专题四：冠词
中考研究
冠词的考点常常分布在单选、完型中。中考对冠词的考查主要集中在以下四点：
1．冠词的基本用法
2．不用冠词的情况
3．习惯用语中冠词的使用和位置
4．冠词与其他词性的词构成的一些固定短语
一、不定冠词a/an的用法
1.在叙述时第一次提到的人或物
I want a pen pal in China.
2.泛指某人或某物，有表示数量“一个”的意思。
It’s an action movie.
3.用于表示时间，速度，价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。
two kilometers an hour 一小时两千米five lessons a week 一周五节课
Most students exercise three or four times a week.每周三到四次
Everyone needs to have at least eight hours’ sleep a night.每晚至少八个小时
4.用在某些固定词组中
a bit a little a lot (of) a few in a word a pair of
have a cold in a hurry once upon a time make a face
after a while have a try a number of have a good time a great many
have/take a + 抽象名词have a swim have a walk have a look have a talk
二、定冠词the 的用法
1.表示双方都知道的人和事物
I think she could get the job.
Have you fed the dog and cleaned the room?
2.表示特指的或上文已经提到过的人或事物。
Do you know the girl in red?
3.表示世界上独一无二的事物。
The earth moves around the sun.
4.用在序数词、形容词最高级前面，以及对两个人或事物进行比较时起特指作用的比较级前。
The best way to learn English is reading English magazines.
The first lesson is very easy.
5.用在姓氏的复数形式前表示一家人或夫妻俩。
The Greens are watching TV now.
6.用在有普通名词构成的专有名词前。
the Great Wall the Summer Palace the Science Museum the United Nations联合国
the United Kingdom大不列颠联合王国the United States美国the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国7.用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。
the rich/poor the sick/blind the old/young
8.自然界中的一些地理名称前要加the
the Yellow River黄河the West Lake西湖the Great Lakes五大湖the Pacific太平洋the Atlantic大西洋9.与乐器连用，要加the。
Tom can play the piano well.
10用在一些固定搭配中,要加the。
in the morning/afternoon/evening in the end on the right at the same time
the next morning at the back of in the front of all the year round
in the east/west/north/south look the same the next the last
三、不用冠词(零冠词)的情况
四、
1.某些专有名词，如人名、地名、国名(只有一个词)、物质名词、抽象名词等表示泛指时前面不用冠词。
Mike is English, but he likes Beijing Opera.
I really like his movie Rush Hour.
China中国France法国Russia俄罗斯Brazil巴西
2.名词前已有指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时不用冠词。
Do you want to know about my morning?
Every student likes English in our class.
3.在节日、星期、日期、月份、季节等前面不用冠词。
It’s Tuesday, November 11.
June 1st is Children’s Day.但如果节日中有festival，通常须加上冠词。the Spring Festival春节
Spring comes after winter. 但是in the fall特殊
last+表示时间的名词不加冠词。last Wednesday last century
4.在称呼或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词。
This is Professor Li. Uncle Joe
5.在三餐、球类运动，语言及学科名词前面不用冠词。
Let’s play ping-pong.
I went to school without breakfast this morning.
Do you like Math?
Are you studying German? 但在表示语言的短语中有language时，须用冠词。He is learning the French language.
6.在与by连用的交通工具名称前不用冠词。
by car by train go to school by boat
但是take a bus, in a boat, on the bike, in the car中需用冠词。
7.在某些固定词组或习惯用语中不用冠词
day and night face to face side by side step by step watch TV in danger
at school/work/home in bed in time at noon/night/midnight/dawn on duty/watch
8.量词之后的名词通常也不加冠词。
a bar of chocolate一块巧克力 a pair of shoes一双鞋
9.固定短语。
in charge of负责for example例如in trouble陷入困境in fact实际上
in danger处于危险中catch fire着火set fire to放火烧by hand手工的by machine用机器
五、特别提醒：
1．不定冠词a/an的区别
a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以元音音素开头的单词前，判断一个单词是元音开头还是辅音开头，要根据其读音，而不是根据首字母。如：
an honest boy，a useful book There is an “f” in the word “five”.
在“five”中有字母“f”。
我们可以这样来记忆：不见元音不加an，不看字母看发音。
(1)在26个字母中，前面用an的字母有：a，e，f，h，i，l，m，n，o，r，s，x，其他用a。
(2)以u开头的单词，要注意区别。如：
an umbrella，an unusual story，an unhappy boy，a university，a useful book
2. 有定冠词与无定冠词的区别
(1)????? go to school 上学 是学生 go to the school 到学校去 不一定是学生
(2)????? go to bed 就寝，上床睡觉go to the bed 向床边走去，走到床前
不一定是去睡觉
(3)????? in hospital 因病住院in the hospital 在医院里 不一定是病人 (4)?
???? at table 吃饭at the table 在桌子旁边 (5)????? at school 在上学at the school 在学校里 (6)????? in class 在上课in the class 在班级里
(7)????? in future 今后in the future 将来 (8)????? in front of 在 ……外部的 前面in the front of 在 ……
内部的 前面 (9)????? next year 明年the next year 第二年 (10)?
???? by sea 乘船by the sea 在海边 (11)????? in bed 睡、病、躺 在床上in the bed 某物 在床上 (12)?????
on earth 究竟on the earth 在地球上
注：序数词前面用定冠词和不定冠词的区别
the + 序数词表示“第一” eg: The cake is delicious, and I would like a second one.
a/an + 序数词表示“又一，再一” eg: He won the first prize in the race.
what 感叹句中：What an interesting book it is! 这是多么有趣的一本书啊！
专题五：数词
中考对数词的考查主要包括以下几个方面：
1.掌握年、月、日、时刻的表达方法。
2.掌握基数词、序数词的构成及其用法。
3.分数的表达及主谓一致。
4.考查hundred，thousand，million，billion等词的用法。
表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。数词有两种：表示数目多少的叫做基数词，如：one，two，three...，ninety—four等；表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词，如：first，second，third...，fifteenth等。
There are five people in my family. We live on the sixth floor in a tall building.
我家有五口人。我们住在一座高楼的第六层。
考点一基数词的表示方法
1．基数词1～12是独立的词，13～19都是以teen结尾的词。
(1)1～12要逐个记：
1.one/w?n/
2.two/tu?/
3.three/θri?/
4.four/f??/
5.five/faIv/
6.six/sIks/
7.seven/'sevn/ 8.eight/eIt/ 9.nine/naIn/10.ten/ten/ 11.eleven/I ' levn/ 12.twelve/twelv/
(2)13～19都以teen结尾，都是双重音：
13.thirteen/,θ?? ' ti?n/14.fourteen/,f??' ti?n/ 15.fifteen/,fif' ti?n/16.sixteen/,siks' ti?n/
17.seventeen/,sevn' ti?n/18.eighteen/,eI' ti?n/ 19.nineteen/,naIn' ti?n/
2．基数词20～90整十位数都是以ty结尾。
20.twenty/ ' twentI/ 30./thirty/ ' θ??tI/ 40.forty/ ' f??tI/ 50.fifty/ ' fIftI/
60.sixty/ ' sIkstI/ 70.seventy/ ' sevntI/ 80.eighty/ ' eItI/ 90.ninety/ ' naIntI/
13～19的teen/'ti?n/都是重读音，而20～90的ty/tI/都是非重读音节；/'ti?n/为长音，而/tI/为短音。
3．基数词21～99都是由“几十”和“几”合起来构成，词中间加连字符(但音标里不加连字符)，并分别重读。
21.twenty-one/,twentI'w?n/ 23.twenty-three/,twentI'θri?/ 34.thirty-four/,θ??tI'f??/ 45.forty five/,f??tI'faIv/ 56.fifty--six/,fIftI'sIks/ 67.sixty-seven/,sIkstI'sevn/ 78.seventy-eight/,sevntI'eIt/ 99.ninety-nine/,naIntI'naIn/
4．基数词101～999，先说“几百”，再加“and”，再加末两位数。
—How many days are there in a year? 一年有多少天？
—Three hundred and sixty-five. 三百六十五天。
5．1,000以上的数，先从后向前数，每三位加“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion(美式)或thousand million(英式)。
—Can you write the number eighty-five thousand，six hundred and twenty-six?
你会写数字85,626吗？
—Yes, it is 85,626. 会写，它是85,626。
6．百(hundred)，千(thousand)，百万(million)等词与具体数字或a(n)连用时，词尾不可加“s”。
The computer was cheap. I spent only two thousand yuan on it.
那台电脑很便宜，我只花了两千元。
7．百(hundred)，千(thousand)，百万(million)等词与介词of连用时，须用复数形式，表示不确定数目，其前不可与数字连用。
—How many people went to Beijing for the Olympic Games in 2008?
有多少人去北京看2008年奥运会？
—Millions of，I think. 上百万，我认为。
8．表示“几十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数，in one’s + 整十基数词复数
在某人几十岁时在他50多岁时in his fifties
The old man is now in his eighties.这位老人现在已经80多岁了。
在表示“几十年代”时，可以用基数词的复数形式，也可用阿拉伯数字加“s”或“'s”。
From the 1950's(1950s) to the 1970's(1970s)，picture-story cartoons were very popular.
从20世纪50年代到20世纪70年代，图画故事的卡通片是很受欢迎的。
9．基数词可与其他词构成合成形容词。
Kate is an eighteen-year-old girl. 凯特是个18岁的女孩。
eighteen的读音以元音开头，故其前要用不定冠词an。
注：这种合成形容词的结构为：“数词＋单数名词＋形容词”。复合形容词中，词与词之间要加连字符“-”。
10.数词前加every ,表示每……/每隔…… .
every ten days =every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天)
注:every +基数词+复数名词= every + (序数词-1) +单数名词
11.“多少又一半”的表达法:
基数词+ and + a half +名词复数= 基数词+名词(单数/复数) +and +a half
half an hour半小时two and a half hours = two hours and a half
12．基数词可用作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
There are two_thousand students in their school.(定语) 他们学校里有两千人。
Give him three.(宾语) 给他三个。
Two_thirds of the teacher in our school are women teachers.(主语)
我们学校三分之二的老师是女老师。
13．电话号码的读法为顺次读出一个个数字，“0”读作“o”或“zero”。数字连续重现时可用“double(双)”。
62884405读作six two eight eight four four o (或zero)five或six two double eight double four o (或zero)five。
考点二序数词
表示顺序的数词称为序数词。序数词一般以与之相应的基数词加词尾th构成；多个单词时，仅最后一个变为序数词。序数词前一般需加“the”。
1.序数词的形式
●从第一到第三为独立的特殊形式first, second, third.
●从第4到第19 以基数词加“th”构成：fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth,
fourteenth fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth
●第20以上的的序数词从20到90等以ty 结尾的十位整数，把y 改成i再加“eth”构成序数词twentieth, thirtieth,
fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth
●100的序数词为：hundredth。
●其余的两位或多位数，只将个位改成序数词，其余仍用基数词表示：
twenty--first, thirty--second, forty—third two hundred and ninth--eighth(第298)
three thousand, seven hundred and twenty--first(第3721)
注意：fifth, ninth, twelfth与原基数词拼写不同。
2．序数词作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语或状语。
The second is better than the first. 第二个比第一个好。(作主语)
He has built five bridges since 1950, now he is starting on the sixth .
自1950年以来，他已建造过五座桥了，现在他正开始建第六座桥。(作宾语)
Mary is the first to complete the test paper in her class. (作表语) 玛丽是她们班上第一个完成试卷的人。
She always comes first. 她总是第一个到。(作状语)
This was the first time he came to China. 这是他第一次来中国。(作定语)She was the_fifth in the exam.(作表语) The first of June is Children's Day.(主语)
3. 序数词在使用时，通常前面要加定冠词the ；但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a 或an时,则表示“再……", “又……"。但基数词与more连用，并放在more前，表示“另外有”、“还有”的意思。
如：I’ll take one more (=another) pencil. 我还要一支铅笔。
You can do it a second time. 你可以做第二次。(作定语)
4. 序数词可以表示编号。
the twelfth lesson (=Lesson12) 第十二课the second paragaph (=Paragraph Two) 第二段
the fourth Middle School (=No.4 Middle School) 第四中学
the thirty eighth room(=Room 38) 第38号房间the tenth page (Page 10)第10页
第305房间：Room three o（零）five十一路公共汽车：Bus（No.）eleven
考点三分数
1．分数的表达与读法。
分子须用基数词，分母用序数词。分子如果大于1，分母须用复数形式。先读分子，再读分母。分子为one时可换用“a”。
Two thirds of the students are girls in our class.
在我们班，三分之二的学生是女孩。
2．1/2读作“a(one)half”(而不是a second“一秒钟”)；1/4既可读作“a(one)quarter”，又可读作“a(one)fourth”。
Three quarters of the world's books and newspapers are written in English.
世界上3/4的书和报纸是用英语写的。
注意：表示“某一整体的几分之几”，使用：分数+of+the+名词。
She spent one third of her salaries yesterday. 她昨天花去了薪水的三分之一。
One half of the students are foreigners. 一半的学生是外国人。
They have covered three fifths of the distance. 他们已经走完了五分之三的距离。
考点四其他数的表达
7．基数词用于表示时间。表示时间有两种方法：
表示在几点钟用介词at
专题六：介词
中考对介词的考查包括：介词的基本用法，
易混介词的辨析，
与介词有关的固定搭配等。
知识网络
介词??????? 介词的分类??? 时间介词地点介词方式介词介词的功能??? 定语 状语表语 宾语介词短语??? 介词＋名词动词＋介词
be ＋形容词＋介词
介词是一种虚词，不能单独充当句子成分，但可以与名词、代词或其他词类、短语或从句组成介词短语，在句中作状语、定语、表语和宾语补足语。介词可分类如下：
1.表时间时，at 强调“点”，in 强调“段”，on 强调“日”和某日的早、中、晚。
I got there at eight this morning.今天早上我八点到那。
Beijing held the Olympic Games in 2008.北京2008年举行了奥运会。 The twin sisters were born on a Friday evening.这对双胞胎姐妹在一个星期五的晚上出生。
注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。
如：We meet every day.
2．表示“在一段时间之后”时，“in ＋时间段”用于将来时，“after ＋时间段”用于过去时。
My friend will be back from Beijing in two days.我的朋友将在两天后从北京回来。
We finished the work after three months. 我们在三个月后完成了工作。
3．表示“延续的一段时间”时，可用“for ＋时间段”或“since ＋过去的时间点”，常与含延续动词的完成时连用。
—How long have you been in this city? 你在这座城市待了多久了？—For ten years. 十年。
Mr Smith has lived here since 1998. 史密斯先生自从1998年就住在这。
4．表示“直到……”或“直到……才……”时，用“until(till)＋时间点”。
注：till 多用于口语，且不能放在句首。
She won't be back until(till) July. 她到七月份才回来。
5．“during ＋时间段”表示“在……期间”；“by ＋时间点”表示“到……为止”，“在……之前”，常用于将来时和完成时中。
They taught there during 2005～2008. 他们在2005～2008期间在那教书。
The teacher had already started teaching by the time she got to class.
当她到班级的时候老师已经开始讲课了。
6．表地点时，in 表示“范围较大的地方”，强调“空间”；at 表示在“范围较小的地方”，强调“点”。
I live in China. 我居住在中国。
We often wait for the bus at the bus stop. 我们通常在公共汽车站等车。
7．表位置时，in 表示“在……内”，on 表示“在……上”(接触表面)，on 还可以表示“在两边”“在左/右边”。
They are putting up a picture on the wall. 他们正在往墙上张贴画。
The girl on the right is a famous actress. 右边的女孩是一个著名的演员。
8．over 表示与某物不接触的“正上方”，under 与其相对，表示“正下方”。
The sky is over our heads. 天空在我们头顶上。
The cat is under the table. 那只猫在桌子底下。
9．above 表示“在……的上方”，“高于”；below 与其相对，表示“在……的下面”，“低于”。
The temperature will stay above zero in the day time ，but at night it will fall below zero again.
白天气温将保持在零度以上，但在晚上又将降到零度以下。
10．“across ＋表面”表示“横过”；“through ＋空间”表示“穿过”、“贯穿”；“over”表示从上面“越过”。
The Changjiang River is too wide for so young a boy to swim across.
长江太宽了，这么小的孩子游不过去。
The plane flew over the high mountains. 飞机飞越了群山。
The sunshine got into the room through the glass. 阳光透过玻璃进入房间。
11．behind 表示“在……的后面”，其反义词组“in front of”表示“在……的前面”，注意与in the front of 的区别。
We must keep our hands behind our backs.我们必须一直把手放在背后。
I was walking down the street when a friend of mine stood in front of me.
当一个朋友站在我面前时，我正沿着街道散步。
There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室的前面是黑板。
12．in the front of 表示“在……里面的前部”， 其反义词组at the back of 表示“在……里面的后部”，in the middle of 表
示“在……的中部”。
Xiao Ming sits at/in the front of the classroom. 小明坐在教室前面。
The twin sisters sits at the back of the classroom. 那对双胞胎姐妹坐在教室后面。
The teacher is standing in the middle of the classroom. 老师在教室中间站着。
13．between 表示“在两者之间”，包括两个以上的人或物中任何两者之间；among 表示“三者或三者以上的中间”。
When we talk about the universe ，we mean the earth, the sun ，the moon and the stars and the space between them. 我们谈论宇宙时，指的是地球、太阳、月球和星星以及它们之间的空间。
Some supermarkets open between 8：30 a ．m. and 8：00 p ．m..
一些超市在早上8：30到下午8：00之间营业。
Do the students know the differences among the four words?
学生们知道这四个单词之间的区别吗？
14．在与方位名词east ，west ，south ，north 连用时，in 表示“在内部”，“to”表示“在外部”，on 强调“接壤”。
Hunan lies on the south of Hubei. 湖南在湖北的南面。
Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。
China lies to the west of America. 中国在美国的西部。
15．表示“在……上”时，不是都用“on”，有时须用in 。
在树上?????
in the tree 用于指树上的鸟、人等。on the tree 用于指生长在树上的叶子、果实。 在墙上?????
in the wall 镶嵌在墙内，指窗户、门、钉子等。on the wall 在墙的表面之上，指地图、画像等。 在报纸上????? in the newspaper 用于指报上的内容。on the newspaper 用于指放在报纸上的东西，如
眼镜等。
16．on the/one's way ?
????
to ＋名词副词在去……的途中 by the way 顺便说一下 on the way home 在回家的路上get in the way 妨碍go out of one's way to do sth 特地(不怕麻烦地)做某事, in a way 有几分, 稍微; 在某一方面; 在某种意义上; 在某种程度上in the way 挡道的, 妨碍人的, 多余的in this way 这样, 以这种方式lose one's way 迷路, 迷失方向; 误入歧途 on one's way to 到...去的途中no way 没门
They met each other on their way home (to school)．他们在回家(去学校)的路上相遇了。
By the way, who lost the money? 顺便问一下，谁丢了钱？
17． 表示其他意义的介词
1)on ,about 关于
on 表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读；
about 表示内容较为普通，不那么正式。
2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具
by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；
with 表示用…工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；
in 表示用…方式，用…语言、嗓音(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；
表“用”时“with＋工具、手段”，“by＋交通工具(单数)”，“in＋语言”。
My daughter bought some books with the money she had saved.
我女儿用她节省的钱买了些书。
He told us something interesting in Japanese. 他用日语告诉了我们一些有趣的事情。
As a middle school student, don't write with a pencil. 作为一个中学生，不要用铅笔写字。
He always goes to school by bus. 他总是坐公共汽车去学校。
18．be made of ＋从成品上看得出的材料
be made from＋从成品上看不出的原料
be made in＋产地
be made by＋制造者
It is said that this kind of cloth is made of silk and it is made in China.
据说这种布料是由丝绸制成的并且由中国制造。
This wine is made from grapes. 这酒是葡萄酿的。
This machine is made by Uncle Wang.这机器是王伯伯制造的。
19．介词和动词的固定搭配。
(1)同一动词和不同介词的搭配：
look at (看) look for(找) look after(照顾) look over(仔细检查)
look out of (朝……外面看) look (a)round(环视)
arrive in＋大地方(到达) arrive at＋小地方(到达)
hear of (听说) hear from(收到……的来信)
spend＋钱＋on sth.(花钱做某事) spend＋时间＋(in) doing sth.(花时间做某事)
put away把...收起;放好put off推迟;拖延put on穿上, 戴上put out扑灭; 熄灭
put down记下, 写下;放下put up举起; 抬起;张贴;搭建put through接通(电话)
2)同一介词和不同动词的搭配：
ask for (要求)leave for (动身去) send for (派人去请)pay for (付钱) wait for (等待)
agree with sb (同意某人) begin with (以……开始) help with (在……方面帮助)
catch up with (赶上) get on/along with (与……相处) make friends with (与……交朋友)
(3)其他的介词和动词的搭配：
listen to (听)come from (来自……) fall off (从……上摔下)try out (试验)
knock at/on (敲) prefer...to... (比起……来还是……好) learn by oneself (自学)
take care of (照顾) stop...(from)doing (阻止……做……) help oneself to＋食物(随便吃……) get to (到达) Thanks to (多亏，由于)
20．介词和形容词的常见搭配：
be good at (在……方面好) be weak in (在……方面差)
be good for (对……有好处) be bad for (对……有坏处)
be late for (迟到) be sorry for (为……遗憾，抱歉) be full of (充满) be busy with (忙于)
be angry with (对某人生气) be afraid of (害怕) be interested in (对……感兴趣)
be different from (与……不同) be strict with sb.(对某人严格)
be strict in sth.(对某事严格) be fond of (喜爱)
21．be used for(＝be used to do sth.)意为“被用来做……”。介词for表示用途，后接名词或动词-ing形式。
be used by 意为“被……使用”，介词by后面接动作的执行者(宾语)。
be used as 意为“被用作……”，介词as表示“作为”，
be used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做……”，to是介词。
The stamp is used for sending letters. 邮票是用来邮信的。
English is widely used by travellers and business people all over the world.
英语被全世界的旅行者和商人广泛使用。
English is used as the second language in many countries.
英语在许多国家被当作第二语言。
I am used to getting up early every morning.我习惯早晨早起。
名词、数词、冠词预习方案 中山实验学校黄金霞 名词的预习 一、可数名词复数的规则变化 1.一般词尾加s; 2.以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词词尾加-es; 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加-es; 4.以o结尾的词加-s或-es（词尾加-es口诀:黑人,英雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿. Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes）; 5.以f或fe结尾的变f或fe为v再加-es; 注意：scarf-scarfs / scarves, giraffe- giraffes; roof –roofs 二、可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①，改变字母变复数 man- men, woman -women, child-children, foot- feet, mouse-mice, tooth- teeth （男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠的牙） ②，表示“某国人”的名词变复数 中日瑞士不变英法变(变a为e)，其他直接加-s （Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Englishmen, Frenchmen, Americans, Germans，Italians, Australians） 三、可数名词复数的特殊形式 1.单复数同型：fish, deer, sheep; 2.复数名词clothes，socks, pants, glasses, shoes 等； 3.集体名词:class, family, team, group等作单数表示整体，作复数强调成员； 4.形式上是复数，意义上是单数的名词，news，math， physics 等 5.复合名词的复数通常变后面中心名词为复数：a bus driver-two bus drivers; 由man, woman修饰的复合名词都变复数:a man teacher -three men teachers 四、不可数名词量的表达: 1.“基数词+量词（单位名词）+of短语” 量词可数,数词大于1时,要用复数形式:3 cups of tea，2 pieces of bread 2.不可数名词可用，some，any a little，a lot of, lots of, much等修饰 五、名词所有格的构成:
英语语法之冠词和数词 1.不定冠词a与an的用法 2.定冠词the的用法 3."零"冠词 4.基数词的用法 5.序数词的用法 一. 冠词的用法 冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。 a(an)叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。a用在辅音之前，an用在元音之前。 1. 不定冠词的用法 (1) a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。例如： John is a student. Mary is an English teacher. (2) 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如: A steel worker makes steel. Pass me an apple, please. (3) 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。例如： A student wants to see you. A girl is waiting for you outside. (4) 表示“每一”的意思，相当于every。例如： Take the medicine three times a day. They go to see their parents once a week. 2. 定冠词用法
(1) 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如： The book on the desk is an English dictionary. Beijing is the capital of China. (2) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。 例 如：Open the door, please. Jack is in th e library. (3) 上文提到过的人或事物。例如： Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yua n. (4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如： The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。 例 如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China. Jan uary is the first month of the year. (6) 用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。 例如：The nurse is kind to the sick. We should take good care of the old. the old 老人the young 年轻人the rich 富人the poor 穷人 the sick 病人the dead 死人 (7) 用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如： the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。 (8) 用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”。
名词名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C] A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. [B] A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer 2、可数名词的复数 A、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice B、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] 但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ②单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数 man doctor — men doctors ④ reef—reefs ⑤“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans ⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. 3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是“……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.
名词、代词、冠词、数词综合练习题 1 There are ___ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five 2 There are____ students in this school. A. eight hundreds and forty-six B. eight hundred and forty six C. eight hundred and forty-six D. eight hundred forty-six 3.______people visit this museum every day. A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of 4.There are two___ people in the meeting room. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of 5.Every year ___ watch NBA on TV. A. million people B. millions of people C. millions people D. million of people 6.____ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years. A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand of 7.Look! There are ___ in the sky. A. thousand stars B. thousand of stars C. thousands of stars D. thousands of star 8. My brother is in____. A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one 9. We are going to learn___ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six 10. Please turn to___. Let's read the text aloud. A. Page Two B. the page two C. second page D. page second 11. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this____. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five
名词、冠词、数词 (一)名词 名词有可数与不可数之分，有数和所有格的变化。名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、 表语、同位语和定语等。 考点1 :名词的数 考向一：可数名词单数变复数的规则变化 考向二：可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化 第一条，a 变 e (man — men,woman —women ) 第二条，oo 变成两只 e (goose —geese, tooth —teeth,foot —feet ) 第三条，看见孩子长大成ren (child —children ) 第四条，老鼠爱大米(mouse —mice ) 第五条，绵羊和鱼都一样(sheep —sheep,fish —fish ) 第六条，各国人，都好记：中日不变英法变，其他后面加 -s (Japa nes —Japa nese,Chi nes —Chi nese,E nglishmar —E nglishme n,Fre nchmar — Fre n chme n, Germar —Germa ns ) 考向三：不可数名词量的表达
考点2:名词的所有格 1. 一般情况下，在词尾直接加“ ’s”。 Eg: Lilyspare nts莉莉的父母 2. 以-s结尾的复数名词在s后加 Eg: the twins'room 双胞胎的房间 3. 表示非生命物体的所有格经常用of短语。 Eg: a map of Chi na —张中国地图 〖典例〗 The sec ond Sun day in May is ______________ Day母亲节） 冠词 冠词分不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两种 考点1 :不定冠词 不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于以元音音素开头的
2019年秋季课程外研版初二英语 语法回顾—冠词和数词 一、课程介绍 知识点 1. 不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的用法。 2. 基数词、序数词和概数词的用法。 教学重点 1. 掌握冠词的基本考点和解题方法 2. 掌握数次的中考考点和阶梯方法 教学难点 1. 特殊冠词的使用方法 2. 特殊数词的使用方法 二、要点回顾 Ⅰ.知识回顾 1. -- I put my purse on the table just now, have you seen it? --No. I haven’t. You should never put _____ on the desk anyway. A. anything important B. important anything C. something important D. important something 2. --How was your final exam? --The English and Maths papers weren’t __ for me. I hope I haven’t failed. A. easy enough B. difficult enough C. enough easy D. enough difficult 3.-- Could you tell me something about the museum? -- Yes, It was built in 1979, 230 __________ and 220 ____________. A. long meters; wide meters B. meters long; wide meters C. long meters; meters wide D. meters long; meters wide 4. --What’s your present for Kangkang’s birthday? -- He likes painting, so I’m going to buy him a __________ paintings. A. fine little brown French B. little brown fine French C. little fine brown French
（一） 1、名词名词(Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。 2、代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。 3、动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的子句都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类。 4、形容词 形容词【adjective】很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征 5、冠词的定义冠词是置于名词之前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种 6、数词表示"多少"和"第几"的词,叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。 7、副词(Adverb)副词的定义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
8、介词的定义和特征介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。 （二） 1、名词，人或事物的名称 3、代词，代替名词或者数词（比如some就是代替数目） 3、动词，动作或状态 4、数词，表示数目或顺序（比如序数词，5th就是表示顺序） 5、形容词，人或事物的性质或状态（因为形容词一般修饰名词） 6、副词，动作的特征或性状特征（因为副词一般修饰动词或形容词） 7、冠词，表示名词的泛指或特指 8、介词，表示名词或代词与其他词的关系（因为介词后面一半紧跟 名词，代词或其他名词性结构） 9、连词，连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子 10、感叹词，表示说话时的感情或语气
冠词和数词【Articles and Numerals】 冠词是虚词，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。本身不能单独使用，在句中不重读。冠词可以分为定冠词【the Definite Article】和不定冠词【the Indefinite Article】。 2.1不定冠词的用法【Usage of the Indefinite Articles】 不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源，是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音 词组或成语固定搭配【Word Phrases and Expressions】： a little, a few, a lot, a type of, a pile, a great many, many a, as a rule, in a hurry, in a minute, in a word, in a short while, after a while, have a cold, have a try, keep an eye on, all of a sudden 2.2定冠词的用法【Usage of the Definite Article】 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有那（这）个的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
用在惯用语中【Useful Expressions】： in the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening),the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, in the whole,by the way,go to the theatre
1.(2010全国卷一) I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing English and _____ half learning drawing. A another B the other C other’s D other 2. (2010北京卷) Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone’s enjoyment. A in B at C for D to 3. (2010北京卷) First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get ____ second chance to make _____ first impression. A a ; the B the ;the C a ; a D the ; a 4. (2010 重庆卷) The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money ____ me. A by B for C in D with 5. (2010 重庆卷) He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found _____ of them again. A neither B either C each D all 6. (2010 重庆卷) Everything comes with _____ price; there is no such ____ thing as a free lunch in the world. A a, a B the , / C the , a D a , / 7. (2010 湖北卷) This restaurant has become popular for its wide _____ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A division B area C range D circle 8. (2010 湖北卷) After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide _____ for the homeless families. A accommodation B occupation C equipment D furniture 9. (2010 湖北卷) It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ______ favors to them. A in preference to B in place of C in agreement with D in exchange for 10. (2010 天津卷) He telephones the travel agency to ____ three air tickets to London. A order B arrange C take D book 11. (2010 天津卷) James took the magazines off the little table to make _____ for the television. A room B area C field D position 12. (2010 天津卷) ______ in my life impressed my so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. A Anything B Nothing C Everything D Something 13. (2010 天津卷) My father warned me _____ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. A by B on C for D against 14. (2010 四川卷) In ____ most countries, a university degree can give you ______ flying start in life. A the; a B the; 不填 C 不填; 不填 D 不填; a 15. (2010 四川卷) On my desk is a photo that my father took of _____ when I was a baby. A him B his C me D mine 16. (2010 山东卷) If we sit near _____ front of the bus, we’ll have _____ better view. A / ; the B / ; a C the ; a D the ; the 17 . (2010 山东卷) Those who suffer from headache will find they get _____ from this medicine.
语法知识点---冠词和数词 1.France is________European country and China is______Asian country. A.a;an B.an;a C.a;a D.an;an 2.________doctor told me to take_______medicine three times_____day,stay in ______bed,then I would be better soon. A./;a;a;the B.A;the;the;/ C.The;the;a;/ D. A;/;a;/ 3.We always have_____rice for_____lunch. A./;/ B.the;/ C./;a D.the;the 4.---How do you pay these workers? ---Well,as a rule,they are paid by_____. A.an hour B.the hour C.hours D.a hour 5.I didn’t go to this party last night,because________I changed my mind. A.on a second thought B.on second thoughts C.by second thought D.on the second thought 6.We were amazed to see_____people waiting in line at Mary’s. A.an amount of B.a quantity of C.a number of D.a great deal of 7.He has tried twice,and he is asked to have_____third try. A.the B.another C.a D.one 8.Michael is home after a year in Germany. He looks just _____before. A.same like B.as same as C.the same D.the same as 9.My daughter and I took a ______tour around New Year City. A.two day B.two day’s C.two-days D.two-day
冠词 不定冠词的用法及语法说明 1. 用a 还是用an： 一般说来，在辅音或半元音开头的词前用a, 而在元音开头的词前用an。 注意： 有些以元音字母开头的单词，由于第一个音不是元音而是辅音，其前仍用a而不用an： a one-eyed man 一个独眼人 a European country 一个欧洲国家 2. 单数可数名词若泛指，其前需加a ，an, 不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉此不定冠词： He is a famous film star. 他是着名影星。 3. 专有名词转化为普通名词，其前可用a (an)，表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等： a Mr Smith 一位名叫史密斯先生的人 4. 物质名词转化为普通名词，其前可以使用a (an)，有时表示相应产品或种类，有时表示数量关系： a good wine 一种好酒 5. 在序数词之前使用a (an)，可以表示数量或序数的增加： Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了一架飞机。 6. 与形容词的最高级连用，表示“非常”、“很”等： This is a almost interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。 7. 用于修饰名词的定语前，表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似a kind of 的意思：climate 气候→a mild climate 温和的气候 have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast吃快餐 8. 不定冠词a (an) 与数词one 都可表示“一”，但是两者有差别： 不定冠词a (an) 表示“类别”概念，而数词one 表示“数量”概念 9. 两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时，只用一个冠词： He is a teacher and poet. 他既是老师又是诗人。 10. 与副词quite / rather 连用时，a (an) 一般要后置，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则a (an) 放在quite rather 之前或之后均可以： He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。 It is quite a good book. 那是本很好的书。 It is a quite good book. 那是本很好的书。 11. 当too, so, as, how 等词之后接有“形容词＋单数可数名词”时，不定冠词a (an) 应放在形容词和单数可数名词之间 It is too difficult a book for us beginners. She is as good a cook as her mother. 12. 不定冠词可用来表示“类属”，这是其基本用法，它表明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。 正：A horse is a useful animal. 正：Horses are useful animals.
中考代词数词动词副词冠词名词连词形容词介词专项练习 ( ) 1. Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming, _______ like ball games. A. the others B. others C. the other D. other ( ) 2. _______ of the two girls is from Beijing. A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither ( ) 3. The weather in summer here is like _______ in Beijing. A. this B. that C. it D. its ( ) 4. The room on the right is _______. A. her B. she C. Lucy’s D. Lucy ( ) 5. Where are the students? Are they in _______? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room ( ) 6. There are ________ people in the factory now. A. thousand of B. two thousands C. thousands of D. thousand ( ) 7. The man over there is my brother. _______ is a doctor. A. She B. He C. Hers D. His ( ) 8. I have two cats. One is black, and _______ is white. A. another B. some C. other D. the other ( ) 9. I’m looking for a babysister (保姆). She must be ________ too old ________ too young. A. neither; nor B. both; and C. either; or D. not only; but also ( ) 10. –What’s in your car? -- _______. A. No one B. Nothing C. Nobody D. None ( ) 11. There are quite a few old books on the shelf, but _______ of them is useful to him. A. both B. all C. neither D. none ( ) 12. –I’ve had enough bread. Would you like ________? --No, thanks. A. a few more B. one more C. another more D. some more ( ) 13. The film star is going to spend ________ dollars on a new dress for the coming party. A. three thousands B. thousands of C. thousand of D. three thousands of ( ) 14. –Did Eric buy any vegetables in the market? -- No, he didn’t, but he thought _______ fish. A. no B. any C. some D. both ( ) 15. It is said that SARS has killed more than ________ people worldwide. A. three hundreds B. three hundreds’ C. three hundred’s D. three hundred ( ) 16. If you want a ticket for a round-trip, sir, you’ll have to pay ________ $8o. A. another B. other C. each D. more ( ) 17. The place is not interesting at all. ________ of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some ( ) 18. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a ________one. A. three B. third C. forth D. / ( ) 19. I heard the sports meeting has been put off until _______, hasn’t it? A. the 3 and 4 B. the 3th and 4th C. the 3 rd and 4th D. four and five ( ) 20. _______ of the earth _______ made up of oceans. A. Two-third; is B. Two-thirds; is C. Two-third; are D. Two-thirds; are ( ) 21. Most of us don’t know _______ about how life is formed. A. many B. little C. few D. much ( ) 22. –Is this short-wave radio _______? --No. it belongs to _______. A. yours; me B. yours; his C. her; him D. yours; her ( ) 23. –Have you got any books on music? I want to borrow _______. --Yes. You can find them on the top shelf of the second bookcase. A. it B. any C. one D. them ( ) 24. –Have you read the paper?
名词专项练习 选择正确的答案 1.Are those ____? No ,they aren't. They're____. A.sheep;cows B.sheep;cow C.sheeps;cow D.sheeps; cows 2.Mum, I'm quite thirsty. Please give me____. A.two orange B.two bottles of orange C.two bottles orange D.two bottles of oranges 3.I have got ___news from my friend. Do you want to know? A.a very good B.any C.a piece of D.two pieces 4.____room is on the 5th floor. A. Lucy and Lily B.Lucy and Lily's C.Lucy's and Lily D.Lucy's and Lily's 5.Every morning Mr.Smith takes a ___to his office. A.20 minutes' walk B.20 minute's walk C.20-minutes walk D.20-minute walk 6.This is James Allan Green.We can call him ____. A.Mr. Green B.Mr. Allan C.Mr. James D.James Green 7.Jake and Tom are____. A.good friends B.good friend C.a good friend D.good a friend 8.It's only about ten____walk to the nearest post office. A.minutes B.minute's C.minutes' D.minute 9.He often has____for breakfast. A.two breads B.two piece of bread C.two pieces of bread D.two pieces of breads 10.Mrs.Green has two____. They're very bright. A.childs B.child C.children's D.children 11.What did the headmaster say about Jim's ____. A.two months holiday B.two months' holiday C.two-month holiday . D.two month's holiday 12.I won't go there with you, for I have a lot of ____to do. A.works B.job C.work D.woking 13.Li Lei is a friend of ____. A.I sister B.my sister's C.me sister D.my sister of 14.Have you read ____? A.today's B.today paper C.the today's paper D.today's paper 15.How many ____are there in the room? A.boxes B.box C.boxs D.boxxes 16.Many ____have been built in our city since 1987. A.factorys B.factories C.factoryes D.factoris 17.There are lots of ____in the basket on the table. A.tomatos B.tomato C.tomatoes D.tomatoss 18.The cat caught two ____last night. A.mouses B.mice C.mouse D.mices 19.Jake went to have two____pulled out yesterday afternoon. A.tooths B.tooth C.teeth D.toothes 20.In our school there are fifty-five____. A.women teachers B.woman teachers C.women teacher D.woman's teacher
名词 名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C] A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. [B] A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer 2、可数名词的复数 A、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice B、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] 但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ②单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数 man doctor — men doctors ④ reef—reefs ⑤“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans ⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. 3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是“……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.