I’m manager of Human Resources, the Haitong Group.)
翻译理论与实践课作业 天津科技大学外语学院 作业一：字词的翻译 一、词的理解 1.一词多义： wet She had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. If you think I am for him, you are all wet. She wet her pants at the news. State state and revolution, state of the union the united states. 3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化 Every life has its roses and thorns. She stood there chewing over the strange thing. The engine sounds good. At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 4.词的褒贬：comment Alice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment. But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms. He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ? 5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。Through；free He slept the night through. There is a through train to Beijing. Through this way, they finished the task. She is free with her money. I made her free of my library. 二、词义的表达 1.直译法 dark horse Hot dog Forbidden fruit 暴发户半边天红卫兵 2意译法 blue jacket the yellow leaf Wet blanket 炒鱿鱼下海白拿 3.直译意译结合法 the apple of one’s eye as dull as a goose Once in a blue moon as cool as a cucumber Black sheep as timid as a rabbit 4.音译法