英语语言学试题A卷及答案（重庆三峡学院）
I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）
1）duality 2）displacement 3）phonology 4）morphology 5）concord6）endocentric construction 7）hyponymy 8）pragmatics9）illocutionary force
10) error analysis
II. Translation （0.5%×20=10%）
Translate the following terms into Chinese：（0.5%×10=5%）
1）affricate 2）distinctive feature3）parole 4）generative grammar
5）bilingualism 6）felicity condition 7）design feature8）denotation9）labiodental10）linguistic relativity
Translate the following terms into English：（0.5%×10=5%）
11）人际功能12）真值条件13）女性语域14）音节划分15）结构主义
16）社会语言学17）论元18）单元音19）衔接 20）对比分析
III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A，B，C or D on the answer sheet. （1%×20=20%）
1）. language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.
A. cultural
B. conventional
C. decoded
D. vocal
2）. A word with several meanings is called _________.
A. an abnormal word
B. a polysemous word
C. a synonymous word
D. none of the above
3）. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n）__________.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form
4）. The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
5）. “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.
A. entails
B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with
D. is synonymous with
6）. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.
X：Who was that you were with last night？
Y：Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
7）“Can I borrow your bike？” _____“You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes8）The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.
A. synchronic
B. historic
C. diachronic
D. descriptive
9）Which of the following is a typical tone language？
A. English
B. Chinese
C. French
D. All of the above
10）Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.
A. phonemic contrast
B. complementary distribution
C. minimal pair
D. none of the above
11）In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.
A. palatal
B. alveolar
C. bilabial
D. dental
12）Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.
A. L. Bloomfield
B. N. Chomsky
C. F. Saussure
D. M. A. K. Halliday
13）Which of the following is a correct description of reference？
A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaning
B. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expression
C. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that object
D. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items
14）What is function of the sentence “How do you do’？
A. Directive
B. Phatic
C. Informative
D. Evocative
15）In the following sounds，________is a central vowel.
A. /?/
B. /u/
C. /?/
D. /з/
16）Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system？
A. Chinese
B. Japanese
C. English
D. French
17）Which description of the m eaning components of the word “father” is right？
A. [+human，+adult，-male]
B. [+human，-adult，+male]
C. [–human，+adult，-male]
D. [+human，+adult，+male]
18）Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A. meaning
B. context
C. form
D. content
19）Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological，morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.
A. rule-governed
B. systematic
C. arbitrary
D. both A and B
20）“Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _________.
A. an overheated animal
B. a kind of food
C. a barking dog
D. a dead dog
IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（15 pts，1 point for each）
Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）
1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.
2) According to N. Chomsky，“competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.
3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.
4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.
6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.
7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.
8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
9) According to semantic triangle，there is no direct link between a symbol and referent，
i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.
10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.
11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.
12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
14) Social dialects，or sociolects，are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.
V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）
1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics，auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.
2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.
3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.
4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
5) The nou n “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.
6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.
7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.
8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.
9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative，the greater their structureal differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.
10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.
VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（2.5%×2=5%）
1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.
2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.
VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）
1) What functions does language have？Give some examples. （5 points）
2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning. （5 points）
3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics？（2.5 points）
4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics？（3.5 points）
5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning？（4 points）
参考答案
I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）
1）duality：The property of having two levels of structures，such that the units of the primary level
are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
2）displacement：It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects，events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.
3）phonology： A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.
4）morphology： A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.
5）concord：The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
6）endocentric construction：A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.
7）hyponymy：It refers to meaning inclusiveness，that is，the sense relation between a more general，more inclusive word and a more specific word.
8）pragmatics：It refers to the study of language in use.
9）illocutionary force：It refers to the speaker’s meaning，contextual meaning，or extra meaning.
11) error analysis：It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.
II.Translate the following terms：（0.5%×20=10%）
Translate the following terms into Chinese：（0.5%×10=5%）
1）塞擦音2）区别性特征3）言语4）生成语法5）双语现象
6）适切条件7）结构特征8）外延9）唇齿音10）语言相对论Translate the following terms into English：（0.5%×10=5%）
11）interpersonal function 12）truth condition 13）women register 14）syllabification 15）structuralism16）sociolinguistics 17）argument 18）monophthong 19）cohesion 20）contrastive analysis
III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）
1-5DBCCA6-10CDABB 11-15 BBCBA16-20 BDBDB
IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. （1%×15=15%）
1-5FFFFF6-10FFFTT11-15 FTFTF
V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. （1%×10=10%）
1）articulatory 2）writing 3）syntax 4）contituent 5）homograph
6）broad 7）context 8）receiver9）hypothesis 10）Speech
VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（2.5%×2=5%）
1) The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.
The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.
2) The boy saw the man who had a telescope.
Using the telescope，the boy saw the man.
VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）
6) （5 points）Language functions include informative function，interpersonal function，performative function，emotive function，phatic communion，recreational function and metalingual function.
Examples：omitted.
7) （5 points）The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized，while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning；it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication，or simply in a context.
8) （2.5 points）Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sings. To communicate ideas，signs must be part of a system of signs，called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified. He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign，on the relational nature of linguistic units，on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics，etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
9) （3.5 points）Conceptual meaning；connotative meaning；social meaning；affective meaning；reflected meaning；collocative meaning；thematic meaning；
10) （4 points）Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered first. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides，applying linguistic
analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is __________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? — A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. 15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 丄定义 语言学Linguistics Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scientific study of la nguage. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics 语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of Ianguage as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （咅位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax （句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of mea ning in con text of use is called pragmatics ?（语用学） 1.1.3Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive? The task of linguists is supposed to describe the Ianguage people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not. 规定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for "correct" behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the Ianguage people actually use? （2）Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时 The description of a Ianguage at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a lang uage as it cha nges through time is a diachr onic study .In modern linguistics, syn chr onic study is more important? 历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time? a diachronic study of Ianguage is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given Ianguage at a given time. （3）Speech and writing 口头语与书面语
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/329589013.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题 参考答案 Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the propertie s and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est. The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, and
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang
英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called