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高升专串讲英语语法重点知识点

高升专串讲英语语法重点知识点
高升专串讲英语语法重点知识点

现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作,有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。

How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样?

Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。

They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn.

今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。

4、过去进行时:

概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that

time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

基本结构:was/were+doing

否定形式:was/were + not + doing.

一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。

过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的,主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。

At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.

那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。

They took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building.

他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。

5、现在完成时:

概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.

基本结构:have/has + done

否定形式:have/has + not +done.

一般疑问句:have或has。

现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如:

Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。

The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.

这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。

注意:过去时和现在完成时的区别:

现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系,或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况,或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况,与现在没有任何联系。如:

Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees.

到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。

I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。

6、过去完成时:

概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。

时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.

基本结构:had + done.

否定形式:had + not + done.

一般疑问句:had放于句首。

过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成,主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态,其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。

一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。

8、过去将来时:

概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。

时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.

基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.

否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.

一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should+ not + do.

一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成,主要表示过去某一段时间将来要发生的事情。

9、动词语态

英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的,用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系,英语的动词有两种语态形式,即主动语态和被动语态。

如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词用被动语态。如:

They speak English.他们讲英语。

主语“他们”是“讲”这一行为的执行者,是主动句,动词用主动语态来表示;

English is spoken by them.英语由他们讲。

主语“英语”是“讲”的承受者,是被动句,动词用被动语态的形式。

He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。(主动语态)

The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。(被动语态)

?被动语态的构成

?助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词构成动词的被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。

?主动语态变被动语态

(1)主动语态变为被动语态的步骤:

 1)将主动句的宾语变为主语:

 注意:如果主动句的宾语是代词,需将其由宾格变为主格。如:

 Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.

主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。

 2)将动词改为"be+过去分词"。

 They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday.

 他们昨天开会了。

 3)将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。

 注意:如果原主语是代词,则应由主格变为宾格。

 He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.

(2)主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项:

 

 Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。

 We were told the truth by Jack.

 The truth was told (to) us by Jack.

?各种时态的被动语态

?一般现在时:am/is/are +过去分词

We are taught English by her.由她教我们英语。

?一般过去时:was/were+过去分词

A present was given to me by Mary.玛丽给了我一件礼物。

?一般将来时:will be+过去分词

The desk will be mended by him.这张桌子将由他修理。

?现在进行时:am/is/are +being + 过去分词

The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墙壁。

?过去进行时:was/were +being + 过去分词

The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候正在作报告。

?现在完成时:have/has been+过去分词

The flowers have been watered.这些花已经被浇了。

?过去完成时:had been+过去分词

She said this lift had never been used.

?过去将来时:would be+过去分词

The film would be shown again sometime next week.

这部电影下周的某个时候又将上映。

(3)含有情态动词的被动语态

 

情态动词的被动语态结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,"be+过去分词"部分不变。如:

 Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。

 Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。(一般过去时) Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗?(疑问句)

?被动语态的特殊用法

?不及物动词不用于被动语态。

Appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等不及物动词不能用于被动语态。

?表状态动词不用于被动语态

常见的有:hold, have, cost, contain, become, ail, look like等

?某些动词的进行时可表被动

The meat is cooking.肉在煮着。

The cakes are baking,蛋糕在烘。

The book is printing.这本书正在印刷。

?主动形式表被动意义。

1)某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义。如:look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等

Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy.她的卧室看起来非常干净和整洁。

四、强调句型

“强调”就是使句子的某一部分比一般情况下显得更加重要。英语表达中,要强调句子的

某一成分,一般可用强调句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分”。It在句中无意义,只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时

,除可用that外,还可换用who(强调宾语指人时也可用whom)。使用强调句型时,应注意以下事项:

1.去掉强调结构It is (was) … that(who)…后,剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子。这是判断是不是强调句型的关键。试比较:

1). It is strange that he didn’t come yesterday.

2). It is you and Tom that didn’t come yesterday.

显然,句1去掉It is… that …后,句子结构不完整,是主语从句;句2去掉It is … that …后,句子变为you and Tom didn’t come yesterday. 仍是一个表意完整的句子,这是一个强调句。再如:

1). It is what you do rather than what you say ____matters. (05天津)

A.that

B. what

C.which

D. this

2). That was really asplendid evening. It’s years ____I enjoyed myself somuch.

A.when

B. that

C.before

D.since (05安徽)

2.如果强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时,不可用when, where, why或how,而仍用that。试比较:It was because of the accident why he was late. (误), It was because of the accident that he was late. (正)。又如:

1). It was not until midnight____they reached the camp site. (08重庆)

A. that

B. when

C. while

D. as

2). It was after he got what he had desired ____he realized it was not so important. (06辽宁)

A. that

B. when

C. since

D. as

3). It was in NewZealand ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. (08全国II)

A. that

B.how

C.which

D. when

3.注意强调句型的否定句和疑问句形式,在这方面很容易因弄不清句子结构而错选。如:

1). I just wonder ____that makes him so excited. (06山东)

A. why it does

B. what he does

C. how it is

D. what it is

2). It was not until she got home ____Jennifer realized she had lost herkeys.

A. when

B. that

C.where

D.before (06全国卷二)

4.强调主语时,that或who后面的谓语动词的形式仍然取决于原句中的主语;be的变化只有i s和was两种形式,如果要表示现在时将来时的其它各种形式时,就用It is…, 表达过去时的各种形式时,用It was….一般要与谓语动词的时态一致。如:

1). It is I who/ that am an English teacher.

2). It is the boy who/ that speaks English best in theclass.

3). It was on Sunday that he gave George this ticket.

4). It is the little girl who/ that has broken the glass.

5.在复习中有可能把It is/ was…that句式都误认为是强调句型的几种情况:

1)、把具有实际意义的指示代词it后面接is/was…that误认为是强调句式。

--- Where did you get to know her? (07山东)

A.that B.there C.which D.where

2)、把it指时间、天气、距离、环境等后接be的情形误以为是强调句型。

It was twenty miles from our city to the village ____the accidenthappened.

A. that

B.when

C. then

D.where

3)、把It is/ was…that结构的主语从句误认为是强调句型。

The Foreign Minister said, “____our hope that the two sides willwork towardspeace.” (04北京)

A. This is

B. There is

C. Thatis

D. It is

4)、____ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to astronger, more prosperous economy

A. As

B. That

C. This

D.It (06浙江)

强调句型It is/ was… that/ who主要用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语或表语。如果要强调谓语动词,应该用代动词do 及其变形does或did,这三种形式常用在谓语动词之前,以加强语气。它一般只能强调现在时与过去时。如:

I do wish I could. 我真希望我能。

He does look well. 他的确看起来气色很好。

You did give me a fright. 你真把我给吓了一跳。

五、倒装句型

倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装

1 倒装句之全部倒装

 

全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:

 1)here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如:

Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。

Here is your letter. 你的信。

 2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如:

Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。

Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。

 

注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如:

Here he comes. 他来了。

Away they went. 他们走开了。

2 倒装句之部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。

 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time决不, in no way, not until… 等。例如:

Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。

当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如:

典型例题

1) Why can't I smoke here?

At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted

B. smoking is permitted

C. smoking is it permitted

D. does smoking permit

2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A. man did know

B. man know

C. didn't man know

D. did man know

2. 以否定词开头作部分倒装

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等,要倒装。例如:

Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。

No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。

典型例题

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began

B. has the game begun

C. did the game begin

D. had the game begun

3. so, neither, nor作部分倒装

 用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。例如:

Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语,杰克也会。

If you won't go, neither will I.你不去,我也不去。

典型例题

---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

---I don't know, _____.

A. nor don't I care

B. nor do I care

C. I don't care neither

D. I don't care also

 

注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如:

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球,我去了。

---It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。

4 only在句首倒装的情况。例如:

Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样,你才能学好英语。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次,他才来参加会议。

 如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如:

Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时,他才卧床休息。

5 as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。但需注意:

2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如:

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

他工作很努力,但总不能让人满意。

注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是though 和yet可连用。

6 其他部分倒装

1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。例如:

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很,动也不敢动。

2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如:

May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。

3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如:

Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话,就再试一次。

典型例题:

1)Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is

A. man did know

B. man knew

C. didn't man know

D. did man know

2)Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. 

A. didn't I realize

B. did I realize

C. I didn't realize

D. I realize

3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?

I don't know, ___.

A. nor don't I care

B. nor do I care

C. I don't care neither

D. I don't care also

六、从句中选择关系词题

(重点在定语从句)

?主语从句

?表语从句

?宾语从句

?同位语从句

?定语从句

?状语从句

定语从句

(四)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句

形式上:不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。

意义上:是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。

译法上:译成先行词的定语:“...的”

关系词的使用上:A.作宾语时可省略 B.可用that C.可用who 代替whom

非限制性定语从句

形式上:用逗号“,”与主句隔开。

意义上:只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。

译法上:通常译成主句的并列句。

关系词的使用上:A.不可省略 B.不用that C.不可用who 代替whom

限制性定语从句举例:

The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。

China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。

In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。

非限制性定语从句举例:

His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。

China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的,现在正变得越来越强大。

Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every y ear. 去年夏天,我参观了人民大会堂,在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。 

(五)限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况

1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如:

Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗?

There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。

All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。

There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。

He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。

注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如:

Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样

(六) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。如:

The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。

I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。

(七)以下情况只用which:

(1)引导词前有介词且先行词指物:

This is the house in which I’m living.

这就是我住的房子。

(2)非限制性定语从句中:

He bought a new computer, which can work faster and better.

他买了台新电脑,这台电脑可以工作得更快更好。

(八)以下情况只用who/whom

(1)先行词是anyone ,anybody ,one ,ones ,those等;

Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

任何违法之人都将受到处罚。

(2)在there be 结构中,先行词指人时,关系代词用who;

There are some boys who are playing basketball on the playgroung.

操场上有些在打篮球的男孩。

七、虚拟语气

第一节语气

The football fans of act as if they were crazy. 那些足球迷们经常就像疯了似的。(act与were发生在同一时间平面上)

Yesterday the local football fans acted as if they were crazy. (acted与were同时发生)

He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。(had happened 先于behaved发生)

He often talks about London as though he had been there. (had been there发生在talkes之前)

他常常谈起伦敦,就好像他去过那里似的。

She often talks and talks as if she would never stop. (would never stop后于talks and talks 发生)

她常常讲起来没完没了。

She cries as if her heart would break. (would break 后于cried 发生) 他哭得心都要碎了。

Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.

Even if I had been busy then, I would have helped you.

5. 虚拟语气在in order that,so that,in case,lest,for fear that引导的目的状语从句中的应用,从句中的谓语动词用"may(might)+动词原形"或"should +动词原形"。在以lest引导的从句中,谓语动词用"should+动词原形"。例如:

He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.他拿上了雨衣以防下雨。

He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again. 他被处以惩罚以免他再犯。

He put his coat over the child for fear that he(should) catch cold.他把外套给孩子穿上以防孩子感冒。

第六节情态动词+ have done

could have done 本来可以-

might have done 本来可能 - - -

should / ought to have done 本来应该做 - - -

shouldn’t / ought not to have done 本不该做 - -

你本不应该告诉她真相。

You shouldn’t have told her the truth .

needn’t have done 本不必做 - - -

比较:didn’t need to do 没必要做也没有做 - - -

我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了

I didn’t need to clean the windows . My brother did it.

would have done 本来会去做----

我没有足够的钱.否则我会买那本书的.

I didn’t have enough money, otherwise I would have bought that book.

八、情态动词题

情态动词表推测的用法小结

现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)

(5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)

她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。

(6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. (虚拟)

汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。

九、形容词比较急、最高级、倍数表达

形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的句子公式:

比较级

形容词物体A + am / are / is + 形比 + than + 物体B.

I am taller than you.

Pasta is more delicious than pizza.

副词物体A + 行为动词 + 副比 + than + 物体B.

Cheetahs run faster than goats.

He studies better than me.

最高级

1)物体A + am / are / is + the + 形最高级 + 比较范围(of + 人/物,in +

地方).

I am the tallest in the class.

Pasta is the most delicious food of the three.

2)物体A + 行为动词 + 副词最高级 + 比较范围(of + 人/物,in + 地方).

Cheetahs run fastest in the world.

He studies best of us.

倍数

A是B的几倍长(宽,高,大,重等)” :

1.“A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级 + as + B”。如:

This tree is three times as tall as that one.

His father is twice as old as he.

2.“A + be + 倍数 + 计量形容词比较级 + than + B ”。如:

The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.

3.“A + be + 倍数 + the + 计量名词 + of + B ”。如:

The newly broadened square id four times the size of the previous one.

4.“The + 计量名词 + of + A + be + 倍数 + that + of + B ”如:

The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one.

more than ... as ... as

结构∶more than+倍数词+as+形容词/副词+as

说明∶此句型意为“是…的几倍还不止”。“两倍”是twice,而三倍以上的“倍”,通常用times。 He is more than three times as rich as I. (=He is three times richer than I.)

他的财富是我的三倍还不止。

He studies more than three times as hard as I. 他用功的程度是我的三倍还不止。

I am more than twice as old as he. 我的年龄是他的两倍还不止。

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