2010.10.09—2010.10.31参考范围
（王京竹2010年10月备考方案 Beta0919）
12. 2009.05.30NA（阅读不考）
13. 2009.02.21NA（听力口语不考）
14. 2009.01.17NA（听力不考）
15. 2009.09.25NA
16. 2009.10.10NA
17. 2009.10.17NA
18. 2009.10.23NA
12. 2009.05.30NA
2009.5.30NA
Reading
第一篇在历史上的几次生物大规模灭绝现象
第二篇关于人们用一种新的办法来储存雨水，代替了弊端多多的造大坝，举了印度的例子
第三篇讲欧洲中世纪的权利制度
词汇题Boon，remarkable， gradually， compelling， speculate，exempt for，collective Listening
听力1 学生找售书的，书本里的内容不是封面内容。学生要急着用这个textbook，售书员建议到online website，但是只可以在校园内电脑access
1、售书员为什么说自己工作了5年事件在这里？
2、售书员为什么说：你是第一个但不是最后一个
听力2 心理学课，说人的两种记忆，一种是记得（比如很多小时候学的常识）；一种是个人经历（就是记得时间地点等等）；然后主要讨论动物具不具有这第二种记忆，
做鸟的试验。结果发现动物有类似记忆，但结论不明确。
听力3 说ceres和veras
听力4 学生找教授，比较两人，教授说他们不是同一时期的，应该选择同一时期的比较听力5 关于玛雅文化
听力6
Speaking
Task 1 Talk about an activity you enjoyed doing with your family when you were a child.
Describe the activity and explain why it was enjoyable to do this activity with your
family.
Task 2 Some students prefer to study or work on difficult class assignments early in the morning. Other students prefer to do this type of work in the evening. 你的选择及原
因
Task 3 【学校通知】：取消写作课，说science专业的不需要练习write。
【学生议论】：男反对。
理由1、science光research是不行的，还要让人能看懂。
理由2、history，english，其他专业都要练习写作，science不练习会不如其他学
生。Workhard
Task 4 【课文要点】：learning before we birth
【教授举例】：举了一个murrbird，蛋还没孵出的时候，mother bird就唱歌，不
同的mother bird叫声不同。Baby孵出后，和一群baby挤在一起，可mother-bird
飞过的时候一唱歌，小baby也跟着唱，因为是unique的，mother就可以认出自
己的baby。
Task 5 【学生困难】：女孩子要搬家，旧寝室里墙上钉了很多钉子挂画，留下了holes。
【解决方案】：房东给了两个解决方案（不是对话中的男孩子给的）：
方案1、房东自己搞定，请专业人员，要多花钱，女孩子觉得不乐意。
方案2、女孩子自己刷，比较便宜，女孩子觉得会exhausted，没时间。
Task 6 【讲课要点】：from experience
例子1、一个人math很好，下次考试也会很有信心，这个就是sense of xxx from
other social module。如果一个人和自己similar，他可以conquer困难，那么自己
也会相信可以。
例子2、两个孩子，sister可以弹琴很好，那么另一个也会认为自己可以做好Writing
Adean人的城墙是否用于抵抗入侵
阅读（不能）听力（能）
虽然很厚，但是不是built on all sides Hilltop 在cliff等处，是天然屏障。如果
在slop处就容易被攻击
有很多个entrance way，不利于防守Open environment，来得及block所有的
entrance
综合写作
没有storage of water，敌人攻城时，里面坚持不了几天敌人不可能把城围起来，而且当地干旱敌人不会在城外等很久
独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
Younger school children should be required to study art and music in addition to math
language, science and history.
13. 2009.02.21NA
2009.2.21NA
Reading
第一篇十五世纪欧洲羊毛纺织对经济的影响。
第二篇Conceptive，主要是讲对事物的归类，bird和can fly的关系，图像对事物认知的影响。
第三篇讲在叙利亚那片儿的一个古代文明体。
词汇Advent—arrival、unprecedented、diffuse、intrigue、modify、dynamic、constant、eventually、somewhat、sought after、Unambiguous—clear、Sought after--desire Listening
听力1 关于summer job的。这个男学生找老师写推荐信，去的是一个和电脑有关的公司。老师正在判上次的卷子（有题）。教授说你现在申请实习，是不是有些晚了，
现在都是5月下旬了（这里也有题，问她说5月下旬是啥意思）。那人说是有些
晚了，但他朋友找到了一个很好的机会，他也想去，而且他和那个公司联系了，
那个公司也很感兴趣。教授说可以写，但那个letter又成问题了。说是这周五due，
教授的时间很紧。还是答应了，最后和那个学生说，下次还有这种事情的话，
一定要给我至少一周的时间让我完成，不能再这样匆忙了。
听力2 一个女学生要把她在学校做展览的painting 拿走，找老师谈。老师说能不能晚点拿，说你的画在这次展览中很重要啊，有很多人会来看的，你会benefit的，也
许有人会买的，是一个好的宣传例子。但是museum也很赶时间，不能两全其美。
女生说另一个人的画也很好，而且她其他的作品可以代替那个作品来展览。
听力3 考古：琥珀化石有两种好处：可以除去水分使植物保持原有形态,还有除菌作用。听力4 天为什么是蓝的，不是紫的；日出日落的时候为什么是红色的。
这些现象都和波长有关。
听力5 美国应有太阳能政策
听力6 爱因斯坦年轻做clerk的时候，对那些concept有很多研究。说那个物理的定理不管你怎么用，都应该是一样的。
然后举例子说电生磁和磁生电，其实是一样的道理，为什么是2个结论？后来
就说是 depends你用哪个reference什么的。
Speaking
Task 1 什么因素对工作环境很重要？你选择好的老板,灵活的时间,还是友好的同事？Task 2 Do you agree or disagree that cell phones change our lives?
Task 3 【学校通知】：所有老生都要搬家，把这个Baxton公寓留给大一新生。
【学生议论】：男生agree
理由1、Baxton公寓离学校近，新生可以利用他多了解学校。他们还可以share
common experience。举例子说他第一年的时候碰到class problem。
理由2、女生说搬家麻烦，男生说moved exciting sometimes，自己也很愿意搬，
因为Baxton公寓是旧的，搬新公寓好。
Task 4 【课文要点】：介绍 kinethetic learning 就是一种不同于传统方法的教学方法，让学生们参与，寓教于乐的方法
【教授举例】：男教授，以前给小学生（elementary school）讲课，叫他们 how to
tell time.他先是用老方法，自己拿个图表（跟定是拿东西演示，是不是图表忘了）
教他们如何看时间，他发现学生觉得很无聊。之后他就，拿张纸，在上边画个
表的外框，让一个同学拿着这个外框装钟表，另一个同学用手臂当表的指针(the hands of the clock)，以这种 game 的方法使教学有趣、有效。
Task 5
【学生困难】：男的注册一门关于生物的课程晚了，结果学校图书馆没借到书，书店也没得买了，卖没了。 【解决方案】：
方案1、去书店买。说是可以为他order 新书但是要一个星期以后。男的认为时间不够了，等书店有书了，已经开课很久了，会有什么 reading problem 。 方案2、buy old books from the students of last year. The man thought the condition of the used book is not good. He doesn’t like. 书上有被做过的标记，他不喜欢。 Task 6
【讲课要点】：商务经济类，关于 collect information for business marketing 的 2 个方法，第一是quantity way ，例子是，一个 car manufacture, use 这个方法通过大量调查，发现 没有孩子的客户购买量大，.而有孩子的客户购买量小。第二个方法是 名字忘了 ... Based 就是问卷调查之类的。 之后该公司为了查明为什么有孩子的客户购买量小，就用该方法 survey 问卷调查，发现是 car 的 back seat 有问题，孩子觉得不舒服。
Company wants to sell their products as much as possible, first thing is to know why people will buy their products, they have to do research: quantity research and opinion research examples: car manufactory, for quantity research ，they have to statistic how many cars will sell to different people, if family without children buy less cars: Family with children will buy more. Foe opinion research, car manufactory have to give survey to people 。
Writing
他朋友的儿子最近发现了一些drip painting ，怀疑是不是Pollock 的
阅读（不是）
听力（是）
这些画里用的pigment 是Pollock 去世以后才在US 有的。 Pollock 从国外dealer 那买的pigment ，即使US 没有。 什么个人用computer 分析，知道Pollock 的画乱中有序啊，但这几幅就是乱无序。那个分析不行啊，sample 有限，说明不了啥。 综合写作 这些画是m 的，m 是Pollock 的朋友，她模仿他的画。
m 是想有自己style 的人，才不屑于模仿。独立写作 Do you agree or disagree that newspapers and magazines is the best way of learning
about a foreign country.
14. 2009.01.17NA
2009.1.17NA
Reading
第一篇深海生物
以前认为深海没生物，后来在 18××年发现一种什么动物。这个动物像恐龙，很
古老。
第二篇植物的向光性和适应性
植物的适应性（喜阳/喜阴）
第三篇马六甲海峡捕食者与被捕食者关系
Listening
听力1 老师要写一个research，需要学生帮助他来做一部分工作，但学生说她已经有图书馆的工作，很有规律，有固定收入，老师强调说会给女生钱，女生说实在没
有时间，虽然自己懂这个工作怎么做，老师说可以给老师减轻一点工作负担，
女生考虑了一下说做一下试试看溶剂溶液的区分，油相和水相不能融合，但盐
能够和水融合，还比较了另外一些东西，就是一些基础化学的东西，然后说了
如何分离这些相，filter或者distill。
听力2 印刷是怎么发展
听力3 照相的历史发展，说了三个人对摄影做出了贡献，W，J，A。
听力4 女生要换parking permit，老师说要换到另外一个地方，女生问为什么，老师说在建垃圾场，建议到另外一个地方，又便宜点，很多学生已经过去了，乘班车
可以回到学校，但女生考虑了一下还是说在waiting list上等等。
听力5 说了一个人的绘画风格，浪漫主义，写实主义。
听力6 奖学金。一个女去教授办公室interview scholarship. Professor问她做过什么 internship
她说她是 art 方面的。
教授搞错了， art 方面的奖学金，还没有开始 interview
Speaking
Task 1 If you are a volunteer, what will you do? And why it is important？
你要做志愿者的话要做怎样的志愿者，大会，体育运动会，等等。
Task 2 Artist and musician哪个more important to society?
改问Do you agree or disagree with the statement: artists and musicians are useful
nowadays 大概这样
Task 3 【学校通知】：poetry writing的课程，因为学生太少，所以要取消。可以到 state university 上。
【学生议论】：不同意
理由1、因为人少， can get more personal attention from professor, get feedback and
comments, take the course worthwhile, because poetry focus individual
development。
理由2、State university太远, drive more than one hour, if use public transportation, it
costs longer. Beside, most of students do not have a car.
Task 4 【课文要点】：深海生物发光，发出electric current来存活
【教授举例】：
1、 Eel发出电流来shock小鱼，来吃小鱼为生
2、另一个是knife刀鱼，身体可以产生 current field to explore environment. If there
is a rock nearby the fish, then the current field will change. So the fish can avoiding
crashing into the rock.
Task 5 【学生困难】：女生要选课，因为很喜欢Economic这门课的教授，但她已经选课选满了4个。
【解决方案】：男教授给出
方案1、旁听，不交作业的，no test, no paper, 但是她担心那样她没压力。
方案2、推到暑假上，但她暑假还要实习什么的。
Task 6 【讲课要点】：从各个行星到地球的距离如何来记忆，教授介绍一种能够方便记忆的方法，从宿舍楼到学生中心，到一棵什么大树，还有一个塑像，分别代表
行星到地球的距离，方便学生记忆
Writing
综合写作
银行是否应该借给穷人钱
阅读（不应该）听力（应该）
穷人没有经验做生意，即使借钱给他们，
也不会成功。
如果银行这么做，政府就不会帮助穷人。
独立写作广告是否是不健康饮食的主要原因？
15. 2009.09.25NA
2009.9.25NA
Reading
第一篇讲古代关于horse进化的，主要是讲某个时期的化石和现在马相似和不同的地方，为什么进化成这个样子。有个词汇题 succulent= juicy
第二篇讲古代非洲建筑的演化，由集体为单位的建筑模式变为以家庭为单位的模式，这样物质上变得丰富由于竞争。
第三篇讲nova和supernova。太阳核聚变、恒星演化、红巨星、白矮星。
Listening
听力1 学生和老师讨论助教，学生说助教不是很好交流，教授解释。
听力2 讲radio细菌。
听力3 讲化石的形成。什么地方比较易于形成化石，什么地方不适合。
听力4 学生和一个staff谈预定演讲厅的事情，定了小的，取消，又订了大的，结果没有订上，跑去问。staff 解释原因，可能是把两个reservation当着一个处理了。
解决方法是找一个大小差不多的40人的room。计算机出问题，学生离开，回来
解决计算机问题，staff谢谢。
听力5 讲叶子从green到yellow/orange到red的演化过程。
听力6 讲北美建筑的演化。早期建筑，对称、简单。北美建筑有罗马风格，因为早期领导人喜欢罗马建筑，引进britain的某建筑模式（罗马建筑基础上发展起来的）。Speaking
Task 1 最重要的一天。
Task 2 看电视是浪费时间吗？
Task 3 【公开信】：讲学生建议学校开个快餐店，解决学生工作，给学生提供方便。
【学生议论】：学生讨论，赞成
理由1、可以learn how to run business，便于以后发展。
理由2、另外一个就是节省时间，咖啡店排队，别的地方要往返半个小时车程，
可以用这个时间来学习。
Task 4 【课文要点】：experience goods。就是要用了一下才知道value and usefulness 的商品。
【教授举例】：以教授朋友dvd学习资料为例，说什么刚开始大家不知道买的效
果差。后来把这个东西给小学老师，老师们在课堂上演示了一下，学生们知道
这东西用途后, 订单一下子暴涨起来。
Task 5 【学生困难】：学生准备论文借书，本校图书馆没有，另外一个地方有。
【解决方案】：
方案1、馆际互借，邮寄要几天，来不及；
方案2、开车去取，耽误课程。
Task 6 【讲课要点】：加拿大和俄罗斯的什么树in forest。能够在大雪和少光环境下生存的原因：三角形状，雪slide减轻负重。Dark green color can absorb more light, the
darker, the more light can be absorbed。
Writing
综合写作
wave energy
阅读（好用）听力
可靠性，consistent and reliable。不可靠，环境恶劣，需要备份。
环保。不环保，污染海水和交通offshore。
廉价8 cents / kwhr compared to wind 不便宜，coal energy 才3 cents / kwhr。
energy 15 cents/ kwhr。
独立写作Do you agree or disagree the statement:
Having jobs with low paying salary and being high secure is better than jobs with
high salary but being easy to lost.
16. 2009.10.10NA
20091010 北美机经
口语
1. describe on positive experience and the result
2. 忘了
3. reading, professor’s email about discussion requirement, student take 2 discussion lecture write the report 1 day ahead. And reading give the interest part.
Conversation, man, likes the requirement, 1, it is good for the discussion part because saving time. Last week it took them a long time to finish discussion. 2. it is useful for their finals. Because students have interesting ideas ready and easy to write paper.
4. reading, evolution in action, animals and plants adapt to new changed environment quickly
Lecture, mint plants used to grow in grassy field and woods and grew tall and faster, later some houses’owners plant mint plants in the yard. They cut them into short, quickly, all mint plants become short and hardly being cut, instead, they grow side way become flat.
5. a party, students can relieve the stress from final exams and get away from books. a student band supposes to play music, however the leader of the band is sick, so the band was canceled, 2 solutions by 2 students, 1, play cds, but recorded music is not as exciting as live music 2. postpone the party to 1 week before the final exam, however some students will go home and miss the party.
6. 2 cues to judge the qualities of products by consumers. 1, intrinsic cue, judging my physical characteristics of products, such as color, texture, sizes, for example, food, if it has good taste means has good quality. 2. extrinsic cue, judging not by physical characteristcs. For example, juice, if the bottle of juice is a good looking glass bottle and has good label, consumers think it has good quality. So products area evaluated by external packs.
作文
reading, 第一个settle down 到美国的英国colony of 忘了名字消失了,假设去了一个什么岛, 名字也忘了,证据,1.colony leader 离开后回来发现人都走了, 在外面发现了一个sign that is the word of "那个岛的名字", leader走之前和其他人约定好,如过离开,留下记号告诉去哪了. 2. 在岛上发先一些artcrafts,其中有一个ring 可一trace back to 到那个colony, 证据3,岛上的人金发碧眼,说英语,是因为他们和那个colony的人通婚
lecture 反对, 1 领导走之前和其他人说要搬家就搬到内地,粮食多,可是那个岛是coast, 2, ring owned by a man, he was not one of the settlers in the colony, and he returen back to English later,
that ring must be traded to the island.3, there are several colonies from England in late US, 岛上金发碧眼,说英语的人是和别的colony 的人通婚的.
大作文, 现在人多,到处busy and crowed,没必希望别人将礼貌. 莫名其妙的题
17. 2009.10.17NA
20091017 北美机经
2009年10月17日托福考试机经(北美)
托福考试阅读部分机经:
第一篇:
英国和在北美的殖民的差别，分工业化的差距，middle class percentage的多少，还有投票选举人的差别。
第二篇:
讲children playful behavior（好像是加试？这次都不是经典加试）, 没怎么看懂，说小孩子的玩分三种，一种是没有目的的玩，一种是有目的的玩，还有一种是取决于人们怎么看待，叫“critirion”。
第三篇:
fish +wate+r breath （主题是鱼是怎么适应在水中呼吸和在空气中呼吸）
第一段讲了鱼呼吸相关定义
第二段讲了 GILL 组织和水中成分关系最总影响呼吸
第三段讲了水的不同温度和氧含量
另:
阅读有一篇是讲珊瑚的。说达尔文把珊瑚分为3种。这3种生长的地方不同。
托福考试听力部分机经:
第一篇
讲 sound envolope
一篇说合成器，说合成器可以合成各种声音，比如钢琴、小提琴。好像就是这段还说到了sound envolope，给了张图说声音的4个阶段**，decay，**，releash（原词忘了2个）。举了车的例子。最后又说合成器还可以合成出新的声音。
第二篇
T细胞是免疫细胞。其中T细胞中有naive的，因为该naive的T细胞还没有遇到过病毒什么的。经过对老鼠和猴子的控制饮食的实验，发现饮食减少30%的猴子比较健康，naive的T细胞更多。最后教授说没做人体实验，所以不确定人类是不是也这样。
生物学：少食有利于T细胞增加导致抗病毒能力增加因而可以延寿
第三篇
化学：关于水的化学特点密度导热性氢键
第四篇
一个女学生spring break找不到ride，问管理员怎么解决
第五篇
生物学：关于猴子 VISION 色觉三种单色双色三色对于取食作用
托福考试口语部分机经:
Task 1
最近你感兴趣的新闻或是故事
Describe a news or a story that you are interssted in recently. And explain why you think it was interesting.
Include reasons and details in your response.
Task 2
喜欢写essay还是用试卷。
课堂讨论也计分还是只记essay的分吧
Some students prefer to take a essay question where they must write an essay to a question. Other students prefer to take a test with objective questions. Which type of exam question do you pefer? Give easons and examples in your explanation.
Task 3
学校要在宿舍开餐厅，有利于大家交流学习也给大家提供了另外一个吃饭的地方
Task 4
说广告的：speaker说他本来不想买制冰激凌机，觉得那很麻烦。后来有一天看到广告，广告把每一步骤都说得很清楚，他觉得很容易，所以就买了一台回家。问广告molding的作用。
Task 5
女生的照片要到今晚开始为期2个月的艺术展上展出，但这女生把照片落在家里了。现在去拿来得及展出，但会错过下午的review。她妈妈说可以给她送过来，但得明天，因为今天要上班。教授说可以明天再展出。但该女生的朋友今晚来看展览，没看不到她的照片了。
Task 6
一些动物的妈妈会让同种族的年轻一点的女性来照顾自己的小孩，这样她就可以出去采食和
活动，同时也训练了那些即将当妈妈的mothering skill。
写作部分:
综合作文
话题：Trex恐龙dinosaur能不能跑？
阅读理由：1、体型大2、脚上的骨头太细3、肌肉不够
Lecture逐条反驳了所有理由
独立写作
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions should always show audience good people are being rewarded and bad people are being punished.
18. 2009.10.23NA
20091023 北美机经
阅读
第一篇
是关于爱尔兰的早期的语言系统的形成，最初是没有writing system，所有的事情都是靠一些人用脑子背下来的，渐渐的，人们怎么就意识到writing system的重要性了，就开始发明了一个writing system，然后之后那的人教孩子背东西，形成了今天的写字系统
第二篇
人类老是乱来导致动物灭绝，先说物种灭绝的频率，然后和人类影响后的对比，说明人类的影响很大，然后就是例子讲人类怎么影响的，捕杀，改变环境什么的，总结说，人类要搞好和自然的关系。
简单，是说现在生物灭绝的情况，比人类想象严重，而且很多是人类造成的。当中有用数字估计，但是实际情况比估计的严重的多。（有一题是说哪个动物不是被人类搞的灭绝的，选猎狗）
第三篇
是关于写实主义，就是画的跟真的似的那种。就是说，早期的写实主义受到貌似希腊的影响，然后是写实主义的发展，举了貌似4个人的例子。但最后例子说达芬奇反对写实主义，说要在那之上创新、反映不了东西的精髓，还有一个人也不同意。
听力
第一篇
1. 女學生找教授，說教授指定的書，圖書館中找不到了。教授問是找不到了，還是被借出去了？學生說是遺失了。教授問那放在借書處的照片了，學生說該是被借走了（還是一樣不見，記憶有點模糊了，但考題中有說出一個明確的答案，但此處無題，所以沒差）。然後教授說：這樣啊，這本書在下週五(?忘了)的考試中，是很重要的資料。學生：所以我來告訴你這情況，書不見了。教授反問：所以你是來問我可不可以延遲考試的嗎？學生承認（此處有目的題）。教授說：你知道我們這次課程的參考內容是有電子版本的。（記得應不是那本不見的書的電子版，而是類似內容有電子版。此處有題，我沒把握自己是否選對，因聽的時候不覺這段重要，沒記筆記，聽到下一句才知不妙）學生：我不知道有電子版。教授說：我在課堂上就說過了。況且現在才要延遲考試，對那些已經準備的同學不公平。所以教授聽來不打算改考試日期。
校园生活:女学生去找教授,说下次课要quiz的内容中插图书,写培根的,在图书馆没得借了.教授说,可以在网上看电子图书..然后教授开始讲培根的一些理论观点,学生听了说,老师您提醒了我下次课要考的问题,实际上,这次我来找您就是想问问您,图书馆没这个书了,考试能不能推迟..教授说,不行,它有电子版,而且这样对其他同学不公平.
第二篇
2. botany。教授說明一個term” Columbian change”(音似，不確定是否這樣拼，但與
Columbus有關，稍後內容就會提到)，說的是一種mutual change。伴隨哥倫布發現新大陸後，歐洲的新移民遷居到美國，這兩地的植也互相交流，歐à美之後，再從美à歐都是有可能的，所以叫做” Columbian change”(無題，沒差)。但是有一種植物weed，卻是例外，他只有單方面，也就是從歐洲到美國後，在美國卻生長的很好，回到歐洲卻無法如美國般生長，最主要的原因就是在氣候（有題），因美國南方的氣候較溫暖。
第三篇
3. 電影。講Travel movie是一種電影的拍攝手法，與現今的電影最大的不同就是travel movie無聲，學生：所以他是每次播放要靠narrator的？教授說：對。就跟早期電影一樣，早期電影有時是用放唱片或音樂的。（有題）然後教授說到travel movie製作比較深入，例如同學們你們就不知道非洲蛇的種類有54種吧？(有題)。教授繼續提到travel movie與現在電影的不同，例如現在電影在火車上拍攝，就只能用running and window view changing。(這邏輯好怪，我可能有一兩句沒注意，漏了)，但是travel movie可以用汽車、步行，那是一種隨性的拍攝方式，允許detour（此處有題）。
历史课: 讲一种电影类型travel movie.教授首先问学生,这种电影你们听起来觉得是什么样的.女学生说,好象一种拍旅途惊险故事的那种电影.教授说,事实上不是的,它是一种拍摄者将自己的体验拍出来的成果,不是历险故事.然后解释了一通都有包括些什么东西.然后男学生问,这是不是和另外一种电影类型很像.教授说,它们有共同点,比如都是由一个人完成,而且....(哎,都听不出考点,只能大概知道讲什么,做题都是晕的)然后又开始解释这种电影具体怎么拍摄的..
第四篇
geology。說一個地形的變化，也是有適者生存的情形的（之後果然就有提到達爾文的進化論，說一般達爾文的進化論只用在植物跟動物，但其實地形變化也是可以類似應用的）。大抵說到這地形的變化，會導致湖不見，陸地出現。水大量出現（咦，現在想想，好像是跟冰川有關。不確定）à所以此題不貢獻了，我真的忘了。但變化導致什麼情形發生有考yes/no 問題。
地理课:大概讲的是对地貌形成的两种看法,传统的认为地貌的形成是渐变的,后来有人提出来是突变的,比如大洪水流水腐蚀地貌等等.(这段听力一点也没听出来)
一个地理概念cxx的形成有个人提出一个非传统观点被prof说是错的但prof肯定了他挑战传统的精神(和达尔文相比）
第五篇
metamorphosis动物变态发育的四種類形。是教授與學生對話方式（不像第二題，是教授單方授課）。一開始就提出蝴蝶生長經過四種階段，請同學回答，男同學說完後，教授說對，這種過程就叫做完全變態。女學生打岔：既然有完全變態，那是不是就有不完全變態？教授說，對，這正是我接下來要講的內容。（此處有題，問教授的意思）教授接著提四種變態類形：no metamorphosis, incomplete mor. Complete mor.(很妙，第二個，介於no與in之間的，我當時有記筆記，但現在完全想不起來，反正無題，沒差)。不變態的，就是小時候跟大人完全一樣，變的只有size，如grasshopper（希望我沒搞混，當下筆記是清楚的，但現在忘了，
反正考試中例子說的很明確，無題。）。Incomplete跟complete都是小時候外型跟長大會完全不同，Incomplete的例子是dragonfly，省去pupa的部份。Complete最常舉的例子就是蝴蝶。教授再進一步解釋完全變態的四階段，為什麼會有這四階段的不同，主要是各階段的需求不一樣(有題)，larva階段要的是營養，adult階段要的是mating，所以要有好的外形。而完全變態的動物，每階段外形變化都很大，主要也是為了要區別(有題)。
生物课:讲动物从幼年到成年的变化方式.有的昆虫是完全变态发育(以蝴蝶为例),有的是不完全变态发育(举了种昆虫),有的是不变态发育.仔细描述了几种发育方式的好处,比如变态发育能增加他们的竞争力什么的.(听到后面走神想偷听别人讲口语,唉.)
食物网，是说食物链是单一的从草到虫子到鸟，但是食物网可能是草到虫子到老鼠也到鸟，老鼠鸟都到蛇，就是立体化了；然后就分不同的等级，没往上一级，能量就少90%，还有生物的变态发育，由蝴蝶入手，从卵到毛毛虫到蛹到蝴蝶，苍蝇也是。然后讲到蛆。。。。变态发育的概念，在外形，食物，生存环境有大的改变的，变态发育有4种：有完全的，不完全的等等。还举了蝗虫的例子，最后说变态发育的目的：一是能够幼虫成虫各取所需二减少两代间的竞争。
第六篇加试
女學生到housing department問問題。女生：我想請教一個宿舍申請的問題，請問是來這裡嗎？還是要去另一處（忘了那名稱，筆記有記，所以聽力中是清楚說的）。男advisor：是如何的問題？女學生(demanding and picky)：我想知道如果對宿舍有特別需求，例如我想住在向南的房間，哪一層樓，這種需求該填在哪裡？男：我們沒有開放同學可以有這樣的選擇耶。女：所以你的意思是說，一切由宿舍自由分派？男：對。女：那室友呢？我可以指定嗎？男：一樣是不行的，但如果你有想住的人，可以先提出來，但這部份的業務你就必需找另一處（這一問一答，我記憶有點模糊了，但此處有雙選題，考此男可以幫這女的處理那兩種事務。不過，聽力中是很明確有說的。不難）女又問：那請問我可以只住一學期嗎？男：請問你是交換學生嗎？女：不是。男：所以你是一般學生（有題）。女：是。男：由於你是一般學生，所以根據規定，申請宿舍都是以一學年為單位。就算你沒住滿一年，還是要付一年的錢（有題）。女：那我怎麼可能知道自己到底住不住得習慣宿舍呢？這是我第一次住校。男：只有一種情形可以申請退費，就是你提早畢業了（有題）。你符合這情形嗎？女：不，我還有兩三年才畢業。男：那就只能住滿一年了。（這個女學生真是令人討厭）
第七篇
就是一个男的是singing club的。。还有几天是他们的，所以他在学校立了好多的sign，但是被学校给收了，他拿着通知信找学校。学校说要通过申请才能立牌子，说原来谁都可以立的时候，买东西的找驴友的啥都有（有题）。所以现在需要申请。男的问能不能今天申请，就几天音乐会了（有题），说办事的不再，男的说还有啥办法，学校之后说支持这种活动（有题），就今儿给你办了。
第八篇
讲人类学的，说最先人类是打一枪换一个地方的，为了找更多的食物去迁移，但经过了千年进化，人们逐渐的定居，原因有两个：1）人口过多，不容易搬家了2）是有了pottery能够储存种的粮食，渐渐的就需要society control，之后社会就产生了
第九篇
口语
Task 1
Which job do you think is the most important to your society: doctor，teacher or farmer? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
Task 2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? If a person want to be happy, he or she should like his or her job or work. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Task 3
【公开信】：有个学生写信给大学校报说学校应该provide money为students建立一个nature club。好处1、很多同学喜欢参加outdoor活动，以亲近大自然，但去那些地方太不方便。学校可以组织学生并用bus接送他们周末去野外玩儿、renew energy。好处2、这个trip has educational meaning。同学们也可以get a lot of first hand experiences about environment and nature。
【学生议论】：女生反对，认为学校这么做is unecessary。原因1：学生不一定非要参加natural club的trip才能亲近大自然。It is easy for students to take cars or buses to the parks nearby take a break from study。原因2：Studying outdoors has no educational meaning。If students just wandering around the field ,they can’t learn anything because there is no professor's guidance。
Task 4
【课文要点】：心理学概念。confirmation bias（证实偏见）：people only accept positive information which helps to confirm their points of view, and ignore negtive information which does not confirm their points of view.
【教授举例】：教授举他的一个女性朋友的例子。她想买一种新型hybrid power car and it is evironmental friendly。她in the road看到real car就会说这个car很eye catching那么多人都买它。她只关注关于这种车的优点的positive critics，而idnore教授给他看magazine上关于这种车的缺点（比如新型车性能unstable，容易坏，requires the frequent fix，repair费用贵，spending would end up on repairing）negative报道。in the end，她并没有改变她的看法，还真就bought that car，那车问题很多，总得修理，但她还是坚信这个车是很不错的。让你结合听力的例子解释这个心理学概念。
Task 5
【学生困难】：男生tomorrow要完成表theater acting class assignmnt，give a performance。但他的partner dropped the class，因为她is too busy。男生不知道该怎么演perform了。
【解决方案】：男生自己给了自己建议1、find a new scene that has only one single role, and prepare a speech or monologue。女生说这样得重新背lines。他先前的那个角色的lines已经准备很长时间了。And the man says that he is good at memorizing lines。女生给男生建议2、找这个女生来代演男生的partner’s role，though she’s a terrible actoress，很可能mess up他的演出。描述男生遇到的困难，女生给的两个建议，你的建议，为什么。
Task 6
【讲课要点】：selective breeding（选育）：为了提高农产品的产量quantity和品质quality，古代farmers在种crops时会筛选具有some desirable characteristics的植株的seeds一直to breed 下去。后来，品种就被改良了。教授举了两个例子：例子1：小麦wheat，刚开始wheat成熟了以后谷物容易fall down on the ground。It is difficult to gether。Uncertain的一部分stay stand。It is easy to gether。后来农民选择这些不落谷物的植株的seeds进行反复培育to breed，year after year，all the wheats就不落了。便于farmers采集。后来，wheat就变成主要作物，提供足够food。例子2：原来，pea plant果实都是small pieces，不够吃。farmers选择有large size果实的植株的seeds继续to breed。Finally，they got more big size peas，能提供more food。
写作
综合作文
1. 复活节岛
[阅读] 观点是复活节岛的原始居民是从南美洲来的
理由1 南美人民可能不远万里乘风破浪驾驶坚不可摧的rafts而来
理由2 复活节岛上的一个stone wall用的高科技手段跟南美一wall很神似
理由 3 复活节岛上的一些植物在南美有很多实际作用说明他们可能是南美人民带到岛上的
[听力] 观点是传说中的复活节岛的首批居民是南美人根本就是瞎扯蛋
理由1 没任何证据证明南美人民曾驾着小船到达岛上因岛上啥artifact 比如锅碗瓢盆之类的东西都找不着
理由2 岛上那wall跟南美那wall根本就是两码事因为岛上那wall瞅着挺玄乎实际里面是本来是空的是用其他比较轻的石头填进去的所以根本不需要南美wall那么高端的技术
理由3 岛上的貌似南美plant们很有可能是自己漂洋过海来到这片新土地的而不是靠人弄过来的
1. 文章说：Easter Island 的人是从南美过来的
(1) 假设，说很可能是乘raft漂过来，有过人的航海能力，靠wind跟current。
(2) Easter Island 上发现有个墙的建筑跟南美的建筑技术很像。
(3) 南美植物跟Easter Island有雷同性。讲某种草用来做mat之类的，还有主食Sweet potato.
听力说：
(1) 推测的不算数，南美的东西，在Easter Island没发现，例如珠宝之类的。
(2) 不知道哪一地的wall，其实是空心的，所以不算数。
(3) 有不知道两地之中哪一个的某种草，在另一个地上长不出来。所以那些雷同的植物可能是后来别人带过去的。
综合很好找论点的文章)某Island的第一批居住者是否是从南美来的
1\阅读材料认为是从南美来的,他们可能借助风力和洋流坐船过去的..教授说不可能,如果他们是从南美来的肯定随身带着很多artifacts,但这么多年来也没有发现任何这种物品..
2\阅读材料说在岛上有一种石头,它的风格和南美的很像,说明第一批居住者是南美人..教授说实际上技术是不一样的(具体怎么不一样就没听出来了...)
3\阅读材料说岛上很多植物物种和南美的一样,提到一种植物说公认的native to南美,在这个
岛上被发现,肯定是那批人飘洋过海的时候带过来的. 教授说,有一个新发现,这种植物是耐盐水的,也就是它其实很可能自己从海上飘过去了
独立写作
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays, it is not important for families to eat meals together regularly. 和家人一起吃饭不是很重要。是否同意？
1.Agree or disagree:technology devices distance people far more now than before. 2.Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the most important class can't be learned in the classroom? 3.People who live in small towns are nicer than those who live in big cities,agree with disagree 4.Do you agree with the statement:it is easier for people today to lead a healthy life than people of100years ago. 5.Your university plans to open a cafe inside the campus library.Do you think this is a good idea?Explain why or why not? 6.Some people like having a wide variety of friends and acquaintances they can spend time with.Others like to spend most of their free time with the same small group of close friends.Which do you prefer?Explain why. 7.Which of the following do you think is the most important quality for an employee: performance during the interview or education background? 8.Imagine you're provided with two job offers,one travels a lot with more money, one with less business trips and less money. 9.Which one do you agree?Children born with talent should be treated in a different way or they should be treated in the same way as average children. 10.Some schools decide to expel students from school,if they are caught cheating in the exam.Do you think this is a good idea or not? 11.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Employees shouldn’t send personal texts or emails during work hours. 12.Agree or disagree:if children do well in school,parents should give them money as rewards? 13.Some students prefer to go to universities or colleges in their hometown.Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns.Which do you prefer and why?Include details and examples in your explanation. 14.Your professor suddenly cancels the class for today.Would you prefer to go shopping with your friends or prepare for the exam? 15.Some people believe it is important for universities to provide funding for
11月10日独立写作考题预测 11月4日考题回顾 A government spend money on all adults after 25-year-old on a training course for the most up-to-date skills at workplace. Do you think it is effective？Why or why not？ 上周预测题第1题与11月4日考题同属政府类的题目，并且部分关键词funding，training 重合。 上周预测题第1题： Which area the government should fund to improve children’s education? ?hiring more teachers to teach in a small class ?preschool education before kindergarten ?providing some training courses so that teachers can be more professional 11月10日独立写作考题预测 ?The university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students, which of the following do you think is the best way? ?providing a room for quiet study; ?building an exercise room; ?providing entertainment place(watch film). ? ?Which one of the following values is the most important to share with a young child (5-10 years old)? ?Being helpful ?Being honest ?Being well organized ? A lot of high school students now cheat in homework assignments, by asking other students for answers. Which of the following do you think is the most efficient way to stop? ?asking parents to help stop the students from cheating ?penalty or punishment to the students ?asking teacher to create homework assignment that cannot be easily cheated ?At some universities, students take part in making decisions about the issues that affect daily life of everyone on campus, such as how many hours that the libraries should be open each day or what kinds of food should be served in the cafeteria. But at some universities, experts are hired to make these decisions, students almost never involved. Which approach do you prefer and why. ?Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. Do your agree or disagree the following statement? The group will be helped more by members who are willing to do
As the economy and technology develop at an incredible speed in today’s society, there are an increasing number of people believing that the most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. In my view, however, this is out of the question and the three most significant problems affecting the society, namely war, environmental destruction and disease, will still influence us and may not be entirely resolved forever. War is a problem afflicting humans since they took into being in the first place. Wars take place when different countries have conflicting benefits, which is unlikely to be eliminated as long as the boundaries between countries still exist. For instance, in the Middle East where water is extremely scarce, many countries are in conflict in contention for water resources. Since every country acts for the sake of its own benefit, it seems that people in the region are incapable of living together in harmony. Eternal world peace, therefore, is unlikely to be achieved in our lifetime. Environmental destruction emerged not long before but it is becoming increasingly severe and can not be ignored. With the large-scale utilization of fossil fuels and rapid development of industry, huge amounts of pollutants are being produced, contaminating the environment to a large degree. The disposal of these pollutants being a tough task, it is hardly possible that we can completely get rid of them within a short period of time. Furthermore, even if we can come up with optimal methods for dealing with these substances, there remains the problem that these methods may cost too much and obstruct the development of economy. Last but not least, the well-being of people around the world is threatened by a variety of diseases, ranging from AIDS to cancer, the cures for which have not been discovered yet. Diseases set off panics among humans, affect their normal life and leave people badly off with the high medical expenses. There are thousands of scientists devoting themselves to finding cure for diseases, but new types of diseases keep emerging and there is no eliminating all of them. In summary, the problems with the most significance today are going to be passed on to our offspring. To eliminate these problems thoroughly, there is still a long way to go.
2020年1月托福口语机经预测 Task 1 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important to maintain relationship with family members than with friends. When handling with difficult situations in life, do you think it’s better to use humorous attitude or serious attitude? School shouldn‘t allow young students to use calculator during exam. Do you agree or disagree ? Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Kids should be allowed to keep pets. Some parents prefer to help their kids to solve the problems and troubles they meet, while some parents prefer to let their children deal with difficulties by themselves, which one do you think is more reasonable and why? Do you agree or disagree: students should watch teacher‘s lectures in video version instead of attending classes?
2013年5月托福写作机经题目预测 新东方王子睿1.Which one of the following ways do you think is the best for students to make friends? Joining a sport team Attending community activities Travelling 2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A job with a high salary is better than a job with a low salary, even if it is easier to lose it. 3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier for people today to keep healthy than those in the past. 4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should focus its budgets more on environmental protection than on economic development. 5.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is impossible to be completely honest to your friends. 6.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for schools to fund their students’social activities than to improve student’meals. 7.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Working at home by using telephones and computers is better than working in the office. 8.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays, neighbors depend on each other less than in the past. 9.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? We can learn about a person from the books and movies that the person likes. 10.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The rules that the whole society today expect young people to follow are too strict. 11.Do you agree or disagree with following statement? In the past people depended on their parents for making decisions, but today, young people are much better able to make decisions on their own. 12.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should try different kinds of jobs before they take a career in the long term. 13.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers’performance should be evaluated by students rather than by other teachers. 14.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people nowadays do not respect their teachers as much as they did in the past. 15.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should buy things made by their own countries, even if things from other countries are more cost-effective.
Daisy口语整理version-2.0-word版8.26托福机经
申明：本机经资料整理者Daisy。资料来源于互联网。不做任何盈利性用途。 Activities： 1.If your high school has after-school activities, which activity would you like to choose? 2.Describe an organization you would like to join. 3.Describe an activity you enjoy doing in your school recently. Explain why you enjoy doing this activity in your school. Include specific reasons and details to support your response. Experiences： 1.Which period of your life do you think the most difficult：Childhood, juvenile or adult? 2.What will you suggest your friend if he comes to your country to study aboard?
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2.job through which you can get a lot of money or to find a job through which you can get great personal satisfaction? Objects/things/situations: 1.Describe an important letter or poem or story or essay you have written. 2.Your university is planning to prevent students from bring their own computers into classroom. What is your opinion and why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this program? 3.Is it beneficial for students to have computer? Describe both advantages & disadvantages. 4.Talk about a book you have not read but you want to read because it is important. 5.College students should not be allowed to keep
The most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. As the economy and technology develop at an incredible speed in today’s society, there are an increasing number of people believing that the most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. In my view, however, this is out of the question and the three most significant problems affecting the society, namely war, environmental destruction and disease, will still influence us and may not be entirely resolved forever. War is a problem afflicting humans since they took into being in the first place. Wars take place when different countries have conflicting benefits, which is unlikely to be eliminated as long as the boundaries between countries still exist. For instance, in the Middle East where water is extremely scarce, many countries are in conflict in contention for water resources. Since every country acts for the sake of its own benefit, it seems that people in the region are incapable of living together in harmony. Eternal world peace, therefore, is unlikely to be achieved in our lifetime. Environmental destruction emerged not long before but it is becoming increasingly severe and can not be ignored. With the large-scale utilization of fossil fuels and rapid development of industry, huge amounts of pollutants are being produced, contaminating the environment to a large degree. The disposal of these pollutants being a tough task, it is hardly possible that we can completely get rid of them within a short period of time. Furthermore, even if we can come up with optimal methods for dealing with these substances, there remains the problem that these methods may cost too much and obstruct the development of economy. Last but not least, the well-being of people around the world is threatened by a variety of diseases, ranging from AIDS to cancer, the cures for which have not been discovered yet. Diseases set off panics among humans, affect their normal life and leave people badly off with the high medical expenses. There are thousands of scientists devoting themselves to finding cure for diseases, but new types of diseases keep emerging and there is no eliminating all of them. In summary, the problems with the most significance today are going to be passed on to our offspring. To eliminate these problems thoroughly, there is still a long way to go.
1.Describe one way of life in your country has been changed and why it is beneficial 2.Do you like to prepare for something in the beginning or wait just before the due date? Well, for me , I prefer to finish my work as quickly as possible for several reasons. First of all, I don’t like to be rushed. Starting as soon as possible allow me to make a schedule to follow. With my own plan, I can manage the task step by step, which won’t make me feel tense. Furthermore, it allows me to prepare enough to finish the task. With good preparation, I can just finished the work efficiently. Thus,I can save a lot of time to do other things. In some cases, a flood of works may overwhelm you at the same time, it is wise to cope with them as soon as you can. 3.One of your friends is going to study math as his major. What suggestions would you give to this friend? I think I will give three reasons to my friend if he is going to study math as his major. First, he need to be patient. Math is a basic subject of many fields. However, it is also very difficult. To be a good learner in math , he should calm down and concentrate on the math problem. Second, cooperation is also very important. He can found a math team. During the learning process, they can help each other to get better results. Third, he may learn some other subject as well if he get free time. Math is basic subject and it can be applied to many other areas. Put it into practice and he will learn much more. 4.Some people would borrow money to buy things they need. Others would save up money until they can afford it. Which would you do and why? For me, I think premature consumption, which means people can borrow money from other people or banks to buy things, is very fashionable and reasonable. As long as I have a steady job, I would choose to borrow money to buy things like a car ,a house and so on. It may be too expensive for me right now, for example, a house. But I really need it. It may take a long time for me to save money to buy it. If I buy it in advance, I can enjoy a comfortable life for a long time. And another reason is thatI will be pushed to work harder if I borrow money from others. Driven by some pressure, I may try my best to achieve myself. 5.Talk about two singers who are popular in your country. Explain why they are popular and how they are different
2019年8月21日托福口语机经(完整版) T1.If you were to do a project, which of the following would you choose？ 1、 A recycle program 2、 Teaching children about vegetable growing 3、 3、Teaching children about healthy eating T2.Some people believe that it is better for small children to grow up in a small town. Others, however, believe that it’s better for them to grow up in a big city. Which do you think is better？ T3.学生建议学校决定取消poetry reading 因为上课的学生太少了这样既能够节省钱学生如果要读的话能够去图书馆或者自己听CD对话 中女生说这样不好第一很多学生不知道有reading这回事，所以学校能够增强海报网页等宣传第二如果去图书馆的话，学生就缺少了live performance 不能表达感情之类的。 校刊上注销来一封信，托福机经阅读的内容就是这封信，大概是说一 个女孩觉得既然学校最近在想办法减少开支，那么她认为取消诗歌会 是个好办法。诗歌会很少有人去，学校完全能够把诗歌朗诵录成CD放在图书馆，如果有人想听就去图书馆听CD。接下来的托福机经听力对话内容是一男一女谈论这封信，女孩是逗哏，她认为不应该取消诗歌会。诗歌会人少的原因是学校没有好好宣传，所以学校应该多贴海报 通知，她相信只要宣传到了人会很多的。而且听CD并不能看到朗诵者的眼睛和其他肢体语言，也不能和身边的人一起分享你的感受。
2017年11月25日托福机经大范围重点预测 独立写作 2017 年起，独立写作延续了2016 年的出题趋势。截止到今天为止的22 场考试中，有12 题为新题，10 题为旧题，新旧比例正好为1:2。题目难度较2016 年相比并无太大变化，但题干长度明显增加，有个别考题的题干篇幅甚至占据了小半个电脑屏幕，题干的加场给不少考生造成了心理上的压力，因此建议各位考生平时多练习审题、破题的速度。 从题材来看，考查最多的依然是教育类、活动类、家人朋友类和价值观类。独立写作题材越来越广泛，越来越贴近生活，出现很多社会热点话题。这就要求同学们能够敏锐捕捉社会动向，并且有自己独到的见解，对于同学们的思考能力和写作水平都提出了更高的要求。 从出题规律来看，目前为止2017 年与往年重复的11 道旧题中，2011 年-2017 年的题目均有出现。其中2017 年同年重复 1 次，2016 年 2 次，2015 年 2 次，2014 年 4 次,2011年1 次。因此同学们可以着重复习往年的题目 2016 年重点题 161211CN(new) Which of the following three activities do you prefer to do with a group of people rather than alone？ 1. Eat a meal 2. Listen to music 3. Do homework 161210CN(上午)(new) It’s difficult for teachers to be both popular (well liked) and effective in helping students learn. Agree or disagree? 160109CN(new) Some people think it is the best approach for students to learn if school start the day at an early time in the morning. But someone think the school should start the day at late time. Which one do you prefer? Use specific reasons and detailed examples to support your answer. 160123CN(new) Some people believe that video games could inspire young students' interest and make their study more efficient rather than distracting them and a waste of time, so young students should be allowed to play video games.
博思整理 1月6号 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement. Nowadays it is not important for people to have regularly family meals together. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is important to read or watch the news presented by people who seviews are similar to your own or read or watch the news presented by whose views are different from your own.重复2016年8月27号写作 1月13号 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It's a waste of money for Government to fund space travel or space exploration. Give specific examples and details to support your answer. 1月27号 Which one do you think is the most important factor for a student to success at college or university? 1. Tutors in university. 2. The encouragement from family and friends. 3. High-quality education from high school. 1月28号 Which one of the following areas should governments fund in order to improve children’s educational quality: 1) Hiring more teachers so that there are fewer students in one class; 2) Providing preschool education;