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常用翻译技巧和方法

常用翻译技巧和方法
常用翻译技巧和方法

常用翻译方法和技巧

1. 四种翻译方法

1.1直译和意译

所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。

每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基)

应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。

Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.

Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章)

直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。

意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。(陈宏薇)

简单地说,直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。

意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。(杨莉藜)

Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics:

1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating.

2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.

Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde).

练习:

1. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.

他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。

2. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good.

对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。

3. Every dog has his day.

人人皆有得意日。

4. It means killing two birds with one stone.

这意味着一石二鸟。

这意味着一举两得。

这意味着一箭双雕。

5. 你不要班门弄斧。

Don’t display your axe at Lu Ban’s door.

Don’t teach your grandmother to suck eggs.

Never offer to teach a fish to swim.

6. Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.

尼克松满面春风,基辛格更是笑容可掬。

7. 在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两株树,一株是枣树,还有一株也是枣树。

Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a date tree.

8. 油蛉在这里低唱,蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。

Here field crickets droned away while house crickets chirped merrily.

9. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man.

法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。

法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。

虎恶狐狡,兼而有之,这就是法国人的性格。

10. Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.

你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。

你喝的每一杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。

11. The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away.

大半生前第一次见到她,她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。

大半生前第一次见到她,我就惊呆了。

12. 芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。

Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.

13. Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.

不必担心太早。

不必自寻烦恼。

14. Do you see any green in my eye?

你以为我是好骗的吗?

15. I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.

我要的是这样一个人,他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟,然后率领部队前进。

16. Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.

鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子,我把他撵了出去。

17. The operat ion may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether he lives or dies.

手术不一定成功,能否保住他的性命,只能一赌。

18. But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it.

六载婚姻生活,风雨交加,赛维决定结束这种婚姻。

19. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”

九只盒子,都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里,随着岁月流逝,它们的价值还会越来越高,人们也会记住我,“越来越感激”我。

20. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.

意译:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。

直译:砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散。

21. . He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.

A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多

B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。

C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。

22. “你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说,无可奈何地摇摇头。(《寒夜》)

“You really do refuse to give in until all hope is gone.” she murmured, shaking her head helplessly.

23. It is a long lane that had no turning.

误:那是一条没有弯的长巷。

正:无论多长的巷也有弯的地方(路必有弯,事必有变)。

24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.

误:我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。

正:对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。

25. At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.

在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。

在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人,她叫我脱下鞋子。

通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,她身着和服,仪态优美,面庞陶瓷般光洁白皙,叫我脱去鞋子。

26. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.

古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。

式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般,漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间,这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。

米黄色的混凝土摩天大楼之间,飘荡着小小的古老的日本,构成了一道吸引人的风景,恰恰象征着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。

27. In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line.

在某些自动化工厂,电子计算机控制整个生产线。(直译)

28. The earth acts like a big magnet.

地球就像一块大磁铁。

29. Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.

锰和硅一样都会影响到钢才的强度。

30. It is easy to compress a gas,it is just a matter of reducing the space between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape,but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it is put in. 气体很容易压缩,那只不过是缩小分子之间的距离而已。气体和液体一样没有形状,但又不同于液体,因为气体会扩张并充满任何盛放它的容器。

31.千字比十字只多一小撇,不是差不多嘛?

The character千differs from 十in merely having one additional short stroke. Aren’t they about the same?

1.2 归化和异化

翻译的归化/异化(domesticating translation and foreignizing translation)是在1995年由美国学者L. Venuti(文努迪)所提出的,而这一术语又直接来源于德国学者Schleiermacher (施莱尔马赫)1813年宣读的一篇论文。Schleiermacher着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系,指出翻译有两种情况,一种是让读者靠近作者,另一种是让作者靠近读者。如果让读者靠近作者的语境,他就能感受到异国的情调。在这儿,Schleiermacher使用了foreign 一词。[1] 根据上述两种翻译情况,Schleiermacher提出了以作者为中心的译法和以读者为中心的译法,这一做法突破了传统的直译和意译的界限,对后来的学者产生了很大的影响,Venuti的异化/归化观无疑受到Schleiermacher理论的启发。不过,Schleiermacher的理论是基于德国的阐释学之上,而Venuti却将Schleiermacher的论点放在后殖民的语境下来考察, 从而得出了异化的翻译主张。

Venuti为什么十分青睐异化的翻译呢?我们可看看他在《翻译再思》一书中的一段话。他十分欣赏布朗绍的名言:“翻译是纯粹的差异游戏:翻译总得涉及差异,也掩饰差异,同时又偶尔显露差异,甚至经常突出差异。这样,翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他看来,差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二:首先,长久以来,翻译的讨论被遮蔽了,它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位,差异非但没有活现,反而处于融化的过程之中。其次,英国和英语的价值标准,在战后形成了全球性的优势,从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。正是在这样一种背景下,归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口味,总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整,弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄,成为殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。(参见Venuti 1992)

近十年来的有关归化与异化的翻译讨论,是以1987《现代外语》上登载的论文“归化----翻译的歧路”而开始的。然而,该文作者可能不曾料到异化与归化会作为一对新的理论范畴而得到广泛的讨论。西方学者讨论的归化与异化这一对术语并非是互补的,而是相互排斥的。美国学者Venuti在讨论异化翻译时,对归化翻译的策略作出了描述:遵守目标语文化当前的主流价值观,公然对原文采用保守的同化手段,从而达到让译文符合本土典律、出版潮流和政治的需求。归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译,在这类翻译中,翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖,译者为之隐形,不同文化之间的差异也被掩盖,目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值观,原文的陌生感已被淡化,译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的共谋,是文化霸权主义的表现。所以,Venuti提倡异化的翻译策略。根据这一策略,译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文化的羁绊。异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译,它并不能提高译文的忠实性。后殖民学者Robinson认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关联,只是没有直译那么极端,因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义,但却坚持要保留原味。(参见王东风,2002:26)在异化翻译中,新的东西可能会加进去,从而达到凸现译者的身份,提高翻译的地位,并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。

“看一个翻译是归化翻译还是异化翻译,完全取决于文化形态的重构,翻译在这一形态中得到生产和销售;什么是归化或异化只有在考虑到改变译入语文化的价值关系时才能得到界定。”[2](Mona Baker, 1998:243)

归化策略(domesticating method)

归化是采用民族中心主义态度,是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观,把原作者带入译语文化。译者在翻译的时候,心中既要想着原作及原作作者,尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来;同时,译者还要想着译文的读者,翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者,便于读者理解和接受。

例如:

Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。

a lion in the way 拦路虎

lick on e’s boots 拍马屁

Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手

A flash in a pan 昙花一现

Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年

To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋

One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys nobody.一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。

练习:

请用“归化”的翻译方法,翻译下面几句话:

⑴Lead a dog's life

⑵Jack of all trades

⑶A drowned rat

⑷Let the cat out of the bag.

⑸Every dog has his day.

⑹Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that they're met with misfortune.

⑺Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.

⑻Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.

⑼The gravy train is just not for me.

⑽George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.

采取归化策略进行翻译时,以下几种汉语成语不宜使用:

映中华民族特殊习俗的

如:“拂袖而去”;“腰缠万贯”;“罄竹难书”等

有汉字特征的

如:“目不识丁”;“八字没一撇”等

含有中国地名的

如:“稳如泰山”;“黔驴技穷”;“夜郎自大”;“洛阳纸贵”等

含有中国人名的

如:“名落孙山”;“江郎才尽”;“事后诸葛亮”等.

异化策略(foreignizing?method)

异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下,接受外语文本的语言及文化差异,把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心,就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”,具体说来,就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色,异语语言形式,以及作者的异常写作手法。

①异化可以在语音层上出现。例如:

ballet译作“芭蕾舞”

cigar译作“雪茄”

laser过去译成“莱塞”,现译作“镭射”、“激光”

目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉OK”等。

②异化可以在词语层出现。例如:

“crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”

“an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝”

“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”

“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。

③异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译,其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”

例如:在《哈姆雷特》第一幕第三场中,波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说:“You speak like a green girl.Ungifted in such perilous circumstance.”

朱生豪将其译为:“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。”

异化揭示了深层含义,又再现了原文的表层形式,一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力,使表达意思的手段更准确,更多样化;另一方面,也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。

练习:

请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。

⑴Armed to teeth

⑵Meet one's Waterloo

⑶Dark horse

⑷Crocodile tears

⑸Ivory tower

⑹He looked cool in his new clothes.

⑺This is the last supper in our college life.

⑻The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job.

⑼The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters.

⑽The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the emperor's new clothes.

2.十种翻译技巧

了解完四种翻译方法后,我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧,即重复法(repetition),增词法(amplification),省略法(omission),词类转换法(conversion),词序调整法(inversion),拆译法(division),正说反译和反说正译法(negation),语态变换法(voice changes),引申法和句子成分转译法。

2.2.1重复法(repetition)

重复法(repetition)是在翻译中,为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确,文字通顺、流畅,符合目的语习惯的文字,而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。

例子:

1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then they’ll understand and see that you’re speaking to them in German. (重复谓语动词)

你一定要问一问家庭主妇们,问一问街头玩耍的孩子,问一问集市上做买卖的百姓,听听他们说些什么,他们如何说,你就如何译;这样他们就会理解,就会明白:你是在用德语和他们讲话。

2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)

我们必须分析问题,解决问题。

3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分)

无知是畏惧之源,羡慕之根。

4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)

但我们仍有不足,而且是很大的不足。

5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (指代内容的重复)

那条狗在追着那只猫,而猫又在追着一只老鼠,老鼠的嘴里衔着一块奶酪。

6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失,归根到底,要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力,是否有利于增强我国的综合国力,是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。

In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or failure of our work in various fields is whether it helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen the overall capacity of the country and to improve the people’s living standards.

7. And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the ‘figures’ of thoughts, but in language which conforms to our usage.(重复主语)

我翻译这些演说词,不是作为译者而是作为演说家。我保留了原作同样的意思和形式(或者像有人所说的思想的‘形象’),而使用的语言与我们的语言习惯一致。

8. "Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object.” (重复谓语)

女人是罪恶之门、邪恶之径、毒蛇之牙,总之,女人是件危险的东西。

9. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。(重复谓语动词)

10. I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.

我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障(重复名词)

11. The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.

电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。

12. Alternating stress not only varies in magnitude but also in direction.

角变应力不仅大小不同,而且方向不同。

13. This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the sun’s UV rays.

这是良性臭氧,因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。

14. This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the sun’s UV rays. (UV: ultraviolet)

这是良性臭氧,因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。

2.2增词法(amplification)

在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂,或是为了行文生动,更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。

1. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”

参考译文:九只盒子,都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里,随着岁月流逝,它们的价值还会越来越高,人们也会因而记住我,“越来越欣赏”我。

2. The subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too many gifts to opera girls, all of which led to their losing face and their property. 参考译文:在接下来的几代中,因为遭遇旱灾,被人勒索,再加上给优伶的封赏太多,这个家族便最终资财耗尽,风光不再了。

3. The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.

参考译文:男人们穿着深色的袍裙,蹲坐在那里,嘴里总是叼着烟。

4. His consideration of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his translation.

他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经,注重为目的语和目的语文本的读者考虑,这两点在他的翻译中很关键。

5. Formal education for girls historically has been secondary to that for boys.

历史上,先有男孩子接受正规教育,之后才有女孩子接受正规教育。

6. When she began her career as a nightclub singer, she took the professional name Maya Angelou, combining her childhood nickname with a form of her husband's name.

她的职业生涯是从夜总会的女歌手开始的,那时她给自己起了个艺名——玛雅安琪露,这个名字融合了她孩提时代的绰号以及丈夫的名字。

7. This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.

尽管有种种不周全之处,这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。

8. Flowers bloom all over the yard.

朵朵鲜花满院盛开。

10. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.

读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人严谨。

11. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事,讲了多少年的社会主义,临到社会主义跑来找他,她又害怕起来了。(《毛泽东选集》,第五卷)

The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should not be repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for years and then suddenly turn pale when socialism comes knocking at the door.

12. 只是晚上躺在床上的时候,她才感到神志清醒。

It is only during the night when she lies in bed that she feels she has a clear mind.

14. Day after day he came to his work——sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.

他每天来干活——扫地,擦桌椅,清理房间。

15. 一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉三人帮。

A bamboo fence needs the support of three stakes, and an able man needs the help of three other persons.

Stakes make a bamboo fence stand, and supporters help an able man succeed.

2.3省略法(omission)

省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯,将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法,而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。

1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the doctor’s for a checkup, she felt relief.

她无法抉择,心情压抑,而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接受检查,她就会有一种轻松感。

2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose in imitation of the natives.

鲁珀特年龄小,双膝柔韧,学着当地人的样子,弓背缩身地跪坐着。

3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.

译文:不锈钢硬度大,强度高。

4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.

青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。

5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.

海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。

6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this year.

今年,我们的装机容量增加了30%。

7. 在工作中,我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。

We must avoid making mistakes in our work.

9. 质子带阳电,电子带阴电,而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。

A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither.

10. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.

他双手插进口袋,耸了耸肩。

10. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.

仓库重地,严禁吸烟。

2.4词类转换法(conversion)

词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同,在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。

1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964, with the intention of helping Malcolm build his new Organization of African American Unity.

玛雅安琪露于1964年返回美国,打算帮助马尔科尔木新建立一个非裔美籍人联合会。2. Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm was assassinated, and his plans for a new organization died with him.

马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀,他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭亡。

3. His (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) assassination, falling on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated(蹂躏,破坏;使荒废).

1968年她生日那天,小马丁路德金被人暗杀,她痛不欲生。

4. There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.

译文:学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。

5. He was popular among young people.

译文:他在年轻人中很受欢迎。

6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of the illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.

译文:给我们留下极深印象的是:即便那些没有被告知其病情的病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。

7. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.

(名词转副词)

8. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our

comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)

9. The imitation of living systems, be it direct or indirect, is very useful for devising machines, hence the rapid development of bionics.

对生物系统的模仿,不管是直接的还是间接的,对机械设计都很有用,因此仿生学得以快速发展。

10. Abraham Lincoln wanted to build a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

林肯想建立一个民有民治民享的政府。

11. A valuable instrument may be damaged beyond repair in a few seconds of carelessness.

由于疏忽大意,贵重的仪表可在几秒钟之内被损坏到无法修复的程度。

疏忽几秒钟,贵重的仪表就可能会彻底损坏,无法修复。

11. Some of my class-mates are good singers.

我的同班同学中有些人唱歌唱的很好。

12. Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.

党的干部吃简陋的饮食,住寒冷的窑洞,靠微弱的灯光,长时间的工作。

党的干部长时间地工作,而他们吃的是粗陋的饭菜,住的是寒冷的窑洞,点的是昏暗的油灯。

13. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—— but soft.

史蒂文森有口才,有风度,但很软弱。

14. The Wilde family were religious.

王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。

15. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.

他不抽烟,可他爸爸却是个老烟枪。

2.5顺序调整法(inversion)

为避免字对字,行对行翻译所产生的弊端,翻译中要根据目的与习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整,但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文的句子重心。

1. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions.

在美国早期历史上,男人就像拥有个人物质财产一样完全拥有自己的妻子和孩子。

2. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work for women.

关于什么是适合于女人的工作,19和20世纪的人们态度发生了转变,其中一例就是对于医疗职业态度的转变。

3.It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, as warm ocean currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise be quite cold.

由于温暖的洋流能把温暖的气候带给那些本来十分寒冷的地区并使之变暖, 因此, 海洋在使我们这个地球更适合人类居住方面也扮演一个重要的角色(原因状语从句)

4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you catch!

当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里,又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇的接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候,如果你懂得什么叫美的话,时间是过得很快的!

要是你和一群可爱的孩子在池塘中捉鱼摸虾,有位天仙般的姑娘站在池边,快活地捡起你们的“战利品”,你若知美,定会觉得时间如白驹过隙,一晃即逝。(逆序法)

5. while the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for a young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.

(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。在六月的一天早上,天气晴朗,启斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹马套着锃亮的马具,一个肥胖的车夫戴了假发和三角帽子,赶车的速度是一小时四英里。(分译法)

6. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and

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文言文翻译技巧和方法

文言文翻译技巧和方法 一、基本方法:直译和意译文言文翻译的基本方法有直译和意译两种。所谓直译,是指用现代汉语的词对原文进行逐字逐句地对应翻译,做到实词、虚词尽可能文意相对。直译的好处是字字落实;其不足之处是有时译句文意难懂,语言也不够通顺。所谓意译,则是根据语句的意思进行翻译,做到尽量符合原文意思,语句尽可能照顾原文词义。意译有一定的灵活性,文字可增可减,词语的位置可以变化,句式也可以变化。意译的好处是文意连贯,译文符合现代语言的表达习惯,比较通顺、流畅、好懂。其不足之处是有时原文不能字字落实。这两种翻译方法当以直译为主,意译为辅。 二、具体方法:留、删、补、换、调、变。 “留”:就是保留。凡是古今意义相同的词,以及古代的人名、地名、物名、官名、国号、年号、度量衡单位等,翻译时可保留不变。例如:《晏子使楚》中的“楚王”、“晏婴”、“晏子”等不用翻译。 “删”,就是删除。删掉无须译出的文言虚词。例如:“寡人反取病焉”的“焉”是语气助词,可不译,本句的意思就是“我反而自讨没趣。”(《晏子使楚》)又如:“子猷、子敬俱病笃,而子敬先亡”中的“而”是连词,可不译,整句意思是“子猷与子敬都病重,子敬先死去。” “补”,就是增补。(1)变单音词为双音词,如《桃花源记》中“率妻子邑人来此绝境”,“妻子”一词是“妻子、儿女”的意思;(2)补出省略句中的省略成分,如《人琴俱亡》中“语时了不悲”,翻译为:(子猷)说话时候完全不悲伤。 “换”,就是替换。用现代词汇替换古代词汇。如把“吾、余、予”等换成“我”,把“尔、汝”等换成“你”。“调”就是调整。把古汉语倒装句调整为现代汉语句式。例如《人琴俱亡》中“何以都不闻消息”,“何以”是“以何”的倒装,宾语前置句,意思是“为什么”。“变”,就是变通。在忠实于原文的基础上,活译有关文字。“子猷问左右”(人琴俱亡))中的“左右”指的是“手下的人”,“左右对曰”(《晏子使楚》中的“左右”指的是“近臣”。 古文翻译口诀古文翻译,自有顺序,首览全篇,掌握大意;先明主题,搜集信息,由段到句,从句到词,全都理解,连贯一起,对待难句,则需心细,照顾前文,联系后句,

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧

英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧 要真正掌握英文翻译的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难,下面就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐,来欣赏一下吧。 英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐 首先是英文理解难,这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉,由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同,所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章,而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续,极为别扭。 二是中文表达难,英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇,往往被弄得头昏眼花,好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙,却没有。 另外,英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高,因为我们所翻译的*,其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域,而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情,如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。 正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难,所以,我们必须通过翻译实践,对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结,

以找出一般的表达规律来,避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误,而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手: 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词) He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜 欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词) 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。

英语翻译技巧实例

英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法: 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如: (1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译) (2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译) 6.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或

进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置) (2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置) (3)改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

常用翻译技巧和方法

常用翻译方法和技巧 1. 四种翻译方法 1.1直译和意译 所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基) 应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章) 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。 意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。(陈宏薇) 简单地说,直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。 意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。(杨莉藜) Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics: 1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. 2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde). 练习: 1. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。 2. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good. 对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。 3. Every dog has his day. 人人皆有得意日。

张培基《英汉翻译教程》(修订本)配套题库(英汉常用的方法和技巧(中))【圣才出品】

第5章英汉常用的方法和技巧(中) 5.1 分句、合句法 一、试译下列各句,将斜体的单词或短语译成一个汉语句子 1. At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 【译文】现在的人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题,因为它安全,不招风险。 2. George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind. 【译文】乔治点点头,他妻子不是那种絮絮叨叨的人,对此他心存感激。 3. The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and permanent effect. 【译文】直接赠予的意图必须明白无误,转让行为必须立即产生效力,且该效力应具有永久性。 4. Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants. 【译文】离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有十几家民族餐馆,热闹得如

同第二个唐人街。 5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot. 【译文】那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家都容易看出来的。 6. The depth of some of those changes is , to me at least, pleasingly remarkable and extraordinary. 【译文】其中一些变化有深度,至少在我看来是非常了不起的,不同凡响,令我由衷地高兴。 7. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four. 【译文】大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。 8. A cold that rapidly grew worse caused his unlamented return to Paris. 【译文】他得了感冒,而且越来越严重,只好回巴黎去了。但是,对他的离去,谁也没有感到遗憾。 9. There is also distressing possibility that Alunni isn’t quite the catch the police thought. 【译文】还存在这样一种可能性:被抓住的那位阿鲁尼不见得就是警察当局所设想的那位头号人物。当然,这种可能性说出来叫人泄气。

高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题

高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题 一、高中英语翻译 1.高中英语翻译题:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2.将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3.没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4.家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5.虽然现代社会物资丰富,给予消费者更多的选择,但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1.I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2.It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3.There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4.Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5.While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析: 1.翻译这句话的时候,注意词组:be a ccustomed to doing“习惯于做……”。 2.这句话使用了句型:It’s up to you +从句,“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句,it是形式主语。 3.这句话使用了There be句型, nothing 后面是形容词做定语,因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting,还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ,以及词组“参加”:take part in 。 4.这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句,和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5.这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管,虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ,主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点:考查翻译句子 2.高中英语翻译题:翻译句子 1.只有当我们了解了不同的肢体语言我们才可以很好地跟人们交流。(only+状语从句) ________________________________________________________________________ 2.这就是我们未来的生活。(what引导的名词性从句) ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1. Only when we have mastered the different body languages can we communicate well with them.

英语四级翻译方法与技巧

英语四级翻译方法与技巧 四级考试在即,很多同学都在烦恼做翻译题的方法,下面就和大家分享英语四级翻译方法与技巧,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。 英语四级翻译方法与技巧 1.理解为首要原则 拿到翻译题之后,先确定原句的意思。如果句子较长,可以先找主、谓、宾、定、状、补,分析清楚句子结构,然后再理解。 很多考生过分侧重对翻译技巧的训练,拿着翻译题就一味想着把英文往中文里套,却没有意识到自己对原文的理解实际上就有偏差,这就很难得到理想的分数了。 2. 几种变通手段 翻译时不能简单地或机械地逐字照译,硬凑成英文,必须认真分析上下文,掌握词的确切含义,然后用适当的英文表达,必要时应采用变通手段。 1)增词、减词

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