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On the Evolutionary Status of Extremely Hot Helium Stars - are O(He) Stars Successors of RC

On the Evolutionary Status of Extremely Hot Helium Stars - are O(He) Stars Successors of RC
On the Evolutionary Status of Extremely Hot Helium Stars - are O(He) Stars Successors of RC

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Astrophysics in the Far Ultraviolet

ASP Conference Series,Vol.**VOLUME**,YEAR Sonneborn,Moos &Andersson On the Evolutionary Status of Extremely Hot Helium Stars —are O(He)Stars Successors of RCrB Stars?T.Rauch Dr.-Remeis-Sternwarte,96049Bamberg,Germany Institut f¨u r Astronomie und Astrophysik,72076T¨u bingen,Germany E.Rei?,K.Werner Institut f¨u r Astronomie und Astrophysik,72076T¨u bingen,Germany F.Herwig Los Alamos National Laboratory,NM,U.S.A.L.Koesterke Goddard Space Flight Center,Greenbelt,MD,U.S.A.J.W.Kruk Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,MD,U.S.A.Abstract.95%of all stars end their lives as white dwarfs.About 20%of the hot post-AGB stars are hydrogen de?cient.Most of these are the result of a late helium-shell ?ash,but the evolutionary status of a fraction of about 10–20%of the hottest hydrogen-de?cient stars,namely four O(He)stars,is as yet unexplained.They could be the long-searched hot successors of RCrB stars,which have not been identi?ed up to now.If this turns out to be true,then a third post-AGB evolutionary sequence is revealed,which is probably the result of a double degenerate merging process.More generally,understanding details of merging double degenerate stars is of interest in the context of SN Ia events and hence cosmology.

1.Introduction

Quantitative spectral analyses of hot hydrogen-de?cient post-AGB stars per-formed by our groups during the last decade have revealed two distinct evolution-ary sequences.Besides the well-known “usual”hydrogen-rich sequence which is established by central stars of planetary nebulae from early post-AGB until the hot white dwarf stages,a hydrogen-de?cient sequence has been discovered.It is composed of Wolf-Rayet type central stars which evolve into PG1159-stars and ?nally might evolve into non-DA white dwarfs.Our analyses reveal that the atmospheres of the hydrogen-de?cient stars are dominated by carbon,he-lium,and oxygen (see reviews by Werner 2001,and Koesterke 2001).A typical abundance pattern is He:C:O =33:50:17(by mass),which is for example found

1

2Rauch et al.

for the prototype PG1159-035.It has long been argued that these stars are the result of a late helium-shell?ash(late thermal pulse,LTP).The occurrence of such a?ash(the re-ignition of helium-shell burning in a post-AGB star or white dwarf),has been predicted in earlier investigations by Iben et al.(1983).But only recently we were able to quantitatively explain the observed surface chem-istry with evolutionary models(Herwig et al.1999).Flash induced envelope mixing causes ingestion and burning of hydrogen.At the same time,the star evolves back onto the AGB(“born-again AGB star”)and retraces post-AGB evolution for a second time,but now as a hydrogen-de?cient star.Prominent examples for ongoing“born-again”events are FG Sge and Sakurai’s object.

During the course of our studies of hydrogen-de?cient post-AGB stars we have identi?ed a small group of four extremely hot objects which have almost pure helium line spectra in the optical.These are classi?ed as O(He)stars fol-lowing M′e ndez(1991).Our analyses indeed?nd helium dominated atmospheres with trace amounts of CNO elements,if detectable at all(Tab.1).While our evo-lutionary models can explain the rich diversity of di?erent He/C/O patterns in Wolf-Rayet and PG1159-stars,they never result in such helium-dominated sur-face abundances.It is therefore natural to speculate on the existence of a third post-AGB evolutionary sequence and its origin.Our extremely hot helium-rich stars could be the long-searched progeny of the RCrB stars,which are relatively cool(T e?around10000K)stars with helium-dominated atmospheres,too.

Table1.Parameters of the four known O(He)stars,determined by our

analyses of optical spectra(Rauch et al.1998).Typical uncertainties are:

T e?±10%,log g±0.5dex,abundance ratios±0.3dex.For comparison,the

last two lines give the mean element abundances of the majority RCrB stars

and the peculiar RCrB star V854Cen,respectively(Rao&Lambert1996).

The scatter around the mean C,N,O,and Si abundances is±0.15,±0.21,

±0.46,±0.18dex,respectively.

kK cgs number ratio

majority RCrB<0.00010.0100.0040.005

V854Cen0.50.0300.00030.003

O(He)stars 3

because detailed theoretical predictions for abundances resulting from a merger event are not available.The element abundances in RCrB stars are well studied (Tab.1).

2.Analysis of FUSE spectra and conclusions

FUSE spectra of all O(He)stars have been taken during Cycle 2.These have been analyzed using wind models.No signi?cant wind features are detected neither in the observation nor in the model spectra (Fig.1).Thus,the mass-loss rates of O(He)stars are not higher than predicted by radiative-driven wind theory and a change of the surface composition due to the stellar wind is unlikely.Unfortunately,the FUSE spectra do not show isolated metal lines and thus,allow to determine upper limits for abundances only (ongoing study).

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11010102010301040

wavelength / A o r e l a t i v e f l u x Figure 1.Section of the FUSE spectra (around the O vi λλ1031.9,1037.6?A resonance doublet)of HS 1522+6615,the central stars of LoTr 4and K 1-27,and HS 2209+8229(top to bottom)compared with synthetic spectra which consider mass loss as predicted by Pauldrach et al.(1988)with mass-loss rates of log ˙M/M ⊙/yr =?7.6,?7.7,?9.1,?9.7,respectively.The emission features found in the spectra are due to airglow,and the absorption features not found in the models are interstellar,predominantly H 2

Acknowledgments.

T.R.is supported by the DLR under grant 50OR 0201.

References Herwig,F.,Bl¨o cker,T.,Langer,N.,&Driebe,T.1999,A&A 349,L 5Iben,I.Jr.,Kaler,J.B.,Truran,J.W.,&Renzini,A.1983,ApJ 264,605Koesterke,L.2001,Ap&SS 275,41M′e ndez,R.H.1991,IAU Symp.145,Kluwer,Dordrecht,p.375Pauldrach,A.,Puls,J.,Kudritzki,R.P.,M′e ndez,R.H.,&Heap,S.R.1988,A&A 207,123Rao,N.K.,&Lambert,D.L.1996,ASP Conference Series 96,39Rauch,T.,Dreizler,S.,&Wol?,B.1998,A&A 338,651Werner,K.2001,Ap&SS 275,27

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当悲剧毒菇的所有蘑菇树都变为最大而且所有蘑菇树都存在的时候,它的护甲会夸张的上升到99%! 这简直是夸张的一个Boss,难度无法想象! 当你过了很久很久很久终于打完后,他的掉落物如下:

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这是开始界面: 一汉化游戏方法 从我这下载的游戏是英文的需要使用游戏带的mod改成中文方法如下: 1.开始界面点击Play! 会弹出一个对话框(这是Steam登录用的我们登录不上) 2.点击Play Offline(离线登录) 3.菜单页面点击Mods

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