Protecting Minors by Reconsideration of Life Insurance Contract Ownership Transfers Under the UTMA
ALT,ANTHONY J.
American Journal of Family Law，2010，V ol.24 ：1-6
乌特马法规下人身保险合同所有权转让以保护未成年人再思考
J.奥特.安斯瑞森
美国家庭法杂志，2010，第24卷：1-6页
乌特马法规下人身保险合同所有权转让以保护未成年人再思考
示范法的目的是双重的：（1）进一步统一各司法管辖区（2）以协助提供明确的立法，保护这些人（立法者）的最佳利益。一个成功的模式在很大程度上是”转移到未成年人统一法（乌特马法规）”，其已在48个州以及哥伦比亚特区通过。该乌特马法规是Uniform Gifts to Minors Act的扩大，该法已在一些州获得形式通过。乌特马法规是在信任和监护之间的混合。同样地，家庭法律从业者应熟悉的乌特马法规，可以允许对未成年人有巨大好处的行动，但是同时使对极易受伤害的未成年人的物产托管人的疏忽或恣意地有害行动转移至乌特马法规之下。
家庭法律师应该询问乌特马法规下物产是否存在
乌特马法规要求一旦未成年人达到要求年龄, 托管人肯定地把监护的财产转移到未成年人。财产托管人肯定要移交财产的义务，如人寿保险的归属政策一样，使未成年人容易受到不转移财产托管人的侵害，无论是由于疏忽或恣意。而非规定有义务移交保管的财产，乌特马应进行修改使未成年人达到必要的年龄时，将所有权以及人身保险单的占有权自动转交给未成年人。但是直到乌特马被修改，律师处理离婚和子女抚养权诉讼时应当询问未成年人是否为乌特马法规下的物主或者寿险受益人，如果是这样，确保在保单中列的托管人会保护未成年人的最大利益，并在适当的时候转让保单或收益。如果对被列的财产托管人在保护未成年人最大利益时有疑问，参与子女抚养权诉讼或离婚的律师应该寻求乌特马法规保改变托管人。这可以通过托管人辞职或任命后继者托管人或通过诉请法院来完成。对于处理离婚诉讼律师来讲，查明未成年人是否为人寿险保单财产拥有人或根据乌特马法规下年金（或任何乌特马下的财产）享有人是重要的，因为这些财产是不是托管人的婚姻财产。因此，它应该不会影响计算的婚姻财产的分配。
1乌特马法规下监管财产和托管人义务的创立
乌特马法规的第九章规定，个人能够以转移财产的形式给予未成年人礼物。这样转移的财产或礼物仅仅局限于授予未成年人因财产所得的利益，但财产当前情况下要登记于财产监护人之下，直到未成年人达到必须的年龄。个人可以转移的财产类型是十分广的。个人能够转移生命或捐款保险的所有权或以所有权人的的身份命名未成年人。通过允许未成年人被以生命保险所有人命名，或者类似保单的所有权转交到未成年人手中，乌特马法规承认了持续很久的概念，即生命保险合同有“财产的一般特征”。因此，一旦某人以所有权人命名未成年人或转交乌特马法规下的生命保险合同的所有权，那么该未成年人无可置疑的被授予保险合同的所有权。然而财产监护人有权利、权力以及必要的义务来占有和经营财产直到未成年人达到必须的年龄。不过，财产监护人没有法定权利获取生命保险单的所
有权，直到所有权归属于未成年人。所以，一个财产监护人也许应该确切的表述为，代表未成年人利益而拥有保单财产性利益，而非拥有真正的所有权或所有权利益。
1.1 （财产）转交至未成年人
代表未成年人行使财产性利益时，财产监护人必须以善良管理人的标准要求自己处理财务事务。如果托管人有一项特殊的技能或专门知识，那么他将被要求运用之。如果未成年人是唯一的受益人，财产监护人或许会投资或在保单上投入很多保费。一旦未成年人达到必须年龄，乌特马法规规定：“财产托管人应该以恰当的方式将所监管财产转交到未成年人或其遗产。”“应当转交”一词表明，在乌特马法规下被转让保单的财产监护人有肯定得义务将保单所有和控制权在未成年人达到规定的年龄是转交。
通过设一个肯定义务来促使托管人向未成年人转交保单，法律强调的是，尽管未成年人已经毫无置疑地被授予保单上的合法权利，却没有形成财产从监护人到未成年人的自动转交。也就是说，托管人必须用“恰当的方式”将保单的财产权转交给未成年人。在保单案例中，转交保单的“恰当方式”是让托管人签署一份所有权转让表格，监护人由此放弃对保单的控制。这种完成所有权转让表格的行为向保险人表明，监护人行使任何权利，权力或权威的资格已经终止。
伊利诺伊州的乌特马法规明确地在不动产和个人财产间做了区分。对于不动产，有一个自动转交给未成年人机制（托管人没有被要求去促成财产向未成年人转交）。但对于个人财产（包括保险单）而言，没有规定财产向未成年人自动转让的权利。
1.2 案例强化
除了法定的措辞之外，在涉及类似于人寿保险的个人财产的判例法也表明，在未成年人达到法定年龄之时，个人财产所有权不会自动的从托管人名下转移到该未成年人名下。比如，在里根诉康奈里一案中，父亲创建了一个公司，将96％的股份给予其子女，并以托管人的名义持有该股份。根据田纳西州乌特马法规，该父亲代表其子女持有这些股份是合法的，但是当他的子女成年之时，他没有将这些股票转移到他的子女名下。但法院认定托管人没有将所有权转移不会影响到未成年女子对于股份的诉讼请求权。因此，法院认为，虽然当未成年子女达到法定年龄之时有所有权，但托管人仍有必要将财产所有权转移给子女。
没有监护权的父母不能作为托管人。
在estra 诉estra案中，根据康涅狄格州乌特马法规，一位母亲为其女儿创建了一个投资账户，并作为其托管人管理这些资产。当其女儿达到法定年龄时，这位母亲拒绝将其占有的财产转移给其女儿。法院根据乌特马法规，托管人有义务在未成年人达到法定年
龄时将其占有的财产转移给该未成年人，但这种交付不是自动完成的。
这些案例证明了乌特马法规明确的要求托管人有义务在未成年人达到法定年龄时将其占有的财产转移给该未成年人。而且，这些案例还说明了如果托管人不作为，未成年人可以以违反信托责任为由，或者以盗窃罪提起诉讼。当然如果乌特马法规规定，当未成年人达到法定年龄时，无需托管人的实际转移，财产权即自动转移，就不需要为了取得财产权而提起这些诉讼了。
2 通过为保单创建例外条款来避免潜在的伤害
寿险保单在为保险公司和未成年人在乌特马法规（情况）下产生了一个特殊的问题。如上所述，在乌特马法规下，托管人并不是转让或创建寿险保单的持有人；托管人仅仅拥有一个有关代表未成年人的保险合同的合同权利。但是由于乌特马法规设定了一个肯定得义务给托管人，要求其转移个人财产的占有给未成年人再然后通过完成一份所有权转让表格来实现，保险公司在一份正确的财产转移表格完成之前是不会向未成年人转移所有权的。这样的问题大量存在。
首先，托管人永远不会完成所有制形式的转让，从而永远不会转让保单给一个已达到法定年龄的未成年人是可能的。这个可能会发生的原因有很多：托管人由于忽视而忘记填写表格；托管人拒绝完成所有制形式的转让;或由于过时的联系信息，保险公司可能无法满足托管人或刚成为成年人的人。第二，没能成功地促使托管人去完成所有制形式转让的刚成年的人必须要付昂贵的诉讼费。付出了一些在乌特马法规的政策下微小的特定的优惠后，刚成年的人采取行动反对托管人从而迫使托管人转让这项政策的占有权或所有权可能不会花费很多。第三，托管人、未成年人还有保险公司要求其他托管人完成所有权形式转让来转让保险政策是不明智的。这就要求托管人联络合适的保险公司，并完成必要的形式。如果刚已成年的人忘了或者拒绝填写表格，无论是诉讼还是其他的什么方式，他们接触和迫使不合作的托管人去完成转让所有权形式，这对他们来说是一种负担。如果刚成年的人在管辖范围的实效内未能成功的采取措施来反对托管人，那么他们可能一并失去这个政策的占有权。这也迫使保险公司要么承担发送给托管人表格后的后果，要么妥善地监管这项政策，监管方式为一旦未成年人成为成年人托管人不允许行驶保管财产的任何权利。
2.1 电子注解
不管情形如何，对托管人采取积极地责任来完成保单所有制的转让是没有必要的。首先，无形的个人财产的所有权和占有利益例如人身保险合同不需要像其他的个人财产似的转让实际的物体。因此，填写一个表格并不是必须的。该乌特马法规应该批准一个由保险公司的文件中制作的电子注释--当未成年人即将达到法定年龄时，文件允许自动转让给他
们。此外，当托管人代表未成年人时，他并不是严格意义上的保单持有人。托管人在作为受托人/监护人时，仅仅拥有占有利益。因此，所有制形式的转让是误导，因为，一旦未成年人达到必要的年龄后，保险政策所有权没有转让的情况会发生。再次，一旦未成年人达到必要的年龄后，乌特马法规应该允许在内部记录的保险公司简单地做一个电子注释—未成年人是一个充分行使政策所有权的团体。这样可以避免保险公司不得不试图联系疏忽或者不配合的托管人，避免托管人不得不完成一些附加的表格或近一步接触保险提供商，并允许刚由未成年人刚变成成年人的人行使他们全部所有权和占有权而没有任何昂贵的诉讼费，在这项政策的基础上建立全部的所有权。
2.2 建议对乌特马法规进行修改
为了保护未成年人的最佳利益，并为参与的所有团体得到更权益的商业行为，应该做个在乌特马法规下托管人责任下做出转让财产的例外，在未成年人达到必要的年龄后，自动转让保险政策所有权应该获得准许。乌特马法规的第二十章将做适当的修改，添加内容如下：在一定程度上，寿险保单就是保管好的财产，无运送或运送给未成年人或他们遗产，当未成年人达到必要的年龄或未成年人死后，终止行使托管人的权利是必须的。
直到做出这个例外，当未成年人达到法定年龄后，保险公司应继续要求托管人完成转让所有权形式。此外，职业家庭法的律师应当注意乌特马法规下的托管人通过不在适当时候转交财产来滥用或违反其义务事实发生的潜在性。参与子女监护诉讼的律师将会尽职地去询问是否有乌特马规定下的财产存在，如果存在，就要保证列明托管人会可信并且愿意保护未成年人的最大利益。如果发生任何关于托管人愿意适当地行使其职责的疑问，律师应该通过撤换和任命新的托管人等方式来采取防范措施。
3 结论
乌特马法规会成为人们转移财产给未成年人的有效方式。即便如此，对于人寿保险而言需要托管人完成去一份令人迷惑的财产转移表格，进而才能转移无形的个人财产的占有权给刚刚成年的人。这迫使未成年人必须进行诉讼反对托管人以强迫他们转移财产，该行为同时也威胁未成年人产生因不提出在限制法规之内的诉讼而丢失他们的财产权利的可能性。此外，保险公司能容易地在保险单内记录托管人权力的终止日期。鉴于乌特马的根本目的是促进安全转移财产和对未成年人的占有，乌特马应修改，允许托管人监管的财产在未成年人达到必要年龄时能够自动转交。直到乌特马被修改，涉及离婚和子女抚养权诉讼的律师应保持警惕，并确定是否存在乌特马财产，如果存在要确保一个合适的人作为托管人。
Protecting Minors by Reconsideration of Life Insurance Contract Ownership Transfers Under the UTMA
BY ANTHONY J. ALT
DEPARTMENTS CHILDREN The purpose of model laws is twofold: (1) to further uniformity among various
jurisdictions and (2) to help provide clear legislation that protects the best interests of those to whom the legislation will apply. One largely successful model law is the
Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA), which has been adopted in 48 states and the
District of Columbia. The UTMA is an expansion of the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act, which has been adopted in some form in every state. The UTMA is a mix between a trust and a guardianship and permits transfers of property to minors by vesting them with legal title and equitable interest to the property, while granting possessory rights, powers, and duties to custodians of the property on behalf of minors. As such, the UTMA, with
which family law practitioners should be familiar, permits actions that can be of
tremendous benefit to minors, but simultaneously makes minors vulnerable to the negligence or willfully adverse actions of the custodians of property transferred under the UTMA.
Family law attorneys should inquire whether UTMA property exists.
The UTMA’s requirement that custodians affirmatively transfer custodial property to minors once they reach the required age. A custodian’s af firmative duty to transfer custodial property, such as ownership of a life insurance policy, leaves a minor susceptible to a custodian who fails to transfer the property, whether due to negligence or willfulness. Instead of an affirmative duty to transfer custodial property, the UTMA should be modified to provide for an automatic transfer of
ownership and possession of a life insurance policy upon a minor’s reaching the requisite age. But until the UTMA is modified, attorneys handling divorce and child custody proceedings should inquire whether a minor is an owner or beneficiary of a life insurance policy under the UTMA and if so, ensure that the custodian listed on the policy will protect the best interests of the minor and transfer the policy or proceeds at the proper time. If it is questionable whether the named custodian of the property will protect the best interests of the minor, an attorney involved with divorce or child custody proceedings should seek to have the UTMA custodian changed. This can be accomplished by having the custodian resign and a successor custodian named or by petitioning the court. For attorneys handling a divorce proceeding, ascertaining whether a minor is an owner of a life insurance policy or annuity under the UTMA (or any UTMA property) is important since such property is not marital property of the custodian.Thus, it should not affect calculating the distribution of marital property.
CREATION OF CUSTODIAL PROPERTY AND CUSTODIAN’S DUTIES
UNDER UTMA
Under § 9 of the UTMA, a person is able to make a gift to a minor by transferring property to a minor. Such a transfer or gift indefeasibly vests a minor with interest in the property, but the property is temporarily placed under the care of a custodian instead of the minor12 until the minor reaches the requisite age. The type of property that a person may transfer is broad. In fact, a person may transfer any “conceivable legal or equitable interest in property of any kind, including intangible personal property.”
One of the types of property that a person may transfer to or vest in a minor is a life insurance policy. The UTMA explicitly allows for a person to transfer ownership of or to name a minor as an owner of a life or endowment insurance policy or annuity. This may be accomplished by providing the name of a custodian with the insurance or annuity provider
by including the words “as custodian for (name of minor) under the [Name of
Enacting State] Uniform Trans fers to Minors Act” on the application. By allowing a minor to be named as the owner of a life insurance policy or ownership of such a policy to be transferred to a minor, the UTMA recognizes the long-standing notion that life
insurance contracts ha ve “the ordinary characteristics of prop erty.” Therefore, once a person names a minor as an owner or ransfers ownership of a life insurance contract to a minor under the UTMA, the minor is indefeasibly vested with ownership of the insurance contract.A specified custodian, however, assumes the role of a quasi-
trustee in that the custodian has the rights, powers, and duties necessary to possess and manage the policy until the minor reaches the required age. Nevertheless,a custodian does not have legal title to or ownership of the insurance policy since it is vested with
the minor. A custodian may therefore be properly described as having a possessory interest to the insurance policy on behalf of a minor, rather than a true ownership interest or claim.
Transfer to the Minor
In exercising a possessory interest on behalf of a minor, a custodian must exercise the standard of care of a reasonably prudent person in dealing with the property.20 If a custodian has a special skill or expertise, the custodian is required to use that skill or expertise. A custodian may invest or pay premiums on insurance policies if the minor is the sole beneficiary. Once the minor has attained the required age, however, the UTMA indicates that “he custodian shall transfer in an appropriate manner the custodial property to the minor or to the minor’s estate.” The use of the words “shall transfer” indicates that a custodian of an insurance policy transferred under the UTMA has an af rmative duty to transfer custody and control of the policy to the minor when the minor attains the specified age.
By placing an affirmative duty on a custodian to transfer the policy to the minor, the statute implies that, although the minor has already been indefeasibly
vested with legal title to the policy, there is not an automatic transfer of possession from the custodian to the minor. That is, the custodian must deliver pos session of the policy to the minor in an “appropriate manner.” In the case of an insurance policy, the“appropriate manner” o f transferring the policy is for the custodian to sign a transfer of ownership form, thereby relinquishing custodial control over the policy. This action of completing a transfer of ownership form indicates to the insurance provider that the custodian’s
capacity to exercise any rights, powers, duties, or authority has terminated.
Requiring the custodian to affirmatively transfer personal property (and in the case of life insurance to sign a transfer of ownership form) is evidenced by the UTMA as adopted in various states. For example, the UTMA as adopted in Illinois indicates
that:
(a) The custodian shall transfer in an appropriate manner the custodial property…
to the minor or to the minor’s estate upon the earlier of:
(1) the minor’s attainment of 21 years of age with respect to custodial property . . .
(2) the minor’s attainment of majority under the laws of this State other than this Act with respect to custodial property . . ., or
(3) the minor’s death.
(b) To the extent the custodial property is real property or an interest in real property, no conveyance or deliv ery to the minor or to the minor’s estate is necessary to terminate
the powers or rights of the custodian upon the minor’s attainment of age 21 or 18 years, as the case may be, or upon the minor’s death.
The Illinois UTMA, therefore, expressly makes a distinction between real property and personal property. For real property, there is an automatic transfer to the minor (i.e ., the custodian is
not required to effect a transfer of the property to the minor). But for personal property (including insurance policies), there is no automatic transfer of property to the minor.
Case Reinforcement
In addition to statutory wording, case law in situations involving personal property analogous to a life insurance policy indicates that there is no automatic transfer of personal property from a custodian to a minor upon the minor’s attainment of the statutory age. For instance, in Reagan v. Connelly , a father created a corporation and gave 96 shares of stock in the corporation equally to his children by holding the shares as custodian for his children. The father held the shares on behalf of his children under the Tennessee UTMA. He failed to deliver possession of the stock to his children, however,
when they attained the age of majority. Nevertheless, the court held that the failure of the father/ custodian to deliver possession did not affect the children’s claim to legal title of the stock. Therefore, the court recognized that, while the children (turned adult) had legal title to the property, it was still necessary for the custodian to transfer possession of the property to the children.
A parent without custody should be removed as a custodian.
Also, in Estra v. Estra , a mother created an investment account for her daughter under the Connecticut UTMA and acted as custodian for the money. Upon the daughter’s turning the statutory age, the mother refused to deliver possession of the property to her
daughter. The court held that the UTMA required a custodian todeliver possession of custodial property to a minor upon the minor’s attaining the required age but that such delivery was not done automatically. Withholding such transfer of possession is grounds for conversion.
These cases reinforce that the UTMA imposes an affirmative duty upon a custodian to transfer possession of personal property upon a minor’s attaining the statutory age. Further, these cases indicate that a custodian’s failure to effect such a transfer can serve
as grounds for a minor’s bringing a cause of action based on conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, or filing a complaint with the state for larceny. These causes of action would not need to be brought in order to obtain rightful possession of personal property if the UTMA provided for an automatic transfer of such property without requiring an actual transfer
by the custodian.
AVOIDING POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE BY CREATING EXCEPTION FOR
INSURANCE POLICIES
Life insurance policies pose a particular problem under the UTMA for insurance companies and minors. As indicated, a custodian is not an owner of a life insurance policy transferred or created under the UTMA;
a custodian merely possesses the
contractual rights pertaining to an insurance contract on behalf of the minor. But because the UTMA places an affirmative duty on a custodian to transfer possession of personal property to the minor and to do so by completing a transfer of ownership form with the insurance provider, an insurance company will not transfer ownership to the minor until a proper transfer of ownership form is completed. This requirement creates numerous problems.
First, it is possible that a custodian may never complete a transfer of ownership form and thereby never transfer the policy to a minor that has attained the statutory age. This could occur for a multitude of reasons: a custodian forgets to complete the form due to neglect; a custodian refuses to complete a transfer of ownership form; or an insurance company may be unable to reach the custodian or minor-turned adult due to outdated contact information. Second, a minor-turned adult who is unsuccessful in getting a
custodian to complete a transfer of ownership form may have to resort to costly litigation. Given the generally small death benefit amount of policies under the UTMA, it may not be cost effective for the minor-turned adult to bring an action against the custodian to force the cus todian to transfer possession or “ownership” of the policy. Third, requiring a custodian to complete a transfer of ownership form to transfer an insurance policy is inexpedient for custodians, minors, and insurance companies. It requires custodians to contact the proper insurance company and complete the necessary form. It places a burden on minors-turned adults to contact and force uncooperative custodians to complete transfer of ownership forms if they forget or
refuse to complete the forms, whether by litigation or otherwise. If a minor-turned adult fails to bring an action
against a custodian within a juris diction’s statute of limitations, the minor-turned adult
could lose possessory rights to the policy altogether. It also forces insurance companies
either to assume the burden of sending out such forms to custodians or to properly monitor the policies in such a way that custodians are not allowed to exercise any custodial authority over the property once the minor becomes an adult.
Electronic Note
Regardless of the scenario, placing an affirmative duty on a custodian to complete a
transfer of ownership form for an insurance policy is unnecessary. First, an ownership and possessory interest to intangible personal property such as a life insurance contract do not require the physical transfer of an object like other personal property. Completion of a form, therefore, should not be required. The UTMA should allow an electronic notation to be made in the insurance company’s files permitting an automatic transfer
to the minor to occur upon the minor’s attainment of the statutory age. Further, a custodian is not an owner of an insurance policy in the strict sense when acting on behalf of a minor; a custodian has a mere possessory interest while acting as a fiduciary/guardian. Therefore, a transfer of ownership form is misleading since no transfer of ownership on an insurance policy takes place once the minor attains the requisite age. Again, the UTMA should allow insurance companies in their internal
records to simply make an electronic note that the minor is the proper party to exercise full ownership rights over the policy once the minor attains the required age. This prevents the insurance company from having to try to contact neglectful or reluctant
custodians, prevents custodians from having to complete any additional forms or make further contact with the insurance provider, and allows minors-turned adults to exercise their full ownership and possessory rights without any costly litigation to establish full ownership rights over the policy.
Proposed Modi?cation to UTMA
To protect the best interests of minors and to allow for more expedient business practices for all parties involved, an exception to the af rmative duty of custodians to transfer property under §20 of the UTMA should be made, and automatic transfers
of ownership on insurance policies should be permitted upon a minor’s attainment of the requisite age. A suitable modification to §20 of the UTMA would be to add the
following wording:
To the extent the custodial property is a life insurance policy, no conveyance or
delivery to the minor or to the minor’s estate is necessary to terminate the powers or rights of the cus todian upon the minor’s attainment of the statutory age, or upon the minor’s death.
Until such an exception is made, insurance companies should continue to require cus-
todians to complete transfer of ownership forms upon minors attaining the statutory age. Further, attorneys practicing family law should be aware of the potential for custodians under UTMA to abuse or violate their dutiesby failing to transfer UTMA property at the appropriate time.Attorneys involved with divorceor child custody proceedings would do well to inquire whether any UTMA property exists and if so to ensure that the named
custodian is reliable and willing to protect the best interests of the minor. If there is any doubt about a custodian’s willingness to properly exercise his or her duties, an attorney should consider taking preventative steps by having the custodian removed and a succes-
sor custodian named.
CONCLUSION
The UTMA can be an effective way for people to transfer property to minors.
Nevertheless, life insurance policies require a custodian to complete a misleading transfer of ownership form to transfer possession of intangible personal property rights to a minor-turned adult. This forces minors to face the possibility of having to bring a lawsuit against custodians to compel them to transfer possession, which threatens minors with the additional possibility of losing their right to possession entirely by failing to
bring an action within the statute of limitations. Furthermore, insurance companies could easily record the termination date of a custodian’s authority over an insurance policy. Given the underlying purpose of the UTMA to promote the safe transfer and
possession of property to minors, the UTMA should be modified to allow an exception for possessory interests in insurance policies to be automatically transferred from custodians to minors upon minors attaining the requisite statutory age. Until the UTMA is modified, family law attorneys involved in divorce and child custody proceedings should be vigilant and ascertain whether UTMA property exists and if so ensure that a suitable person is named as custodian
第一节层次分析 1.1句法结构的层次性和层次分析 1、句法结构的层次性： 一个句子或是句法格式表面上看是线性排列，内部有一种层次的透景。（松紧程度不一样） 如：他刚来。（这三个词内部的松紧程度不一样。“刚”和“来”关系紧密，“他”和“刚”关系疏远，“刚”和“来”先组合，再和“他”组合） 2、结构的三个特点： *整体性（作为一个结构，一定具有整体性。） *可分割性（作为一个结构，一定可以被分割成多个部分。） *有规则性（一个结构作为一个整体，一定是由好几部分组成的，这好几个部分组合的时候，它是按照一定规则组成的。） 如：形声字：形+声，再+字（“形声字”这个词，不是一些语素随便凑成，而是按一定规则组成的。）【有两个以上语素组合时，其内部一定有层次结构。】 *音节也是有层次的，如：天[tian55] 这个音节也是有层次的： 声调——超音段成分 声母+韵母——音段成分 韵母——韵头+韵部(韵基) 韵基——韵腹（主要元音）+韵尾 【由此，我们可以说的宽泛一点，这叫语言的层次构造，这种构造，是语言的基本特性。不论是语音、词汇、句子都有这样的层析构造问题。】 3、层次分析：在分析一个句子，或是句法结构的时候，将句法构造的层次性考虑进来，并按其构造层次，逐层进行分析，在分析时，指出每一层面的直接组成成分，并说明直接组成成分之间的关系。这种分析手段就是层次分析。 如：他刚来 “他刚来”的直接组成成分：他+刚来主谓 谓语“刚来”的直接组成成分：刚+来状中 4、层次分析包含两个内容： 二他所写的文章怎么切分？ 切分：怎样断句 定性： 层次分析的三种主要表示方法：从小到大、框式、树型图: 5、怎么切分？ 同一结构如何切分 例句：他所参观的工厂。 名词性偏正结构定中 他所参观？ 他所参观的工厂 他所参观的工厂会导致他和工厂有领属关系 所以他所参观的工厂 他所参观怎么分析？ 他参观
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
法学毕业论文参考文献精选 [1] 姜玉丹，苏静. 从BBS到开心网、人人网看大学生 网络行为方式的转变[J]. 中国林业教育. 2011（S1） [2] 方彩芬. 网络语言特点透析[J]. 宁波高等专科学校 学报. 2002（01） [3] W Schramm. Mass Communication[J]. Annual Review of Psychology . 1962 [4] 郑华清，黄崇珍. 从“杯具”看网络流行语的语言 变异[J]. 湖北经济学院学报（人文社会科学版）. 2011（01） [5] Beijing University Youth Research Center （Youth Research Center,Beijing University,Beijing,100871,China）. 高校BBS与SNS网站的比 较研究--以北京大学未名BBS和人人网为例[J]. 高校辅导员学刊. 2010（04） [6] 李力. 新媒体时代的网络舆情应对研究[D]. 南昌大 学 2014 [7] 华姐措. 藏族民间文化在大众传媒中的传播与发展 研究[D]. 西北民族大学 2014 [8] 王泉. 参与式文化背景下的大学生媒介素养教育[D]. 南京邮电大学 2014 [9] 邱婷婷. 微博名人头像真实性对消费者购买决策的 影响[D]. 浙江大学 2015
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吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
本科毕业设计 （本科毕业论文） 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Principle of public order and good custom application in China 文献、资料来源：期刊 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2005.4.12 院（部）：法政学院 专业：法学 班级：法学082 姓名：孙升飞 学号：2008131068 指导教师：赵维贞 翻译日期：2012.5.5
外文文献： Principle of public order and good custom application in China Principle of public order and good custom in China, not oranges change with their environment things, our country has established the principle of public order and good custom social economic, cultural and legal conditions. 1. China established a socialist market economy as the goal of the new economic system, the social structure of our country is the greatest impact would result in a new type of socialist civil society rise, it is characterized with respect to the government, it is the unofficial social structure, such as a variety of folk organization and structure, business, family, personal life, social movements are citizen society. In civil society, individual freedom space increases, the diverse values of individuals will be brought into full play, individual rights are respected. But the personal interest is not the absolute supremacy, subject to public interests and the interests of others for boundaries, and individual interest and social interest conflict is the principle of public order and good custom the birth of the objective conditions, it balance individual and social public interests, to realize citizen society entirely value. 2 .In the traditional culture, China has been paying attention to moral education, virtue and courtesy, ancient law presents the bright ethical characteristic, from which the culture is easy to accept the public order and good custom that legalized moral standards. In fact, legal and moral itself is unified and inseparable, many legal terms, such as" corruption"," bribery"," tort"," unjust enrichment", itself a reflection of a social moral consciousness. Dekin ever pointed out, not the moral law is not law. Therefore, the legal principles are the basic moral, which determines the legal provisions apply direction, deciding what should be positive law, public order and good custom principle is fully consistent with the" fair, reasonable, lawful " in the traditional legal consciousness. 3.In reality, our country has no shortage of using basic principles of judicial activities. A typical" criminal law" seventy-ninth article about analogy system:" the provisions of this law has not stipulated the crime, in accordance with the most similar sentence stipulates drunk, but shall be submitted to the Supreme People's court for approval." Analogy system judicial creativity decisions to the Supreme People's court, in fact, has given the people's court have legislative
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/345627851.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/345627851.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/345627851.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
现代汉语语法的五种分析方法
现代汉语语法的五种分析方法 很有用，请好好学习之。 北语之声论坛专业精华转贴 现代汉语语法的五种分析方法是语法学基础里 很重要的一个内容,老师上课也会讲到,我在这 里把最简略的内容写在下面，希望能对本科生的专业课学习有所帮助 详细阐释中心词分析法、层次分析、变换分析法、语义特征分析法和语义指向分析的具体内涵：一. 中心词分析法： 分析要点： 1．分析的对象是单句； 2．认为句子又六大成分组成——主语、谓语（或述语）、宾语、补足语、形容词附加语（即定语）和副词性附加语（即状语和补语）。 这六种成分分为三个级别：主语、谓语（或述语）是主要成分，宾语、补足语是连 带成分，形容词附加语和副词性附加语是附加成分； 3．作为句子成分的只能是词； 4．分析时，先找出全句的中心词作为主语和谓
语，让其他成分分别依附于它们； 5．分析步骤是，先分清句子的主要成分，再决定有无连带成分，最后指出附加成分。 标记： 一般用║来分隔主语部分和谓语部分，用══标注主语，用——标注谓语，用~~~~~~标注宾语，用（）标注定语，用[ ]标注状语，用< >标注补语。 作用： 因其清晰明了得显示了句子的主干，可以一下子把握住一个句子的脉络，适合于中小学语文教学，对于推动汉语教学语法的发展作出了很大贡献。 还可以分化一些歧义句式。比如：我们五个人一组。 （1）我们║五个人一组。（2）我们五个人║一组。 总结：中心词分析法可以分化一些由于某些词或词组在句子中可以做不同的句子成分而造成的歧义关系。 局限性： 1．在一个层面上分析句子，
层次性不强； 2．对于一些否定句和带有修饰成分的句子，往往难以划分； 如：我们不走。≠我们走。 封建思想必须清除。≠思想清除。 3. 一些由于句子的层次关系 不同而造成的歧义句子无法分析； 如：照片放大了一点儿。咬死了猎人的狗。 二. 层次分析： 含义： 在分析一个句子或句法结构时，将句法构造的层次性考虑进来，并按其构造层次逐层进行分析，在分析时，指出每一层面的直接组成成分，这种分析就叫层次分析。 朱德熙先生认为，层次分析不能简单地将其看作是一种分析方法，而是应当看做一种分析原则，是必须遵守的。（可以说说为什么） 层次分析实际包含两部分内容：一是切分，一是定性。切分，是解决一个结构的直接组成成分到底是哪些；而定性，是解决切分所得的直接组成成分之间在句法上是什么关系。
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