Lesson 1 China’s Foreign Trade(中国的对外贸易)
二、重点词组：
1、link 连接（这里为往来）*
2、pattern 模式、结构*
3、substantially 相当大的、重大的*
4、in return for 作为…地交换
5、manufactured goods 工业产品
6、capital equipment /goods 资本设备/货物
7、industrialization programme 工业项目
8、heavy industry 重工业
9、produced gains in 从… 中获利*
10、economic imbalances 经济失衡
11、national income 国民收入
12、contract 收缩、下降
13、aid 援助
14、shift away form …towards 从…转移到…*
15、consistent theme 一贯的主题
16、strong emphasis placed on 强调、重视
17、trade relating 贸易往来
18、fell sharply 急剧下降（下滑）
19、grown rapidly 迅速增长*
20、sign in 签订
21、in the wake of 在…之后
22、normalization of diplomatic relations 外交关系正常化
23、come into force 生效*
24、most-favored nation treatment最惠国待遇
25、accounted for 占……*
26、category 种类*
27、item 项目
28、US dollar value of 以美元计算的
29、increased at an average rate of平均以……比率增长*
30、per annum 每年
31、visible trade surplus 有形贸易余额
32、rise sharply 迅速上升、猛增*
33、play a major role 起重要作用*
34、undue strain 沉重负担
35、a net grain exporter 粮食净出口国*
36、pattern 模式*
37、reverse 逆转，相反
38、jump 暴涨*
39、visible trade account 有形贸易收支
40、in deficit 赤字、逆差*
41、buoyant 趋于上升*
42、attribute to 归因于……
43、re-reported 再出口*
44、leading 最主要的*
45、decline 下降、减少*
46、supplier 供应者*
47、industrial country 工业化国家
48、expect 期望*
49、boost 推动、提高*
50、recovered strongly 很大恢复*
51、introducing advanced technology of 向…引进先进技术*
52、sophistication 精密、尖端
53、invisible account 无形贸易收支
54、balance of payments 国际收支
55、earnings 收益、收入*
56、current account 经常项目
57、in /trade surplus 处于/贸易顺差、有盈余*
58、reserves 储备、储量*
59、the balance 收支平衡*余额
60、specializes in 专门从事*
61、balance 平衡*
62、earnings and requirements 收入和需求
63、run-down 减少、缩减*
64、as a means of 作为
65、international economic co-operation 国际经济合作
66、mount 举行、进行
67、trade fairs 商品展销会
68、practice 惯例
69、compensation trade 补偿贸易
70、raw materials 原材料
71、in return 作为报答
72、barter 易货贸易
73、counter-trade 反向贸易
74、a series of 一系列
75、designed to 旨在
76、joint venture 合资企业
77、The China International Trust Investment Corporation(CITIC)中国国际信托投资公司
78、transfer 转让*
79、for the time being 目前、暂时
80、direct investment 直接投资
81、access 接近的机会、享用权*
82、the international capital markets 国际资本市场
83、commercial terms 商业条件
84、compile 收集、汇集
85、OECD 经济合作和发展组织
86、Bank for International Settlements国际清算银行
87、bulk 绝大部分、主体
88、in the short-term 从短期来看
89、over the longer term 从长期来看
90、representative offices 办事处
91、raw materials 原材料
92、Central Bank 中央银行
93、customs duties 关税
94、EEC 欧共体
95、Comecon 经互会
三、课后问题：
1、What’s the meaning of “the pattern of China’s foreign trade”?
“The pattern of China’s foreign trade” refers chiefly(主要的) to the commodity
structure of China’s foreign trade and her trade partnership with the world.
2、What kind of clause is intr oduced by “when” in the sentence of the third paragraph, section 1?
An adverbial (状语) clause or an attributive (定语) one?
An attributive clause
3、“Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese
economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain （过度负担）on the national economy.”(中国政府认识到，国外技术对本国经济现代化作用重大，这使1978年中国的进口额增长了50%以上，结果国民经济背上了沉重的负担。)
Why did the more than 50% rise in imports of 1978 place undue strain on China’s national economy?
More foreign exchanges(外汇) is required for more imports. All sections of China’s national economy would have to work harder and better to export and earn more for the imports increased.
4、What’s “a net grain exporter(粮食净出口国)”? Does it mean one who has never done any
imports?
“A net grain exporter” should be one who has done both imports and exports of the item, but finally exported more than imported within a period of time.
5、“The strong increase in imports last year is att ributed to buoyant economic activity as well as to
the success of the Government’s trade and foreign investment policies.”(去年进口额的大大增加不仅是由于政府贸易政策与对外投资政策的成功，而且是由于趋于上升的经济。)
What did China’s foreign investment policies have to do with（与…有关）her strong increase in imports?
Foreign capital（外资）has flowed into (流入)China mostly in the form of foreign industrial investors to set up production facilities（生产设备）locally（在地方上，本地）together with their Chinese partners or alone. For production efficiency（效率）and other reasons, as a rule they bring in technology and equipment from abroad to equip（装备）themselves. Thus （因此）it would result in a rise in imports. 6、“Chinese officials stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry,
but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication, not necessarily for advanced technology as the term is understood in the West.”(中国官员强调向国内工业部门引进国外先进技术的重要性，但他们需要是不同先进程度的技术，而不是一定需要西方国家所理解的那种纯粹的先进技术。)
What’s the implication （含义）of the underlined part of the paragraph quoted（引用）above?
China is a developing country with her own economic condition. In introducing advanced technology into our country, we would first choose those most needed and applicable(可适用的) at the present stage（阶段，时期）of our economic development.
7、“The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large mounts of external debt until a
number of practical bottlenecks in the economy ,such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints, have been tackled.(在经济中的许多实际障碍——如运输能力不足和能源缺乏——被克服之前，中国政府不赞成招来大笔外债的做法。)
Why did China refuse to borrow more until their transport capacity and energy supply have further increased?
China’s financial borrowing is for industrialization and modernization. Without well-developed transport network and enough energy supply, however, industry and the entire(整个的，全部的) economy could not be further（促进，更多的）expanded(扩大的，展开的) successfully. Therefore （因此）, it’s no time for borrowing them then, which could not be effectively（有效的）used and result only in heavy interest payment.
8、“China’s access to（有权使用）substantial （大量的）sums of money from the World Bank also
reduces the need to borrow on commercial terms.”（中国可以在世界银行中借贷巨额资金，这减少了中国以商业条件进行接待的数量）
What does “borrow on commercial terms” imply（暗示）here? And why does China prefer loans from the World Bank?
“Commercial” carries(意味) the meaning of having profit –making as the aim.（以获得利润为目标）“To borrow on commercial terms” is to borrow at the regular business interest rates (without any special favor received from the bank). China borrows from the World Bank Group for lower interest rates and other favorable conditions
Lesson 2 China’s Absorption of Foreign Direct Investment (中国吸引外商直接投资)
二、重点词组：
1、section 部分
2、roll up 卷起
3、bamboo curtain 竹幕
4、The special economic zone 经济特区
5、coastal city 沿海城市
6、incentive 鼓励*
7、provincial capital 省会
8、attract 吸引*
9、assemble 汇集，形成
10、piecemeal 逐渐
11、the State Council 国务院
12、albeit 尽管
13、promulgate 颁布
14、even as 正在…时候
15、battle with 与…斗争
16、in an effort to fulfil 努力实现
17、do business with 与…做生意
18、growing 变得*
19、showpiece 典范，样板*
20、introduce…into向……引进……*
21、in particular 特别
22、standard of living 生活水平
23、aspire to 渴望
24、take note of 注意到
25、sales 销售的*
26、taken literally 从字面上理解
27、this does not make much sense没有多大实际意义
28、infrastructure 基础设施
29、cope with 履行、应付
30、transfer…to…传入，传到
31、share with 分享
32、inner regions 内地
33、foreign-exchange reserves 外汇储备
34、repay 偿还*
35、upgrade 改善、提高*
36、capital stock 实际资本、股本
37、combined 结合、和*
38、preferential 优惠的*
39、due…to…由于
40、intensity 激烈、强烈*
41、couple with 和、加上
42、from scratch 白手起家、从零开始
43、estate 地产*
44、joint venture 合资企业
45、cooperative enterprise 合作企业
46、wholly foreign-owned operation 外商独资企业
47、operation 企业*
48、consumer goods 消费品
49、capital goods 资本货物
50、customs duties 进口税
51、uniform 统一的、一致的*
52、plant 全套设备*
53、technical transformation 技术改造
54、readily obtainable 轻易得到
55、prior to 再…之前
56、Economic and Technical Development Zone (ETDZ) 经济技术开发区
57、uniform tax rate 统一税率
58、waive 免除、放弃*
59、profit-remittance 利润汇款
60、preferential tax rate 优惠税率
61、be liable to 应付（税）的*
62、be not entitled to 没有资格、没有权利*
63、authority 权利*
64、municipal government 市政府
65、be well aware of 最知情（清楚）
66、China International Economic Consultants Inc. 中国国际经济顾问有限公司
67、China International Trust an Investment Corp. 中国国际信托投资公司
68、arm 提供*
69、stir up the enthusiasm 调动积极性
70、grassroots units 基层单位
71、rules and regulations 规章制度*
72、comprehensive framework 综合准则
73、it will be some time before the dust settles 等到尘埃落定还需要一段时间*
74、has yet to 有待
75、in the driver’s seat
76、public ownership of the means of production 生产资料公有制
77、means of production 生产资料
78、stock-taking of 对…评估
79、National People’s Congress全国人民代表大会
80、seventh five-year plan 第七个五年计划
三、课后问题：
1、“A clearly confident China has rolled up large section of its bamboo curtain ,declared itself ‘open to the outside world’ and hung signs on nearly all its cities inviti ng foreign investors to come and do serious business.”(一个显然是自信的中国已卷起了一大截竹幕，宣布他要“对外开放”，并几乎在每一个城市都挂出了招牌，欢迎外商前来做正当生意。)
In what is China confident in opening the country to the outside world?
The country is fully confident in he social system(社会体系)——Socialism（社会主义）with Chinese characteristics when China is opened to the outside world though it seems unavoidable（不可避免的）that all sorts of（各式各样的）Western ideas and their way of life are to be brought in together with （加上，和）the inflow of （流入所需资本和技术）the needed capital and technology.
2、“The four special economic zones (SEZs) in Guangdong and Fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities (all former treaty ports) and Hainan island (19“open” areas in all ) have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the fore ign investor.”（广东与福建两省的四个经济特区，14个沿海开放城市（均为以前与清政府的条约所开放的城市，及海南岛（共19个地区）都有为国外投资者特地制定的税收和其他鼓励投资政策。）
What part of the sentence is the word tax here?
Here tax (a noun名词) is used as an attribute to （归因于）modify(修饰) “incentive”.
3、Why was foreign direct investment considered “a real element of competition(真正的竞争因素)” in “the country’s economic-development programme”（在该国的经济发展中）?
At the time of writing the article (1984), the reform(改革) of China’s economic structure just began, and most of her own enterprises were not quite self-responsible（自我负责）yet for gains and losses in their business operation. In contrast（相反）, the enterprises with foreign funds were organized on the principle （法则、原则）of the market economy and they had to be active in competition for survival（生存）, with no “same big pan（平底锅）” to eat from. In this sense(从这种意义上说、在这方面), they were considered “a real element of competition.”
4、Could you find a substitute(代替品) for the word race in “the race to get foreign technology and funds”?（竞相引进国外技术与资金）
drive (n.) 运动
5、“The Chinese … aspire to own color TV sets, refrigerators, trucks, washing machines and better radios, bicycles and clothing.”
What is implied（暗指）by using the word “better”? (Does “better” refer merely（只不过，仅仅）to the quality of goods here, or something more?)
“better” implies that they had already had things like radios, bicycles and clothing, but expected to have better ones.
6、“Even local factories are taking note of the vast potential（潜力）sales in their own domestic market.”(即使当地厂商也注意到其国内市场巨大的销售量潜力)
In what sense is the word sales used in the sentence?
In the given context the meaning of sales is quantities to be sold.
7、How would you paraphrase “taken literally”?(从字面上讲)
If Gu Mu’s statement(陈述) is understood in the word-for-word （逐字的）way.
8、What does “administrative support”(行政支持) in the text refer to?
Administrative setups responsible for(为…负责) absorbing（吸引）foreign direct investment and relevant（有关的）local rules and regulations（官方的规章制度）.
9、W hat is “a well-placed source”?(消息灵通人士)
Source here is used in the sense of a source of information, which might refers to a person or organization, “A well-placed source” should be an official who is well-informed because of his special position.
10、“The central government’s determination to raise the level of industrial technology is clearly behind the decision to open the 14 coastal cities.”（中央政府决心提高工业技术水平显然是作出作出开放14个沿海城市的决定的原因）。
What ‘s your paraphrase(解释) of the above sentence? Does it mean that the “determination” was the reason for the decision?
The reason for the decision was the determination.
11、“The combined industrial output（产量）of the 15 coastal areas is reportedly (据报道)equal to a quarter of the nation’s total.”(据报道，15个沿海市、区的工业产量总和相当于该国工业总产量的四分之一)
What is the meaning of “combined” in the sentence?
Could you find another word to replace it? What is that?
Together
12、“But while the reasons for throwing 19 areas and cities open to foreign investment and technology transfer are clear…”(决心向外国投资与技术转让开放19个区、市的原因是清楚的)“Throwing…open” basically（主要的，基本的）means having… open, doesn’t it? Then what is the difference in meaning between “throwing 19 areas and cities open” and having … open? What more does it mean when the word throw is used?
Throw carries the meaning of doing that with force-determination(果断) in the sentence quoted（提到）above.
13、“…, how the preferential systems will operate (in the 19 open districts) is not (clear).This is due largely to (由于)the intensity(激烈) of compe tition among the 19…(但诸项优惠制度将如何运作，这一点却还不得而知。其主要原因是19个开放地区和城市间的竞争激烈。)
How could “the intensity of competition among the 19”, if there was one, lead to some confusion （混淆）in absorbing foreign direct investment?
According to the author’s own understandin g, as the 19 open areas and cities were competing actively （激烈的）with one another or more foreign direct investment, they made their preferential systems more and more attractive（有吸引力的）and thus complicated（错综的、复杂的）, hard to operate.
14、“This is due lar gely to the intensity of competition among the 19, coupled with （加上）the inexperience of most local authorities both in making decisions and in dealing with the outside world.” (其主要原因是19个开放地区和城市间的竞争激烈, 加上大部分当地政府在决策与处理对外事务方面还缺乏经验。)
What does “coupled” me an here? Could you find some substitutes for it?
Together /along
15、What are “target projects”?(重点工程)
key projects 中点（工程）项目
16、“One official who is well aware of the confusion afflicting both local authorities and foreign investors is Jing Shuping, president of China International Economic Consultants（顾问、咨询）Inc. which is the consultancy arm of the China International Trust and Investment Crop.”(对这一令当地政府与外国投资者都头痛的混淆不轻的问题，中国国际经济咨询有限公司的总裁荆舒平最知情，该公司是中国国际信托投资公司附属的咨询性公司)
What is the meaning of the word “arm” here? Could you find some other word to substitute? Branch(分部)/department（部门）
17、“The time will come when the cities and zones will ask for help in coordinating（协调）their efforts.”（有一天，这些市和区事会寻求援助以协调它们的工作的）
What kind of clause（从句）does “when” introduce? An attributive（定语）or an adverbial （状语）one? Why?
an attributive clause.
18、“…, while a comprehensive framework（综合准则）for the country’s modernization has been provided（提供）by the central committee’s（中央委员会）21 October 1984 decision to reform the economic structure, it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can deal with one another in a systematic way.”(虽然中央委员会1984年10月21日改革经济体制的决定为该国的现代化提供了一个综合的准则，但要等到尘埃落定、要等地方政府与外国投资者能有条不紊的打交道还需要一段时间)
What’s you understanding of “the dust settles”?
The confusion is removed.
19、What’s “stock-taking of the open policy”?(对开放政策评估)
reviewing （回顾、评论）(reexamining复试)of the open policy.
Lesson 3 中国在崛起
二、重点词组：
1、give way to 让路、让步
2、commercial hub 商业活动中心
3、dynamic 有活力*
4、boom 繁荣*
5、reach for 搜查，探寻
6、state council 国务院
7、bounce 反弹*
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
外刊经贸知识选读复习自考
《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 一、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一 税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture
15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待 遇MFN treatment(Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关 系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银 行IBRD(International Bank for Reconstruction and D evelopment) 25. 国际开发协 会IDA(International Development Association) 26. 国际金融公 司IFC(International Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组 织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation an
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。
第7课关于日本的贸易地位 Japan Says No TOKYO Once, when Japan faced pressure from abroad, it would either give in reluctantly or keep quiet and hope that the fuss would die down.No longer, it seems.The Clinton administration strongly believes in exerting such pressure.Its policy is to open some Japanese markets (which it deems to be closed) by setting import targets—an approach to trade policy that supporters call “results-oriented”.This ugly term foreshadows uncertain consequences.Far from capitulating to this new thrust要点，目标of American trade policy, Japan is taking a stand that could lead to a trans-pacific confrontation. 从前，日本面对外来压力时，或者勉强屈服，或者保持沉默，并希望这种压力逐渐消失。但现这种情况已经一去不复返了。克林顿政府热衷于拖加这样的压力（依然认为对日施加贸易压力会有效果。）其政策是通过设定进口指标来打开日本某些市场（美国认为日本某些市场是对外封闭的）——这种方法被其支持者称为“以结果为导向”贸易政策。这种牵强的说法预示着不确定的后果。日本非但没有屈服于美国的强硬贸易政策反而采取了一种可能会导致太平洋双岸对抗的矛盾（美日贸易冲突的立场）。 Japan’s government is deeply opposed to what America’s trade representative, Mickey Kantor, has called a new policy geared to“quantifiable results” for some products.It fears that the demands and threats which are part of any such policy are bound to spread—both within product groups and to new areas of trade.At the summit meeting last month between Bill Clinton and Japan’s prime minister, Kiichi Miyazawa, America insisted that Japan should come up with specific measures that would enable it to meet new import targets.Japan’s government will refuse. 日本政府强烈反对美国贸易代表米奇坎特所称的使某些产品适合“定量结果”的新政策。日本担心美国这种要求和威协只是其强硬贸易政策的部分，而注定要扩散。两者都会扩散到产品整个类别并扩散到新的贸易领域。在上月比尔·克林顿和日本首相宫泽喜一的两国领导人峰会上，美国坚持要求日本拿出满足新的进口指标的具体措施。日本政府将会拒绝这一要求。 Instead, Japan is undertaking着手做a detailed defence of its record on trade.This will first appear in the annual white paper on trade developments due to be published on May 21st by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)—its definitive statement on trade matters.In addition to the customary dry analysis, this year’s edition will put Japan’s side of an argument that has, until now, been dominated by American and European critiques.It follows another MITI report, published this week that takes America, the European Community and other large trading partners to task for指责某人their “unfair trading practices”.Both reports argue for trade governed by multilateral rules and call for the completion of the Uruguay round of trade talks. 相反，日本正为其贸易记录进行具体的辩护。这将首次出现在日本通商产业省将
外刊经贸知识选读翻译题 一、翻译题: 1 p30 In fact, shantou among the SEZs, and some of the 14 coastal cities plus Hainan are not even equipped with administrative support or infrastructure to cope with the responsibilities which the central government has placed on them. 事实上， 经济特区中的汕头，14个沿海城市中的一些城市，再加上海南岛，甚至不具备履行中央政府授予 的职责所需的行政支持或基础设施。 2、p31 But while the reasons for throwing 19 areas and cities open to foreign investment and technology transfer are clear, how the preferential systems will operate in not. 尽管为外资和技术转让而开放19个区域和城市的原因是显而易见的，但 是优惠体制将怎样操作却无从知道。 3、P 63 Clearly, China’s economy is a work in progress, nowhere near realizing the potential of its billion-plus population. 显而易见，中国的经济正处于进展中，距离发挥其10多亿人口的潜力还很遥远。 4、p134 An insistence that Europe and Japan create a “le vel playing field” for trade by agreeing
《外刊经贸知识选读》 第一章 —、术语 1. 制成品manufactured goods 2. 资本货物capital goods 3. 国际收支balance of payments 4. 经常项目current account 5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account 6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account 7. 贸易顺差trade surplus 8. 贸易逆差trade deficit 9. 易货贸易barter 10. 补偿贸易compensation trade 11. 反向贸易counter-trade 12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing 13. 工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax 14. 合资企业joint venture 15. 延期付款deferred payment 16. 买方信贷buyer credit 17. 卖方信贷supplier credit 18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan 19. 最惠国待遇MFN treatment (Most Favored nation treatment) 20. 永久性正常贸易关系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations) 21. 国民收入NI(National Income) 22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product) 23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 24. 国际复兴和开发银行IBRD(lnternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development) 25. 国际开发协会IDA(lnternational Development Association) 26. 国际金融公司IFC(lnternational Finance Corporation) 27. 经济合作和发展组织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 28. 国际清算银行BIS(Bank for International Settlement) 29. 欧洲经济共同体EEC(European Economic Community) 30. 欧洲联盟EU(European Union) 31. 外商直接投资FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) 32. The special Economic Zone 经济特区 33. a well-placed source —位高层消息灵通人士 34. infrastructure 基础设施 35. capital stock 实际资本 36. consumer goods 消费品 37. preferential tax rate 优惠税率 38. cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业 39. ETDZ ( Economic &Technical Development Zone )经济技术开发区 40. entrepreneurship 企业家精神 41. means of production 生产资料 42. stock-taking 评估