Unit1
一、
1 Leaders often have charisma, an attractive quality that makes other people admire them and want to follow them. (Para.2). 领导者通常有魅力，一种吸引人的品质，使别人钦佩他们，并想追随他们。
2 A person who has a(n) brilliant mind can do extraordinary things that no one with a normal mind can imagine. (Para.2) 一个有聪明头脑的人能做常人无法想象的非凡的事情。
3 It matters little whether people are physically beautiful or ugly, Because people’s minds and souls are more important. (Para.2)
人的外表是美是丑并不重要，因为人的思想和灵魂更重要。
4 When faced with awkward questions in a conversation, we often get stuck. (Para.3)
当我们在谈话中遇到尴尬的问题时，我们常常会陷入困境。
5 Unfortunately, this apparently straightforward question turns out to be harder to answer than one might suppose. (Para,3)
不幸的是，这个显而易见的简单问题比人们想象的要难回答
6 We cannot attempt to predict all the tough questions children will ask.(Para.9)
我们不能预测孩子们会问的所有难题。
二、
1 using a counter-example to a proposition or claim is to use an example that proves that the proposition or claim is not true
对一个命题或主张使用反例就是用一个例子来证明这个命题或主张是不正确的
2 In order to challenge opinions on one issue and make yours reasonable ,you should debate their ideas.
为了在一个问题上挑战你的观点并使你的观点合理，你应该辩论他们的观点。
3 When you have to begin a conversation with nothing to talk about, you may ty to ask brief questions ,tell an interesting story or make some random comments.
当你不得不开始一段没有什么可谈的谈话时，你可以问一些简短的问题，讲一个有趣的故事，或者随意发表一些评论。
4 In order to question the assumption of Aristotle that the heavier object has a higher failing speed , Galileo did an experiment in the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
为了质疑亚里士多德的假设，即较重的物体有较高的失败速度，伽利略在比萨斜塔做了一个实验。
5 A paper published in Physics Today challenges how physics taught and states that teaching fails to reveal the limits of our understanding.
《今日物理学》上发表的一篇论文对物理学的教学提出了挑战，指出教学不能揭示我们理解的极限。
6 In London, where the family was reduced to poverty , Karl Marx continued writing his theories to explore and understand the nature of society.
在伦敦，这个家庭陷入贫困的地方，卡尔·马克思继续写他的理论来探索和理解社会的本质。
三、
1 Huxley was at first an opponent of any evolutionary change at all ,but after reading the Origin of Species he got tied (on ,in) knots and his reaction was "How stupid of me not to have thought of that."
赫胥黎起初反对任何进化上的改变，但读了《物种起源》后，他感到很困惑，他的反应是“我真愚蠢，竟然没有想到这一点。”
2 Dr.Dewdney looked closely at eight problems that reveal the (limitations ,limits) of human understanding in his new book.
杜尼博士在他的新书中仔细研究了揭示人类理解的局限性的八个问题。
1. No Pains, No Gains The height which great men reach and keep is not attained by a sudden flight. Most of us feel envious of the famous and successful people. We do not understand why they are so popular and honored while we are mere simple common folks. In our misconception, we think that people are prosperous because they are especially gifted or that they are “just lucky”. All these have taken root in our stubborn minds, and we refuse to believe that most great men have a mind which is the same as, or perhaps even simpler and duller than ours. Yet, their triumphs are great. Why? Because they are apt to fight difficulties with perseverance and without fatigue, undergo sufferings without minding the wounds; they realize that hardships form the road which they must pass through before reaching their destination. Their endurance is more powerful than that of ours for the simple reason that they submit without complaint to each storm in life. 2. Don’t Give Up If we would ever accomplish anything in life, let us not forget that we must persevere. If we would learn our lessons in school, we must be diligent and not give up whenever we come across anything difficult. We will find many of our lessons very hard, but let us consider that the harder they are the better they will be for us if we will persevere and learn them thoroughly. But there are some among us who are ready to give up when they come to a hard example in mathematics, and say, “I can’t do this.” They never will if they feel so. “I can’t” never does anything worthwhile; but “I’ll try” accomplishes wonders. Let us remember that we will meet with difficulties all through life. They are in the pathway of everyone. If we will only try and keep trying, we will be sure to conquer and overcome every difficulty we meet. If we have a hard lesson today, let us strive to learn it well and
Unit 1 Personality and Development Listening and speaking 1, What does your taste in music reveal about your personality 1, creativity 2, favorite songs 3, 36,000 4, 104 different musical styles 5. their personality 6. conventional 7. more uneasy 8. outgoing 9. hard-working 10. stable 11. gentle 12.low 13. at ease with 14.intelligent Thinking and speaking
2. Does your career fit your personality? Listening and understanding 1, imaginations 2, designs 3. patterns 4. graphic designer 5. landscape architect 6. procedures 7. instructions 8. details and data 9. routine and order 10. accountant 11. cost estimator 12. see projects though 13. doers 14. big picture 15. sales agent 16. management analyst 17. logic 18. mysteries 19. detail 20. librarian 21. software engineer 22. results-driven 23. outdoors 24. jewelry 25. electrician 26. nuclear engineer 27. human interaction 28. personal coach 29. school psychologist 3. Easy ways to be an optimist
新一代大学英语综合教程1期末测试词汇填空 Unit1 1.when i(hung out) 2.l don’t(at fault) 3.what used(and the like) 4.David my(when it comes to) 5.Many young(take up) 6.if the(on a broader scale) Unit2 1.people with(impact have on) 2.the professor’s(mesh with) 3.socially skilled(are adept at) 4.people with(confronted with) 5.with this(on the job) 6.one aafter(in effect) 7.the organization(enlist the help of) Unit3 1.science is(in terms) 2.l don’t(get in the way of) 3.we should(rather than) 4.for more(check out)5 .thedebate(come down to)6.the investigators(in vain)7.the students(in the firt instance)8.making english(conform to)9.the virtue(transform into)10.why did(put down) Unit4 1.(in view of)the heavy 2.the persecution（exclude form） 3.in snindler(felt compelled to) 4.we can’t(share respornsibility) 5.when the(denied) 6.During the(seek refuge) 7.the writing(by extension) 8.thousands of(poured into) Unit5 1.professor NYE(exercise of power) 2.the chinese(soft power) 3.the study(engage in) 4.we believe(gobble up) 5.there simply(soak up) 6.His whole(turn the tables) 7.the local(by happenstace) 8.we are(baby steps) 9.putin doesn’t(be perceived as)10.with written(date back) Unit7 1.unlike its(typical of) 2.with only(slip away) 3.the city(in the extreme) 4.when(a)long(sweep of) 5.humans are(wiping out) 6.the sumatran(originate in) 7.although some（in captivity） 8.to keep(spread into) 9.A caterpillar(pass through)8.to keep(spread into)9.A caterpillar(pass through)
《大学英语 2 》复习资料 一、单词或短语英汉互译 1.将下列词语译成中文 (1)economist（2）goods（3 ）profit （4）consumer（5）Interest 1. 经济学家； 2. 商品; 3. 利润; 4. 消费者 5.利息 （6）charge（7 ）affect（8 ）industrious （9）package（10 ）machinery 6.收费 7.影响 8.勤劳的 9.包装10. 机械 （11）concern（12 ）furniture （13）strong-willed（14 ）snowstorm 11. 关心12. 家具 13. 意志坚强14. 暴风雪 （15）cosmetics 15. 化妆品 2.将下列词语译成英文 （16）投资（17）需求(18) 炊具 （19）市场（20）制造商 16.investment17. demand18. cooker
19. Market20.manufacturer (21) 破坏(22) 受益(23) 超过 (24)进口（25）资源 21.spoil22. Benefit23. Exceed 24. Import25.resource （26）条形码（27 ）结账 （28）以防万一 26. universal product code27. check out 28. In case （29）气候（30 ）免费 29.climate30. Free 二、单项选择题 1. Apparently, it wasn't an accident. Someone must have done it on(B). A. intention B. determination C. purpose D. reason 2. The young doctor could not sleep at night, the worsening condition of a patient(A)him. A. disturbing B. disturbed C. being disturbed D.to disturb 3. (D) Americans have different views on many issues,
英语大二下期末考试总结 翻译（5分） 1) Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.（多尔蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收）We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons.（我们不能低估敌人，他们装备了最先进的武器）Having been out of a job/Not having had a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.（菲尔已经三个月没有找到工作了，正变得越来越绝望） Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgment.（作为项目经理，山姆办事果断，工作效率高，且判断准确）Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.（既然已证实这家化工产是污染源，村委会决定将其关闭，为此损失了一百个工作岗位） 2) There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance. The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall in living standards and an
UNIT 1 Explore1: Reading comprehension: a b a b a Dealing with vocabulary: a b a a a b Application: 1.To say is easier than to do. 2.Mary wanted to make a lot of money, buy stock, and retire early. 3.She stayed up late either studying her English or going to parties. Explore 2: Reading comprehension: b a d Dealing with vocabulary: interact compatible massive contrast criticize hesitant Unit test part1: 1.prevails 2.a variety of 3.interact 4.hanging out 5.scale 6.In contrast 7.crucial 8.engage 9.in person 10.directly part2: b a c b a a part3: 1.25岁时马克?扎克伯格已经在Facebook辛勤工作了五年。那一年，也就是2009年，公司首次实现了盈利，并且吸引了3亿用户。他当时非常激动，但还是说这只是一个开始。他在Facebook上写道”我们的目标是把每个人联系起来，而我们才刚刚开始。"第二年，他就被《时代》杂志评选为"年度人物"。 2.Owned by Chinese tech giant Tencent, WeChat is a mobile messaging service that boasts over 300 million active users. Many former Weibo users join in as new members because it offers comparatively private forms of communication. Like many other Chinese social media platforms, WeChat allows its users to send voice messages, share social moments, purchase virtual goods, and meet new people via a format similar to that of chat roulette. UNIT 2 Explore 1:
GRAMMAR REVIEW 1.I’ll borrow whichever tent you are not using now (你们现在不用的任何一顶帐篷). 2.Free movie tickets will be given to whoever comes/come first (最早来的人们). 3.We agreed to accept whichever/whatever condition our captain thought was the best (任何我们队长认为最佳的条件). 4.Friends are forever comforts.Wherever/No matter where I go (无论我走到哪里)their care follows. 5.It is neither possible nor sensible for parents to satisfy whatever wishes their child/children expresses/express (孩子表达的任何愿望). 6.However disappointed/No matter how disappointed you may feel about the surroundings/environment/situation (不管你对环境有多么失望),you’re supposed to complain less and work more. 7.Respect for the law is the foundation of a civilized society. Whoever breaks it (不管谁触犯法律)will be punished. 8.David is in the habit of knitting his brows whenever he concentrates on a problem (每当他集中精力思考问题的时候). 1.It is not luck but hard work that led him to today’s success. 2.Prof.Moen argues that it is energy makes the world go round. 3.It is not until he had proved he was honest that he won the family’s trust. 4.It was clearly the headmaster himself who/that opened the door for me. 5.What is it that Jack has to take into consideration when applying for the job? TRANSLATION 1.以共同兴趣为基础的友谊是不容易破裂的. The friendship grounded on common / shared interest does not break up easily. / It is not easy for the friendship grounded on common / shared interest to break up. 2.孩子们必须学会将电脑游戏中的暴力和勇敢区分开来. Children must learn to distinguish between violence and bravery / courage in computer games. 3.当今世界每天涌现如此多新鲜事物,要求一个人什么都知晓是不合情理的. There spring uo so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know / keep track of everything. 4.诸如背弃朋友这类事并不受法律制约,所以才有了我们称作的“道德法庭”. Laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends,that is why there is what we call / is called “the court of morally”. 5.有人把今天的文化描述为“快餐文化”.无论做什么事,人们只是追求用最短的时间达到最 大的满足. Today’s culture is described as“fast-food culture”.Whatever they may be / are doing,people just pursue the greatest / maximum satisfaction within the shortest time. 6.常言说,天下没有免费的午餐.如果你想要什么,就得去挣. As the saying goes,there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something,go and earn / work for it. GRAMMAR REVIEW
2011级快班大学英语（II）期末考试A卷答案 Part I. Writing (15%) 略 Part II. Translation (10%) 1.easily snap into pieces and then melt in the mouth 2.the latest economic proposal put forward by the President 3.there was no point in adjusting the plan 4.simply lose hope, or are becoming increasingly cynical 5.it was hard for him to become conditioned to rural life again Part III. Synomys (5%) 1-5. CCAAD 6-10. DABAD Part IV. Listening Comprehension (25%) 11-15. BDDBD 16-20. CAABB 21-25. BACAA 26-30. CCCD 31-35. DBBCB Part V. Vocabulary and Structure (5%) 36-40. CBBAA 41-45. BCBBC Part VI. R eading Comprehension (30%) 46-50. ADACD 51-55. DCBDB 56-60. ACAAB Part VII. Cloze (10%) 61-66. CADAB 66-70. CCDAA 71-75. CDCBA 76-80. DBAAD
大二下期英语口语期末考试 第七组下周二考试 Topics 1、An ideal job 一个理想的工作应该具备哪些条件(工资；前 景；环境；福利) 我们应该为获得理想的工作做哪些努力（认真学习；术业有专攻；拓展其它知识；参加活动锻炼能力） 选专业引入话题 X:Have you heard about it? We are going to choose our major this term. C:oh,really? I have looked forward to choosing the major for a long time。That is important for our feature’s job. X:About job. What conditions do you think an ideal job should have? 工资
C: High salary? X:That’s necessary. The money will help us to support our family, besides it can make our life more steadily. 前景 C:I totally agree with you. Another is if the job cannot give your passion to it ,it’s terrible. We should love our job, then we will be more active at it。 X：That’s what we said a promising（有前景的）job. Besides what I am care for is whether the job is around good surroundings. 环境好；距离近 C: Good surroundings will give us a good mind. Also the work place should be near our home so that we can have more time to rest. X:So we deal with our work it will be more effective .It can also avoid the traffic jam. 福利
新一代大学英语综合教程 1 期末考试答案打印版 UNIT 1 .2、Indeed, we might feel as if we are suddenly awash in friends. Yet right before our eyes, we're also changing the way we conduct relationships. Face-to-face chatting is giving way to texting and messaging; people even prefer these electronic exchanges to, for instance, simply talking on a phone.Smaller circles of friends are being partially eclipsed by Facebook acquaintances routinely numbered in the hundreds. Amid these smaller trends, growing research suggests we could be entering a period of crisis for the entire concept of friendship. Where is all this leading modern-day society? Perhaps to a dark place, one where electronic stimuli slowly replace the joys of human contact.确实如此，我们似乎感到突然之间好友数量井喷。不过，我们眼前也正在改变为人处世的方式。面对面的聊天正在被短信取代；相比打个电话，人们甚至更愿意使用这些电子交流方式。脸谱网上的熟人圈儿动辄数百人，相比之下，现实生活中规模较小的朋友圈则显得黯淡少光。在这些较细微的趋势中，越来越多的研究表明友谊的整个概念正在遭受危机，而我们也许正在一步步地迈向这个危机时代。所有这一切要把现代社会引向何方？也许现代社会就此陷入黑暗深渊，在这个深渊里，人与人之间交往的乐趣慢慢地被电子诱惑所取代。 8、No single person is at fault, of course. The pressures on friendship today are broad. They arise from the demands of work, say, or a general busyness that means we have less quality time for others. How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in their lives, only to move thousands of miles across the continent to take up a better-paid job?当然，这并不是某个人的错。如今，交友压力来自方方面面。比如来自工作压力，或是整天瞎忙，无法和他人享有高质量的沟通时间。有人嘴上说友谊是生命中最重要的东西，却为了一份收入颇丰的工作远赴千里之外。这样的人还少吗？ 9、Of course, we learn how to make friends —or not —in our most formative years, as children. Recent studies on childhood, and how the contemporary life of the child affects friendships, are illuminating. Again, the general mood is one of concern, and a central conclusion often reached relates to a lack of what is called "unstructured time."当然，我们是在性格成型的最重要的孩提时期学会如何结交朋友或是如何断交。最近，关于儿童期和儿时生活对交友的影响的研究很有启发性。这些研究再一次关注了风气这个问题，其主要结论都与孩子缺少―计划外时间‖有关。 10、Structured time results from the way an average day is parceled up for our kids — time for school, time for homework, time for music practice, even time for play. Yet too often today, no period is left unstructured. After all, who these days lets his child just wander off down the street? But that is precisely the kind of fallow time so vital for deeper friendships. It's then that we simply "hang out," with no tasks, no deadlines and no pressures. It is in those moments that children and adults alike can get to know others for who they are in themselves. ―计划内时间‖源自每一天的时间安排方式，何时上学，何时完成家庭作业，何时进行音乐训练，甚至何时玩耍，一股脑儿的塞给孩子。然而，再寻常不过的是，没有任何一个时段是没有安排的。毕竟，现在谁还会让自己的孩子在街上闲逛呢？但是，恰恰就是这种―无所事事‖的时间对于深厚的交情至关重要。在这个时间段，我们只是闲逛，没有任务，没有最后期限，没有任何压力。就在这些时候，孩子也罢，成人也罢，才能真正了解同行之人。 12、Aristotle had an attractive expression to capture the thought: close friends, he observed, "share salt together." It's not just that they sit together, passing the salt across the meal table. It's that they sit with one another across the course of their lives, sharing its savor — its moments, bitter and sweet. "The desire for friendship comes quickly; friendship does not," Aristotle also remarked. It's a key insight for an age of instant social connectivity, though one in which we paradoxically have an apparently growing need to be more deeply connected.亚 里士多德曾经这样表达此意，妙不可言。他 说，亲密的朋友，是―一起吃盐的朋友‖。他 并不是说朋友们坐在一起，在饭桌上把盐传 来传去。他的意思是朋友们共享人生经历， 分享各种滋味，苦的，甜的。亚里士多德还 说过―交友的想法常常匆匆而至，但是真正的 友情往往姗姗来迟。‖这对于当今这个时代来 说是一种重要的真知灼见。因为，在这个时 代里，虽然人们能迅速建立关系，不过我们 反倒越发觉得需要更深一步结识他人。 UNIT 26、With persistence and practice, such a process can lead to lasting results. I know one Wall Street executive who sought to improve his empathy –specifically his ability to read people’s reactions and their perspectives. Before beginning his quest, the executive’s subordinates were terrified of working with him. People even went so far as to hide bad news from him. Naturally, he was shocked when finally confronted with these facts. He went home and told his family – but they only confirmed what he had heard at work. When their opinions on any given subject did not mesh with his, they, too, were frightened of him.只要坚持并不断实践，这样的过程能够 带来持久的结果。我认识一位华尔街的主管， 他想方设法提高自己的同理心。具体一点就 是读懂对方的反应，了解对方的看法。在开 始努力寻求改变之前，这位主管的下属惧怕 与其一起工作。人们甚至对他隐瞒坏消息。 最终面对这些情况时，他自己自然大吃一惊。 回家后，他告诉家人——但家人更肯定了他 在单位听到的一切。无论什么话题，如果家 人的观点未能与之吻合，他们也会害怕他。 7、Enlisting the help of a coach, the executive went to work to heighten his empathy through practice and feedback. His first step was to take a vacation to a foreign country where he did not speak the language. While there, he monitored his reactions to the unfamiliar and his openness to people who were different from him. When he returned home, humbled by his week abroad, the executive asked his coach to shadow him for parts of the day, Several times a week, in order to critique how he treated people with new or different perspectives. At the same time, he consciously used on-the-job interactions as opportunities to practice ―hearing‖ ideas that differed from his. Finally, the executive had himself videotaped in meetings and asked those who worked for and with him to critique his ability to acknowledge and understand the feelings of others. It took several months, but the executive’s emotional intelligence did ultimately rise, and the improvement was reflected in his overall performance on the job.这位主管向私人教师 寻求帮助，他回到工作岗位，通过实践和别 人的反馈来提高自己的同理心。首先，他到 一个语言不通的国家去度假。在异国他乡， 他审视自己面对不熟悉事物的反应以及对异 族人群的开放性。返回家乡时，一周的国外 生活已使他丢掉了所有的高傲，这位主管让 私人教师一周跟踪自己几天，每天跟踪自己 几个时段，以此评价自己对持新观点或不同 观点人的态度。同时，他还有意识地利用工 作现场与人交往的机会来实践―倾听‖异己观 点。最后，主管还让人拍摄他开会时的表现， 让下属以及合作伙伴评价自己承认并理解他 人感情的能力。这个过程持续数月，但最终， 主管的情商确实提高了，并在他的整体工作 表现上体现了出来。 8 It’s important to emphasize that building one’s emotional intelligence cannot – will not – happen without sincere desire and concerted effort. A brief seminar won’t help; nor can one buy a how-to manual. It is much harder to learn to empathize –to internalize empathy as a natural response to people –than it is to become adept at regression analysis. But it can be done. ―Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm,‖ wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. If your goal is to become a real leader, these words can serve as a guidepost in your efforts to develop high emotional intelligence.需要强调的是，没有真诚的愿望 和竭尽全力的付出，培养情商是不可能的， 也不会有结果。一场简短的研讨会起不了作 用，实用操作手册也无法买到。要使同理心 内化为对别人的一种自然反应，才算是获得 了同理心，这比擅于回归分析要难得多。但 获得同理心也是能做到的。拉尔夫·沃尔 多·爱默生写道：―没有热情，就不可能取得 任何伟大的业绩。‖如果你的目标是成为一位 真正的领袖，这句话可以激励你不断努力， 提高情商。 UNIT 32、First, science is practiced by special people with a specific view of the world. Scientists try to be objective, unsentimental and unemotional. They do not let their feelings get in the way of their observations of real things, facts, as they call them. They often work in laboratories or in other areas where they can carefully control what they are working on. They do not just wander out onto the dock at sunset and look at the world with wonder, as a poet might. Ideally, they are also both honest and check them out and then utilize them in their findings so others can check them out and then utilize them in their own work. They do not claim more than they can prove, and often even less. But they are very proud of their calling and prefer to talk to other scientists rather than anybody else, especially poets, who tend to make them feel uncomfortable, to put them down.(Of course poets also feel scientists return the favor.)首 先，从事科学工作的是特殊的一类人，他们 具有特定的世界观。科学家努力保持客观、 理性，不感情用事，不会让感情妨碍他们观 察他们所说的实物和事实。科学家常常在实 验室或者他们能够严格控制研究对象的场所 工作。他们不会像诗人那样，在日落时去码 头闲逛，惊奇地观赏这个世界。典型的科学 家既朴实，又谦恭。他们总是尽量客观地汇 报他们的科学发现，以便别人能够证实并在 工作中加以运用。他们不会对自己不能证明 的事物妄加断言，甚至常常连自己能够证明 的也不去多说。然而，他们对―科学家‖这一 称谓引以为傲，更喜欢彼此相互交流，而不 太愿意和其他人交流，尤其是和诗人，因为 诗人总让他们感觉不自在，且常贬低他们。 （当然了，科学家在诗人眼里也不过如此。） 3、Second, science deals almost exclusively with things, not ideas or feelings, and with the external world and its workings, not inner states and their workings, despite the effort of some psychologists to be or seem scientific. The human body is considered to be or seem scientific. The human body is considered to be a part of the external world; the soul is not. Therefore, scientists work to understand the body but not the soul. Most scientists doubt the soul exists. The solar system and the universe are also part of the external world, although we have little enough direct evidence of their mode of existence. Scientists tend to assume the basic conditions of nature on Earth are the same everywhere in the cosmos.其次，科学的 研究对象基本上仅限于事物，而非思想或者 情感，仅限于外部世界及其运作，而非内在 状态及其运作，尽管一些心理学家也试图让 自己的工作具备或者显得有科学性。人体被 认为是外部世界的一部分，而人的灵魂则不 然。因此，科学家探索的是人的肌体，而不 是灵魂。大部分科学家怀疑灵魂的存在。太 阳系和宇宙也是外部世界的一部分，虽然我 们没有充足的直接证据来证明它们的存在模 式。科学家往往认为，地球上自然界的基本 状况无论在宇宙的何处都是一样的。 4、Mankind is only questionably part of the external world in this sense. Scientists are generally reluctant to deal with the behavior of large groups of men and women. Thus economists, for example, struggle to be considered scientists, but usually in vain. The external world of scientists contains some things, like quanta, quarks and quasars, that are