Chapter Two
The Financial Services Industry: Depository Institutions
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Commercial Banks
?Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry
?Balance Sheet and Recent Trends
?Other Fee-Generating Activities
?Regulation
?Industry Performance
Savings Institutions
?Savings Associations (SAs)
?Savings Banks
?Recent Performance of Savings Associations and Savings Banks
Credit Unions
?Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry and Recent Trends
?Balance Sheets
?Regulation
?Industry Performance
Global Issues: Japan, China, and Germany
Summary
Appendix 2A: Financial Statement Analysis Using a Return on Equity (ROE) Framework Appendix 2B: Depository Institutions and Their Regulators
Appendix 3B: Technology in Commercial Banking
Solutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Two
1.What are the differences between community banks, regional banks, and money-center
banks? Contrast the business activities, location, and markets of each of these bank groups. Community banks typically have assets under $1 billion and serve consumer and small business customers in local markets. In 2003, 94.5 percent of the banks in the United States were classified as community banks. However, these banks held only 14.6 percent of the assets of the banking industry. In comparison with regional and money-center banks, community banks typically hold a larger percentage of assets in consumer and real estate loans and a smaller percentage of assets in commercial and industrial loans. These banks also rely more heavily on local deposits and less heavily on borrowed and international funds.
Regional banks range in size from several billion dollars to several hundred billion dollars in assets. The banks normally are headquartered in larger regional cities and often have offices and branches in locations throughout large portions of the United States. Although these banks provide lending products to large corporate customers, many of the regional banks have developed sophisticated electronic and branching services to consumer and residential customers. Regional banks utilize retail deposit bases for funding, but also develop relationships with large corporate customers and international money centers.
Money center banks rely heavily on nondeposit or borrowed sources of funds. Some of these banks have no retail branch systems, and most regional banks are major participants in foreign currency markets. These banks compete with the larger regional banks for large commercial loans and with international banks for international commercial loans. Most money center banks have headquarters in New York City.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3410057871.html,e the data in Table 2-4 for the banks in the two asset size groups (a) $100 million-$1
billion and (b) over $10 billion to answer the following questions.
a. Why have the ratios for ROA and ROE tended to increase for both groups over the
1990-2003 period? Identify and discuss the primary variables that affect ROA and
ROE as they relate to these two size groups.
The primary reason for the improvements in ROA and ROE in the late 1990s may be
related to the continued strength of the macroeconomy that allowed banks to operate with a reduced regard for bad debts, or loan charge-off problems. In addition, the continued low interest rate environment has provided relatively low-cost sources of funds, and a shift
toward growth in fee income has provided additional sources of revenue in many product lines. Finally, a growing secondary market for loans has allowed banks to control the size of the balance sheet by securitizing many assets. You will note some variance in
performance in the last three years as the effects of a softer economy were felt in the
financial industry.
b. Why is ROA for the smaller banks generally larger than ROA for the large banks?
Small banks historically have benefited from a larger spread between the cost rate of funds and the earning rate on assets, each of which is caused by the less severe competition in the localized markets. In addition, small banks have been able to control credit risk more
efficiently and to operate with less overhead expense than large banks.
c. Why is the ratio for ROE consistently larger for the large bank group?
ROE is defined as net income divided by total equity, or ROA times the ratio of assets to equity. Because large banks typically operate with less equity per dollar of assets, net
income per dollar of equity is larger.
d. Using the information on ROE decomposition in Appendix 2A, calculate the ratio of
equity-to-total-assets for each of the two bank groups for the period 1990-2003. Why
has there been such dramatic change in the values over this time period, and why is
there a difference in the size of the ratio for the two groups?
ROE = ROA x (Total Assets/Equity)
Therefore, (Equity/Total Assets) = ROA/ROE
$100 million - $1 Billion Over $10 Billion
Year ROE ROA TA/Equity Equity/TA ROE ROA TA/Equity Equity/TA
1990 9.95% 0.78% 12.76 7.84% 6.68% 0.38% 17.58 5.69%
1995 13.48% 1.25% 10.78 9.27% 15.60% 1.10% 14.18 7.05%
1996 13.63% 1.29% 10.57 9.46% 14.93% 1.10% 13.57 7.37%
1997 14.50% 1.39% 10.43 9.59% 15.32% 1.18% 12.98 7.70%
1998 13.57% 1.31% 10.36 9.65% 13.82% 1.08% 12.80 7.81%
1999 14.24% 1.34% 10.63 9.41% 15.97% 1.28% 12.48 8.02%
2000 13.56% 1.28% 10.59 9.44% 14.42% 1.16% 12.43 8.04%
2001 12.24% 1.20% 10.20 9.80% 13.43% 1.13% 11.88 8.41%
2002 12.85% 1.26% 10.20 9.81% 15.06% 1.32% 11.41 8.76%
2003 12.80% 1.27% 10.08 9.92% 16.32% 1.42% 11.49 8.70% The growth in the equity to total assets ratio has occurred primarily because of the
increased profitability of the entire banking industry and the encouragement of the
regulators to increase the amount of equity financing in the banks. Increased fee income, reduced loan loss reserves, and a low, stable interest rate environment have produced the increased profitability which in turn has allowed banks to increase equity through retained earnings.
Smaller banks tend to have a higher equity ratio because they have more limited asset
growth opportunities, generally have less diverse sources of funds, and historically have had greater profitability than larger banks.
3.What factors have caused the decrease in loan volume relative to other assets on the
balance sheets of commercial banks? How has each of these factors been related to the change and development of the financial services industry during the 1990s and early
2000s? What strategic changes have banks implemented to deal with changes in the
financial services environment?
Corporations have utilized the commercial paper markets with increased frequency rather than borrow from banks. In addition, many banks have sold loan packages directly into the capital markets (securitization) as a method to reduce balance sheet risks and to improve liquidity. Finally, the decrease in loan volume during the early 1990s and early 2000s was due in part to the recession in the economy.
As deregulation of the financial services industry continued during the 1990s, the position of banks as the primary financial services provider continued to erode. Banks of all sizes have increased the use of off-balance sheet activities in an effort to generate additional fee income. Letters of credit, futures, options, swaps and other derivative products are not reflected on the balance sheet, but do provide fee income for the banks.
4.What are the major uses of funds for commercial banks in the United States? What are the
primary risks to the bank caused by each use of funds? Which of the risks is most critical to the continuing operation of the bank?
Loans and investment securities continue to be the primary assets of the banking industry. Commercial loans are relatively more important for the larger banks, while consumer, small business loans, and residential mortgages are more important for small banks. Each of these types of loans creates credit, and to varying extents, liquidity risks for the banks. The security portfolio normally is a source of liquidity and interest rate risk, especially with the increased use of various types of mortgage backed securities and structured notes. In certain environments, each of these risks can create operational and performance problems for a bank.
5.What are the major sources of funds for commercial banks in the United States? How is
the landscape for these funds changing and why?
The primary sources of funds are deposits and borrowed funds. Small banks rely more heavily on transaction, savings, and retail time deposits, while large banks tend to utilize large, negotiable time deposits and nondeposit liabilities such as federal funds and repurchase agreements. The supply of nontransaction deposits is shrinking, because of the increased use by small savers of higher-yielding money market mutual funds,
6. What are the three major segments of deposit funding? How are these segments changing
over time? Why? What strategic impact do these changes have on the profitable operation of a bank?
Transaction accounts include deposits that do not pay interest and NOW accounts that pay interest. Retail savings accounts include passbook savings accounts and small, nonnegotiable time deposits. Large time deposits include negotiable certificates of deposits that can be resold in the secondary market. The importance of transaction and retail accounts is shrinking due to the direct investment in money market assets by individual investors. The changes in the deposit markets coincide with the efforts to constrain the growth on the asset side of the balance sheet.
7. How does the liability maturity structure of a bank’s balance sheet compare with the
maturity structure of the asset portfolio? What risks are created or intensified by these
differences?
Deposit and nondeposit liabilities tend to have shorter maturities than assets such as loans. The maturity mismatch creates varying degrees of interest rate risk and liquidity risk.
8. The following balance sheet accounts have been taken from the annual report for a U.S.
bank. Arrange the accounts in balance sheet order and determine the value of total assets.
Based on the balance sheet structure, would you classify this bank as a community bank, regional bank, or a money center bank?
Assets Liabilities and Equity
Cash $ 2,660 Demand deposits $ 5,939
Fed funds sold $ 110 NOW accounts $12,816
Investment securities $ 5,334 Savings deposits $ 3,292
Net loans $29,981 Certificates of deposit $ 9,853
Intangible assets $ 758 Other time deposits $ 2,333
Other assets $ 1,633 Short-term Borrowing $ 2,080
Premises $ 1,078 Other liabilities $ 778
Total assets $41,554 Long-term debt $ 1,191
Equity $ 3,272
Total liab. and equity $41,554
This bank has funded the assets primarily with transaction and savings deposits. The certificates of deposit could be either retail or corporate (negotiable). The bank has very little ( 5 percent) borrowed funds. On the asset side, about 72 percent of total assets is in the loan portfolio, but there is no information about the type of loans. The bank actually is a small regional bank with $41.5 billion in assets, but the asset structure could easily be a community bank with $41.5 million in assets.
9.What types of activities normally are classified as off-balance-sheet (OBS) activities?
Off-balance-sheet activities include the issuance of guarantees that may be called into play at a future time, and the commitment to lend at a future time if the borrower desires.
a. How does an OBS activity move onto the balance sheet as an asset or liability?
The activity becomes an asset or a liability upon the occurrence of a contingent event,
which may not be in the control of the bank. In most cases the other party involved with the original agreement will call upon the bank to honor its original commitment.
b.What are the benefits of OBS activities to a bank?
The initial benefit is the fee that the bank charges when making the commitment. If the bank is required to honor the commitment, the normal interest rate structure will apply to the commitment as it moves onto the balance sheet. Since the initial commitment does not
appear on the balance sheet, the bank avoids the need to fund the asset with either deposits or equity. Thus the bank avoids possible additional reserve requirement balances and
deposit insurance premiums while improving the earnings stream of the bank.
c.What are the risks of OBS activities to a bank?
The primary risk to OBS activities on the asset side of the bank involves the credit risk of the borrower. In many cases the borrower will not utilize the commitment of the bank until the borrower faces a financial problem that may alter the credit worthiness of the borrower.
Moving the OBS activity to the balance sheet may have an additional impact on the interest rate and foreign exchange risk of the bank.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3410057871.html,e the data in Table 2-6 to answer the following questions.
a.What was the average annual growth rate in OBS total commitments over the period
from 1992-2003?
$78,035.6 = $10,200.3(1+g)11 g = 20.32 percent
b.Which categories of contingencies have had the highest annual growth rates?
Category of Contingency or Commitment Growth Rate
Commitments to lend 14.04%
Future and forward contracts 15.13%
Notional amount of credit derivatives 52.57%
Standby contracts and other option contracts 56.39%
Commitments to buy FX, spot, and forward 3.39%
Standby LCs and foreign office guarantees 7.19%
Commercial LCs -1.35%
Participations in acceptances -6.11%
Securities borrowed 20.74%
Notional value of all outstanding swaps 31.76%
Standby contracts and other option contracts have grown at the fastest rate of 56.39 percent, and they have an outstanding balance of $214,605.3 billion. The rate of growth in the
credit derivatives area has been the second strongest at 52.57 percent, the dollar volume
remains fairly low at $1,001.2 billion at year-end 2003. Interest rate swaps grew at an
annual rate of 31.76 percent with a change in dollar value of $41,960.7 billion. Clearly the strongest growth involves derivative areas.
c.What factors are credited for the significant growth in derivative securities activities by
banks?
The primary use of derivative products has been in the areas of interest rate, credit, and
foreign exchange risk management. As banks and other financial institutions have pursued
the use of these instruments, the international financial markets have responded by
extending the variations of the products available to the institutions.
11. For each of the following banking organizations, identify which regulatory agencies (OCC,
FRB, FDIC, or state banking commission) may have some regulatory supervision
responsibility.
(a) State-chartered, nonmember, nonholding-company bank.
(b)State-chartered, nonmember holding-company bank
(c) State-chartered member bank
(d)Nationally chartered nonholding-company bank.
(e)Nationally chartered holding-company bank
Bank Type OCC FRB FDIC SBCom.
(a) Yes Yes
(b) Yes Yes Yes
(c) Yes Yes Yes
(d) Yes Yes Yes
(e) Yes Yes Yes
12. What factors normally are given credit for the revitalization of the banking industry during
the decade of the 1990s? How is Internet banking expected to provide benefits in the
future?
The most prominent reason was the lengthy economic expansion in both the U.S. and many global economies during the entire decade of the 1990s. This expansion was assisted in the U.S. by low and falling interest rates during the entire period.
The extent of the impact of Internet banking remains unknown. However, the existence of this technology is allowing banks to open markets and develop products that did not exist prior to the Internet. Initial efforts have focused on retail customers more than corporate customers. The trend should continue with the advent of faster, more customer friendly products and services, and the continued technology education of customers.
13. What factors are given credit for the strong performance of commercial banks in the early
2000s?
The lowest interest rates in many decades helped bank performance on both sides of the balance sheet. On the asset side, many consumers continued to refinance homes and purchase new homes, an activity that caused fee income from mortgage lending to increase and remain strong. Meanwhile, the rates banks paid on deposits shrunk to all-time lows. In addition, the development and more comfortable use of new financial instruments such as credit derivatives and mortgage backed securities helped banks ease credit risk off the balance sheets. Finally, information technology has helped banks manage their risk more efficiently.
14. What are the main features of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency
Act of 1994? What major impact on commercial banking activity is expected from this legislation?
The main feature of the Riegle-Neal Act of 1994 was the removal of barriers to inter-state banking. In September 1995 bank holding companies were allowed to acquire banks in other states. In 1997, banks were allowed to convert out-of-state subsidiaries into branches of a single interstate bank. As a result, consolidations and acquisitions have allowed for the emergence of very large banks with branches across the country.
15. What happened in 1979 to cause the failure of many savings associations during the early
1980s? What was the effect of this change on the operating statements of savings
associations?
The Federal Reserve changed its reserve management policy to combat the effects of inflation, a change which caused the interest rates on short-term deposits to increase dramatically more than the rates on long-term mortgages. As a result, the marginal cost of funds exceeded the average yield on assets that caused a negative interest spread for the savings associations. Further, because savings associations were constrained by Regulation Q on the amount of interest which could be paid on deposits, they suffered disintermediation, or deposit withdrawals, which led to severe liquidity pressures on the balance sheets.
16. How did the two pieces of regulatory legislation, the DIDMCA in 1980 and the DIA in
1982, change the operating profitability of savings associations in the early 1980s? What impact did these pieces of legislation ultimately have on the risk posture of the savings
association industry? How did the FSLIC react to this change in operating performance and risk?
The two pieces of legislation allowed savings associations to offer new deposit accounts, such as NOW accounts and money market deposit accounts, in an effort to reduce the net withdrawal flow of deposits from the institutions. In effect this action was an attempt to reduce the liquidity problem. In addition, the savings associations were allowed to offer adjustable-rate mortgages and a limited amount of commercial and consumer loans in an attempt to improve the profitability performance of the industry. Although many savings associations were safer, more diversified, and more profitable, the FSLIC did not foreclose many of the savings associations which were insolvent. Nor did the FSLIC change its policy of assessing higher insurance premiums on companies that remained in high risk categories. Thus many savings associations failed, which caused the FSLIC to eventually become insolvent.
17. How do the asset and liability structures of a savings association compare with the asset
and liability structures of a commercial bank? How do these structural differences affect the risks and operating performance of a savings association? What is the QTL test?
The savings association industry relies on mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities as the primary assets, while the commercial banking industry has a variety of loan products, including mortgage products. The large amount of longer-term fixed rate assets continues to cause interest
rate risk, while the lack of asset diversity exposes the savings association to credit risk. Savings associations hold considerably less cash and U.S. Treasury securities than do commercial banks. On the liability side, small time and saving deposits remain as the predominant source of funds for savings associations, with some reliance on FHLB borrowing. The inability to nurture relationships with the capital markets also creates potential liquidity risk for the savings association industry.
The acronym QTL stands for Qualified Thrift Lender. The QTL test refers to a minimum amount of mortgage-related assets that a savings association must hold. The amount currently is 65 percent of total assets.
18. How do savings banks differ from savings and loan associations? Differentiate in terms of
risk, operating performance, balance sheet structure, and regulatory responsibility.
The asset structure of savings banks is similar to the asset structure of savings associations with the exception that savings banks are allowed to diversify by holding a larger proportion of corporate stocks and bonds. Savings banks rely more heavily on deposits and thus have a lower level of borrowed funds. The banks are regulated at both the state and federal level, with deposits insured by t he FDIC’s BIF.
19. How did the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) of
1989 and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 reverse
some of the key features of earlier legislation?
FIRREA rescinded some of the expanded thrift lending powers of the DIDMCA of 1980 and the Garn-St Germain Act of 1982 by instituting the qualified thrift lender (QTL) test that requires that all thrifts must hold portfolios that are comprised primarily of mortgages or mortgage products such as mortgage-backed securities. The act also required thrifts to divest their portfolios of junk bonds by 1994, and it replaced the FSLIC with a new thrift deposit insurance fund, the Savings Association Insurance Fund, which was managed by the FDIC.
The FDICA of 1991 amended the DIDMCA of 1980 by introducing risk-based deposit insurance premiums in 1993 to reduce excess risk-taking. FDICA also provided for the implementation of a policy of prompt corrective actions (PCA) that allows regulators to close banks more quickly in cases where insolvency is imminent. Thus the ill-advised policy of regulatory forbearance should be curbed. Finally, the act amended the International Banking Act of 1978 by expanding the regulatory oversight powers over foreign banks.
20. What is the “common bond” membership qualification under which credit unions have
been formed and operated? How does this qualification affect the operational objective of
a credit union?
The common bond policy allows any one who meets a specific membership requirement to become a member of the credit union. The requirement normally is tied to a place of employment. Because the common bond policy has been loosely interpreted, implementation has allowed credit union membership and assets to grow at a rate that exceeds similar growth in
the commercial banking industry. Since credit unions are mutual organizations where the members are owners, employees essentially use saving deposits to make loans to other employees who need funds.
21. What are the operating advantages of credit unions that have caused concern by
commercial bankers? What has been the response of the Credit Union National
Association to the bank criticisms?
Credit unions are tax-exempt organizations that often are provided office space by employers at no cost. As a result, because non-interest operating costs are very low, credit unions can lend money at lower rates and pay higher rates on savings deposits than can commercial banks. CUNA has responded that the cost to tax payers from the tax-exempt status is replaced by the additional social good created by the benefits to the members.
22. How does the asset structure of credit unions compare with the asset structure of
commercial banks and savings and loan associations? Refer to Tables 2-5, 2-9, and 2-12 to formulate your answer.
The relative proportions of credit union assets are more similar to commercial banks than savings associations, with 20 percent in investment securities and 63 percent in loans. However, nonmortgage loans of credit unions are predominantly consumer loans. On the liability side of the balance sheet, credit unions differ from banks in that they have less reliance on large time deposits, and they differ from savings associations in that they have virtually no borrowings from any source. The primary sources of funds for credit unions are transaction and small time and savings accounts.
23. Compare and contrast the performance of the U.S. depository institution industry with
those of Japan, China, and Germany.
The entire Japanese financial system was under increasing pressure from the early 1990s as the economy suffered from real estate and other commercial industry pressures. The Japanese government has used several financial aid packages in attempts to avert a collapse of the Japanese financial system. Most attempts have not been successful.
The deterioration in the banking industry in China in the early 2000s was caused by nonperforming loans and credits. The remedies include the opportunity for more foreign bank ownership in the Chinese banking environment primarily via larger ownership positions, less restrictive capital requirements for branches, and increased geographic presence.
German banks also had difficulties in the early 2000s, but the problems were not universal. The large banks suffered from credit problems, but the small banks enjoyed high credit ratings and low cast of funds because of government guarantees on their borrowing. Thus while small banks benefited from growth in small business lending, the large banks became reliant on fee and trading income.
《金融学》复习思考题 一、名词解释 1.货币的流动性结构：流动性高的货币和流动性低的货币之间的比率 2.直接融资：货币资金需求方通过金融市场与货币资金供给方直接发生信用关系 3.货币时间价值：货币的时间价值就是指当前所持有的一定量货币比未来持有的等量的货币具 有更高的价值。货币的价值会随着时间的推移而增长 4.年金:一系列均等的现金流或付款称为年金。最现实的例子包括：零存整取、均等偿付的住 宅抵押贷款、养老保险金、住房公积金 5.系统性风险:一个经济体系中所有的资产都面临的风险, 不可通过投资组合来分散 6.财务杠杆:通过债务融资，在资产收益率一定的情况下，会增加权益性融资的回报率。 7.表外业务：是指不在银行资产负债表中所反映的、但会影响银行所能取得的利润的营业收入 和利润的业务。分为广义的表外业务和狭义的表外业务。 8.缺口：是利率敏感型资产与利率敏感型负债之间的差额。 9.贷款五级分类法：把贷款分为正常、关注、次级、可疑和损失五类，后三类称为不良贷款。 10.可转换公司债券：可转换公司债券是可以按照一定的条件和比例、在一定的时间内转换成该 公司普通股的债券。 11.市盈率：市盈率是指股票的市场价格与当期的每股收益之间的比率。 12.市场过度反应：是指某一事件引起股票价格剧烈波动，超过预期的理论水平，然后再以反向 修正的形式回归到其应有的价位上来的现象。 13.回购：债券一方以协议价格在双方约定的日期向另一方卖出债券，同时约定在未来的某一天 按约定价格从后者那里买回这些债券的协议。 14.贴现：票据的持有人在需要资金时，将其持有的未到期票据转让给银行，银行扣除利息后将 余款支付给持票人的票据行为。 15.汇率：一种货币换成另一种货币的比价关系，即以一国货币表示另一国货币的价格 16.直接标价法：以一定单位的外国货币作为标准，折算成若干单位的本国货币来表示两种货币 之间的汇率。 17.期权：事先以较小的代价购买一种在未来规定的时间内以某一确定价格买入或卖出某种金融 工具的权利。 18.掉期：在买进某种外汇的同时，卖出金额相同的这种货币，但买入和卖出的交割日期不同， 但数量完全相同的同一种外汇。 19.基础货币：又称高能货币，在部分准备金制度下可以创造出多倍存款货币的货币， MB（基础货币）=C（流通中的货币）+R（银行体系准备金总额） 20.货币乘数：表示基础货币的变动会引起货币供应量变动的倍数 21.利率风险结构：期限相同的各种信用工具利率之间的关系。包括违约风险、流动性风险 22.利率期限结构：利率的期限结构是指不同期限债券的利率之间的关系 23.通货膨胀：一般物价水平的持续上涨的过程 24.消费价格指数：根据具有代表性的家庭的消费开支所编制的物价指数 25.一价定律：在自由贸易条件下，同样的商品无论在哪里生产，在世界各地以同一货币表示的 价格都应该是相同的 26.购买力平价：根据一价定律，两国货币间的汇率就取决于两国同类商品价格之间的比率 27.货币政策传导机制：中央利用货币政策工具，操作手段指标变量后，达到货币政策最终目标 的过程 28.公开市场操作：中央银行在证券市场上买进或卖出有价证券，影响银行体系的准备金，并进 一步影响货币供应量的行为
中南大学现代远程教育课程考试复习题及参考答 案 《货币金融学》 一．单项选择题 1．信用起源于（ ） A、商品交换 B、货币流通 C、生产社会化 D、私有制 2．在信用关系的价值运动中，货币执行的职能是（ ） A、价值尺度 B、流通手段 C、支付手段 D、储藏手段 3．美国同业拆借市场也称（ ） A、 贴现市场 B、 承兑市场 C、 联邦基金市场 D、 外汇交易市场 4．资本市场是指（ ） A、短期市场 B、一级市场 C、发行市场 D、长期市场 5．劣币是指实际价值（ ）的货币 A、等于零 B、等于名义价值 C、高于名义价值 D、低于名义价值 6．（ ）是提供金融服务和产品的企业。 A、金融市场 B、金融体系 C、金融中介 D、金融工具
7．货币市场交易与资本市场交易相比较，具有（ ）的特点。 A、期限短 B、流动性低 C、收益率高 D、风险大 8．同业拆借市场是金融机构之间为（ ）而相互融通的市场。 A、减少风险 B、提高流动性 C、增加收入 D、调剂短期资金余缺 9．政策性金融机构是（ ）的金融机构。 A、与商业银行没有区别 B、不以营利为目的 C、由政府支持不完全以营利为目的 E、 代表国家财 10．本位货币是指（ ） A、一个国家货币制度规定的标准货币 B、本国货币当局发行的货币 C、以黄金为基础的货币 D、可以与黄金兑换的货币 11．由政府或政府金融机构确定并强令执行的利率是（） A、公定利率 B、一般利率 C、官定利率 F、固定利率 12．信托最突出的特征是对信托财产（）的分割 A、使用权 B、租赁权 C、所有权 D、代理权 13．世界上第一家现代银行――英格兰银行产生于（） A、1690年 B、1694年 C、1580年 D、1587年 14．金融监管按大类分可分为证券、保险、（）等监管机构 A、信托
《货币金融学》复习题 一、选择题 1. 一般把金融资产价格出现急剧下跌及大量金融机构和公司企业倒闭现象称为（A ） A. 金融危机 B. 市场混乱 C. 通货膨胀 D. 通货紧缩 2. 能够充当回购协议中的证券抵押品的通常是（B ） A. 股票 B. 国库券 C. 房产债券 D. 股票 3. 下列哪种关于一级市场和二级市场的表述是正确的？（C） A. 在一级市场进行的是股票交易，而在二级市场进行的是债券交易 B. 在一级市场进行的是长期证券交易，而在二级市场进行的是短期证券交易 C. 在一级市场进行交易的是新发行证券，而在二级市场进行交易的是已经发行过的证券 D. 一级市场是在交易所的交易，而二级市场是在场外交易市场的交易 4. 下述关于货币总量的陈述中哪些是正确的（C ） A. M1的数量大于M2 B. M1和M2增长比率的发展趋势总是十分接近的 C. 与其短期变动相比，美联储对货币总量的长期变动情况更加关注 D. 美联储很少更改其对货币总量的估计值 5. 下列何种监管机构为商业银行中人均存款数额在10万美元以下的提供偿付保障，使其免于在银行破产的情况下受到损失（D） A. 美国证监会（SEC） B. 联邦储备体系 C. 储蓄监管局 D. 联邦存款保险公司（FDIC） 6. 正常情况下财富与金融资产的关系是（ C ） A. 不相干 B. 负相关 C. 正相关 D. 不明显 7. 能通过规模经济和专门技术来降低交易风险的是（D ） A. 经纪人 B. 金融中介 C. 工商企业 D. 监管部门 8. 能导致资源向银行流入的业务叫（A ） A. 负债业务 B. 资产业务 C. 中间业务 D. 表外业务查 9. 假设为报复贸易中的非公平举措，国会对中国进口商品实施一项关税，同时中国对美国商品的需求增加，则在长期内（ C ） A. 美元相对于人民币升值 B. 人民币相对于美元贬值 C. 美元相对于人民币贬值 D. 无法判断
国际金融学课后思考题 第一章开放经济下的国民收入账户与收支账户 1从国民收入账户角度看，开放经济与封闭经济有哪些区别？ 封闭条件下，国民收入包括私人消费、私人储蓄、政府税收。当经济的开放性仅限于商品的跨国流动时，国民收入还需包括贸易账户余额。当经济的开放性发展到资本、劳动力的国际流动时，国民收入被加以区分。1.国内生产总值，是以一国领土为标准，指的是在一定时期内一国居民生产的产品与服务的总值2.国民生产总值，是以一国国民为标准，指的是在一定时期内一国居民生产的产品与服务总值。国民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上本国从外国取得的净要素收入。 2如何完整理解经常账户的宏观经济含义？ 贸易账户余额与经要素收入之和被称为经常账户余额，它在开放经济中居于重要的地位。对经常账户可以从不同角度展开分析：从进出口的角度看，经常账户反映了一国的国际竞争力水平。从国内吸收的角度看，经常账户反映了以国国民收入与国内吸收之间的关系。从国际投资头寸的角度看，经常账户带来了一国国际投资头寸的变化，同时它又受到国际投资头寸状况的影响。从储蓄与投资的角度看，经常账户反应了一国储蓄与投资之间的差额，当私人的投资与储蓄比较稳定时，经常账户反映了政府的财政收支行为。 3 对一国经济的开放性进行衡量的基本原理是什么？衡量经济开放性的工具是国际收支。国际收支是指一国居民与外国居民在一定时期内各项交易的货币价值总和。国际收支是一个流量概念，它反映的内容是交易，其范围限于居民与非居民之间的交易。 4 国际收支账户各个组成部分之间存在什么关系？ 国际收支账户的账户设置包括经常账户、资本与金融账户、错误与遗漏账户。经常账户记录的是世纪资源的国际流动，它包括货物、服务、收入和经常转移。资本与金融账户是记录资产所有权国际流动行为的账户，其中资本账户包括转移及非生产、非金融资产的收买和放弃；
货币金融学课后答案 1、假如我今天以5000美元购买一辆汽车，明年我就可以赚取10000额外收入，因为拥有了这辆车，我就可以成为推销员。假如没有人愿意贷款给我，我是否应该从放高利贷者拉利处以90%的利率贷款呢？你能否列出高利贷合法的依据？ 我应该去找高利贷款，因为这样做的结果会更好。我支付的利息是4500（90%×5000）,但实际上，我赚了10000美元，所以我最后赚得了5500美元。因为拉利的高利贷会使一些人的结果更好，所以高利贷会产生一些社会效益。（一个反对高利贷的观点认为它常常会造成一种暴利活动）。 2、“在没有信息和交易成本的世界里，不会有金融中介机构的存在。”这种说法是正确的、错误的还是不确定？说明你的理由。 正确。如果没有信息和交易成本，人们相互贷款将无成本无代价进行交易，因此金融机构就没有存在的必要了。 3、风险分担是如何让金融中介机构和私人投资都从中获益的？ 风险分担是指金融中介机构所设计和提供的资产品种的风险在投资者所承认 的范围之内，之后，金融中介机构将销售这些资产所获取的资产去购买风险大得多的资产。 低交易成本允许金融中介机构以较低的成本进行风险分担，使得它们能够获取风险资产的收益与出售资产的成本间的差额，这也是金融中介机构的利润。对投资者而言，金融资产被转化为安全性更高的资产，减少了其面临的风险。 4、在美国，货币是否在20世纪50年代比70年代能更好地发挥价值储藏的功能？为什么？在哪一个时期你更愿意持有货币？ 在美国，货币作为一种价值储藏手段，在20世纪50年代比70年代好。因为50年代比70年代通货膨胀率更低，货币贬值的贬值程度也较低。 货币作为价值储藏手段的优劣取决于物价水平，因为货币价值依赖于价格水平。在通货膨胀时期，物价水平迅速上升，货币也急速贬值，人们也就不愿意以这种形式来持有财富。因此，人们在物价水平比较稳定的时期更愿意持有货币。 5、为什么有些经济学家将恶性通货膨胀期间的货币称做“烫手的山芋”，在人们手中快速传递？ 在恶性通货膨胀期间，货币贬值速度非常快，所以人们希望持有货币的时间越短越好，因此此时的货币就像一个烫手的山芋快速的从一个人手里传到另一个人手里。 6、巴西在1994年之前经历快速通货膨胀，很多交易时通过美元进行的，而不是本国货币里亚尔，为什么？ 因为巴西快速的通货膨胀，国内的货币里亚尔实际上的储藏价值很低，所以人们宁愿持有美元，美元有更好的储藏价值，并在日常生活中用美元支付。 7、为了支付大学学费，你获得一笔1000美元的政府贷款。这笔贷款需要你每年支付126美元共25年。不过，你不必现在就开始偿还贷款，而是从两年后你大学毕业时才开始。通常每年支付126美元共25年的1000美元固定支付贷款的到期收益率为12%，但是为何上述政府贷款的到期收益率一定低于12%？ 如果利润率是12%，由于是在毕业两年后而不是现在开始贷款，那么政
货币金融学题库-跨专业选修 一、判断题 （错）1、货币和收入之间的差别是货币是流量而收入是存量。【第 1 章】 （错）2、我国货币供给中的M0包括现金和活期存款。【第11章】 （错）3、金融市场中的初级市场即流通市场。【第 6 章】 （错）4、债券的回报率一定不等于该债券的到期收益率。【第7 章】 （对）5、当收益曲线向上倾斜时，说明长期利率高于短期利率。【第 4 章】 （对）6、政府对金融市场的管理，要求公司披露其真实信息，有助于解决逆向选择问题。【第15章】 （对）7、如果一个人存入某银行其支票帐户1000 元现金而另一个人从他的支票帐户中提取了750 元现金， 该银行的准备金会增加250 元。【第12 章】 （错）8、银行的资产业务存在各种风险，但其中间业务和表外业务却不存在风险，反而能带来额外收益。 【第9 章】 （错）9、中央银行的产生早于商业银行。【第10 章】 （错）10、在社会主义国家，中央银行与政府之间的关系十分密切，所以不需 要保持相对独立性。【第10 章】 （对）11、受央行贴现贷款影响的基础货币不能被央行完全控制。【第10 章】 （错）12、公开市场操作对存款准备金的影响要比对基础货币的影响更有效。【第15 章】 （对）13、货币供给与法定存款准备金率、通货存款比率、超额存款准备金率负相关。【第12 章】（对） 1 4 、物价稳定与充分就业目标是相互冲突的。【第13 章】 （对）15、中央银行对贴现率的调整具有信号作用。【第10 章】 （错）16、利率的可测性优于货币供给，因此应选择利率作为中介指标。【第 4 章】 （错）17、交易方程式强调了人们对货币的主观需求因素。【第11 章】 （对）18、如果人们预期未来的名义利率将下降，则债券的预期收益将增加，货币的需求将减少。【第 3 章】（对）19、流动性偏好理论认为货币需求与利率水平负相关。【第13 章】 （对）20、存款保险制度虽然有利于减少银行遭到挤兑的风险，但却产生了道德风险问题。【第15 章】（错）21 、货币与财富是同一个概念。【第1 章】 （对）22、金融资产的流动性越强，交易成本就越低，货币性就越强。【第 3 章】 （错）23、证券对于购买者来说是负债，对于发行者来说是资产。【第 2 章】 （对）24、一个只进行短期债务工具交易的金融市场被称为货币市场。【第 3 章】 （对）25、有价证券的价格与预期收益正相关，与市场利率负相关。【第 4 章】 （错）26、名义利率比实际利率能够更准确地反映借款的实际成本。【第 3 章】 （错）27、超额存款准备金对银行来说是无用的闲置资金，因而越少越好。【第15 章】 （对）28、当你向某银行存入100元现金时，银行的负债增加100元。【第9章】 （错）29、期权买方的损失可能无限大。【第7 章】 （错）30 、由于中央银行也经营存放汇等传统银行业务，所以它从根本上说与商业银行没有太大区别。【第 10 章】 （错）31、西方央行常采用调整法定准备金率来控制货币供应量。【第15 章】 （对）32、非借入性基础货币来源于公开市场操作，因此央行可以完全控制。【第15 章】 （对）33、假设其他条件不变，当一家银行从中央银行购买政府债券时，银行体系的准备金减少，基础货币 减少。【第10 章】 （错）34、货币供给与贴现贷款水平、非借入基础货币负相关。【第 2 章】 （错）35、货币政策诸目标之间总是和谐统一的。【第15 章】 （错）36、失业是坏事情，政府应尽量使失业率保持为零。【第16 章】 （对）37、货币政策中介指标的相关性是强调它与政策目标而非政策工具之间的联系。【第 1 章】
（金融保险）金融学全部思 考题(参考)
1.什么是货币本位制度？货币本位制度的演变经历了哪些阶段？ (一)不同货币金属，构成不同的货币本位制度。 本位币是按照国家规定的金属货币和货币单位所铸造的铸币，亦称主币或本币。 国家对本币的铸造、发行和流通做出如下规定： （1）国家赋予本币无限法偿的能力。 （2）本币可以自由铸造、自由熔化。 （3）国家规定流通中本币的最大磨损程度，称铸币的“磨损公差”。 （二）四阶段 银本位制——金银复本位制（复本位制）——金本位制——不兑现的信用货币本位制 2.什么是“劣币逐良币”规律？“劣币逐良币”规律在现代纸币流通条件下是如何表现的？（一）劣币驱逐良币”规律，又称格雷欣法则，是指两种实际价值不同而名义价值相同的货币同时流通时，实际价值较高的货币（良币）必然被熔化、收藏或输出而退出流通领域，而实际价值较低的货币（劣币）则会充斥市场。银贱则银币充斥市场，金贱则金币充斥市场，必然造成货币流通混乱。 （二）因为纸币是不能被融化的，但是价值高的纸币流通性不如价值低的纸币，所以，价值高的纸币一般被储蓄起来存入银行。 3、如何区分代用货币和信用货币？ 代用货币是由政府或银行发行的代表金属货币流通的货币。 信用货币是指本身所含的价值低于货币价值，经过信用渠道发行的货币。 而信用货币与代用货币不同，信用货币不再代表任何贵金属。信用货币的流通凭借发行者的信用进行流通，在政府动荡、经济恶化的条件下，政府发行的信用货币流通范围就会缩小或完全被排斥在流通之外。因此，发行者信用状况直接影响信用货币的稳定与否。 4、信用的发展到目前阶段大致经历了那几个阶段？分述之
2 《货币金融学》课后习题参考答案 于法定价值的货币（良币）被收藏熔化退出流通，实际价值低于法定价值的货币（劣币）则充斥市场的现象。“劣币驱逐良币”的根本原因在于金银复本位与货币作为一般等价物的排他性、独占性的矛盾。 2 ．如何理解货币的定义？它与日常生活中的通货、财富和收入概念有何不同？ 答：（1）货币是日常生活中人们经常使用的一个词，它的含义丰富，在不同的场合有不同的意义。大多数经济学家是根据货币功能认为，货币是指在购买商品和劳务或清偿债务时被普遍接受的任何物体。通货（钞票和硬币）是货币；支票账户存款也被看成是货币；旅行支票或储蓄存款等信用工具也可发挥货币的功能。因此，货币定义包含了一系列东西，而不是某一样东西。 那么一个物体怎样才能被称为货币呢？一般而言，物体必须具备以下特征才能被人们普遍接受从而充当货币： ① 价值稳定性。任何物体要充当货币，其本身的价值必须是相对稳定的。历史上曾经以牛、羊等牲畜作为货币来 使用，由于其价值不稳定，必然在后来失去了充当货币的资格。 ② 普遍接受性。货币可用做交易媒介、价值储藏和延期支付手段等，满足人们的多种需要，为人们普遍接受，这 正是货币的典型特征。 ③ 可分割性。随着商品交换规模的发展，要求充当货币的物体必须是均质、易于分割成标准化的等份，以实现 不同规模的商品交换。 ④ 易于辨认与携带。商品交换范围的拓展和商品经济的复杂性使得货币的流动性和防伪性日渐重要；那些笨重、 易仿制的货币材料将逐步让位于轻便易携、易辨真伪的材料。 ⑤ 供给富有弹性。一种优良的货币，其货币材料的供应必须富有弹性，以随时满足商品生产和交换增减的需要。 金银货币之所以先后退出历史舞台，主要原因就是供给缺乏弹性，不能适应经济发展的需要。 （ 2 ）货币与通货的区别。通货只是货币的一个组成部分，经济学家所说的货币，除了通货以外，主要是指以支票、本票、汇票形式表现的对于货物、劳务等所具有的权力。 （ 3 ）货币与财富的区别。货币是社会财富的组成部分，财富除了货币资产以外，还有更多的非货币性金融资产以及实物资产等。 （ 4 ）货币与收入。首先，在商品经济时代，人们的收入大多表现为货币。其次，收入是货币的流量概念，是指某一时期内的货币量，如一个月、一年；而货币是一个存量概念，是指某 一时点的货币余额，如第一季度末的货币余额。 〃 经 3 ．划分货币层次的依据是什么？货币可以划分为几个层次？ 济 学答：（ 1 ）货币的层次划分，是指按不同的统计口径对现实流通中各种信用货币形式划分 系 列为不同的层次。货币层次划分的目的是在货币流通总量既定的前提下，按照不同类型的货币流 动性划分各个层次，以此作为中央银行调节货币流量结构的依据。 （ 2 ）迄今为止，关于货币供应量的层次划分并无定论，但根据资产的流动性来划分货币供
货币金融学(一) 一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分） 1. 货币在执行职能时，可以是观念上的货币。 A、交易媒介 B、价值贮藏 C、支付手段 D、价值尺度 2. 下列说法哪项不属于信用货币的特征。 A、可代替金属货币 B、是一种信用凭证 C、依靠银行信用和政府信用而流通 D、是足值的货币。 3. 下列有关币制说法正确的是。 A、平行本位制下会产生“劣币驱逐良币”的现象 B、双本位制下容易出现“双重价格”的现象 C、金银复本位制是一种不稳定的货币制度 D、双本位制下金币作为主币，银币为辅币 4. 我国的货币层次划分中一般将现金划入层次 A、M0 B、M1 C、M2 D、M3 5. 美国联邦基金利率是指：（） A.美国中央政府债券利率 B.美国商业银行同业拆借利 C.美联储再贴现率 D.美国银行法定存款准备率 6. 甲购买了A公司股票的欧式看涨期权，协议价格为每股20元，合约期限为3个月，期权价格为每股1.5元。若A 公司股票市场价格在到期日为每股21元，则甲将：（） A．不行使期权，没有亏损 B行使期权，获得盈利C．行使期权，亏损小于期权费D不行使期权,亏损等于期权费7. 股指期货交易主要用于对冲（） A．信用风险 B．国家风险 C．股市系统风险 D．股市非系统风险 8. 若证券公司采用（）方式为某公司承销股票，则证券公司无须承发行风险。 A．余额包销 B．代销 C．全额包销 D.保底销售 9. 下列关于票据说法正确的是。 A、汇票又称为期票，是一种无条件偿还的保证 B、本票是一种无条件的支付承诺书 C、商业汇票和银行汇票都是由收款人签发的票据 D、商业承兑汇票与银行承兑汇票只能由债务人付款 10. 开发银行多属于一个国家的政策性银行，其宗旨是通过融通长期性资金以促进本国经济建设和发展，这种银行在业务经营上的特点是（）。 A.不以盈利为经营目标 B.以盈利为经营目标 C.为投资者获取利润 D.为国家创造财政收入 11. 标志着现代中央银行制度产生的重要事件是。 A、1587年威尼斯银行的产生 B、1656年瑞典国家银行的产生 C、1694年英格兰银行的产生 D、1844年英国比尔条例的颁布 12. 1995 年我国以法律形式确定我国中央银行的最终目标是（）。 A 、以经济增长为首要目标 B 、以币值稳定为主要目标 C 、保持物价稳定，并以此促进经济增长 D、保持币值稳定，并以此促进经济增长 13. 下列货币政策操作中，引起货币供应量增加的是（）。 A、提高法定存款准备金率 B、提高再贴现率 C、降低再贴现率 D、中央银行卖出债券 14. 中央银行在公开市场业务上大量抛售有价证券，意味着货币政策（）。 A、放松 B、收紧 C、不变 D、不一定 15. 在商业银行经营管理理论演变的过程中，把管理的重点主要放在资产流动性上的是（）理论。 A、资产管理 B、负债管理 C、资产负债管理 D、全方位管理 16. 1694 年，英国商人们建立( ) ，标志着现代银行业的兴起和高利贷的垄断地位被打破。 A、汇丰银行 B、丽如银行 C、英格兰银行 D、渣打银行 17. 下列( ) 不属于商业银行的现金资产。 A、库存现金 B、准备金 C、存放同业款项 D、应付款项 18. 商业银行在经营过程中会面临各种风险，其中，由于借款人不能按时归还贷款人的本息而使贷款人遭受损失的可能性的风险是（）。 A、国家风险 B、信用风险 C、利率风险 D、汇率风险
国际金融学课后思考题 第一章开放经济下地国民收入账户与收支账户 从国民收入账户角度看，开放经济与封闭经济有哪些区别？ 封闭条件下，国民收入包括私人消费、私人储蓄、政府税收.当经济地开放性仅限于商品地跨国流动时，国民收入还需包括贸易账户余额.当经济地开放性发展到资本、劳动力地国际流动时，国民收入被加以区分..国内生产总值，是以一国领土为标准，指地是在一定时期内一国居民生产地产品与服务地总值.国民生产总值，是以一国国民为标准，指地是在一定时期内一国居民生产地产品与服务总值.国民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上本国从外国取得地净要素收入. 如何完整理解经常账户地宏观经济含义？ 贸易账户余额与经要素收入之和被称为经常账户余额，它在开放经济中居于重要地地位.对经常账户可以从不同角度展开分析：从进出口地角度看，经常账户反映了一国地国际竞争力水平.从国内吸收地角度看，经常账户反映了以国国民收入与国内吸收之间地关系.从国际投资头寸地角度看，经常账户带来了一国国际投资头寸地变化，同时它又受到国际投资头寸状况地影响.从储蓄与投资地角度看，经常账户反应了一国储蓄与投资之间地差额，当私人地投资与储蓄比较稳定时，经常账户反映了政府地财政收支行为. 对一国经济地开放性进行衡量地基本原理是什么？衡量经济开放性地工具是国际收支.国际收支是指一国居民与外国居民在一定时期内各项交易地货币价值总和.国际收支是一个流量概念，它反映地内容是交易，其范围限于居民与非居民之间地交易.DXDiT。 国际收支账户各个组成部分之间存在什么关系？ 国际收支账户地账户设置包括经常账户、资本与金融账户、错误与遗漏账户.经常账户记录地是世纪资源地国际流动，它包括货物、服务、收入和经常转移.资本与金融账户是记录资产所有权国际流动行为地账户，其中资本账户包括转移及非生产、非金融资产地收买和放弃；金融账户包括直接投资、证券投资、其他投资、官方储备. 经常账户余额与贸易账户余额之间地关系：经常账户余额与贸易账户余额之间地差别体现在收入账户余额地大小上. 资本与金融账户和经常账户之间地关系：不考虑错误与遗漏因素时，经常账户中地余额必然对应着资本与金融账户在相反方向上地数量相等地余额. 国际收支平衡地含义是什么？它可以从哪些角度进行观察？ 国际收支平衡指一国国际收支净额即净出口资本流出额为.国际收支为狭义地国际收支和广义地国际收支，狭义地国际收支指一国在一定时期内对外收入和支出地总额，广义地国际收支不仅包括外汇收支，还包括一定时期地经济交易，收支相等称为国际收支平衡，否则不平衡.对国际收支进行分析主要是从特定账户余额地状况及它与其他账户余额关系地角度入手.经常账户和金融与资本账户之间存在地融资关系是理解国际收支平衡与否地关键，这一融资关系地发生机制、具体形式决定了国际收支地不同性质.贸易账户余额、经常账户余额、综合账户余额都有着不同地分析意义，都可在一定程度上用于衡量国际收支状况. 第二章开放经济下地国际金融活动 什么是国际金融市场？它由哪些部分组成？ 国际金融市场是指资金在国际进行流动或金融产品在国际进行买卖和交换地场所，它是开放经济运行地重要外部环境. 国际金融市场由：外国金融市场、欧洲货币市场与外汇市场这三部分组成. 什么是国际资金流动？简述国际资金流动迅速发展地成因. 国际资金流动是指与实际生产、交换没有直接联系，以货币金融形态而存在于国际地资本流动.迅速发展地成因：主要是国际巨额金融资产地积累以及各国对资本流动管制放松共同作
第十五章课后答案翻译 1. a 如果你持有多头：价值为s 的股票为基础资产发行的，执行价格为E的欧式卖出期权的收益曲线为： PUT OPTION PAYOFF DIAGRAM O00Q0OG0O0Q ◎希a7'&s 卑 3N 1 1 I 专 恳 霆 3 IP 1 70 F 簿。 O SO 4-0 ?O 1 QO 1 ZO 1 40 1 10 HO 50 70 0 0 1 1 c> 11 3 0 11 50 STOCK PRICE AT EXPIRATION DATE
b. 如果你持有空头：价值为s的股票为基础资产发行的，执行价格为E的欧式卖出 期权的收益曲线为： Short a Put 2. 持有一份欧式卖出期权和一份欧式买入期权的投资组合的收益图（E= 100）: n °Long a Call and a Put a a Straddle i 3. a?为了保证你至少能够收回你初始的一百万美元，你需要投资孔000，000和000， 000 $961,538.46 1 r f 1 .04 在till股票上。 你可以购买 $1,000,000 $961,538.46 $38,461.54 4807 69 .08 100 8 . 的期权。 104股指的报酬线斜率是4807.69,正如图表所显示的 B. Probability of Globalex Stock In dex cha nge0.50.250.25 n
Perce ntage cha nge of Global Stock in dex12%40%-20% Next Year's Globalex Stock In dex11214080 Payoff of 4807.69 shares of optio ns38461.52173076.80 Payoff of your portfolio103846211730771000000 Portfolio rate of return 3.85%17.31%0 4. a.要复制一个面值为100美元的纯贴现债券，应买一份股票：其欧式买入期权价格和欧式卖出期权价格均为100。 b. S = $100, P = $10, and C = $15. E/(1+r) = S + P- C $100/(1+r) = $100 + $10 - $15 = $95 r = 100/95 -1 =0 .053 or 5.3% c. 如果1年期无风险利率小于b的答案，则说明纯贴现债券的价格过高，人们便会通过便宜购买综合性产品(一份其欧式买入期权价格和欧式卖出期权价格均为100的股票)来替换价格较高的纯贴现债券以从中套利。 5 ?用P = -S + E/(1+r)T + C这个表达式来表示卖出期权 S是股价，P是卖出的执行价，C是买入期权的价格，E是执行价格，既然政府债券是以9855日元每10000日元的价格出售，这就是计算执行价格现值的贴现率，而无须用风险利率进行折现。 用平价的替代等式来计算，我们可以得到： P = 2,400 + 500 x .9855 +2,000 = 92.75 yen 6. a根据卖出—买入平价，Gekko投资组合中买入期权的价格： C = S E/(1+r)T + P = $215 $50 X 0 .9901 + $25 = $190.495 b. Gekko 的投资组合的总价值：10 x $990.10 + 200 x $190.495 = $48,000 而300 股股票的总价值：$64,500。所以我们应该拒绝Gekko的提议。 7. a利用卖出-买入平价，我们可以如下推算出美国政府债券的收益率大概为8.3 6%:购买股票，卖出期权以及卖出买入期权的投资策略与购买一年期面值为E的政府债券是等价的.因此这样的政府债券价格应该是184.57美圆： E心+r)T=S+P-C=500+84.57-400=184.57 1+r=200/184.57=1.0836 r=0.0836 or 8.36% b当前"一价原则"被破坏,利用这一状况进行套利的方法有很多种.由于现行收益率是9%而复制投资组合中隐含的利率却是8.36%,所以我们可以卖出复制投 资组合,并投资于政府债券?比如说,在现行价格下，卖出一个单位的包括卖出期权和一股股票的投资组合并签下一份买入期权，就可以马上获得184.57美圆.你卖出去的投资组合从现在起每年将减少你200美圆的应收帐款?但如果你将184. 57投资于1年期政府债券，从现在起每年你将获得1.09*184.57=201.18美圆.因此,你将赚取无风险收入1.18美圆,并且无须你掏出一分钱. 8. 我们通过构造一个综合性卖出期权为卖出期权定价.我们卖出部分股票(卖出的 股票的比例为a),并借入无风险借款b美圆.用S表示股票价格,P表示卖出期权的价
第一章习题练习 (一)单项选择题 1．实物货币就是指() A 没有内在价值得货币 B 不能分割得货币 C 专指贵金属货币 D 作为货币其价值与普通商品价值相等得货币 2.货币作为价值尺度所要解决得就是() A 实现商品得交换 B 表现特定商品得价值 C 在商品之间进行价值比较 D 使人们不必对商品进行比较 3.商品流通与物物交换得区别在于() A 前者包括许多商品得交换。 B 前者就是指以货币为媒介得商品交换得总体,后者则就是只包括两种商品。 C 前者就是指以货币为媒介得商品交换得总体,后者则就是不以某种商品为媒介得各种商品之间得交换。 D前者就是指不以货币为媒介得商品交换得总体,后者则就是没有货币得两种商品之间得交换。 4.劣币就是指实际价值()得货币。 A 等于零 B 等于名义价值 C 高于名义价值 D 低于名义价值 5.本位货币就是指() A 一个国家货币制度规定得标准货币 B 本国货币当局发行得货币 C 以黄金为基础得货币 D 可以与黄金兑换得货币 6.金银复本位制就是() A 金银比价由政府与市场共同决定得金银两本位制。 B 金银得比价由市场决定得金银两本位制。 C 金银得比价由政府规定得金银两本位制。 D 金银比价由银行决定得金银两本位制。 7.跛行本位制就是指() A 银币得铸造受到控制得金银两本位制。 B 金币得铸造受到控制得金银两本位制。 C 以金币为本位货币得金银两本位制。 D 以银币为本位货币得金银两本位制。 8.纸币本位币制就是指() A 银行券为本位货币 B 可以自由兑换黄金得货币为本位货币 C 信用货币为本位货币 D 纸币为本位货币 9.典型得金本位制就是() A 金块本位制 B 金汇兑本位制 C 虚金本位制 D 金币本位制 10.本位货币在商品流通与债务支付中具有()得特点。 A 有限法偿 B 无限法偿 C 债权人可以选择就是否接受 D 债务人必须支付 (二)多项选择题 1.相对于银本位制,金银两本位制有如下优点:() A 有利于金银币币值得稳定 B 货币得发行准备更充分 C 货币币材更为充分
华侨大学金融市场学课件习题答案—科目老师：刘卫红（希望以后修这门的同学计算方面会轻松点儿） 来源： 金融市场习题答案 1、某公司发行面额为100万元的商业票据融资，发行折扣为5720元，期限为60天，则该票据投资者的实际收益率为多少？ 2、假设某投资者以994280元的价格购买了上例中面额为100万的商业票据，在持有30天后将其出售，此时市场利率为5%，则该商业票据的市场价格为多少？该投资者的实际收益为多少？ ?元 实际收益=995850.62-994280=1570.62元 3、某银行发行大额可转让存单，面值50万元，存单利率5%，期限270天，某投资者持有该存单4个月后出售，出售时市场利率为4%，计算存单的转让价格。 4、某证券的回购价格为100万元，回购利率为5.5%,回购期限7天,则该证券的售出价格是多少? 回购利息=回购价格×回购利率×回购天数/360=100万×5.5%×7/360=1069.44元，售价=100万 -1069.44=998930.56元 5、假定某投资者以6.75%的利率投资于5天期限的再购回协议,协议金额为2500万元,该投资者的收益为多少?如果该投资者与借款人签订的是连续再购回协议,5天后终止该合同,假定5天中每天的再购回利率分别为6.75%,7%,6.5%,6.25%,6.45%,这一连续协议的总利息收入为多少? 投资收益=2500万×6.75%×5/360=2.344万 总利息收入=2500万×（6.75%+7%+6.5%+6.25%+6.45%）×1/360=2.29万 1、息票债券的票面利率为8%，面值1000元，距到期日还有5年，到期收益率为7%，在下列情况下分别求债券的现值。（1）每年付息一次；（2）半年付息一次；（3）每季度付息一次 （1）
第一章货币与货币制度 一、填空题 1、双本位制下，金币和银币是按照比价流通的。 2、在不兑现货币流通时期，确定单位货币价值就是确定本币单位的， 或确定与关键货币的固定比价。 3、由国家准许铸造并符合规定重量和成色的金属货币称为_______ ____。 4、货币的支付手段职能产生于商品的。 5、在金本位制下，一国汇率的波动界限是。 6、存储于银行电子计算机系统内可利用银行卡随时提取现金或支付的存款货币 称为。 7、货币金本位制有_______ _____、金块本位和金汇兑本位三种形式。 8、信用货币作为交换媒介的两个条件是：和立法保障。 9、代替金属货币流通并可随时兑换为金属的货币称为___ _______。 10、在一次支付中，如果超过规定数额，收款人有权拒绝接收的货币为有限法偿 货币。它主要是针对而言的。 11、货币作为一般等价物具有两个基本特征：一是它是衡量一切商品价值的工具， 二是它具有与一切商品的能力。 12、大陆地区的人民币，由国家授权统一发行与管理。 13、现代经济中信用货币的发行主体是。 14、流通中的货币种类可以区分为主币和。 15、持有人可以随时向签发银行兑换相应金属货币的一种凭证，是。 16、扩大的价值形式发展到一般价值形式的重要性在于使商品的直接物物交换变 成了以为媒介的间接交换。 二、单项选择题 1、本位货币是（） A、被规定为标准的、基本通货的货币 B、本国货币当局发行的货币 C、以黄金为基础的货币 D、可以与黄金兑换的货币 2、“格雷欣法则”这一现象一般发生在（） A、银本位制 B、跛行本位制 C、双本位制 D、平行本位制 3、历史上最早的货币制度是( )。 A、金本位制 B、银本位制 C、金银复本位制 D、金块本位制 4、金币可以自由铸造，自由输出入，自由兑换的的货币制度是（） A、银本位制 B、金币本位制 C、金块本位制 D、平行本位制 5、如果金银的法定比价为1：13，而市场比价为1：15，这时，充斥市场的将是( )。 A、银币 B、金币 C、金币和银币 D、都不是 6、“劣币驱逐良币规律”一般发生在（）。 A、银本位制 B、平行本位制 C、双本位制 D、金币本位制 7、在货币产生过程中，商品价值形式最终演变的结果是（） A、简单价值形式 B、扩大价值形式
★如何理解货币的支付手段 货币执行支付手段职能有以下特点： (1)作为支付手段的货币，是作为补充交换行为的一个环节。此时，等值的商品和货币在交换过程的两极不再同时出现，货币不再是交换的媒介。 (2)支付手段除了服务于商品流通外，还服务于其他经济行为。 (3)就媒介商品流通而言，流通手段职能是即期购买，而支付手段是跨期购买 (4)支付手段是在存在债权债务关系下发挥的作用。 (5)支付手段的发展，使商品生产者之间形成了一个很长的支付链条，一旦某个商品生产者不能按期还债，就会引起连锁反应，严重时会引起大批企业破产，造成货币危机。 ★简述金属货币制度的主要构成要素 1.规定货币材料：货币材料简称币材，是指用来充当货币的物质。 2.规定货币单位：货币单位的规定主要有两个方面:(!)是规定货币单位的名称;(2)是确定货币单位的值。 3.规定流通中的货币种类：规定流通中的货币种类，主要是指规定主币和辅币。主币就是本位币，是一个国家流通中的基本通货，一般作为该国法定的价格标准。 4.对货币法定支付偿还能力的规定,即规定货币是无限法偿还是有限法偿。 5.规定货币铸造发行的流通程序：在金属货币流通条件下，辅币都是由国家限制铸造的 6.规定货币发行准备制度：货币发行准备制度是指中央银行在货币发行时须以某种金属或某几种形式的资产作为其发行货币的准备，从而使货币的发行与某种金属或某些资产建立起联系和制约关系。 ★简述信用货币制度的主要特点 1.现实经济中的货币都是信用货币，主要由现金和银行存款构成。 2.现实中的货币都是通过金融机构的业务投入到流通中去的，这与金属货币通过自由铸造进入流通已有本质区别。 3.国家对信用货币的管理调控成为经济正常发展的必要条件。 ★如何理解货币的两个最基本的职能. 价值尺度和流通手段是货币的基本职能。 价值尺度:货币在表现和衡量其他一切商品价值时，执行着价值尺度职能。货币执行价值尺度职能具有如下特点。 (1)它是商品的内在价值尺度即劳动时间的外在表现。(2)它可以是观念上的货币(3)它具有完全的排他性、独占性。(4)货币执行价值尺度职能要通过价格标准这个中间环节来完成。 流通手段:流通手段是指货币在流通中充当交换的媒介。具有以下特点。（1）执行流通手段的货币，必须是现实的货币。(2)不需要有足值的货币，可以用货币符号来代替。(3)包含有危机的可能性。 ★简述商业信用的作用与局限性 作用:在商品交易中，购买方可能暂时缺乏必要的货币资本，如果没有商业信用，这种联系就会中断;如果卖方有能力提供商业信用，生产和流通过程就会通畅。正是通过这种可以分散决策的商业信用活动，润滑着整个生产流通过程，从而促进经济的发展。 局限性:首先，是商业信用规模的局限性。其次，是商业信用方向上的局限性。再次，是商业信用期限上的局限性。
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS FINANCE? Objectives ?Define finance. ?Explain why finance is worth studying. ?Introduce the main players in the world of finance—households and firms—and the kinds of financial decisions they make. Outline 1.1 Defining Finance 1.2 Why Study Finance? 1.3 Financial Decisions of Households 1.4 Financial Decisions of Firms 1.5 Forms of Business Organization 1.6 Separation of Ownership and Management 1.7 The Goal of Management 1.8 Market Discipline: Takeovers 1.9 The Role of the Finance Specialist in a Corporation Summary Finance is the study of how to allocate scarce resources over time. The two features that distinguish finance are that the costs and benefits of financial decisions are spread out over time and are usually not known with certainty in advance by either the decision-maker or anybody else. A basic tenet of finance is that the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy people’s consumption preferences. Economic organizations such as firms and governments exist in order to facilitate the achievement of that ultimate function. Many financial decisions can be made strictly on the basis of improving the tradeoffs available to people without knowledge of their consumption preferences. There are at least five good reasons to study finance: ?To manage your personal resources. ?To deal with the world of business. ?To pursue interesting and rewarding career opportunities. ?To make informed public choices as a citizen.