名词性从句的关联词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
连接副词：when, where, how, why
1.引导名词性从句的关联词有；连接词that, if, whether; 连接代词who, what, which; 连接副词when, where, how, why等。
1.1 that
连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。
I hear (that) he has joined the football club.
That light travels in straight line is known to all.
It so happens that I know the man.
Is it certain that they will win.
1.2 whether和if 做连接词
1.2.1 whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。
I didn't know whether he would attend the concert.（宾语从句，可用if代替whether）
The question is whether it s worth trying.（表语从句，不可用if代替whether）Whether she comes or not makes no difference.（主语从句，不可用if代替whether）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.（同位语从句, 不可用代替）
1.2.2 whether引导的宾语从句可作介词的宾语，而if则不能。
It all depends on whether they will support us. (不用if)
Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. (不用if)
1.2.3 if既可引导直接宾语从句，也可引导间接宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。
Please let me know if you want to join us. （if从句可被看成是宾语从句，if
表示是否）
Please let me know if you want to join us. （if从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果）
Please let me know whether you want t join us.（为避免引起歧义，可用whether 表示是否）
1.2.4 从句后有“or not”时
I wonder whether he will come or not.
1.2.5后接动词不定式时。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?
1.3 who, whom, whose, what, which
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
No one knows who he was waiting for.
We are worrying about what we should do next.
Tell me whose house it is.
Let me know which train you will be arriving on.
1.4 where, when, how, why
连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.
She always thinks of how she can work well.
What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum.
比较：
when引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。
Please let me know when you arrive.（when引导时间状语从句，用一般现在时来表示将来。）
Please let me know when you will arrive.（when引导的是宾语从句，从句中用一般将来时。）
1.5whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whoever
连接代词whoever = anyone who任何人, 无论谁；whatever =anything that凡
是...，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论那一个, 任何一个；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的宾格形式）。
Whoever comes to the club is welcome.
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
They ate whatever they could find on the deserted island.
You may do whatever you will.
I'll take whichever book interests me.
Whosever book is overdue will be fined.
比较：
连接代词whoever在宾语从句中作主语，whomever作宾语从句中宾语。
You may offer the book to whoever wants it. （此句中不能使用whomever，因为whoever在宾语从句中作wants it的主语）
You may offer the book to whomever you like（whomever在宾语从句中作you like的宾语）
1.6 “疑问词+不定式”的功能：在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
1.6.1 作主语
How to give advice in English is what I am trying to learn.
1.6.2 作宾语
1.6.
2.1 作动词的宾语
We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays.
1.6.
2.2 作介词的宾语
We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how to eat.
When you are trying to advise someone about what to do or what not to do, you can use should / ought to or should not /ought not to.
1.6.3 作表语
My question is where to find the answer.
1.6.4 从以上可以看出，“疑问词+不定式”构成的短语在句中相当于“名词”，因此有些可以转化成相应的从句。
I am not sure how to behave at the dinner table.
= I am not sure how I should behave at the dinner table.
1.6.4.1这种结构中，疑问代词须接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语(who, which 除外)
I don't know what to talk. （×）
I don't know what to talk about. （√）
We haven't decided who (which) to go. （√）
1.6.4.2 这种结构中的疑问副词后要接不及物动词；若接及物动词, 要有动词的宾语。
I don't know how to talk.
I wonder if you could tell me how to do it. (不能说: ... how to do.)
1.7注意：
1.7.1 wonder 后面的宾语从句
I wonder if (whether) 意为“想知道，不知道，纳闷”，可表示婉转的请求。
I wonder if you can help her.
I wonder that从句意为“对…….感到惊讶”
I wondered that nobody believes the news.
1.7.2 doubt （名词、动词）后面的同位语从句或宾语从句：
肯定句中一般用if 或whether引导，在否定句和疑问句中用that引导。
I doubted if \whether he really knew the answer.
I have no doubt that she was ill yesterday.
= I don’t doubt that she was ill yeaterday.
Do you doubt that she was ill?
There is no doubt that he was ill.
1.7.3 sure后面的宾语从句
I am sure 后面的宾语从句用that引导，但也可以省略that.
I am not sure 后面用whether, if wh-疑问词引导。
I am sure that he won the game.
I am not sure if\whether he won the game.
I am not sure when he arrived in Beijing.
I am not sure where he will go.
1.8 that 和what 做连接词时的区别
That 不做任何成分，而what 做主语，宾语，表语等。
What I want is money and food.
That he is still famous is a fact.
3. 宾语从句
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
3.1 连接词
3.1.1 that 引导的宾语从句
I hear (that) the president will visit our school next month.
3.1.2 whether/if 引导的宾语从句(此两个引导词的区别见连接词部分说明)
I didn't know whether / if he would attend the concert.
3.1.3 what, which, who, whom, whose 引导的宾语从句
After the examination, we don’t know what we should do.
I can’t tell which one is right.
He was not sure who was right./ whose cloth it was.
3.1.4 when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句
I don’t know when and where we will go.
I don’t know why he is absent today.
I know how he solved this difficult problem.
上述句子某些往往可以简化为由上述连接词后跟to do 结构。例：
I don’t know when and where to go.
After the examination, we don’t know what to do.
3.1.5 whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 等引导的宾语从句
You can eat whatever you want to eat.
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
You can give the ticket to whomever you like.
3.2 宾语从句类别
3.2.1 作动词宾语
He told us（that）he felt ill.
Do you know whose dictionary it is？
He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan.
Give a reading list to whoever comes.
3.2.2 作介词的宾语
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
I am curious as to what he will say.
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
They were praised or criticized according to how they had done their work.
He goes to the library every day except when it is raining.
注意：
that引导的宾语从句只用在少数介词后，如：except, in, but等。此时，that 不能省略。
I know little about him except that he lives downstairs.
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
3.2.3 作形容词的宾语
I am not sure what I ought to do.
I'm afraid (that) you don't understand what I said.
I'm surprised (that) I didn't see all that before.
3.3 用it作形式宾语
3.3.1常用it来作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在句末，这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中，这样做的主要原因是为了保持句子的平衡，避免句子前面部分内容太多而句子后面部分内容太少，从而出现头重脚轻的现象。
We thought it strange that he did not come yesterday.
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
3.3.2 由于that引导的宾语从句一般不可以直接作介词的宾语，因此当介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，一般使用it作形式宾语。
You may depend on it that I shall always support you.
I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately.
3.3.3 在take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on等动词以及一些表示爱好的动词（enjoy, hate, like, love, don't mind, resent 等）之后，形式宾语it后可直接跟宾语从句。
I take it that he's not interested in the book.
She hid it that she was married.
I don't like it when you look at me like that!
3.3.4 it不能作由连接代词whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引导的宾语从句的形式宾语。
You may do whatever you will.
I'll take whichever book interests me.
We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it.
3.4 宾语从句的语序
和其它从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。
How can I get to the station？Can you tell me？
→Can you tell me how I can get to the station
3.5 宾语从句中的时态
3.5.1 在一般情况下，宾语从句中时态要和主句相一致，尤其是主句为过去时态时。
He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberation.
He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English.
3.5.2 有时，宾语从句中时态也可以和主句不一致。
You can't imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game.
Can you make sure where you have put the gold ring
3.5.3 客观真理和自然规律的内容在宾语从句中时态保持不变。
Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
3.6 that的省略
一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但下列情况下的that一般不
可省略。
3.6.1介词后面的that不能省。
Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.
3.6.2两个或两个以上宾语从句其前面的引导词不能省略。
Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
Jack says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month.
3.6.3 that引导的宾语从句位于句首时，that不可省略。
That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe.
3.6.4 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。
He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner.
3.6.5 宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。
He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night.
3.7 宾语从句的否定转移
3.7.1 在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等动词后的宾语从句，如有否定意思，一般要把否定词前移到主句的语上，从句的谓语用肯定的形式。
I don't think he can do it better than me.
I don't believe they have finished their work yet.
I don't suppose he cares, does he?
3.7.2 在下列情况下，宾语从句不否定转移
3.7.2.1. think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
I really expect he won’t fail the examination.
I do think that he is not fair.
3.7.2.2 think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
I think and hope that he won’t cheat at cards.
3.7.2.3 think等词作为插入语
His decision is not wise, I think.
3.8 使用虚拟语气的宾语从句
3.8.1 在suggest insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desire等
表示建议、命令、要求、欲望动词后面的宾语从句中，用虚拟语气，即should +动词原形，should常被省略。
He suggested that we should have a further discussion about the final decision.
She insisted that they should show her their passports.
3.8.2 在wish后面的宾语从句中需要用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或难以实现的愿望。
How I wish I had learned more!
He wishes he would have another chance to go abroad.
3.9含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句
3.9.1 反意疑问句一般与主句一致。
He said they were going to help me, didn't he？
She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she?
3.9.2 当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。
I suppose you're serious, aren't you ？(不可用don't I)
I don't suppose he's serious, is he (不可用do I)
3.9.3 如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。
You don't think we can speak English, do you?
He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he？
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。
4.1 同位语从句一般跟在名词advice, demand, fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule, message、order, question, request, wish, word 等词后面。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come ？
There is no doubt that we will win.
4.2 同位语从句的连接词
同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。
4.2.1 that 引导的同位语从句
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
4.2.2 whether 引导的同位语从句
I have no idea whether he'll come or not.
4.2.3 连接副词引导的同位语从句
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
It is a question how he did it.
You have no idea how worried your parents are when you are out.
4.3 当含有同位语从句的主句谓语部分过短时，可以把谓语动词提前，使同位语从句与名词隔开，以避免头重脚轻的现象。
Word came that Mr. President would come and inspect our school himself.
4.4 分割性同位语从句
有时，同位语同其说明的名词被其它成分分割。
The thought came to him that he might move out of the city.
4.5使用虚拟语气的同位语从句
在一些表示建议、命令、要求的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
He made the suggestion that we go by train.
同位语从句讲解与练习 1定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句，用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。 2.连接词：that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。引导同位语从句时一般都不省略。if一般不引导同位语从句that, whether不作成分，whether表示“是否” E.g. They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来？ I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否来。 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where,when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句，在句中作成分。 E.g. The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。 We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。 3.可跟同位语从句的名词或短语 不是所有的名词都可以跟同位语从句，常可以被同位语从句修饰的名词有： belief doubt explanation hope idea news opinion possibility statement thought wish truth fact question promise problem reply report suggestion advice fear warning understanding feeling rumor certainty probability on condition on the understanding with the exception in spite of the fact E.g. Daniel will be allowed to make a trip to China on condition that he gets an A in all his school subjects. 4同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1）that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别 句法功能上 that引导的同位语从句that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。 that引导的定语从句that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。 意义上 同位语从句是被修饰名词的内容。定语从句起限定作用，是定语。 如： The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省) 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。 The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作的宾语，可省)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。 2）wh-类词引导的两种从句的区别 who, whom, whose, when, where, why 引导定语从句，它们分别指前面先行词所表示的人、物、时间、地点、原因，否则为同位语从句。在同位语从句中，wh-类词表示疑问。
从句小结 从句总述： 从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。 由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这4种从句又通称名词性从句。 1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 4. 同位语从句（Appositive Clause）：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。其关联词多为that。 状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句等。 宾语从句 学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：时态、语序、连接词。 一：时态和语序 1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 语序：宾语从句只能用陈述句语序，坚决不能用疑问句语序。 二：连接词 ①从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句： He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. ②连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句： Do you know who has won Red Alert game 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗 ③连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 例句： He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
教案7.21 定语从句详细讲解 一、定义及相关术语 1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用： A.引导定语从句； B.代替先行词； C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2．whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。 Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 明正是我想要见的男孩。 The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
简单句与宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句英语语法培训教材
1简单句与宾语从句 (2) 1.1陈述句作宾语 (2) 1.2一般疑问句作宾语 (3) 1.3特殊疑问句作宾语 (3) 2简单句与表语从句 (5) 2.1陈述句作表语 (5) 2.2一般疑问句作表语 (5) 3简单句与同位语从句 (6) 3.1陈述句作同位语 (6) 3.2一般疑问句作同位语 (7) 3.3特殊疑问句作同位语 (7) 本章小结 (8) 1简单句与宾语从句 名词从句的本质是用三种句子（陈述句、一般问句和特殊问句）充当四种句子成分（主语、宾语、表语和同位语）。所以，当用三种句子充当另外一个句子的宾语时，就构成了宾语从句。因此，本节内容安排如下： 1.1陈述句作宾语 1.2一般疑问句作宾语 1.3特殊疑问句作宾语 1.1陈述句作宾语 把“that＋陈述句”这一结构放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句： 1We know(that) the world is round.我们知道，地球是圆的。 2I think(that) a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing.我认为扎
实的语法功底对良好的写作极为重要。 需要注意的是，只有宾语从句中的that才可以省去（在不影响对句意的理解的情况下），而主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that一般不能省去。 1.2一般疑问句作宾语 把“whether/if＋陈述句”这一结构放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句： 1I don't know if/whether he needs my help我不知道他是否需要我的帮助。 2No one knew whether or not interest rates would rise 没有人知道利率是否会提高。 这里原来的一般问句是would interest rates rise，变成陈述句语序后成为interest rates would rise，然后为了保留疑问的意义又添加了whether or not，于是便有了whether or not interest rates would rise，在主句的谓语knew后面作宾语，即构成宾语从句。需要提醒的是，因为一般不说if or not，所以这里的连词不宜用if，而要用whether。 注意：只有宾语从句才可以用if引导，主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句一般都要用whether引导。 1.3特殊疑问句作宾语 把特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序后放在宾语的位置即构成宾语从句。请看例句： 1I have not decided whom I should vote for我还没有决定该投谁的票。 这里的特殊疑问词whom是作vote for的宾语，所以需将原来的倒装句whom should I vote for调整为陈述句语序whom I should vote for，然后作主句谓语decided的宾语，即构成宾语从句。 2No one knows exactly how speech began没有人确切地知道语言是如何产生的。 这里的特殊疑问词how是作began的方式状语，所以需将原来的倒装句how did speech begin调整为陈述句语序how speech began，然后作主句谓语knows的宾语，即构成宾语从句。 3Could you tell me where the post office is? 你能告诉我邮局在哪里吗？
同位语从句与定语从句的三点区别 同位语从句与定语从句很相似,但还就是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面: 1、从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词只能就是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibilit y,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以就是名词、代词、主句的一部分或就是整个主句。如: The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed、人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性(同位语从句) We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting、我们正在调查的问题不就是她就是否值得信赖的问题(同位语从句) Word came that he had been abroad、据说她已经出国了(同位语从句) Our team has won the game, which made us very happy、我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴(定语从句) The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room、您找的那位医生在房间里面(定语从句) His mother did all she could to help him with his study、她妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助她的学习(定语从句,代词all作先行词?) 2、从性质上区别 定语从句就是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句就是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明与解释,属于名词性从句的范畴如:
定语从句和同位语从句的区别 一、定语从句是形容词从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如： 1．We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。 2．We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。 例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词，其作用是修饰the news；例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对the news的进一步说明。 二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如： 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。 例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分，作从句的主语，故为定语从句；例2中的that只起连接作用，引导从句解释fact的内容，不作任何句子成分，故为同位语从句。 引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。 三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略，更不能被代替。例如： 1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。 例1是定语从句，that可省略；例2是同位语从句，that不能省略。 3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。
从句小结 欧阳家百（2021.03.07） 从句总述： 从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。 由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，故而这4种从句又通称名词性从句。 1.主语从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句. 4. 同位语从句（Appositive Clause）：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。其关联词多为that。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句等。 宾语从句
学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：时态、语序、连接词。 一：时态和语序1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 语序：宾语从句只能用陈述句语序，坚决不能用疑问句语序。 二：连接词 ①从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句：He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. ②连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句：
主语从句与宾语从句 一、名词性从句是四位从句的总称：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。这些从句都起到类似于名词的作用。 主从：一个句子充当大句子的主语，就叫主语从句。例如； What I need is money.(主语是What I need作大句的主语) It was not obvious that water is fundamental to the development of life.（It是形式主语，真正的主语是that 从句。） 主语从句的位置有两种，一种是放于句首；一种是用It 作形式主语，从句被放后面。 二、宾语从句：一个小句子充当大句子的宾语。 He asked me how old I was . She took it for granted that I’d be back home an hour ago.（It 作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的that从句。） 考点一：语序 What I want to do is to go home immediately.陈述语序。 I asked where the famous restaurant was .陈述语序。 名词性从句的语序应该是陈述句语序。 删除疑问语序（be /助动词、情态动词+主语） 考点二：引导词 That（没成分） That the earth moves around the sun is known to all.(that 引导的句子作大句子的主语，that不能丢。) Whether /if （有时互换，主语从句只能用wheather引导，不能用if .可用if 的地方都能用wheather。） Whether the meeting will be put off depends on the weather . 疑问代词：what,who, whom,which,whose 在从句中有成分 What he has is just money.（在从句中有成分作宾语） 疑问副词：where ,when,why,,how在从句中有成分 Why he didn’t attend class is not know yet. That：引导名词性从句时无成分，无词义，有时可以省略。 Whether /if引导名词性从句时无成分，是否。 特殊疑问代词：主，宾，表，定。 疑问副词：状。 考点三：no matter+疑问词（what）VS疑问词（what）+ever Whatever he says must be put down . No matter what he says/Whatever he says,I will not change my mind. 意思相同，但语法不一样。第一句主从，第二句让步状语从句。以ever开头的引导主从或者状语从句，而以no matter 开头的不能引导名词性从句，只能引导状语从句，所以选ever 就一定对。 考点四：建议、命令、要求类+宾从 The doctor suggested that an operation (should)be done immediately on the patient. 初中讲过当主句是一般过去时态的宾语从句：主过去，从句也过去。当主句的动词是建议、命令、要求类的动词时，后面的宾从必须是should+动词原形且should可以省略。此时不管。主语是谁，不管主句是什么时态都不能改变动词是原形的要求.once表示建议、命令、要求类的动词suggest,advise,propose,demand,require,insist,request,ask,command,order后面如果后
定语从句和同位语从句的区别 定语从句与同位语从句是高中英语教学内容的重点，也是英语阅读中的难点，它们相似的位置，使许多学生往往混淆，阻碍了对文章的理解。那么，如何正确地区分定语从句与同位语从句呢？ 一、从意义上讲，定语从句的作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如： 1．We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。（定语从句） 2．We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。（同位语从句） 二、从引导词的句法功能上讲，定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如： 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。 三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略，更不能被代替。例如： 1. The news (that) she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。 3. The reason why (= for which) he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。 四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示，即添加法。而定语从句所修饰的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。例如：The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。 (上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是: The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。 意思合理，系表结构成立，故为同位语从句.) The reason (that )he explained is true. 五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词，可以有复数形式；而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位，(如：idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion)，一般没有复数形式。例如： 1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。（possibilities是定语从句的先行词，可用复数形式） 2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母亲很担心，她女儿有可能不喜欢上学。（possibility是抽象名词，后接的是同位语从句，一般不用复数形式） 六、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。例如： 1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。 2. I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她何时回来。 3. This is the house where I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住的房子。 4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't decided. 我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题没有决定。例1、3中的when和where引导的是定语从句，day 和house分别表示时间和地点；例2、4中的when 和where引导的是同位语从句。
定语从句与同位语从句的区分 一、定语从句相当于一个形容词, 它对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用。同位语从句相当于名词，属于名词性从句，它是对前面名词内容的具体表述，它们之间的关系是同位关系。试比较： The news that you heard is not true. 你听到的那个消息不是真的。（定语从句） The news that he has died is true. 他已经去世的消息是真的。（同位语从句，说明了news 的具体内容，即he has died） 二、同位语从句常跟在news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information 等少数名词之后，而一般名词之后都可跟定语从句。如： The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。 He didn\\'t give the answer why he was late. 他没回答他为什么迟到这个问题。（同位语从句） Then rose a question where we should go. 于是产生了一个问题：我们该到哪里去？（同位语从句） 三、that 在定语从句中充当某一成分, 是关系代词; that 在同位语从句中不作任何成分，仅把主句与从句连接在一起，是从属连词。如： The fact that just now you talked about interests me. 你们刚才谈论的事情使我感兴趣。（定语从句） The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry. 他考试没及格这个事实使他的父母很生气。（同位语从句） 四、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which 如果引导定语从句, 它们分别指前面先行词所表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物，否则引导的就是同位语从句。试比较：
同位语从句与定语从句的区别（配练习与答案） 一、复习定语从句 1.定义：该句子在复合句中作定语，像形容词一样起修饰作用。 2.特点：1)用陈述句语序。2) 去掉从句主句仍是一个完整的句子。 3.位置：位于所修饰的名词之后，该名词叫做先行词。 4.引导词：1）关系代词： a) 在从句中可做主语，宾语，定语。 b) 分为：先行词为人：who(主，宾)，whom(宾)，whose(定), that（主，宾） 先行词为物：which(主，宾), that（主，宾）,whose（定） eg：The lady who is standing behind Tom is my sister. This is the book which I bought yesterday. c) 关系代词在从句中作宾语常常省略。 2）关系副词：a)在从句中作状语。 b)分为：when , where, why eg：He came last night when I was out. 新内容： 1.词类：同从的名词只能是抽象名词;定从可是名词也可是代词 I can’t stand the terrible noise that she is crying loudly. His mother did all she could to help him with his study. 2.性质：同从对前面的抽象名词进一步解释说明;定从对先行词进行修饰和限制。 The news that our team has won the game was true. The news that he told me yesterday was true.
同位语从句:解释前面的名词 E.g news,fact,suggestion,order,promise,idea等 连接次不能省略,that无具体意思,不翻译 连接词:how what when where whether why that The fact that you do not have summer holiday makes me very sad Y ou agree the suggestion that I memories some words and study grammar The suggestion that we are going to visit the Hangzhou is very good I make my decision that I will come back for China next month 我不介意你是胖是瘦 我不能忍受她哭的噪音 他怎么回家的我没印象了 主语从句:从句充当主语 E.g. What I have said yesterday is important. 连接词主语be动词宾语 What we need is time That he will win the match is certain
连接词:that, what whether 形式主语:it is a question whether he will come or not It is a reported that 据报道it seems that 似乎 It has been proved that 已证明 That I have received a call from my mother made me surprised last week It is surprised that I have received a call from my mother last week 主语从句和形式主语的转换 你是否能明白它是个问题 主语从句: 形式主语: 我想知道你能不能明白这个单词 宾语从句:从句充当宾语 Y ou told me (that) you had understood the sentences I do not know whether there will be a bus or not Do you know who has broken the window? He did not tell me when we would meet again 我妈告诉我她要去超市
怎么区分定从宾从同位语从句？（从成分方面） 老师说什么。。。做在句子中做成分就是。。。去掉以后句子不完整就是。。。。 满意答案： 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类，即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。引导从句的词称作关联句。名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示] 1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well known that water is indispensable to life. 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面,如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省，一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. 如何判断各类从句呢？答：1．分析句子结构以区分从句的种类。遇到一个复合句，首先要分析其句子结构，看从句在整个句子中起什么作用，那么它就是什么从句。2．分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类。that这个词既可引导同位语从句，又可引导定语从句，这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似，如何区分呢？区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是，看that在从句中是否充当句子成分，若that在从句中不充当任何成分，则为同位语从句；若that在从句中充当主语或宾语，则为定语从句。3．根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类。定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词，如：the film；the student；the book；a house等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词，如fact、idea、promise、truth等，用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。4．根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类。宾语从句分两种：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的，所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。5．根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类。如so that即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句，如何区分呢？主要从以下两点来区分。①根据上下文意义判断。“以便……”表示目的，是目的状语从句，“以致于……”，“结果……”表示结果，是结果状语从句。②从结构形式上来分辨。so that前有逗号，为结勤劳的蜜蜂有糖吃 果状语从句，反之，则为目的状语从句。有时，so that前无逗号，这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、would、should 等情态动词，如果有，则多是目的状语从句，若没有，则多是结果状语从句。
定语从句及同位语从句 1. That is _____ he said. A. all what B. all which C. all that D. all which 2.These are things and persons ___I’ve heard of. A. who B. whom C. which D. that 3. Please tell me everything ___you know. A. what B. that C. which D. all what 4. We know the fact ___he has gone to college. A. that B. which C. what D. why 5.I received the news ____Xiao Ping had passed away. A. what B. that C. which D. in which 6. This is the thing ___he referred to. A. who B. whom C. X D. what 7. This is the building, in front of ____there is a dog lying on the ground. A. that B. which C. it D. X 8. This is the things about ___we’re talking. A. which B. that C. X D. them 9. That is the room, ___is very empty. A. that B. which C. it D. as 10. Those are the students, most of ____are very active. A. that B. them C. which D. whom. 11. This is the man ___we went to the cinema. A. with that B. with whom C. with who D. who 12. The girl ___father lives in Beijing won the first prize in maths. A. who B. whose C. whom D that 13. The factory ___we work is very big.. A. that B. which C. where D. who 14. The factory ___we visited is very big. A. that B. where C. in which D. on which 15. This is the day ___we joined the army. A. which B. that C. when D. in which 16. The days ___we spent last year will not be forgotten. A. that B. on which C. in which D. when 17. The village ___we stayed in last year is not far from here. A. that B. where C. in which D. there 18. The factory ___sells shoes is near to our school. A. that B. where C. in which D. X 19. He is very foolish, ____you expected. A. which B. as C. that D. why 20. He has such a book ___I borrowed from the library. A. which B. that C. as D. what 21. He made the same progress ___I did in my entrance examination.. A. what B. that C. on which D. as