iBT-TOEFL 新托福阅读讲义
（ Mark ）
一、新托福阅读简介
1、每篇文章700词；
2、40道题左右；
3、原始分45分左右、标准分30分；
4、如果阅读部分是3篇文章，则时间为60分钟（时间限定为：第一篇必须在20分钟完成；第二、第三篇在剩下的40分钟完成；在限定的时间段内考生可返回检查、更改）；
如果阅读部分是5篇文章，则时间为100分钟（其中的3篇为计分考题，时间限定60分钟，另外两篇为加试题，时间为40分钟。）
加试题一般为：
第四篇"Mesopotamia & Egypt culture"；
第五篇"Natural Selection of Darwin"
5、阅读考试题型共分10种（另表详示）；
6、文章选材一般为研究类、学术人文类以及科普类；一般文中会出现大量的专有名词。
7、每篇最后一题的评分：8
1）答案为3项，总分为2分：答对2项给1分，答对3项给2分；
2）答案为5项，总分为3分：答对3项给1分，答对4项给2分，答对5项给3分。
三、新托福阅读方法论：
1、狂背单词
2、狂练题型
3、狂做题目
4、狂看机经
四、考场经验：
1. 关于考场:!建议考试之前一定要去踩下点, 不要怕耽误那几个小时的时间,如果因为当天找不到考场而影响自己正常发挥,那实在是一件得不偿失的事情
! l* j+ ~9 `4 Q) f2.关于到场时间:. I0 v$ j* Y: o; G4 v: z建议提前一小时到场早去以防万一5
3.关于证件:& I9 W% J$ }4 _; h; y记住带上护照和身份证即可缺一不可，检查证件比想象的要严格
g) T) ^* j4 x* q, R* ^- Y4.关于进场:*不要太早进否则写作会受做口语的人干扰，' E% i# o3 q# P& {' r. a也不要太晚进，否则听力会受做口语的人干扰，所以最好排中间进场因为对于抗干扰能利较弱的托友第一种干扰可能不可避免，但是第二种干扰却是可以避免的只要在听力时把声音调大些即可
) C% @, N* L p L i2 f5. 关于阅读:没有看整篇文章的时间建议不要看全文直接看题&，
还有要给每篇的最后一题流出充分时间思考不要在前面的小分题上浪费太多时间，对于词汇好的同学词汇题完全可以不看原文+ F; C" Q3 L7 z% j
, |' ^3 v: K& V$ I4 ^9 g5篇阅读看完后有点精疲力竭所以平时要多锻炼身体阅读部分是最容易出现机器传输问题的如果你的机器出现卡机现象，* g8 f4 V# @! e# K# @1 Z; _( X 一定要确认秒表是否还继续在走，如果在走一定要找老师，% @$ c# D. ~9 \如果没在走那你就没事偷着了吧，因为卡机的时间无形中增加了你的考试时间所以不要发慌好好利用卡机的时间继续阅读机器一会就好
% L' c+ T4 Y) h3 b$ s6. 关于听力：比想象得要难许多，学术性很强所以不像旧托听不懂是没法蒙的，建议大家在平时注意名词的积累尤其是学科类的名词，) k) [- ^# \. w1 S 平日一定要多锻炼记笔记的能力，(当然为了记笔记而去记笔记结果会很惨)
& q, y$ B: L e+ c+ @5 y4 [7. 关于口语：告诉大家一大招: 3 z. u6 l4 C c _* K/ G* s! f利用好休息的时间上个洗手间喝点水吃点东西就马上回座位上乖乖地坐着吧，当然不是回去傻坐着而是要"窃"题7，因为在你之前的托友可能正在说口语你可以从他们的回答中知道考题，4 h3 R( M6 Q( @/ G& y所以你的准备时间不再是15/20秒了而是5分钟甚至更多，& e9 \4 ~& F9 N# a v( K. U当然平日多加练习口语才是提高口语的唯一途径。; l& {, B) S" X o4 H+ g- c s/ t! t* x! g- c4 x7 ~5 W# g强调: 加强连接词使用的频率这样会更具有逻辑性
$ S% x- q# P" I/ w4 W8 g8. 关于写作; g: ]) c' B' a2 Y9 d$ x综合写作:阅读部分一定要快看迅速提炼出作者的三个观点(一般都是3个)
+ n# r5 C* w7 z e: B; O$ h' v听力部分也是要听主要信息听出教授要反驳的三个观点 - M$ C2 Y4 o, x9 w
" D' f# d" T2 c0 m$ R自由写作:平时一定要多加练习练出感觉总结出一套适合自己的模板就可以了
- ^9 Q+ }- f- \/ W- V7 j3 N) e# i2 u. S/ e) W H1 S' \建议平时练习写作都在计算机上进行因为打字速度的快慢会影响写作的时间
# o. U/ a3 o; {2 L; c" [6 n; M* r* j2 C/ {# C& ]8 `( R6 v建议不要用word。因为word的查错功能会让你产生很强的依赖性， ( o. R6 n% L% E到考试打字时反而会发慌总是担心自己回打错所以在 "记事本"上练就可以了
五、关于托福机经、预测（08年考试的重复率几乎为100%）
2008年新托福考试重复表
08.01.05 06.12.16 重复
08.01.13 06.10.21 重复
08.01.19 06.11.05 重复
08.02.02 07.01.19 + 06.10.28 听力、口语重复
08.02.16 06.12.03 重复
08.02.24 06.10.29 重复
08.03.02 06.11.18 重复
08.03.08 08.03.07 亚洲重复北美前一天考题
08.03.15 06.12.10 重复
08.03.30 07.01.19 阅读重复
08.04.27 07.01.13 重复
08.05.04 08.05.03 亚洲重复北美前一天考题
08.05.10 重复未知（但有加试）
08.05.17 07.03.23 重复
08.05.31 06.09.15 口语听力+07.03.24北美阅读+06.03.03写作重复（混合）
08.06.07 08.06.06 （北美）重复
08.06.22 06.09.15 阅读+07.03.24 北美口语阅读、口语重复（混合）
08.06.29 07.05.12 重复
08.07.12 07.01.14 重复
08.08.03 07.06.09（阅读、独立写作）+07.08.25（听力、口语）重复（混合）08.08.09 08.08.08北美即07.07.07大陆重复（亚洲重复北美前一天考题）
附：
2008新托福考试时间（计划，可能调整但会提前通告）
2008年1月13日
2008年1月19日
2008年2月2日
2008年2月16日
2008年2月24日
2008年3月2日
2008年3月8日
2008年3月15日
2008年3月30日
2008年4月27日
2008年5月10日
2008年5月17日
2008年5月31日
2008年6月7日
2008年6月22日
2008年6月29日
2008年7月12日
2008年8月3日
2008年8月9日
2008年8月17日
2008年8月24日
2008年9月21日
2008年9月28日
2008年10月12日
2008年10月18日
2008年10月26日
2008年11月1日
2008年11月9日
2008年11月15日
2008年11月23日
2008年12月6日
2008年12月13日
六、LOOP READING 循环阅读法
Step 1: skim
Step 2: analyze
Step 3: compare (改写、同义替换)
七、十大题型技巧
题型一、词汇题
一、生词；二、熟词；
一、生词的方法：
1、生词本身含义 + 猜单词
1）构词猜 2）结构猜 3）性质猜（好词、坏词）
2、用"替换原则"
1）搭配合理否？--句内、句间的相关
2）句意通顺否？--常识
3）逻辑正确否？--连词、逻辑
二、熟词的方法：
1、一般非本意，考引申含义，或考多重含义之一。（也有弱智的题目，就是考中学词汇）
2、用"替换原则"
应试经验：背熟常考"同义词伙"（另见讲义），则可以逸待劳。
例题：P7-P14
题型二、指代题
一、常考代词：it that others such as one
考题设置了两种可能的难度：
1、浅层难度：直接指代前文中的核心名词（一般就是本段的前句的主语）80%
2、深层难度：有三种考法：20%
1）前文前句整句话的意思；
2）指代接力：若前文前句中又有特指（ the+名词），则答案是特指的具体内容。
3）代词在并列句的后半句中（A and B结构），答案是：该代词对应的前半句中相同的成分（如：it在后半句中是主语，则答案是前半句的主语）
例题：P68
题型三、修辞目的题（5/39）
一、出题形式：
修辞：
Why mention / refer to / cite / quote / use / discuss ?
How explain / express / paraphrase / interpret ?
explain / express / paraphrase / interpret Sth by________
目的：
explain / express / paraphrase / interpret Sth to/ in order to________ purpose, aim , try to
三、修辞手法及其目的：
1、类比
考点提示：上下句含"like, similarly, similar to, as, A句.But, B句（对比或类比）"
修辞手法：Compare, Comparison, same,
目的: easy to understand, simplify
分析：类比--求同--段中同时提及生疏的概念和熟悉的事物。
2、对比
考点提示：上下句含"but, however, while, although, though, contrary, despite, yet" 修辞手法：contrast, difference, other side
目的: all-round, all-around, all-sided, comprehensive, full-scale, general, overall
分析：对比--求异--观点更加全面、辩证。
3、举例
考点提示：上下句含"e.g. , i.e. , case, example, ( ) , ：, - , 具体事例 "
修辞手法：example, exemplify, exemplar,
目的: support the theme, topic, main idea, evidence,
分析：举例--不为例子本身，而是服务于主旨。
考点提示：上下句含"时间、数字、日期、人、细节"
修辞手法：factual description, provide detailed information, specific, embody
目的: support the theme, topic, main idea, evidence,
分析：举例--不为细节本身，而是服务于主旨。
5、顺序
考点提示：上下句含"then, next, last, before, at that time, earlier, after,等时间词；或者first, second, even, final等顺序词"
修辞手法：sequence, chronological order,
目的: logic ,legible, readable, clear,
分析：顺序--逻辑清晰。
6、原因
考点提示：上下句含"因果词，或导致、影响等词或词组"
修辞手法：consequence, result, cause, effect,
常考因果词：
1） conj.-----because / since /as / for
2) adv.------ because of / so / thus / hence / therefore / thereby / due to
/ owing to/ thanks to
admittedly / consequently / in that case /eventually / as a result (of) / with on account of /
3) v. (A-------B) cause / create / affect / trigger /help/ lead to / bring about / pose to / result in / contribute to / devote to / fuel
(B ------- A) result from attribute to / ascribe to / originate from / stem from /derive from / account for / give rise to / answer for / be responsible for 4) n.----reason / cause / result / consequence / impact / effect / target / purpose / aim / responsibility
5)clause----the reason why / it follows that / so that / / in that / now that /
题型四、推理题（7/39）
1、出题形式：infer, imply, implication, assume, suggest, conclude, indicate, state, according to, by saying""， learn from , know about, from the passage, from ___paragraph.
2、陷阱：文中明说的，即使正确也不是答案。（不要明说，要暗示）
3、定位：
Q中含定位词或段落号：直接定位；
Q中无定位词或段落号：1）上下题的段落号；2）1T=4T（分别定位四个选项）
4、常考推理：
1）推比较（连锁反应）A--B--C
2）推因果（因果，或解释说明）
3）推换说法（A-A' ； P具体，A笼统； P与A 不同出发点； P细节，A总结）4）推段落主旨（总分，分总）
5）事实推理论（理论推事实）
题型五、排除题（1/39）
1、定位：
Q中含定位词或段落号：直接定位；
Q中无定位词或段落号：1）上下题的段落号；2）1T=4T（分别定位四个选项）
2、命题规律：
1）四个选项连续几句中出现；
2）四个选项散步全文（各段主旨）
3、选项设置规律：
1）矛盾项（答案）：无、反、满、混、篇
2）符合项：活、总、改、主
例题：P59
题型六、句意题（2/39）
1、去杂碎
1）去掉细节（例子、解释、事件、具体化的细节）
2）去掉比喻（类比）
3）去掉修饰（后置修饰成分--n of ... / n that... / n a... / n 介宾短语）
2、留主干（主句，从句）
3、换说法（换词性、换单词、换表达、换总结、换句子顺序、换逻辑）
例题：P65
题型七、插入题（3/39）
上句+Q+下句（bridging）
核心：句间的承接
方法：划出Q中的核心名词、代词、连词。
1、单词重复（Q中的名词，在上下句中有重复）
2、代词指代（Q中的代词指代上句的名词；或下句的代词指代Q中的名词）
3、逻辑关系（Q中的连词、或上下句中的连词，形成承接关系）
P15-P22, P65
题型八、事实题（7/39）
定位、比较（P中的一句话，或连续几句话）
题型九、主旨概括题（2/39= 4/44）
1、引导句：全文的总结（一般在首段、二段）
2、正确答案：与P中的一串并列或递进对应、改写
1）与P中的顺序词（first/ second/ third; one/ another/ others/ final/ even/ ）对应
2）与P各段的段落主旨（总分结构：每段首句/ 分总结构：每段末句）对应、改写
3、错误答案：
1） P中的具体事例、举例、描述、细节补充、时间、日期、人物
2）与段落主旨矛盾、曲解
P23-P40，
题型十、纲要题（1/39 = 4/44）
1、分析：
1）命题前提：P中必须提及两种或三种对立、或不同类别的核心词。（A、B、C）
2）多种核心词在文中的出现方式一般为：A、B、A vs B
2、方法：
1）着重SKIM，掌握P的框架（A、B、A vs B 分别在哪些段落出现），
2）在选项中划出定位词，
3）到对应的段落里去SCAN定位词，并核对确认答案（改写）
4） TWO NOT be used.
P 86 ， P41-P49
1
你要找的小托福考试阅读模拟题在这里！ 小托福的词汇量和语法难度相当于大学英语四级的水平，如果考生想要考一个好成绩，一定要多多练习，下文分享的就是小托福考试阅读模拟题，一起阅读下吧~ 在阅读部分，文章会涉及到人文学科、科学、社会科学等内容，学生要注意掌握文章主要内容，抓住关键点，了解作者意图并进行推理。同时，阅读部分的文章形式也十分多样，如电子邮件、信件、新闻、学生写作、广告、日程表等，学生需要在平时积累一些关于习惯用语的表达。 小托福考试阅读模拟题： 模拟题1： Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. Question: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT: A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains. B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface. C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches. D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions. 答案：C 解析：题干问的是原文关于“outflow channels”的描述。在真正考试中，把原文阅读完毕再去和选项比较会花费较多时间。因此，比较合理的做题顺序是，先读选项，然后拿选项和原文信息去比对。 A选项说的是outflow channel的形成时间和火山活动在北部平原的发生时间是相同的。快速浏览原文，只有在最后一句提到了它们的形成时间，说大概在30亿年前，about引导的时间状语很重要，补充说明了这一时间和北部火山平原形成的时间相同。A正确。 B选项说的是火山形成的地点，只在火星表面的特定区域。看原文，第二句，说的是它们只在赤道区域出现。B 也正确。
2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷九） 托福阅读文本： The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to their sophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundant shellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of the raw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but
新托福阅读讲义 杜昶旭
一.准备知识 1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点 (1)文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子) (2)文章长度:650-750词/篇 (3)题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7) (4)测试时间:20分钟/篇 (5)测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分) 2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点 (1)主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题) (2)细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE? FALSE?NOT GIVEN? General statement ideas Some details (3)词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断 (4)推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息 (5)态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段. (6)结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的
3.阅读的本质: (1)获取有效信息 (2)消除阅读障碍 4.文章结构特点 (1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. ?结构主体(支撑):主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). ?细节主体(填充) (2)文章具体结构如下: ?Intro:background(细节)&topic(结构) ?Body:sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)?Conclusion:topic(结构) 5.快速笔记方法 (1)快速笔记的意义: ?辅助思维框架形成 ?索引功能 (2)快速笔记的内容 ?结构主体的核心词 ?时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字 ?人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记 ?举例主体 ?新概念和核心概念
0308 托福试题 阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms
理解型--同义替换 精选例题 指代题 原则：寻找词义的对应。绝不审题，找对应！！ 诡计：1、and 并列，主语对应主语——逻辑关系，迅速定位，词义对应 2、宾语对应——宾语对应宾语，还有可能代前一句的主语，如果前一句是主系表。 如，This one is better. I like it. ——逻辑关系，迅速定位，词义对应 3一般往前找，范围一般在两句之内；如果有解释说明的（有where 、who 引导的）对应在后面。 验证：代入重读，单复数，动词结构。 例题3-01 What does the undefined word "it" /"this"/"they"/"them"in Paragraph X refers to? The underlined word "it" /"this"/"they"/"them"/(paragraph X) refers to ______. What does the underlined phrase/words ―XXX ‖(paragraph X) refer to? 例题3-02（06天津卷B ）所见即所得 Dave rowed steadily ahead, relying on a mental picture of the surroundings. The mist began to rise slowly and then it soon rested inches above the still surface of the lake. The heavy silence was now being broken by the fish breaking through the surface as they leaped out of the water for low-flying insects. The underlined word ―i t‖ in Paragraph 6 refers to______. A.fish B.boat C.silence D.mist 出题点：并列——and 。词义的对应，主语对应主语 长难句分析： The heavy silence was now being broken/ by the fish breaking through the surface/ as they leaped （跳） out of the water for low-flying insects. Still ：静止的，平静的 例题3-03（05湖北卷C ）长难句的理解：主对主 There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get —from ,say ,travel agents ,shoe repairers ,hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for. The underlined word ―these ‖in Paragraph 2 refers to―_______． A ．the services B ．the workers C ．the goods D ．the rules 自己做 出题点：——解释说明的主语是rules ！ 词义的对应：主语对应主语。 例题3-04（06四川卷A ）所见即所得 However, the quantity of serious writing which I produced all through my childhood would not add up to haft a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, and my mother took it down for dictation. I cannot remember anything about it except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had "chair-like teeth" ─a good enough expression. 所见即所得
0308托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects. Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy. 1,What does the passage mainly discuss? (a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope. (b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation . (c)The effects of pasteurization on food. (d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of (b)developing into (c)resistant to (d)hurt by 3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer? (a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food? (b)How many types of organisms can be found on food? (c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination? (d)How long can food stand before it putrefies? 4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
北京新东方全部托福资料（词汇，听力，阅读，写作，口语还有对应软件免费版）都给你总结好了，附带全部链接，分享的同学一定是100分以上。有了它，就不用花钱去书店了。就不用花钱买软件了！！！ 词汇类 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天excel版 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0712/20071211_bf54b359 d01f5087df89XWGMBWh8L1rd.rar) 文件大小：84.95KB 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天MP3 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_0554b919 aaf1d0107749XwfVpzof7oVr.rar) 文件大小：23.92MB 熟词偏义词汇列表 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0710/20071016_de4fa883 10782460e1e4tiFlsNuX7uLi.zip) 文件大小：12.42 KB 老俞托福词汇串讲（网络课堂） 帖子链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/bbs/thread-2571-1-1.html 俞敏洪Tofel单词串讲（非网络课堂） 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_ef4045d5 846bcbbe1a77lCURXvPKRmAe.rar) 文件大小：48.79 MB
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6） 【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it
如何学习写英文作文（四）：怎样写出正确的句子 杜昶旭 写在前面：对于如何写出正确的句子的方法，我在最近几年的托福课以及今年的GRE课上都做过一些阐述，其中在托福阅读课中讲的更加具体和详细，在GRE填空课上只是稍微做了一点分析，没有给出具体的方法。所以，希望以此文，来告诉大家正确的句子写作训练的方法。 在过去若干年我所见到的英文写作课上，很多老师都乐此不疲地在教育学生如何写出“漂亮”的句子，其理由是：在文章中有一些“漂亮”的句子，会让文章出彩，成为文章的“亮点”，从而获得读者的青睐，在考试中也就更容易得到高分。这个理由看起来貌似没什么问题，的确，在文章中写出“漂亮”的句子不是一件坏事儿，但是关键在于：什么是“漂亮”的句子？他们的定义大体上可以概括成两点，一是句子一定要有长度，太短的句子是不会吸引人的。二是句子一定要有一定的“难词”，全是“低级”词汇是不会让句子出彩的。可是，事实真的如此么？我顺手拿起桌子上的一本书，随便翻开了一页，并且仔细地阅读了一下这一页，发现几乎每一个句子都没有超过两行，并且也没见到那种令人“毛骨悚然”的“高级词汇”。再随便摘抄一句，是这么写的“Of course, before you can attend to the relationship between evidence and claims, you first have to make sure to include both of them."按照很多老师的观点，估计这句话要被嘲笑得土的掉渣，因为像of course, you first...., make sure之类的用法都是简单得令人发指，是一定要被换掉的。可是我们不妨思考一个问题，这句话的意思是不是很清楚呢？显然，答案是不言而喻的。有的人可能开始怀疑这本书是不是写给中小学生的，我可以告诉你，它的名字叫”Writing Analytically (The 5th Edition)". 我遇到很多美国或者英国的教授，他们向我抱怨说中国学生写的文章非常冗长，表达意思不清楚，读者并不知道他们想传递什么样的意思。而这些教授在修改中国同学写的论文的时候，最常做的事情，就是找着这些学生，一个句子一个句子地指着问他们："What does it mean?"然后，很淡定地把所有的“长句”修改成“短句”，把所有的“牛逼词”改成“傻逼词”。很多同学直到被教授这样折磨了无数次以后才发现，原来简单才是美，准确才是美。所以，在句子表达的过程中，简
0308 托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that
托福IBT必备资料 （百度文库） 本文档属于我的《托福IBT必备资料》文辑，这个文档中我列举了分类精选出的百度文库上下载次数最多的托福IBT学习资料的链接。整理时间为2010年12月11日。这样大家可节省出搜索的时间，用于复习。 另有一个文档名为《托福IBT复习方法》，属于我的《托福IBT复习方法》文辑，是分类精选了百度文库上下载次数最多的IBT复习方法。 综合 北京新东方全部托福资料 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/32acfed6195f312b3169a5b5.html 托福背景知识 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/bb6a072ded630b1c59eeb584.html [托福官方指南第三版].The.Official.Guide. 机经 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/c8abe53a580216fc700afd2f.html 新托福橘宝书(完整版机经) https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/db70db7931b765ce05081464.html 托福机经2006年-2009年11月托福大陆机经 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/106dfff67c1cfad6195fa780.html 托福机经2008年 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/012aba956bec0975f465e26d.html 托福机经2008年（北美） https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/8369a76925c52cc58bd6be11.html 托福机经2009年 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/9d2f8bd6195f312b3169a531.html 托福机经2008年6月-2010年5月王京竹精准机经5.23版 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/3b1cf81755270722192ef71f.html 托福机经2010年上半年度分类机经 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/93bb3fd97f1922791688e8a4.html 托福机经2010年上半年托(大陆和北美) https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/874c4760ddccda38376baf75.html 托福机经2010年11-12月汇总(钟会之和王京竹) https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/87b51d4733687e21af45a9fe.html 王京竹老师整理托福经典加试题机经 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/9295a45abe23482fb4da4c48.html 托福加试机经 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3813841683.html,/view/c59de56925c52cc58bd6bee5.html
托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（3） Questions 12-21 The Moon has been worshipped by primitive peoples and has inspired humans to create everything from lunar calendars to love sonnets, but what do we really know about it? The most accepted theory about the origin of the Moon is that it was formed of the debris from a massive collision with the young Earth about 4.6 billion years ago. A huge body, perhaps the size of Mars, struck the Earth, throwing out an immense amount of debris that coalesced and cooled in orbit around the Earth. The development of Earth is inextricably linked to the moon; the Moon’s gravitational influence upon the Earth is the primary cause of ocean tides. In fact, the Moon has more than twice the effect upon the tides than does the Sun. The Moon makes one rotation and completes a revolution around the Earth every 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. This synchronous rotation is caused by an uneven distribution of mass in the Moon (essentially, it is heavier on one side than the other) and has allowed the Earth’s gravity to keep one side of the Moon permanently facing Earth. It is an average distance from Earth of 384,403 km. The Moon has no atmosphere; without an atmosphere, the Moon has nothing to protect it from meteorite impacts, and thus the surface of the Moon is covered with impact craters, both large and small. The Moon also has no active tectonic or volcanic activity, so the erosive effects of atmospheric weathering, tectonic shifts, and volcanic upheavals that tend to erase and reform the Earth’s surface features are not at work on the Moon. In fact, even tiny surface features such as the footprint left by an astronaut in the lunar soil are likely to last for millions of years, unless obliterated by a chance meteorite strike. The surface gravity of the Moon is about one-sixth that of the Earth’s. Therefore, a man weighing 82 kilograms on Earth would only weigh 14 kilograms on the Moon. The geographical features of the Earth most like that of the Moon are, in fact, places such as the Hawaiian volcanic craters and the huge meteor crater in Arizona. The climate of the Moon is very unlike either Hawaii or Arizona, however; in fact the temperature on the Moon ranges between 123 degrees C. to –233 degrees C.