语法复习十一：助动词与情态动词
（一）助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合
谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
1、be (am, is, are, were, been)
(l)“be + -ing”构成进行时态；（2）“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态；（3）“be + 动词不定式”
构成复合谓语：①表示按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 总理
将于明年访问日本。②用于命令。You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才
能看电视。
2、have (has, had)
(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如：Have you seen the film ? (2)“have been + -ing”构成
完成进行时态。如：What have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干什么?
3、do (does, did)
(1)“do not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如：His brother doesn’t like playing basket.；
(2)“Do + 主语 + 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)
“do + 动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如：I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in
我确实去看望他了，但他不在家。Do do some work. 请一定做点什么；(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重
复。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.
, shall (would, should)
“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称或第
三人称，口语中常用will代替shll，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.
（二）情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或
“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带to的不定式连用
构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用，在句中作谓语用。
将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式，在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的
基本用法分述如下：
1、can和could (could为can的过去式) 的基本用法
(1)表示能力，如：He can speak English better than you. (2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、
“猜测”或“可能性”，如：Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换
用，如：You can (may) go home now. (4)如果要表示语气婉转，可用could代替can，这时could不再是
can的过去式，如：Could you come again tomorrow? (5)can和be able to都可表示能力，两者在意思上
没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式，如：He will be able to
do the work better.
2、may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法
(1)表示允许或征询对方许可，有“可以”之意，如：You may use my dictionary. 在回答对方说“可
以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时，一般多不用may或 may not，以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转
的说法进行回答。如：---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或 ---- Certainly. 在请
求对方许可时，如果Might I…? 就比用May I…? 语气更婉转些，如：May I have a look at your new
computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时，要用must not代替may not，如：---- May we swim
in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous. (2)may或 might都可以表示可能性，表
示“或许”、“可能”之意，如果用might表示可能性，则语气更加不肯定，如：They may (might) be in
the library now .
3、must的基本用法
(1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意，其否定式 must not，缩写形式为 mustn't，表示“不应
该”，“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意，如：We must study hard and make progress every day. You
mustn't touch the fire. (2)对以must提出的疑问句，如作否定回答时，要用needn't或用don't (doesn't)
have to (不必)来回答，而不用mustn't，因为mustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意，如：----
Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it
in three days. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测，表示“一定”或“必定”之意，如：---- Whose new
bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.
4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法
(1)can, could后接完成式的用法：①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不
肯定”的态度，Could he have said so? ②在肯定句中，可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情，
有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。如：---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ----
It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2)may, might后接完成式的用法①
表示对过去某事的推测，认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might，语气就比较婉转或更加不肯
定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before. ②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实际没有做到
的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气，如：You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done
it better. (3)must后接完成式的用法：表示对过去某事的推测，认为某事在过去一定做到了，如：Liu
Dong isn’t in the classroom. He mu st have gone to the library.
5、have to 的基本用法：have to和must的意义相近，只是 must侧重表示说话人的主观看法，而
have to 则表示客观需要，如：I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.
6、ought to的基本用法
(l)表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事，语气比should强，例如：Everyone ought to obey the
traffic regulations. (2)表示推测，注意与must表示推测时的区别：He must be home by now .(断定他
已到家)，He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定)，This is where the oil must be.(比较直率) ，
This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄) ；(3)“ought + have+ 过去分词”表示过去应做某事
而实际未做。例如：Y ou ought to have helped him. (but you didn’t)这时，ought与 should可以互
相换用。注意，在美国英语中ought to 用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如：Ought you smoke so much?
You oughtn’t smoke so much.
7、dare的基本用法
(l)dare (dared为其过去式) 作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件从句中，如：Dared he
bread the traffic regulations again? (2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词，其变化与一般行为动词
相同，如：She dares to stay at home alone at night.
8、need的基本用法
(1)need作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，如：He needn't worry about us now.
(2)need也可作为行为动词用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句中，其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带 to 的
动词不定式为其宾语。如：You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn't后接完成式可以
表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情，如：---- Did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- Yes, I did. ---- But you needn’t have answered it.
9、shall的基本用法
(1)shall用作情态动词时，用于第二、三人称，表示说活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、
“强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一、三人称，表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示，如：Shall I open the door?
10、should的基本用法
(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意，如：You should learn from each other. (2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情，或是做了本来不应该做的事情。如：You should have give him more help.
11、will的基本用法
(1)用于各人称，可以表示“意志”或“决心”，如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2)在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿，如：Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“会要”之意，如：Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
12、would的基本用法
(1)would作为will的过去式，可用于各人称，表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”，如：He promised he would never smoke again. (2)在疑问句中，用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或许问对方的
意愿时，比用will的气更加婉转，如：Would you like some more coffee? (3)在日常生活中，学用“I would like to…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意，以使语气婉转，如：I would like to do first.
(4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作，比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week. (5)表料想或猜想，如：It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.
13、used to, had better, would rather的用法
(1)used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变，例如：He
told us he used to play foot ball when he was young. 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，
可有两种形式。疑问句：Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句：I usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可写作usen’t)；否定疑问句：Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre? 强调句：I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.；其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：She used to be very fat. didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she? Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to. (2)had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式，例如：---- We had better go now . ---- Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better)./ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/ I think I’d better be going. (用于进行时态，表“最好立即”)/ You had better have done that (用于完成时态，表未完成动作) 注：had better用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。(3)would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式，例如：I’d rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?/ ---- Wouldn’t you rather stay here? ---- No, I would not. I’d rather go there. 由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than，例如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather
lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. (句中的 'd rather不是情态动词，would 在此是表愿望的实义动词)
练习、助动词与情态动词
1. If they _________ to do this work, he might do it some other way.
A. were
B. should
C. will
D. can
2. I was told yesterday that the company _________ me to Rome next week for a business conference.
A. should have sent
B. were going to send
C. should be sending
D. should send
3. Let's take a walk, ________? A. will we B. don't we C. do we D. shall we
4. He was a good swimmer so he _________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.
A. could
B. might
C. should
D. was able to
5. I went to the doctor's yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he ________ see me.
A. can
B. may
C. might
D. could
6. ---- _________ this book be yours? ---- No, it ________ not be mine. It ________ be his.
A. Can, must, may
B. May, might, must
C. Can, may, must
D. Must, can, may
7. "We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday. " "He _________ it. "
A. mustn't attend
B. can't have attended
C. would have not attended
D. needed have attended
8. They _________ the plane, or perhaps they have been prevented from coming for some reason.
A. can have missed
B. may have missed
C. can have lost
D. may have lost
9. Since the ground is white, it _________ last night.
A. had snowed
B. must have snowed
C. must be snowing
D. must have been snowing
10. You must be fifty, ________?
A. mustn't you
B. needn't you
C. aren't you
D. mnyn't you
11. You must have seen him off yesterday, _________?
A. haven't you
B. didn't you
C. mustn't you
D. needn't you
12. ---- That must be a mistake. ---- No .it _________ be.
A. can't
B. isn't able to
C. can
D. was able to
13. He had known the matter before you told him, so you _________ have told it to him.
A. mustn't
B. can't
C. needn't
D. shouldn't
14. How ________ so?
A. dare you to say
B. dare you say
C. do you dare say
D. dare to say
15. You are their teacher. You _________ care of them.
A. should to take
B. might to take
C. ought to take
D. need to take
16. She is studying medical science now but she _________ a lawyer.
A. used to be
B. would be
C. were
D. had been
17. If you were in an English-speaking country, you, too, _________ English every day.
A. will be used to speak
B. will be used to speaking
C. must be used to speak
D. would be used to speaking
18. I did not call to make my airline reservation (预订) but I _________.
A. should have B, may have C. must have D. shall have
19. As a girl, she _________ get up at six every day.
A. would
B. will
C. might
D. should
20. Don't you remember that we _________ to the cinema tonight?
A. would go
B. go
C. are going
D. will be gone
21. ---- Shall I tell John about it? ---- No, you _________. I've told him already.
A. needn't
B. wouldn't
C. mustn't
D. shouldn't
22. "Would you mind if I open the window?" “__________”.
A. I don't like it
B. Yes .please
C. No, please
D. No. I'm sorry
23. "Would you tell me something about the affair?" “__________”.
A. Yes .please
B. All right
C. Not at all
D. I do
24. M:________?
T:I'd love to, but I'm afraid I have no time."
M:0h, no. You'll surely come over.
T: It's very nice of you. But I'm sorry I have to go to a meeting.
A. Do you have lunch out in a restaurant
B. Shall I have you with me at my birthday
C. Did you go to see the film
D. Have you enjoyed yourself at the party
25. "You ought to have come here ten minutes ago?" "Yes, I _________. "
A. ought to
B. ought to have
C. ought
D. have ought to
26. "Would you like to go out for a walk?" "Yes, ___________. "
A. I'd like to
B. I'd like
C. I'll like to
D. I would
27. ________ you succeed !
A. Can
B. May
C. Must
D. Will
28. Did he need ________ then?
A. leave
B. to leave
C. leaving
D. left
29. Do you think if he dares _________ in public.
A. speak
B. speaking
C. to speak
D. spoken
30. He ________ eating American food since he came here.
A. used to
B. has been used
C. has been used to
D. was used to
31. A computer ________ think for itself; it ________ be told what to do.
A. may not, must
B. mustn't, might
C. shouldn't, could
D. can't, must
32. "________ you mind my opening the window?" "Not at all. "
A. Shall
B. Should
C. Will
D. Would
didn't hear the phone. I _________ asleep.
A. must be
B. must have been
C. should have been
D. could have been
34. You _________ me about it earlier, but you didn't.
A. should have told
B. would have told
C. must have told
D. should tell
35. The teacher told the students that they ________ keep silent in class all the time.
A. ought to not
B. ought not to
C. ought not to have
D. can't
36. "May I go now?" "No, you ________. "
A. mustn't
B. needn't
C. mightn't
D. won't
37. You _________ do the exercise if you don't want to.
A. may not
B. can't
C. mustn't
D. needn't
38. You _________ pay more attention to your spelling next time.
A. would
B. should
C. will
D. shall
39. The girl _________ out alone at night.
A. dare not go
B. dare not to go
C. dares not go
D. does not dare go
40. There ________ be a lot of small houses on both sides of the street.
A. used to
B. get used to
C. would
D. did use to
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目录 1助动词和情态动词的定义 (2) 2 can，may，must (3) 3 Will you～？和Shall I（we）～？ (10) 4 would和should (14) 5 have to (16) 练习题 (17) 答案 (18)
1助动词和情态动词的定义 在英语中，助动词一般没有词义，主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态、语态或构成疑问及否定形式。对于助动词，同学们一般了解即可。 情态动词与助动词不同，它有词义，但它也和助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语，另外重要的一点是情态动词没有人称和数的变化；情态动词后必须跟动词原形。 （×）She cans swim well. （×）She can swims well. （○）She can swim well. （○）She swims well. 即使主语是第三人称单数（例如she）can也不能加“s”。 句子中有情态动词can时，即使主语是第三人称单数，也不能在一般动词（例如swim）上加“s”。 1 助动词的种类 1.be（am，are，is，was，were，been，being） 它与现在分词结合，可以构成进行时态（参见第九章），与过去分词结合可以构成被动语态（参见第十三章）。 I am reading the book.我正在读这本书。 The book was written by me. 这本书是我写的。 2. have（has，had，having） 它与过去分词结合，构成完成时态（参见第十一章）。 I have finished my homework. 我已经写完作业了。 3.shall（should），will（would）
助动词和情态动词 1. ---Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. ---Ah, good morning. You______ be Mrs. Peters. （10北京） A. might B. must C. would D. can 2. I have told you the truth. ______ I keep repeating it? （10江西） A. Must B Can C May D Will 3. Jack described his father, who _______a brave boy many years ago, as a strong–willed man （10安徽） A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been 4. I_______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams. （10山东） A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t 5. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _______ be regular exercise. （10辽宁） A．can B．will C．must D．may 6．Wine ____ do good to people’s health if drunk properly. A. can B. should C. must D. might 7. But for the help of my English teacher, I ____ the first prize in the English Writing Competition. A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 8. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _____ your lecture. A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t attend C. mustn’t have attended D. can’t attend 9. ---Has Mr. Tom White arrived? ---Yes, already. ____ he wait outside or just come in? A. Shall B. May C. Could D. Must 10. Walking in space ____ sound easy, yet great care and skills are needed. A. should B. shall C. may D. must 11. ---Amazing! You ____ wear slippers at work! ----Don’t you know it’s a fashion? A. must B. should C. can D. may 12. ---The two astronauts had been trained for long before they flew to space. ---Oh, they ____ quite a lot of difficulties. A. might go through B. may go through C. should have gone through D. must have gone through 13. ---Can I pay the bill by check? ---Sorry, sir. But it is the management rule of our hotel that payment ____ be paid in cash. A. will B. can C. should D. shall 14. ---Catherine looks sad. Did you tell her about the accident? ---Yes, but I ____ her just before her final exams.
be 动词、助动词、情态动词讲解（基础篇） 1、 用单数，反之用复数。 ◆ 句中含有be动词时： 肯定句：主语＋be ＋其他 否定句：主语＋be ＋not ＋其他 一般疑问句：Be ＋主语＋其他＋？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词(what / who / when / where)＋be ＋主语＋其 他＋？ I am a teacher. You are right. She is 16 years old. My father is at home. The students are playing games. My teacher was ill yesterday. There is a picture on the wall. There are two books on the table. ★ be 动词用法歌： 我用am，你用are，is 连接他她它。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃；变否定，更容易，be 后not 莫忘记； 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。 ★ be 动词作谓语，它后面一般跟名词、形容词或介词短语。她个子很高。 她在教室里。她是一个高个子的女孩。 2、助动词的用法。 英语句子按正常语序是“什么人或事物” + “做什么”，即，我们常说的“主语+ 谓语+ 其他” 。 ①主语为I 或复数名词、代词时：肯定句：I / We / They / The students
＋动词原形＋其他＋。 We watch TV every night. 变否定：主语＋don't ＋动词原形＋其他＋。 We don't watch TV every night. 一般疑问句Do + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他+ ？ Do you watch TV every night? Yes, we do. / No, we don 't. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+ do + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他+ ？ How often do you watch TV? ②主语为单数名词或代词时：肯定句：主语+ 动词第三人称单数形式 + 其他+ 。 He watches TV every night. 否定句：主语+ doesn't+动词原形+其他+。 He doesn't watch TV every night. 一般疑问句：Does + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他+ ？ Does he watch TV every night? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn 't. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+ does + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他+ ？ How often does he watch TV? ★主语为单数或不可数名词，谓语要用单数第三人称，反过来，看见动词用了单数第三人称，可以推知主语是单数或不可数名词。 ( )1. How __ ______ your dad help at home? A. do B. does C. is ( )2. ______ goes bad easily in summer. A. Milk B Apples C. Cakes ③过去时的句式（当句子时态为过去时时，动词用过去式，不受主语单复数的影响） 肯定句：主语+ 过去式+ 其他+ 。 He / We got up early every morning last year. 否定句：主语+ didn't + 动词原形+ 其他+ 。 He / We didn't get up early every morning last year. 一般疑问句：Did + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他+ ？ Did he / you get up early every morning last year? Yes, he
情态动词与虚拟语气 【语法要点】 情态动词 所谓情态动词是指它含有一定的含义，可以表达某种感情和说话的语气，但是它不可以单独使用 作谓语动词。学习情态动词主要学习英语国家的语言习惯和表达法，特别是在口语中不要过分追求原理，更不要不根据说话场合而进行推理，编造出一些语法结构正确的中文式英语。 一、情态动词的类型 1.只作情态动词的有：must、can、could、may、might、ought to 2.既可作情态动词又可作实义动词的有：need、dare 3.既可作情态动词又可作助动词的有：shall、should、will、would 二、情态动词的特征 1.表示说话人的情感态度，不能单独作谓语，与行为动词或连系动词一起作谓语。 2.情态动词没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。 3.具有助动词的特征：可用来构成否定句、疑问句或简短答语。 三、情态动词的用法 1.表示能力 （1）表示现在的能力，用can 或be able to。表示一般的能力时多用can，表示“经过努力成功 的做成某事”用be able to。 （2）表示过去的能力，用could或was/were be able to。区别同上。 （3）表示将来的能力，用will be able to。 2.表示推测、可能性 （1）can 用在肯定句中表示客观的可能性，而不表示具体事情实际发生的可能性。 例如：Accidents can happy on such rainy days. （2）表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的情态动词，其表示可能性的层次如下表： 情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式 must 必定、必然、一定 will 很可能、大概不会、不该会,,吗？ would 可能性较will 小不会、不该（较won’t 弱）会,,吗？（较will 弱） should 应该会、理应（表示合乎理想的情况或结果） ought to 与should 同义 can 一定不会、不可能（否定推测）有可能吗？ could 可疑的可能不可能（与can’t 同义）有可能吗？（较can 弱）may 或许、可能、说不定可能不 might 或许、可能（较may 弱）可能不（较may not 弱） 注意→（1）may，must 常用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句。 （2）can 常用于否定句，疑问句和感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思。could 既可用于肯定句，又可用于否定句、疑问句中。
英语助动词和情态动词及练习 一、概述 不同的时态（一般式、进形式、完成式、将来式），不同的语态（主动、被动），不同的语气（祈使、陈述、虚拟），不同的结构（肯定、否定、疑问），以及说话者本身的态度或命令、请求、愿望、可能等，所有这些都要借助于助动词和情态动词表达出来。助动词一般没有词意，不能单独作谓语动词，除非省略句中。他们只参加时态、语态、语气或否定、疑问结构。情态动词有词义，可以用来表示说话者的语气和态度。主要的助动词和情态动词如下表： 二、助动词 助动词一般没有词意，不能单独作谓语动词。其作用在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定、疑问等。 1、助动词be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法 （1） be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。 Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？ She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。 （2）be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。 He was asked to do the work.有人要他干这件工作。 You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。 （3）be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况： ①表示计划、安排将要发生的事。 Who are we to meet?我们要见谁呀？ I'm to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。 ②表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。 You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。 You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。 ③表示义务、责任等，同should。 You are to be back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。 What is to be done?该干什么。 ④表示可能性，与情态动词may, can同义。 Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。 Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。 ⑤表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定 They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了，没想到再也不能相见了。 He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。 ⑥用于习语 Where am I to go? 我该向何处去？ What am I to do? 我该怎么办？ 2、助动词have(has, had, having)的用法 （1）助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时
七年级英语双休日作业 班级：姓名：等级 英语句型变化总结练习 1、含有be动词am，is，are构成的句子： 变一般疑问句时把am，is，are提到句子的前面，句尾用问号即可。 变否定句时直接在am，is，are后面加not即可。例如： 肯定句:He is a student. 一般疑问句: a student? 否定句: He a student. 肯定句：We are from China. 一般疑问句: from China? 否定句：We from China 2. 由情态动词can, may, should等构成的句子: 变一般疑问句时把can, may,提到句子的前面,句尾用问号即可. 变否定句时直接在can, may,后面加not即可. 例如: 肯定句: She can swim. 一般疑问句:she swim? 否定句: She swim. 3. 由行为动词构成的句子: 需要加助词do或does. 变一般疑问句时把do/does放在句子前面. 变否定句时在主语后面加don’t / doesn’t , 谓语用动词原形。例如: 肯定句: They play football after school. 一般疑问句: play football after school? 否定句: They football after school. 肯定句：Tom watches TV every day. 一般疑问句: Tom TV every day? 否定句: Tom TV every day.
注意：变否定句时相关词的改变 肯定句变否定句时，除将谓语变为否定式外，句中其他词语也可能随之改变： 如将some改为any，too和also改为either，and改为or等：There are some birds in the tree. 树上有些鸟。 →There aren’t ______ birds in the tree. 树上没有鸟。 He likes the book, too. 他也喜欢这本书。 →He doesn’t like the book, ______. 他也不喜欢这本书。He likes singing and dancing. 他喜欢唱歌和跳舞。 →He doe sn’t like singing ______dancing. 他不喜欢唱歌也 不喜欢跳舞。补充练习： 根据句后括号内的要求，填入句中所缺的词： 1. I know the answer. (一般疑问句) ______ ______ know the answer? 2. We can see some birds. (一般疑问句) ______ ______ see ______ birds? 3. There is a computer in the house. (一般疑问句) ______ ______ a computer in the house? 4. There are some flowers on the teachers’ desk. (一般疑问句) ______ ______ any flowers on the teachers’ desk? 5. There are some apples on the tree. (否定式) There ______ ______ ______ apples on the tree. 6. I think he is old. (否定句) I ______ think he ______ old.
be动词、助动词、情态动词讲解 (基础篇) 1、be动词的用法。 英语中，be动词选用单数还是复数，要由主语来定，主语是单数，就用单数，反之用复数。 ◆句中含有be动词时： 肯定句：主语＋be ＋其他 否定句：主语＋ be ＋ not ＋其他 一般疑问句： Be ＋主语＋其他＋？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词（what / who / when / where）＋ be ＋主语＋其他＋？ I am a teacher. You are right. She is 16 years old. My father is at home. The students are playing games. My teacher was ill yesterday. There is a picture on the wall. There are two books on the table. ★ be动词用法歌： 我用am，你用are，is 连接他她它。单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃；变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记； 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。 ★ be动词作谓语，它后面一般跟名词、形容词或介词短语。 她个子很高。她在教室里。 她是一个高个子的女孩。 2、助动词的用法。 英语句子按正常语序是“什么人或事物” + “做什么”，即，我们常说的“主语 + 谓语 + 其他”。 ①主语为I 或复数名词、代词时： 肯定句： I / We / They / The students ＋动词原形＋其他＋。 We watch TV every night. 变否定：主语＋ don’t ＋动词原形＋其他＋。 We don’t watch TV every night. 一般疑问句 Do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 + ？ Do you watch TV every night? Yes, we do. / No, we don’t. 特殊疑问句：疑问词 + do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 + ？ How often do you watch TV?
助动词与情态动词 一、助动词 助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。 1、be (am, is, are, were, been) （l）“be + -ing”构成进行时态； （2）“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态； （3）“be + 动词不定式”构成复合谓语： ①表按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.总理将于明年访问日本。 ? “do + 动 只有 (1)表示能力，如：He can speak English better than you. (2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”，如：Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用，如：You can (may) go home now. (4)如果要表示语气婉转，可用could代替can，这时could不再是can的过去式，如：Could you come again tomorrow? (5)can和be able to都可表示能力，两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式，而be able to 则有更多的形式，如：He will be able to do the work better. 2、may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法 （1）表示允许或征询对方许可，有“可以”之意， 如：You may use my dictionary. 在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时，一般多不用may或may not，以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如：---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或---- Certainly. 在请求对方许可时，如果Might I…? 就比用May I…? 语气更婉转些，如：May I have a look at your new
专四语法练习2 助动词、情态动词 1. It’s wonderful that you ___C___ have achieved so much in these years. a. may b. can c. should d. would 2. He ___D___ hardly say anything more, since you know about it. a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need 3. You __B____ the look on his face when he won the prize. a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing 4. Some people think the stock market will crash, but ___B___. a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen 5. “Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He _B_____ lost.” a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get 6. He has no idea what the book is about. He ___B___read the book.
中考英语情态动词、助动词、系动词专项讲解 中考英语情态动词、助动词、系动词专项讲解 语法精讲 1.can 和could 2.may 和might 3.need, must和have to 情态动词 4. should和ought to 5. shall, will和would 6. had better 1.can和coul d ① can表示能力，意为“能够，可以”，could用于过去时， 例如He can finish his homework al one. 他可以单独完成作业的。 He couldn’t cook when he was 18 years old. 他18岁时还不会做饭。 ② can表示推测，意为“可能”，在否定句中表示否定的猜测，意为“不可能”，could用于对过去的猜测，can’t be 不可能 例如：He could be cooking at this time yesterday. 他昨天这个时候有可能正在做饭。 He can’t be here be cause he has gone to American.他不可能会在这里，因为他已经去美国了。 ③ can表示请求语气，coul d的语气更委婉， 例如：Can I help you? / Coul d I help you? 有什么我可以为您效吗？ 拓展：be abl e to=can也为“能够”，用来表示能力（有人称和时态的变化） 例如：He is able to d eal with this problem. 他能解决这个问题的。 2.may和 might
① may表示请求，might语气更委婉， 例如：May I help you? Might I sit here? ② may表示肯定的推测，语气比can更弱，might对过去的推测 例如：Mary may be doing her homework now. May can be doing her homework now. can表达的推测语气比may更强，更有把握。 3. must和have to ①must表示命令、责任，意为“一定，必须”，must not/ mustn’t表禁止，“一定不要”， 例如：Children must stay away from strangers.孩子一定要远离陌生人。 You mustn’t play fire because it’s dangerous. 千万不要玩火，因为太危险了。 拓展：在表示禁止时，会用“No Doing”来表示，如No Smoking. / No Walking.等。 ② must表示推测，语气比can更强. 例如：Mr. Liu must be on holiday now because he is wearing pants. 刘老师现在肯定在度假因为他正穿着平底裤呢！（上课是要穿正装的） ③ Must作一般疑问句开头提问时：肯定用must回答，否定用needn’t或d on’t have to回答。 例如：Must I finish my homework now? Yes, you must. / No, you ne edn’t. ④ must 和have to 的区别： a) must没有人称、时态的变化，而have to根据人称、时态的变化，有不同的形式。 b) Must表示主观上必须做，而have to 表示客观需要。
1.If they _____ to do this work, he might do it some other way. A. were B. should C. will D. can A. should have sent B. were going to send C. should be sending D. should send 3.Let's take a walk, ____? A. will we B. don't we C. do we D. shall we 4.He was a good swimmer so he _____ swim to the river bank when the boat sank. A.could B.might C.should D.was able to 5.I went to the doctor's yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he ____ see me.
A.can B.may C.might D.could 6.---- _____ this book be yours? ---- No, it ____ not be mine. It ____ be his. A. Can, must, may B. May, might, must C. Can, may, must D. Must, can, may 7."We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday. " "He _____ it. " A. mustn't attend B. can't have attended C. would have not attended D. need have attended A. can have missed B. may have missed C. can have lost D. may have lost 9.Since the ground is white, it _____ last night. A. had snowed B. must have snowed
Period Ten 情态动词和助动词 重点掌握情态动词can, may, must, need等词在语境中的运用，情态动词在句子中常用来表示“能力，允许，禁止，意愿，可能”等情感或态度。掌握助动词do, will, shall, have, be在句中的作用。 一、情态动词 1. 情态动词的定义 情态动词表示说话人对所述动作或状态的态度或看法。情态动词本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和动词一起构成谓语，在各种人称后都用同样的形式。 2. 情态动词的用法 (1)can的用法 ①表示人或物本身所具有的能力，意为“能，能够，会”。eg: Can you skate? 你会滑冰吗？ She can speak a little Chinese. 她能讲一点儿汉语。 ②表示可能性，意为“可能会”，常用于否定句或疑问句。eg: Can it be true? 那会是真的吗？ That can’t be Mary; she’s in hospital. 那不可能是玛丽；她住院了。 (2) could的用法 ①could可以表示过去的能力，若表示现在的能力时，语气比can委婉。eg: She couldn’t swim half a year ago. 她半年前不会游泳。 What a good idea! Maybe I could talk about English names. 你的想法太好！也许我能谈谈英国人的名字问题。 ②表示礼貌，常用在疑问句中，意为“能，可以”，答语一般用can。 —Could I borrow your bicycle? 我可以借一下你的自行车吗？ —Yes, you can./ No, you can’t. 是的，可以。/不，不行。 ③表示猜测、怀疑等态度，一般用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。对现在情况表示猜测时，could 比can更 不确定，其结构为“can/could+动词原形”；对过去表示猜测时，结构为“can/could+ have+过去分词”。eg: You could be right, I suppose.我想可能是你对。 Don’t worry. They could have just forgotten to phone. 别担心。他们很可能只是忘了打电话。 (3) may和might的用法 ①表示允许，用于肯定句。eg: You may come if you wish. 你要来就来吧。 Passenges may cross by the footbridge. 乘客可使用步行桥。 ②表示许可，用于疑问句。might是may 的过去式，比may语气委婉。eg: May I come in? 我可以进来吗？ Might I make a suggestion ? 我可以提个建议吗？ ③表示客观不可能性。eg: Take an umbrella with you. It may rain. 带上雨伞，可能会下雨。 (4) must的用法 ①must表示“必须”时多用于肯定句或疑问句，其否定回答用needn’t；，用于否定句时，表示“不应该，不 许可，不准，禁止”。eg: I must go to the bank to get some money. 我得到银行去取些钱。 Cars mustn’t park in front of the entrance. 入口处不得停放汽车。 ②它在肯定句中，还可表示“推测”，意为“一定”。“must be”表示对现在某事的推测；“must have done” 表示对过去的推测；反意疑问时，要根据must后的be或have来做。eg:
情态动词 定义: 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。 情态动词后面加动词原形。 分类： 情态动词有四类： ①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),ought to ②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare ③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should),will(would) ④具有情态动词特征：have(had) to,used to 位置: 情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词 则在主语之前。 I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你，过来吧。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 我能帮你吗？ How dare you treat us like that！ 你怎能那样对待我们！ 特点: 情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加"not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。 He could be here soon. 他很快就来。 We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。 基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想： What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义） I am afraid I must be going. （一定要） You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经） 除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：
系动词助动词情态动词内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）
系动词、助动词、情态动词 一、情态动词 1.can(could):能够、可能、可以；may(might):可以、可能；must:必须； shall:将会；should:应该；will:将会，愿意；would:将会 2.半情态动词(后接动原，但否定和疑问句要借助do)：have to不得不，had better最好，used to过去常常 3.情态动词无三单(have to除外)；不能单独使用，后接动词原形共同构成谓语 4. need既可做实义动词又可做情态动词(作实义动词，后接to do/doing,否定don’t need to do do/doing;作情态动词，后接动词原形，否定needn’t do) 5.表推测：must be一定是（语气最肯定），can be可能是，may be也许是（语 气最不肯定）；can’t be一定不是（语气最肯定,must be的否定形式） 6.maybe也许(副词,常用在句首)；may be也许是(谓语动词，用在句中) 7.must与need开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must,否定回答用 needn’t/don’t have to(不必). 8.may开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用may/can,否定回答用can’t/mustn’t. 二、系动词 1.系动词后可接形容词。 2.表示状态的系动词be(am, is, are, was, were,been),keep ,stay,表示感觉的 半系动词feel (摸起来，感觉), look (看起来), smell (闻起来), sound (听起来),taste(尝起来）; 三、助动词 1.助动词本身无词义或意义不完整，必须和实义动词共同构成谓语。 2.常用的助动词：be(am, is, are, was, were,been,being)用于进行时态或被动 语态；do(does,did)用于一般现在时或一般过去时的否定句和疑问句； have(has,had)用于完成时态；will,shall,would,should用于将来时态， shall/should只能用于第一人称。 情态动词与系动词练习题 一、基础题 1.-Where's Mr Lee I have something unusual to tell him. -You________ find him. He________ Japan. A. may not; has gone to B. may not; has been to C. can't; has gone to D. can't; has been to 2.-Finish drawing a horse in ten minutes. OK-Sorry. It________ in such a short time. A. may do B. can't be done C. must do D. needn't be done 3.I have my own room in my house, so I________do what I want in it. A. must B. have to C. need to D. can 4.________you mend my car I______not start it. A. Would; would B. Must; must C. Can; can D. May; may 5.________she ride when she was three years old A. Can B. Could C. Need D. May 6. The boy________answer this kind of hard questions one year ago. A. can B. may C. could 7.Who is the man over there Is it Mr Li-No, it________be him. Mr Li is much taller.
第12章助动词和情态动词 1助动词和情态动词的定义 在英语中，助动词一般没有词义，主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态、语态或构成疑问及否定形式。对于助动词，同学们一般了解即可。 情态动词与助动词不同，它有词义，但它也和助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语，另外重要的一点是情态动词没有人称和数的变化；情态动词后必须跟动词原形。 （×）She cans swim well. （×）She can swims well. （○）She can swim well. （○）She swims well. 即使主语是第三人称单数（例如she）can也不能加“s”。 句子中有情态动词can时，即使主语是第三人称单数，也不能在一般动词（例如swim）上加“s”。 1 助动词的种类 1.be（am，are，is，was，were，been，being）它与现在分词结合，可以构成进行时态（参见第九章），与过去分词结合可以构成被动语态（参见第十三章）。 I am reading the book.我正在读这本书。 The book was written by me.这本书是我写的。 2. have（has，had，having）它与过去分词结合，构成完成时态（参见第十一章）。 I have finished my homework.我已经写完作业了。
3.shall（should），will（would）它与动词结合构成将来时（参见第十章）。 I will visit Beijing tomorrow.我明天将到北京参观。 4. do（does，did）它与其他动词结合构成否定句和疑问句（参见第六、七、八、十九章）。 I don't like dog.我不喜欢狗。 Do you clean the room.你打扫房间吗？ 2情态动词的种类 对初学者而言，can，may，must是三个最重要的情态动词，其基本句型如下： 肯定句：主语+can，may，must +动词原形. 否定句：主语+can，may，must +not +动词原形～. 疑问句：Can，May，Must +主语+动词原形～？ I. can，may，must的肯定句 You may eat lunch，but you must wash your hands.你可以吃饭，但是你必须洗手。