Sandy desertification in the north of China

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Prime Minister is very concerned about environmental problems in H e x i c o r r i d o r
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The biological environment of the Hexi Corridor is sensitive to changes in hydrological regimes as water supply to oases and desert rivers is mostly limited to that flowing northwards from the Qilian Mountains.

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The agriculture of oasis
At the foot of the Qilian Mountains
The Hexi Corridor area has a long history of irrigated agriculture，which is an important agricultural areas in Gansu Province. It is the most important commodity grain base in the northwest region and the concentration of economic crop producing areas.

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Environmental problem of the Hexi Corridor

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The Hexi Corridor area

最新七年级英语下册阅读理解点+例题-全面解析一、七年级英语下册阅读理解专项目练习（含答案解析）1．根据短文内容，完成下列小题。

Canadian Geese are large blue and white birds. When autumn comes, they have to fly southwhere the weather is warmer. The winters are so cold in Canada that the birds will die if they stay there.Last spring, Bill Lishman found sixteen young Canadian Geese on his farm. They had lost their parents. Bill thought, "These young birds won't know what to do in the autumn." He had a smallplane and he decided to teach the birds to follow him. All through the summer, he went on shorttrips in his plane and the young geese flew after him.When the cold weather arrived in the autumn, Bill flew to Virginia in the United States, 600miles south of his home in Canada. The geese followed him all the way. Bill left the geese in Virginia and he returned home.This spring, Bill was waiting for the birds to come back. They didn't arrive, so Bill flew to Virginia to get them. He looked for them for two weeks, but he couldn't find them. When he arrived back home, he found the geese waiting for him. They had found their way home withouthim!（1）What will happen to the geese if they stay in Canada in the winter?（2）Where did Bill find sixteen young geese last spring?（3）Is it 600 kilometers from Bill's home to Virginia?（4）How long did it take Bill to look for the geese in Virginia?（5）The geese found their way home by themselves, didn't they?【答案】（1）They will die.（2）On his farm.（3）No, it isn't.（4）For two weeks.（5）Yes, they did.【解析】【分析】1.文章第一段The winters are so cold in Canada that the birds will die if theystay there.“加拿大的冬天非常的冷，如果鸟类在冬天一直待在那里，将会死掉”。

第 ２６ 卷 第 ５ 期 ２０１９ 年 １０ 月
水土保持研究 Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｏｆ Ｓｏｉｌ ａｎｄ Ｗａｔｅｒ Ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ
Ｖｏｌ．２６，Ｎｏ．５ Ｏｃｔ．，２０１９
毛乌素沙地近３０年沙漠化土地时空动态演变格局
韩雪莹１，杨 光１，秦富仓１，贾光普１，凌 侠１，高 岗２
（１．内蒙古农业大学 沙漠治理学院，呼和浩特 ０１００１８；２．呼和浩特市林业局，呼和浩特 ０１００２０）
摘 要：应用１９９０—２０１７年７期遥感影像作为数据源，通过计算沙漠化指数和沙漠化重心迁移等指标，对毛乌素沙 地 近３０年沙漠化时空动态演变格局进行了研究。结果表明：（１）１９９０—２０１７ 年 沙 漠 化 程 度 处 于 逆 转 趋 势，沙 漠 化 土 地 面 积共减少１ ６８４．０９ｋｍ２，平均６２．３７ｋｍ２／ａ的沙漠化土地得到有效的治理。（２）阶段性平均沙漠化指数１９９０—２０００ 年（快速发展）为２．４５，２０００—２０１０年 （快 速 逆 转）为 ２．３０；２０１０—２０１７ 年 （稳 定 逆 转 ）为 ２．０１，沙 漠 化 程 度 明 显 减 轻。 （３）１９９０—２０１７年，极重度沙漠化土地重心向西迁移３．４２ｋｍ；重度沙漠化土地重心向西北方向迁移８．８０ｋｍ；中度 沙 漠化土地重心向西北偏移 ５．４２ｋｍ；轻度沙漠化土地重心向东南方向延伸９．９０ｋｍ。沙漠化土地重心由西向东依 次 为 极重度沙漠化 、重度沙漠化、中度沙漠化、轻度沙漠化，在沙漠化治 理 与 防 治 过 程 中，应 根 据 不 同 沙 漠 化 土 地 类 型 而 采 取不同的治理对策 ，做到因地制宜，合理有效地改善沙区环境。 关 键 词 ：毛 乌 素 沙 地 ；沙 漠 化 ；动 态 变 化 ；重 心 迁 移 中 图 分 类 号 ：Ｐ９４１．７３ 文 献 标 识 码 ：Ａ 文 章 编 号 ：１００５－３４０９（２０１９）０５－０１４４－０７ DOI:10.13869/ki.rswc.2019.05.022

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分别对应植被盖度为>50%、30%~40%、20%~30%和<10%[22]。李森等在西藏高原荒漠化 土地分类分级体系中，把固定沙地、半固定沙地、半流动沙地和流动沙地对应的植被盖 度分别定义为 30%~50%、10%~30%、5%~10%和＜5%[23]。除了根据沙地流动性特征对沙 地分类细化外，也存在沙地分类简化的现象，如王文丽等对若尔盖高原沙地面积变化进 行了监测中所指沙地仅为流动沙地[24]。
半固定沙地和固定沙地，这是中国当前沙地分类中应用最广泛的方法。1957-1958 年中国
科学院与前苏联科学院合作组织了沙漠综合考察，考察中根据沙地的流动性把沙丘分为
流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘等类型[5]。1959 年 5-6 月间中国科学院治沙队对内蒙古
小腾格里沙地综合考察中仍采用沙地流动性分类法对小腾格里沙地自然景观进行了分
35%以上，丘表风沙流活动 并不很显著。吴正等和国家 林业局对沙地流动性分类分 别提出了具有代表性的植被 盖度指标[1,15,16] （表 1）。
20 世纪 70 年代随着遥感 技术的发展，宏观性、经济 性和动态性等优势使遥感技
表 1 不同流动性沙地对应的植被盖度等级 （%）
Tab. 1 Vegetation coverage levels for different mobility of sandy land (%)
广大学者也多采用固定、半固定和流动沙地等类型进行沙地研究。在流动沙丘定性描述
和根据植被盖度进行沙地类型划分方面，朱震达认为流动沙丘是指沙丘表面植被稀疏，
一般覆盖度＜15%，风沙流的活动极其显著；半固定沙丘ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ（地） 系指丘表植被覆盖度
15%~35%，流沙呈斑点状分布，有风沙活动现象但不很严重；固定沙丘的植被覆盖度在

飓风“桑迪”热词飓风“桑迪”于美国东部时间29日晚8时许(北京时间30日上午8时许)在美国新泽西州海岸登陆。

目前“桑迪”仍在纽约等地肆虐。

Hurricane Sandy, one of the biggest storms ever to hit the United States, lashed the densely populated East Coast on Monday, shutting down transportation, forcing evacuations in flood-prone areas and interrupting the presidential campaign.飓风“桑迪”于周一席卷了人口密集的东海岸，致使交通停运、有洪灾风险的地区被迫清空，同时也使总统竞选活动受到影响。

“桑迪”是美国历史上最大的风暴之一。

Hurricane Sandy（飓风“桑迪”）带来的fierce winds（强风）、heavy rainfall（强降雨）和flooding（洪水）导致不少地区出现long power outages（长时间停电）情况，美国联邦政府、学校以及股市均因飓风关闭。

纽约、华盛顿、费城等population center（人口中心）均为“桑迪”的target area（袭击目标）。

有风险预测公司称，此次飓风造成的economic loss（经济损失）可能高达200亿美元。

台风（typhoon）和飓风（hurricane）是热带气旋（tropical cyclone）中强度最强的一级，因所在海域不同而名称各异，发生在印度洋和大西洋上的称为飓风．发生在西北太平洋上的叫台风。

相关词汇:typhoon 台风high wind 狂风tropical cyclone 热带气旋tropical depression 热带低压eye 风眼heavy rain 大雨、暴雨torrential rain 倾盆大雨storm track 风暴路径orange alert 橙色预警red alert 红色预警safety precaution 安全预防措施tropical storm 热带风暴ebb away 衰退，渐逝power line 输电线warning system 报警系统traffic safety 交通（行车）安全early warning 早期预警densely-populated 人口密集的evacuation 撤离、疏散coastal areas 沿海地区direct economic loss 直接经济损失emergency response plan 应急预案breached dike 决口堤岸landslide 滑坡mudslide 泥石流transport infrastructure 交通基本设施Central Meteorological Office 中央气象局National Disaster Reduction Committee 国家减灾委员会flood control and drought relief headquarters 防洪抗旱总指挥部National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center 国家海洋环境预报中心sea dyke 海堤spill of toxic chemicals 有毒化学品泄漏container storage area 集装箱储放区high wave 狂浪development zone 开发区border protection troops 边防支队provincial meteorological observatory 省级气象台precipitation level 降雨量skirt 绕过passenger liners 定期客船极端天气词汇Terms and expressions about extreme weather extreme weather 极端天气adverse weather condition 恶劣的天气状况desertification 沙漠化sandstorm 沙尘暴air quality rating 空气质量评级visibility 能见度sand and dust weather沙尘天气forestation 植树造林Three-North Shelter Forestation Project “三北防护林”工程arid and semi-arid areas 干旱和半干旱地区topsoil 表土层high temperature 高温less rainfall 少雨cold snap 寒潮stormy wind 暴风blizzard 大风雪snowstorm 暴风雪ice rain 冻雨thunderstorm 雷暴hail/hailstone 冰雹frosty 霜冻cold spell 春寒期dry spell干旱期drought-relief efforts 抗旱drinking water shortage 饮用水缺乏drought region 干旱地区rain spell 雨季precipitation 降雨或降雪量fog 浓雾sleet 雨夹雪；雹；冻雨hurricane 飓风cyclone 旋风typhoon 台风whirlwind 龙卷风waterspout 海上龙卷风Indian summer秋老虎weather modification人工影响天气artificial precipitation/rainfall enhancement 人工增雨artificial rainfall infiltration 人工降雨El Nino phenomenon 厄尔尼诺现象La Nina phenomenon 拉尼娜现象台风名字起源及2012年台风命名表一览简介西北太平洋地区是世界上台风（热带风暴）活动最频繁的地区，每年登陆我国就有六、七个之多。

塔克拉玛干沙漠防风固沙英语作文The Taklamakan Desert, located in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, is one of the largest sandy deserts in the world. It covers an area of about 337,000 square kilometers and is known for its harsh climate and strong winds. The desert is notorious for its sandstorms and shifting sand dunes, which pose a threat to the surrounding areas and the people living there.To combat the challenges posed by the Taklamakan Desert, various measures have been taken to prevent wind erosion and sandstorms. One of the most effective methods is the construction of windbreaks and sand-fixation forests. These are designed to reduce wind speed, trap sand, and stabilize the soil, thus preventing the spread of sand dunes and protecting the surrounding oases and farmland.In addition to windbreaks and sand-fixation forests, other methods such as straw checkerboard barriers, plastic sheeting, and planting drought-resistant vegetation have also been employed to control desertification and protect the fragile ecosystem of the Taklamakan Desert. These measures aim to minimize the impact of wind erosion, reducesand deposition, and promote sustainable development in the region.Furthermore, the government has also implementedpolicies to regulate land use and promote sustainable land management practices. By enforcing strict regulations on grazing, agriculture, and industrial activities, the authorities seek to minimize the human-induced factors that contribute to desertification and promote therehabilitation and restoration of degraded land.In conclusion, the Taklamakan Desert poses significant challenges in terms of wind erosion and sandstorms. However, through the implementation of various preventive measures such as windbreaks, sand-fixation forests, and sustainable land management practices, the impact of desertificationcan be mitigated, and the fragile ecosystem of the desert can be protected and preserved for future generations.塔克拉玛干沙漠位于中国新疆维吾尔自治区，是世界上最大的沙漠之一。

近10年来翁牛特旗土地沙漠化动态特征及其成因分析朱孟娜;韩广;郭宇航【摘要】采取野外调查和TM卫片解译判读相结合的方法,并结合相关地学知识,以2004年和2014年沙漠化土地普查资料做本底,对翁牛特旗土地沙漠化动态及成因进行分析研究.结果表明：近10年来,翁牛特旗沙漠化面积减少了23.22万hm2,2004年的沙漠化面积是2014年的1.5倍.流动和半固定沙漠化土地面积均呈现出逆转趋势,固定沙漠化土地面积在扩大,且沙漠化土地类型结构由以流动沙地为主,转变为以固定沙地为主；该旗沙漠化土地在空间上的变化以三大典型沙化区为主,其他沙漠化土地也均向良性发展；2004年该旗的沙漠化程度指数为0.429,到2014年时下降到0.256,变化速率为-1.73%.流动、半固定及固定沙漠化土地的动态度分别为-0．69%,-0.49%及0.37%,沙漠化表现为整体逆转,局部发展的态势；通过大力实施“以路治沙”战略,启动与实施了一系列国家治沙工程项目与旗内治沙工程,该旗沙漠化土地治理和生态环境建设取得显著成效,这也是十年来沙漠化明显逆转的原因所在.%By adopting the methods of field survey, interpreting the Land-sat TM images as well as relevant geography knowledge, we study the dynamic characteristics and reasons of land desertification in Wengniut Banner comprehensively, based on the general survey of desertification land from 2004 to 2014. The results show that the total area of desertification land decreased by 0. 232 2 million hm2 in recent 10 years and the area of desertification land in 2004 was 1 . 5 times larger than that of 2014 . The mobile desertification land and semi-fixed desertification land are reversing, and the mobile desertification land was transformed into semi-fixed desertification land. The spatial changes of desertificationlands in Wengniut Banner are mainly the three sandy dune regions, and other desertification lands are also becoming better. The index of desertification degree in Wengniut Banner in 2004 was 0. 429 and it went down to 0. 256 in 2014, with the change ratio of -1. 73 percent. The dynamic degree of mobile desertification land, semi-fixed and fixed desertification land were -0. 69 percent, -0. 49 percent, and 0. 37 percent respectively. The desertification land showed the trend of reversed overall and developed in some parts. By implementing “through repair road to combating desertification” strategy vigorously and the overall initiate and implement of a series of national and local sand-control engineering, desertification land control and ecological environment construction got prominent effect, which is the main reason that the process of desertification has been in the obvious reversion situation in recent 10 years.【期刊名称】《湖南师范大学自然科学学报》【年(卷),期】2016(039)005【总页数】6页(P16-21)【关键词】翁牛特旗;土地沙漠化;发展动态【作者】朱孟娜;韩广;郭宇航【作者单位】湖南师范大学资源与环境科学学院，中国长沙 410081;湖南师范大学资源与环境科学学院，中国长沙410081;内蒙古师范大学生命科学与技术学院，中国呼和浩特 010022【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X171沙漠化是干旱、半干旱及部分半湿润地区由于人地关系不协调所造成的以风沙活动为主要标志的土地退化，是荒漠化的主要类型之一，在全球干旱和半干旱区造成土地资源丧失和生存环境恶化，引发社会、经济问题和一些国家的社会动荡与政局不稳 [1].土地沙漠化已经严重影响了区域的生态安全和经济社会的可持续发展，已经成为全球最严重的环境与社会经济问题之一，受到了社会各界的广泛关注.我国是世界上沙漠化危害最为严重的国家之一，“三北”地区沙漠化的迅速发展已成为一个重要的生态和社会经济问题 [2-5].论文以内蒙古翁牛特旗为研究对象，以2004年和2014年沙漠化土地普查资料做本底,采取野外调查和TM卫星图片解译判读相结合的方法，并结合相关地学知识,对翁牛特旗土地沙漠化动态及成因进行分析.该研究为科学认识该地区沙漠化发展过程、演化规律，及该地区沙漠化防护与治理提供理论依据.翁牛特旗位于赤峰市中部，科尔沁沙地西缘,介于西拉木伦河和老哈河之间，地理坐标为42°26′～43°25′N，117°49′～120°43′E.西部是山峦连绵的七老图山山脉与大兴安岭支脉汇接处形成的高寒台地，中部是起伏平缓、山川交错的丘陵区，东部和北部处于科尔沁沙地西缘，沙地以坨甸相间交错分布为其主要景观特征(图1). 本区气候属中纬度温带半干旱大陆性季风气候区，年均气温在6.2 ℃左右，年平均降雨量为 300～450 mm[6].主要植被为山地森林、温带草原以及旱生和沙生植被.地带型土壤是棕壤、黑钙土和栗钙土，风沙土分布广泛.全旗有少郎河、苇塘河、五分地河、四道杖房河和羊肠子河等大小河流12条，分属西拉木伦河和老哈河两大水系[7].调查以2004年和2014年度沙漠化土地普查资料做本底，利用近似同期的最新TM影像结合地学知识和野外调查，提供沙漠化土地面积现状及其动态，以翁牛特旗的相关实地调查与统计资料加以修正.同时，本次监测采取了国家最新配发的1∶10万TM卫星影像和GPS卫星定位导航系统，计算机处理系统，结合地面实测，误差小于20 m.在分析过程中,又利用2013年高分辨率Google earth卫星影像对典型地段进行了类型和范围的修正.为了更好地分析研究整个区域的沙漠化状况及动态发展趋势，在参考以往沙漠化研究成果及考察资料的分析基础上[8-14]，结合研究区的实际情况，采用沙漠化程度指数、沙漠化动态度及沙漠化过程指数来对沙漠化进行分别描述.沙漠化程度指数是区域内不同沙丘类型的加权作用的总和[13]，即采用以下公式计算：，沙漠化过程是描述沙漠化程度变化速率的指标[14]，采用以下公式表示：，沙漠化动态度是指单位时间内沙漠化土地变化程度的指标[9]，采用以下公式表示: ，翁牛特旗总土地面积为119.02 万hm2，2014年全旗沙漠化土地总面积为48.48 万hm2，占全旗总土地面积的40.73%.其中，流动沙漠化土地面积为10.17 万hm2,占沙漠化土地总面积的20.98%;半固定沙漠化土地面积为8.83 万hm2,占沙漠化土地总面积的18.21%，其中，人工半固定沙漠化土地面积为3.31 万hm2，天然半固定沙漠化土地面积为5.52 万hm2;固定沙漠化土地面积为29.48 万hm2,占沙漠化土地总面积的60.81%，其中，人工固定沙漠化土地面积为9.14 万hm2，天然固定沙漠化土地面积为20.34 万hm2.2014年与2004年相比(图2)，不同类型的沙漠化土地动态变化程度不一，流动沙漠化土地和半固定沙漠化土地均呈现出逆转的趋势，固定沙漠化土地面积在扩大.其中，流动沙漠化土地减少了22.81 万hm2，半固定沙漠化土地减少了8.38 万hm2，固定沙地面积增加了7.97 万hm2.说明了该期间翁牛特旗的沙漠化土地类型结构发生了一定的变化，流动和半固定沙漠化土地面积大幅度地减少，由以流动沙地为主，转变为以固定沙地为主的结构，沙漠化程度明显减轻.为进一步反映10年来沙漠化土地变化的空间差异，对全旗沙漠化土地的动态度进行比较，其中，格日僧苏木沙漠化土地的动态度最大，为-0.34，表明了其沙漠化土地变化最为明显；其次为新苏莫苏木和阿什罕苏木，其动态度分别为-0.30和-0.29，沙漠化土地变化较为明显；海拉苏镇沙漠化土地的动态度为-0.2，其沙漠化土地变化次之.除此之外，其他沙漠化土地也在不同程度上发生变化，呈现出逆转趋势.综合以上分析可以看出，翁牛特旗沙漠化土地在空间上的变化以三块典型沙化区为主，其中又以格日僧苏木、新苏莫苏木、海拉苏镇、阿什罕苏木的沙漠化土地变化最快，其他苏木沙漠化土地也均向良性发展.由于北方地区沙漠化的迅速发展已对社会经济、生态环境以及当地人民的生活造成很大影响，国家为改善和优化沙漠化地区生态环境状况，减轻风沙危害，紧急启动实施了一系列具有重大战略意义的防沙治沙工程.1978年，三北防护林体系建设工程启动，翁牛特旗先后被列为“三北”防护林二、三期工程建设重点旗；1991年，全国防沙治沙会议召开，翁牛特旗被列入科尔沁沙地综合治理开发试验示范区；2000年京津风沙源治理工程启动，翁牛特旗又一次掀起大规模治沙的热潮[15].在一系列防沙治沙项目的推进下，全旗共完成沙地综合治理348.3万亩，占沙化土地总面积的47.9%，流动沙地、半固定沙地面积逐年减少，在沙化土地中的比重由70.0%下降到39.2%，工程区林草植被由原来的10%提高到40%以上，增加了30个百分点.土地沙漠化治理和生态环境建设取得显著成效，沙漠化呈现出明显的逆转趋势.在国家治沙工程项目的启动与实施之外，翁牛特旗旗内也采取了一系列行之有效的防沙治沙措施.该旗实施开渠引西拉沐沦河水入老哈河浇灌沙地，建设新苏莫草原水库、示范牧场墩基、恩格尔等引水入沙工程，累计修建引水入沙灌渠8万延长米，助力林草植被快速恢复[16-17].同时，全旗大力开展沙地林果基地建设，截至2012年，全旗共完成林果基地建设10.42万亩，2013年，在加强原有林果基地的基础上，采取“林、果、水、田、路”配套，高标准建设林果基地3.3万亩[18]. 为遏制沙漠化扩展，实施“南阻北拉”防沙治沙战略，加强西拉木伦河南岸与老哈河北岸的区域性沙地综合治理，在沙漠化源头营造防护和用材兼用型固沙林带，形成绿色阻拉屏障，同时，该旗积极完成国家重点公益林补植、改造任务.埋设固沙稻草网格14.4万亩，封山育林178.36万亩，飞播造林74.7万亩，人工造林231.89万亩，有林面积达到522.3万亩，森林覆盖率达到29.31%[19]，构建了全旗绿色生态屏障.通过这些工程的实施，对加快翁牛特旗防沙治沙步伐起到了极大的推动作用，使得该旗大面积的沙漠化土地得到有效的治理，实现了从“沙进人退”到“沙退人进”的转变.翁牛特旗大力实施“以路治沙”战略，自2009年以来，已先后开通了响道线、图哈线、都冷线、都拉线、苏都线和罕都线等数10条穿沙公路[17]，它们与西拉沐沦河、巴新铁路“联手”把境内的沙地分割成十几个片区.采用“阻护结合”配置方式，与线路平行或者近似平行设置宽度不一、条数不等的林带，构筑带状绿色屏障，形成了以固为主、固阻结合、兼有疏导作用的植物措施及工程措施相结合的综合防沙体系[20]，使得全旗生态环境得到明显改善.。

Ⅰ.完形填空I like a good book.I mean a(n) 1 st year, I was given a Kindle.I have 2 actually read a book on it.There's something annoying about having to charge it up before I can 3 ; with a real book you can just 4 it and begin.I had good intentions of 5 it in my year abroad; after all, that was why my parents 6 it for me.In the end, I didn't use it.I read the French books that my uncle had lent me instead.Over the last week, I have been proofreading(校对) several e-books, 7 them for errors.Reading a 8 for a long time makes my eyes feel rather 9 .I don't get this problem with a real book! In addition，scientists say that looking at screens before going to sleep is 10 for your health—so surely a real book is much better!E-books are still a relatively 11 invention.They are popular too, for a variety of 12 .An e-reader (such as a Kindle) 13 much less room in a suitcase.Lots of people don't re-read 14 ；an e-reader means they don't 15 a house cluttered(杂乱) with books they'll never look at again.People say they're more environmentally 16 ：no trees are cut down for 17 ；no ink is needed.However successful these devices are, nothing can beat the 18 of a real book for me.After all, if I'm 19 of cash, or don't necessarily want to re-read a book, I can always go to the library and 20 a book.For free!本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。

The Miraculous Transformation of Saihanba:From Desert to OasisNestled in the northeastern corner of China, the Saihanba region once represented a barren and desolate landscape, a symbol of environmental degradation and ecological despair. However, through the tireless efforts of generations, this desolate desert has been transformed into a lush oasis, a testament to the resilience of nature and the power of human perseverance.The Saihanba Desert, once a barren wasteland, was the recipient of a remarkable transformation. This remarkable feat was achieved through a combination of scientific forestry techniques, meticulous planning, and the unwavering dedication of the Saihanba Forest Rangers. These Rangers, often referred to as the "Green Guards of Saihanba," were instrumental in executing the meticulous planting and nurturing of trees, despite the harsh climatic conditions and challenging terrain.The initial stages of the restoration project were particularly challenging. The Saihanba region was characterized by extreme weather conditions, with lowrainfall and high winds, making it difficult to establish vegetation. However, the Forest Rangers persevered, employing innovative methods to ensure the survival of the planted seedlings. They utilized a unique grid-based planting system, which involved digging shallow holes in the sandy soil and securing the seedlings with stones to prevent them from being blown away by strong winds.As the years progressed, the Saihanba region began to experience significant ecological changes. The once barren landscape was gradually replaced by a dense forest of pine, birch, and other native tree species. This transformation not only enhanced the aesthetic value of the region but also had a profound impact on the local environment. The newly planted trees helped stabilize the soil, reduce wind erosion, and improve water retention, leading to a significant increase in biodiversity and a marked improvement in the local climate.The success of the Saihanba project did not go unnoticed. It has attracted worldwide attention and recognition for its innovative approach to desertification control and ecological restoration. The Saihanba ForestRangers have been hailed as heroes of the environment, and their story has become a symbol of hope and inspiration for global efforts to address climate change and ecological degradation.The remarkable transformation of Saihanba serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of environmental protection and sustainable development. It demonstratesthat with the right approach and dedication, we can reverse the damage caused by human activities and restore the natural beauty and vitality of our planet. The story of Saihanba is not just about trees and forests; it is about hope, resilience, and the potential of human beings to create a better future for ourselves and our planet.**塞罕坝：沙漠变绿洲的奇迹**位于中国东北部的塞罕坝地区，曾是一片荒凉、萧瑟的景观，是环境恶化和生态绝望的象征。

Module 12 综合素质评价限时: 60分钟满分: 100分一、单项选择(每小题1.5 分, 共15 分)1. The high-speed train has ________ travel time between Beijing and Shanghai fromover 9 hours to around 5 hours.A. increasedB. reducedC. takenD. spent2. — Would you please ________ your email address? I missed it just now.—No problem. It’s .A. repeatB. reviewC. reportD. remember3. That factory has found a way to ________ the waste and doesn’t put it into the riverany more.A. recycleB. produceC. createD. protect4. — Look! The factory is pouring the waste water into the river nearby.— Oh, we should take ________ to stop it from doing so.A. stepsB. notesC. turnsD. medicine5. —This pair of shoes is too worn, Tom. Why don’t you ________?—I’d like to repair it and wear it again.A. pay for themB. look for themC. point at themD. throw them away6. — The young couple have given birth to their third child recently.—That’s true. They have another child because of the three-child ________.A. methodB. policyC. planD. decision7. The villagers tried to stop the fire from spreading, but they knew it was ________.A. harmlessB. endlessC. carelessD. hopeless8. He sits next to the teacher’s desk _______ he can listen to the teacher more clearly.A. even thoughB. as soon asC. so thatD. rather than9. Pollution spreads over cities and villages, and that ________ more dangers.A. reducesB. dividesC. causesD. supposes10. —We’re supposed to recycl e paper and bottles. It can help protect theenvironment.—________. It can save money, too.A. It’s nothingB. Best wishesC. I agree with youD. It depends二、完形填空(每小题1.5 分, 共15 分)There are many ways for us to reduce waste. For ________11, we can reuse paper and plastic bags. We can also recycle newspapers, glass and cans to make new things. Here are some useful ways to ________12 waste.11. A. reason B. example C. use D. people12. A. produce B. protect C. reduce D. pollute13. A. every B. both C. all D. one14. A. exercises B. schoolbagsC. notebooksD. newspapers15. A. send B. buy C. receive D. make16. A. dry B. rich C. clean D. dirty17. A. Throw B. Keep C. Try D. Lose18. A. bum B. sell C. wash D. collect19. A. angry B. tired C. sad D. happy20. A. when B. whether C. why D. what三、阅读理解(每小题2 分, 共20 分)AA big sandstorm hit northern China on March 15, 2021. It covered many cities with thick clouds of yellow dust (尘土).The storm, which came from Mongolia (蒙古国), was the largest sandstorm to hit China in the past 11 years. Many flights and classes were canceled because the visibility (能见度) was lower than 500 meters.The storm was the result of warm and dry weather in the area, together with the strong winds from Mongolia. “There has been little rainfall so far this spring and the temperature is rising. So now is a worrying time for sandstorms,” said an expert from Beijing.In recent years, sandstorms haven’t been as common in northern China as before. The land with desertification (荒漠化) has been falling by 7,585 km2 per year in China, and the area of sandy land has been decreasing (减少) by 1,284 km2 a year. This is thanks to China’s Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP, 三北防护林工程) which started in the 1970s. Millions of trees have been planted in northern China to prevent sandstorms and protect the environment.Besides, China has a color-graded warning system for sandstorms, with red meaning the most serious, followed by orange, yellow, blue and green. Therefore, people would have time to get prepared for the sandstorm.Grades VisibilityFloating dust ＜3 m/second＜10 kilometersSand-blowing ＞1 kilometer＜10 kilometersSandstorm ＜1 kilometerHeavy sandstorm ＜500 metersSuper heavy sandstorm ＜50 meters21. According to the passage, the sandstorm in March ________.A. covered many cities with rainB. came from northern ChinaC. has been the biggest one since 2011D. improved the visibility to 500m22. Paragraph 3 mainly talks about the ________ of the sandstorm.A. resultsB. causesC. historyD. areas23. The purpose of Three-North Shelter Forest Program is ________.A. to improve the economy of the northB. to develop tourismC. to prevent sandstorms and protect the environment of the northD. to plant more trees for motherland24. If the visibility in your city is 400m, a(n) ________ warning will be given out.A. redB. orangeC. yellowD. blue25. The passage introduces TNSFP and the warning system to show________ .A. where the serious sandstorms come fromB. why people should protect the environmentC. how to protect ourselves during sandstormsD. what China has done to fight against sandstormsBAccording to research, more than 130 billion pounds of uneaten food go to waste in Laura’s country each year. That is about 30% of the yearly food supply (供应). It is a sad fact, especially when you consider how many families and homeless people are in hunger.When Laura saw her school dining hall throw away food that was not eaten at all every day, she came up with an idea. She started a project to help her school dining hall to give away uneaten food to homeless shelters (庇护所) in her community. In the past three years, the same project has spread to other schools and some fast food restaurants throughout the city. The project is called Feed & Find, and has already fed thousands of people in her city.How does it work? Through an app, Feed & Find matches local homeless shelters with school dining halls and restaurants that have uneaten food to provide. When dining halls or restaurants have uneaten food left, they can use the app to share the information about the food. A truck driver working for the project is then sent to pick it up and take it to a shelter.Pretty cool, right? It’s not surprising that people in other cities have got in touch with Laura, hoping that she could help develop similar projects for their communities.Some people, however, have concerns about the safety of the uneaten food. They think such food may not be clean enough. Still, this project is a clever way to help solve the problem of food waste and it helps those in need.26. The numbers in Paragraph 1 tell us ________.A. some people are poorB. food waste is seriousC. the population is largeD. the research is interesting27. Laura’s project first got food from ________.A. her school dining hallB. her familyC. a fast food restaurantD. a homeless shelter28. People in other cities would like Laura to ________.A. find a truck driverB. visit their communitiesC. give away food to themD. help develop projects for their communities29. The underlined word “concerns” in this passage means ________ .A. waysB. secretsC. worriesD. decisions30. Which can be the best title for this passage?A. A Dining Guide AppB. A Food Sharing ProjectC. A Driving Service AppD. A Food Safety Project四、词汇应用(每小题2 分, 共10 分)根据汉语意思完成句子。

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防治沙尘暴英语作文Prevention and Control of Sandstorms。

Sandstorms are a natural phenomenon that occurs when strong winds blow over dry, sandy areas, picking up dust and sand particles and carrying them through the air. However, with the increase in human activities, such as deforestation, overgrazing, and urbanization, the frequency and severity of sandstorms have been on the rise. Sandstorms not only pose a threat to human health and safety but also cause damage to infrastructure and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to take measures to prevent and control sandstorms.Firstly, afforestation is an effective way to prevent sandstorms. Trees and other vegetation can stabilize the soil, reduce wind speed, and trap dust and sand particles. Governments should encourage afforestation in areas prone to sandstorms and provide incentives for farmers and local communities to plant trees and grasses. Furthermore, strictregulations should be in place to prevent deforestation and overgrazing, which are major causes of desertification and sandstorms.Secondly, urban planning and design can also play arole in preventing sandstorms. Buildings and roads should be constructed with materials that can withstand strong winds and prevent dust and sand from accumulating. Green spaces and water features should be incorporated into urban areas to increase humidity and reduce dust. Additionally, cities should implement measures to reduce air pollution, which can worsen the effects of sandstorms on human health.Thirdly, early warning systems and emergency response plans should be established to prepare for sandstorms. Meteorological agencies should monitor weather conditions and issue alerts when sandstorms are likely to occur. Local authorities should have emergency plans in place to evacuate residents and protect critical infrastructure, such as power plants and water supply systems.In conclusion, sandstorms are a serious environmentalproblem that requires immediate attention. Afforestation, urban planning, and emergency preparedness are all important measures that can help prevent and control sandstorms. It is essential that governments, communities, and individuals work together to address this issue and protect our planet from the harmful effects of sandstorms.。

小学下册英语原题[含答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is 15 9?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7答案:C2.I have one ________ and two cats.3.I have a collection of ______ (玩具车) that I love to race with my friends.4.The __________ (历史的交流) enhances understanding.5.The _____ (teacher/student) is nice.6.Where do birds build their nests?A. In the waterB. In the groundC. In treesD. In caves7.What is the largest ocean on Earth?A. Atlantic OceanB. Indian OceanC. Arctic OceanD. Pacific Ocean答案:D8.The _____ is known for its beautiful rings.9.What do you call a person who studies insects?A. EntomologistB. BiologistC. ZoologistD. Botanist答案:A10.War was a period of tension between the ________ (美国和苏联). The Cold11.What is 3 x 3?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 912.She has a beautiful ________.13.My favorite fruit is ________ (苹果).14.I enjoy _______ when it rains.15.The chemical formula for ethyl alcohol is __________.16.I have a ___ (story/book) to tell you.17.What do we call a person who writes poems?A. NovelistB. PoetC. AuthorD. Lyricist18.The teacher, ______ (老师), gives us projects to work on.19.What do we call a young porcupine?A. SpikeletB. PupC. KitD. Calf答案:C Kit20. A __________ (植物园) showcases many types of plants.21.What is the term for a written account of someone's life written by someone else?A. BiographyB. MemoirC. AutobiographyD. Novel答案:A22.What color is the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. RedD. Yellow23.How many colors are in a rainbow?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 5答案:B24.My brother is a ______. He enjoys playing basketball.25.I want to be a ________.26.My hamster has a _______ (舒适的) cage.27.The sloth moves very _________. (慢)28.This toy ____ can jump really high! (玩具名称)29.Cleopatra was the last pharaoh of ________.30. A butterfly starts as a ______ (幼虫).31.What do we call the main ingredient in bread?A. FlourB. SugarC. WaterD. Yeast答案:A Flour32.The chemical formula for iron chloride is _______.33.I can ________ my toys.34. A reaction that absorbs heat is ______.35.How many hearts does an octopus have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four36.The pizza is _____ (hot/cold).37.What is the name of the desert in northern Africa?A. SaharaB. GobiC. KalahariD. Mojave38.The _____ (树木) in the park offer a place to play and picnic.39. A lever can help lift a ______.40.What is the term for a person who hunts for treasure?A. AdventurerB. ProspectorC. ArchaeologistD. Explorer答案:B41.I have a ______ (相机) to take pictures of my friends and family. It helps me capture ______ (回忆).42.What do we call a person who studies politics?A. PoliticianB. Political ScientistC. ActivistD. All of the above43.She is ________ a book.44.Star light takes millions of years to reach ______.45.What is the sound a duck makes?A. QuackB. MooC. BaaD. Roar答案:A46.The ______ (小鹿) grazes in the meadow, enjoying the warm sun.47.I saw a ________ in my friend's yard.48.My brother is my adventurous _______ who tries new things.49.My friend enjoys participating in ____ (debates).50.My cousin loves to __________. (唱歌)51.What do we call a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. ClimatologistC. AstronomerD. Geologist答案:A52.I put my _______ (shoes) by the door.53.What is the main color of the sun?A. BlueB. YellowC. RedD. Green54.What do we call the person who writes books?A. AuthorB. ArtistC. MusicianD. Actor55.We enjoy _____ (reading) stories.56.The __________ marks the boundary between the northern and southern hemispheres.57.The solid phase of water is known as __________.58.What do we call the process of water turning into ice?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporatingD. Boiling答案:A Freezing59.What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. BlueB. PinkC. PurpleD. Green60.We go _____ (camping) in the forest.61.What do you call a person who teaches students?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. ScientistD. Engineer62.My brother is a ______. He enjoys building robots.63.The baby is _____ (crying/laughing).64. A chemical reaction can change the physical ______.65.What is the name of the famous British author known for her novels about wizards?A. J.K. RowlingB. J.R.R. TolkienC. C.S. LewisD. Philip Pullman答案:A66.Gravity is the force that pulls objects ______.67.The __________ is a large, grassy plain found in North America.68.I have a toy _______ that can spin and twirl around.69.The chocolate is very ___ (sweet/bitter).70.How many legs does a dog have?A. TwoB. FourC. SixD. Eight71.What is the capital of Australia?A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. Brisbane答案:C72.My mom is my caring _______ who loves me dearly.73.What is the chemical symbol for sodium?A. NaB. SC. SnD. Si74.I have a great friendship with ____.75.What do you put on a sandwich?A. JellyB. Peanut butterC. CheeseD. All of the above76.I see a _____ frog by the pond. (small)77.The _____ (giraffe) is very tall.78.What do we call the science of classifying living organisms?A. ZoologyB. TaxonomyC. BotanyD. Ecology答案:B79.How many zeros are in one thousand?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 480.He likes to _______ (draw/paint) pictures.81.I can design a _________ (玩具车) that can climb walls.82.The _______ (The Great Society) aimed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.83.The country known for its multicultural societies is ________ (以多元文化社会闻名的国家是________).84. A ______ is a rule that describes a pattern in nature.85.The _____ (夜空) is filled with stars.86.I have a special ______ (玩具车) that I keep on my desk.87.The __________ is the part of the plant that develops into fruit.88.My favorite game to play during recess is ________ (跳绳) with my friends.89.What do we call a place where you can see many different types of animals?A. FarmB. ZooC. ParkD. Aquarium90.My aunt is a ______. She loves to paint.91.The sun is shining ___. (brightly)92.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Foal93.What do you use to cut paper?A. KnifeB. ScissorsC. GlueD. Tape答案:B94.What do you call the tall grass that grows in water?A. TreeB. ShrubC. ReedD. Moss答案:C95.The Great Wall of China was built over many ________.96.What is the name of the first President of the USA?A. Abraham LincolnB. George WashingtonC. Thomas JeffersonD. John Adams答案:B97.The __________ (历史的丰厚底蕴) inform practices.98. A bee's role as a pollinator is essential for many plants and ________________ (作物).99.In a chemical equation, the substances on the left side are called ______.100.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn。

目录摘要 (1)1 研究背景 (3)1. 1 沙漠化的特点 (3)1. 2沙漠化的危害 (4)2.国内外沙漠化研究进展 (4)2.1国外沙漠化研究 (4)2.2国内沙漠化研究 (5)3.研究区的概况 (5)4.毛乌素沙漠沙漠化的现状 (6)4.1沙漠化的原因 (8)4.1.1自然因素 (8)4.1.2人为因素 (9)4.2沙漠化的程度 (10)4.3沙漠化带来的影响 (13)5研究区治理沙漠化措施 (14)5.1种树种草与提高农田产量同步进行 (14)5.2调整农业结构,大力推广粮草间作 (14)5.3推进农业产业,引导农民致富 (14)5.4加大水土保持工作的力度,合理利用水资源 (15)5.5充分发挥政府在沙漠化治理中的作用 (15)总结 (15)参考文献： (17)谢辞 (18)毛乌素地区沙漠化现状分析--以榆林为例杜倩指导老师：乃吉木丁摘要:土地沙漠化不仅是一个重大的生态环境问题，也是我国所面临的一个非常严峻的社会经济可持续发展问题。

我国的沙漠及沙漠化土地面积约为160.7万平方公里，占国土面积的16.7%。

当前我国沙漠化土地面积正以每年2460平方公里的速度扩展，而且还有加速扩大的趋势。

所以，研究我国土地沙漠化治理的问题必须提到日程上，毛乌素沙漠是我国著名的内陆大沙漠，其生态环境问题不仅是西北地区社会经济可持续发展所面临的显示问题，而且关系到我国西部大开发的现代化进程。

随着西部大开发进程的加快，为土地沙漠化的发生提供了一定条件。

本文针对毛乌素地区沙漠化的现状，分析了毛乌素沙漠的成因，提出了相应的防治对策。

关键词:土地利用；沙漠化；成因；治理Maowusu sandy desertification areas presentsituation analysisDu Qian Tutor:NaiJimudingAbstract:Land desertification is not only an important ecological environment problems, is also a not faced by our country.Often the grim problem of social and economic sustainable development. Chinese desert and desertification land area of about 160.7 square kilometers, accounting for 16.7% of the land area. The current desertification land area in China is expanding at an annual rate of 2460 square kilometers, and the trend of accelerated expansion. So, the study of the governance of our country land desertification problem must be mentioned on the agenda, maowusu desert is famous in our country inland desert, its ecological environment problem not only is the social and economic sustainable development in northwest China facing the display of the problem, and is related to the modernization of China's western development. With the speeding up of the western development, provided certain conditions for the beginning of land desertification. This article analyses the present situation of the maowusu sandy desertification areas, the causes of the maowusu desert, puts forward the corresponding countermeasures.Keywords:Land use; Desertification; Genesis; Management毛乌素沙漠是我国著名的内陆大沙漠，其生态环境问题不仅是西北地区社会经济可持续发展所面临的显示问题，而且关系到我国西部大开发的现代化进程。

2023-2024学年陕西省宝鸡市金台区高一上学期期末检测英语模拟试题说明：本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。

考试结束后，只需交回答题卡。

注意事项：1．答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

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如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

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第Ⅰ卷选择题（满分95分）第1部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。

从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

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1. Why did the girl play quietly?A. Her mother had a headache.B. Her mother had a cold.C. Her mother was asleep.2. How did the man go to Edinburgh?A. By plane.B. By car.C. By train.3. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. A piece of news.B. British friends.C. English learning.4. What does the man mean?A. He prefers cold weather.B. He has had a difficult week.C. The temperature was good last week.5. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a fast-food restaurant.B. At the woman's house.C. In a supermarket.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

Chapter1 自然地理 List 1 Date： £££££1atmosphere n.大气层；气氛 working~21destructive adj.破坏/有害的 destruct v. 毁坏41magma n.岩浆adj.热力的, thermodynamics热力学的2hydrosphere n.大气中水汽，水圈22El Nino n.厄尔尼诺42thermodynamic3lithosphere n.岩石圈23greenhouse n.温室；the~effct 温室效应43smog n.烟雾，雾霾4oxygen n.氧气； gases 气体24phenomenon*n.现象；pheno显示44fume n.有害气体 V.冒烟5oxide n.氧化物25pebble n.鹅卵石；marble大理石45mist n.薄雾,水汽 ~of tears泪眼模糊6carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳；di 二的意思26magnet *n.magnetic adj therapy磁疗46tsunami n.海啸7hydrogen n.氢气；hydro水, gen生成27ore n.矿石，矿47flooding n.洪水泛滥；flood v.淹没 n.洪水8core n.中心，核心；地核28mineral n.矿物质；矿产48torrent n.激流洪流；current思潮趋势,现在的9crust n.地壳；面包皮29marble n.大理石；弹球49drought n.干旱，旱灾 dry/ arid干燥的10mantle n.地幔；斗篷披风；v.覆盖30quartz n.石英；~clock石英钟50earthquake n.地震11longitude n.经度；a line of ~ 经线31granite n.花岗岩；bite on~徒劳51seismic adj.地震的,地震引起的 a~wave地震波12latitude n.纬度；hight-latitude32breeze n.微风52avalanche n.雪崩13altitude n.高度海拔；alt高,itude性质33gust n.一阵狂风；(感情的)迸发53terrain n.地形；a~feature地形特征14horizon *n.地平线；broaden sb's ~34gale n.大风；a severe~一阵大风54landscape n/v风景；对..进行美化15disaster n.灾难；disastrous adj.35hurricane *n.飓风，风暴；cyclone气旋55continent n.大陆洲, continental breakfast欧早餐16mishap adj.小灾难的, mis坏+hap运气36tornado n.龙卷风=twister 旋风56cave n.洞穴17catastrophic adj.灾难性的37typhoon n.台风；tycoon 大亨57cliff n.峭壁18calamity *n.灾难不幸 cause a~酿成灾38monsoon n.季风；~season 雨季58glacier n.冰川19endanger v.endangered adj.濒临灭绝39volcano n.extinct~死火山,sit on~处境危险59swamp n.沼泽20jeopardise *v.危害/及 ~sb's life 40erupt v.爆发；eruption n.喷发60delta n.三角洲；from alpha to omega1plain n/adj平原；简单朴素的21pacific n/adj太平洋；平静的41steep adj.陡峭的，陡直的2plateau n.高原；~ climate高原气候22marine n/adj水兵；海洋的42parallel n/adj/v平行线；平行的；V.与...相似3oasis n.绿洲=water hole23navigation n.航行. navigator航海家/导航员43narrow n/adj/v窄/局限的.n海岸;V变窄; ~down限制减少4globe n.球体，地球仪24gulf n.海湾. golf高尔夫44Oceania n.大洋洲5hemisphere n.半球. hemispheric 半球的25beach n.海滩45mainland n.大陆本土=continent6equator n.赤道26coast n.海岸，海滨. coastal 海岸的46peninsula n.半岛7equal adj.相当的,all men are created~27shore n.(大水域的)岸47climate n.气候，思潮，环境8arctic n/adj北极的；the 北极地区28tide n.趋势/潮流.tidal的. at low~退潮时48weather n.天气，气象9Antarctic adj.南极的. ant对面+arctic29current n.水/气/电流. currently目前地49meteorology n.[miːtiəˈrɒlədʒi] 气象学.meteor高处物10pole n.两级中的一级30brook n.小河，溪50mild adj.温和的. a~climate温和气候11polar *adj.极地/对立的. polarize两极分化31stream n/v.小河，溪；V.流出51heating n.供暖.暖气,装置. heat热v.变热12axis n.轴线. axe斧头32source n.河源头, 根源. resource资源52moderate adj/v.适中的；缓和13deteriorate *v.恶化/严重.deterioration n.恶化33shallow adj.浅的. ~-hearted adj.薄情的53warm adj/v.暖和；变暖. warmth n.温暖热情14aggravate v.加重/恶化. gravity重力34superficial adj.表层的. a~injury 皮外伤54thermal adj.热量的；thermovent海底火山口15degrade *v.降解/贬低 degradeble可降解35flat adj/n.扁平的;公寓 55tropics adj/n.热带地区. tropical热带的; in the~ 16upgrade v.提高. ~(sth)to(sth)升级为36smooth adj.光滑/流畅的 smoothly adv.56arid adj.干燥的,干旱的. an~desert 干旱的荒漠17erode *v.侵蚀/腐蚀. erosion n.侵蚀37rough adj.粗糙的. roughly adv.57moist adj.潮湿的. moisture n潮湿，湿气，水分18Mediterranean adj.地中海的38sandy adj.含沙的,铺满沙. sand 沙/滩58damp adj.潮湿的. a~climate潮气候. dampness n. 19Atlantic n/adj大西洋；大西洋的39stony adj.石头的；多石的59humid adj.湿热的.~conditions. humidity n.高温潮20ocean n.海洋；~s of 大量的40vertical adj.垂直/直立的. 反：horizonal60snowy adj.下雪多的，被覆盖的1frost n.霜冻. frosty adj.严寒的21mount v/n.登上，渐渐增加；山41sediment n.沉积物2hail n/v.冰雹；赞扬,招呼,下冰雹22mountain n.山，高山42silt n/v.淤泥；堵塞3thaw v/n.解冻,融化~sth out；解冻时期23range n.山脉;范围. in the~of在..范围内43muddy adj.泥泞浑浊的. mud泥4chill v/n.使变冷;寒.~enthusiasm热情冷却24ridge n/v.山脉；使隆起44clay n.粘土，陶土5freeze v/n.结冰;霜冻. freezer冰柜25slope n/v.山坡，斜坡；倾斜45dirt n.污垢，灰尘泥土. dirty adj.脏的6frigid adj.寒冷的. a~climate极冷气候26valley n.山谷,溪谷. in the~在山谷里46rural adj.乡村的. ~area农村地区7tremble v/n.战抖. ~all over浑身颤抖27hillside n.山腰47suburb n.郊区. suburban adj.郊区的8shiver v.哆嗦. ~with cold冷得发抖28overlook *v.俯跳，忽视=neglect48outskirts n.郊区，市郊9thunder v/n.雷声,打雷. thunderstorm雷雨29southern adj.南方的49remote adj.遥远的. a~contorl 遥控器10lightning n/adj.闪电;闪电般快的. lighten v.变轻30southeast n/adj.东南方；东南方的50desolate adj.荒凉的11stormy adj.暴风雨的. storm n.暴风雨31southwest n/adj.西南方；西南方的51distant adj.疏远,遥远的. the~past遥远的过去12downpour n.倾盆大雨32northeast n/adj.东北部；东北部的52adjacent adj.邻近的. ~to与..临近13rainfall n.降雨量33northwest n/adj.西北部；西北部的53toxic adj.有毒的. highly~剧毒14sprinkle v/n.撒;少量,小雨. sprinker喷淋34eastern adj.东部的54pollution n.污染. pullute v.污染15rainbow n.彩虹35oriental *n.东方的(中国/日本) ~week新生周55pollutant n.污染物. atmosphere~大气污染物16shower n.阵雨；淋浴36inevitable adj.不可避免的. evitable可避免的56contaminate v.弄脏污染. con共同+tam触摸17Celsius adj/n.[ˈselsiəs]摄氏的；摄氏度 37irreversible adj.不可逆转的. ir不+re回+vers转57geology n.地质学;地质状况. geological adj. 18temperature n.气温，体温38irregularly adv.不规则. regularly规则地58border n/v.边界;和..毗邻. within the~of在..境内19forecast *v/n.预言/测;预报= foresee39inappropriate adj.不合适的. propre合适的59margin n.边缘,空白.allow a greater~of允许余地20peak n/v.山峰,顶点; 到最大值40abnormal adj.不正常的;变态 normal正常60fringe n/adj.边缘,刘海；次要的,非主流的Chapter1 自然地理 List 4 Date： £££££1plate n.地址板块，盘21sunset n.日落. ~glow晚霞.~industry夕阳产业41drown v.淹死，浸泡2debris n.残骸22eclipse n.日食月食. a solar/lunar~42blow v.风吹;用力一击. strikea~for维护3crack v/n.破裂/声;裂缝. cause a~弄裂痕23dusk n.黄昏. by~到黄昏时. 反:dawn破晓43puff v/n.喷出;吹出一缕4gap n.缺口,差距. the generation~代购24heaven n.天堂44gush v/n.涌出. ~out喷出. ~from从..喷出5splendid adj.极好/壮观的. a~chance25paradise n.天堂乐园45dense adj.密集的. density n.密度6grand adj.宏达的；豪华的26sunshine n.阳光46intensity n.强烈. intense adj.强烈的,紧张的7magnificent adj.壮丽的,令人印象深刻. magnificence27shade n/v.阴影;给..遮光. shady adj.阴凉的47intensive adj.加强/集中/密集的. intense剧烈的8super adj.超级的28shadow n.影子阴影. cast a~投下阴影48emerge v.浮现,暴漏. ~out of从..里出来9interesting adj.有趣的. interested adj. 感兴趣的29vapour n.vapor 蒸气，水汽49flash v/n.闪光闪现. ~through sb's mind 10dramatic adj.戏剧性的. a~event令人深刻事30evaporate v.蒸发，消失. evaporation n.50float v.漂浮11wilderness n.荒野31circulate v.循环,流通,传播. circulation n.51environment adj.环境. enviromental adj.有关环境的12desert n/v.沙漠;离弃.desertification荒漠化32precipitate v.凝结,沉淀. tion n.52surrounding adj.周围的. ~environment周围环境13deforest v.毁掉森林33reservoir n.水库. dam大坝53condition n.条件14barren adj.贫瘠的. a~desert荒漠34waterfall n.瀑布. firwork 烟花54situation n.情况. situate v.使位于15fertile adj.肥沃，富饶35fountain n.喷泉，源泉55nature n.自然,本质,性质.destroy~破坏自然16fertilise v.施肥. fertiliser n.肥料36spring n.春天，泉水. springtime 春季56natural adj.自然的. naturally adv.自然地17solar adj.太阳的37dew n.露水57artificial *adj.人造的18lunar adj.月亮的38pour v.倾斜,倾盆而下. downpour倾盆大雨58synthetic *adj.人造的,合成的19calendar n.历法，日历. lunar~阴历39drain v/n.排空;耗竭. drainage排水59petrol n.汽油. petroleum 石油20sunrise n.日出40drip v.滴出. drip down滴下60gas n.气体,汽油 gasoline汽油Chapter2 植物研究 List 6 Date： £££££1rainforest n.雨林. a~ reserve雨林保护区21meadow n.草地牧场41surroundings n.环境2jungle n.丛林22lawn n.草坪，草地42counterbalance n/v.平衡作用的事物;抵消,对...起作用3plantation n.种植园，栽植23olive n.橄榄树. an~brunch橄榄枝43mechanism v.机制，制造[ˈmekənɪzəm]4field n.田野，野外24pine n.松树，松木44preserve v.保护,维持原状,保存 v+ation n. 5terrace n.梯田25vine n.葡萄藤45conservation n.(对环境)保护. conversation交谈6timber n.木材26violet n.堇菜 [ˈvaɪələt]46bush fire n.林区大火7charcoal n.木炭27tulip n.郁金香 [ˈtjuːlɪp]47extinguish v.扑灭;破灭. extinguisher灭火器8log n.原木，航海日志28mint n/v.薄荷，铸币厂；造硬币48destruct v.自毁. destruction n.破坏9logo n.标示29reef n.暗礁. on the~49ruin v/n.毁坏；毁灭，废墟10forestry n.林学林业. forest 森林30alga n.海草. algal adj. algae复数50perish v.毁灭腐烂，消亡11branch n.树枝，分支分店31enzyme n.酶51demolish v.拆除毁坏，推翻12trunk n.树干，躯干；大箱子32catalyst n.催化剂，促成因素.catalyze v.52infringe v.违反；侵犯13bough n.大树枝33release n/v.释放发布53undermine v.破坏，逐渐消弱14root n/v.跟；生根34emission n.排放；排放物54extinction n.灭绝. extinc adj.已灭绝的15hay n.干草. hit the~ 上床睡觉35absorb v.吸收,吸引注意. be~in专注..上55pattern n.模式，底样16straw n.稻草，麦秆；吸管36circulation n.循环,流通. circle环绕 circulate流传56outcome n.结果17reed n.芦苇37exceed v.超过57impact n.影响18thorn n.刺,荆棘. thorny多刺棘手的38uptake n.摄取58seasonal adj.季节性的19weed n/v.杂草；除杂草39nutrient n.营养物. nutrition营养/学59experimental adj.实验的. vaccine疫苗20grass n.草地40energy n.能源，精力60favourable adj.有利的，赞成，肯定Chapter4 太空探索 List 10 Date： £££££1galaxy n.星系,银河系21propulsion n.推进力41fossil n.化石2cosmos n.宇宙22pressure n.压力42sample n.样品，样本3universe n.宇宙万物.universal adj.全世界的普遍的23dynamics n.动力学,动态. dynamic发动的43specimen n.样品，标本 species物种4interstellar adj.星际的。

Module 3 Natural elements - 单元(dānyuán)检测一、翻译(fānyì)(翻译选择题)（共5小题；共5分）1. That little boy dropped from the tall building.A. watchedB. pushedC. disappearedD. fell2. We spent part of the time in the museum.A. allB. some ofC. most ofD. any of3. Now I can walk to work instead of going by car.A. in place ofB. in factC. in a wayD. in the centre of4. Don't forget to return the magazines next Monday.A. look upB. learn aboutC. give backD. look for5. The factory produced the dress in large quantities.A. lengthsB. sizesC. heightsD. numbers二、单项选择(xuǎnzé)（共10小题；共10分）6.It's said that of the water around the world polluted.A. two third; hasB. two thirds; haveC. two third; areD. two thirds; is7.It's possible to get $100 a day in this company, and some days you can get .A. muchB. moreC. littleD. fewer8.--- Do you drink much coffee as before?--- No, at all. My sleeping problem is getting worse.A. noneB. littleC. nothingD. anything9.In our school, students like English, but of them can speak English smoothly.A. a little; a fewB. a few; fewC. a few; littleD. a little; few10.You don't know I want to see you again. It's a year since I last saw you.A. how oftenB. how longC. how muchD. how far11.--- You look so tired.--- My mother makes me playing the piano for 2 hours every day.A. practiceB. to practiceC. practicing12.The sweet smell of the flowers in the garden comes in the open window, making us feelin a good mood(心情(xīnqíng))。