外刊经贸知识选读复习(自考)分析

7月全国自考外刊经贸知识选读试题及答案解析全国2018年7月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码：00096I. Choose one answer that best explains the underlined part of the following statements or best completes them:(30%)1.The authorities are willing to permit a run-down in the country’s international reservesover the next few years as a means of accelerating the introduction of foreign technology.【】A. speeding upB. speeding onC. speeding offD. speeding down2.Another 20% worked well, but the remaining 60% should have been scrapped.【】A. improvedB. removedC. stimulatedD. introduced3.Now Zhangjiagang is China’s seventh largest port and a tumultuous construction zone ofhalf-built office buildings and hotels.【】A. tremendousB. enormousC. noisyD. orderly4.Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developingregions in 1991 was especially noteworthy.【】A. determinatingB. toleratingC. improvingD. worsening5.Balanced against that criticism is the positive reaction in Latin America to Mr. Clinton’s embrace of the free trade agreement.【】A. hugB. embarrassC. acceptanceD. balance6.As Europe’s economy has soured, free-market ideas that are new to much of Europe face new challenges.【】A. increasedB. declinedC. sky-rocketedD. tasted7.At the summit meeting, America insisted that Japan should come up with specific measures that would enable it to meet new import targets.【】1A. bring forthB. come acrossC. put offD. reach out8.Fearful that rapidly modernizing Korean rivals will intrude on its foreign and domestic markets, Japan has fought to keep the Koreans from appropriating its technologies.【】A. competitorsB. representativesC. negotiatorsD. dealers9.International consultants who want to secure definite projects at lucrative fees are finding it harder and harder.【】A. lowB. minimumC. highD. profitable10.A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat.【】A. possessB. presentC. provideD. persuade11.With barter, however, debtor nations can continue to import goods while, in effect, concealing export earnings from creditors.【】A. loanersB. borrowersC. ownersD. believers12.However, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo still face a struggle in persuading bottlers across the nation to take the.【】A. offeringB. forcingC. encouragingD. discouraging13.Hong Kong Eggs and Products Company monopolizes the import of Chinese eggs, both fresh and preserved.【】A. confinesB. minimizesC. dominatesD. mobilizes14.You can use credit cards but it’s best to take some currency as well.【】A. couponsB. moneyC. coinsD. dimes15.Lead values moved up to their best level since April last year in the absence of a settlement at Australia’s broken hill lead-zinc-silver mines.【】A. withoutB. withC. asD. through2II. Translate the following phrases into Chinese: (10%)16. counter trade17. means of production18. surplus labour19. debt restructuring20. trade reprisal21. certificate of origin22. currency exchange system23. exclusive contract24. foreign exchange earnings25. primary productsIII. Translate the following phrases into English:(10%)26. 货币市场27. 利息付款28. 试销29. 新兴工业30. 国内需求31. 直接投资32. 供应短缺33. 大规模销售活动34. 供求模式35. 现货市场IV. Read the following passages and answer the following questions in English:(18%)Passage 1The slowdown of the industrial countries in 1991 partly originated in structural problems inherited from the 1980s. Slower growth in Europe in 1991 revealed that unemployment, for instance, was still a structurally problematic area. The unemployment rate in the four largest European economies was 7.8 per cent in 1990, near the peak of the business cycle, and rose to 8.3 per cent in 1991. Financial stress brought on by excessive debt in the household and corporate sectors was an example of another kind of structural problem, in particular for the economies of Japan and the United States. Financial institutions in these two countries adopted more conservative lending policies, curtailing financing of higher-risk projects such as commercial3construction and highly leveraged corporate transactions. A number of weaker institutions were also consolidated through bankruptcy, merger and reorganization.36. What are the two structural problems mentioned in the passage?37. When did the structural problems start?38. What do "conservative lending policies" and "commercial construction" mean?Passage 2The need for reform is clear: Although South Korea’s material achievements are impressive, the development of its political and economic organizations hasn’t kept pace. In recent years, the government has come under more and more pressure from trading partners and has begun to open the gates to foreign investment. There’s also a strong pressu re to keep up the fight against corruption, protect consumers and curtail the power of the huge business organizations that still dominate the economy. Keeping the reform process going and bringing the country’s institutions up to the level of those in advanced countries has become the pivotal agenda of President Kim Young Sam’s government.39. Why is it necessary to reform in South Korea?40. What do "hasn’t kept pace" and "pivotal agenda" mean?41. What is the main consideration of President Kim Young Sam’s government?V. Read the following two passages and decide whether the statements are true or false. Mark T for true and F for false in the brackets given: (20%)Passage 1I’m contemplating applying for my fifty-first job. It’s been a long time since I wasted stamp money this way. In fact, when I reached the fiftieth without success I decided to abandon job hunting and got out my pen to scratch a living instead.But there’s another wildly exciting job in the paper today, "salary ￡22,500—￡26,250 according to age and experience". The good news is the pay, the bad news is that damning little phrase "according to age and experience" which means I won’t get the job.It’s not that I have more age than experience - I’ve led an incident-packed existence. Journalist, company director, wife and mother, market researcher, and now, at thirty-something, I’m trying to use my Cambridge degree in criminology.I’m a victim of the sliding pay-scale. Employers can obtain a fresh 22-year-old graduate to train a lot cheaper than me. Yet I’m the ideal employer: stable, good-humored, child-bearing behind me, looking for 25-plus years of steady pensionable employment.4Ageism is everywhere. It’s much more prevalent than sexism in the job market. It is lagging behind sexism, racism, and handicappism because even the oppressed seem to accept the discrimination. Yet there are many professions that would benefit from the maturity and stability the older entrant can bring.My own pressing concern is to lessen my guilt. I am desperately grateful to the Government for financing me through my university education at a cost of over ￡10, 000. But unless someone gives me a job, how can I pay them back in income tax?Statements:42. The writer is over forty years old. 【】43. She gave up applying for jobs some time ago. 【】44. Employers think that someone of her age is too expensive to employ. 【】45. People don’t get as angry about ageism as about otherforms of discrimination. 【】46. More mature employees would be valuable assets to many professions. 【】Passage 2Consumers are primarily interested in product availability and low price in at least two types of situations. The first is that the demand for a product exceeds supply, as is the case in many Third World countries. There the consumers are more interested in obtaining a product than in its fine quality. The suppliers will concentrate on finding ways to increase production. The second situation is that the product’s cost is high and is to be brought down through increased productivity to exceed the demand. Some service organizations also have the production tendency. Many medical and dental practices are organized by assembly-line principles, as are some government agencies like unemployment offices and license bureaus. While it results in handling many cases per hour, this management orientation is open for charges of impersonality and questionable service quality.Statements:47.Consumers are interested in the quality of a product when demand exceeds supply.【】48.In many Third World countries, consumer demand is not very high. 【】49.If product cost is too high, producers will concentrate on finding ways to reduce production.【】50.Many hospitals and government agencies tend to operate like factories so that they will be more efficient. 【】551.It seems that the author is for the idea of this management orientation.【】VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese: (12%) Now, some Western experts are predicting that China could become the world’s dominant economy early in the 21st century. Many economists believe a standard estimate of China’s per capita gross national product ($370) is already two to three times too low. And former World Bank chief economist Larry Summers recently argued that China could surpass both Japan and the Unit ed States to become the world’s largest economy by 2020.6。

《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料第七章一、术语1．free trade 自由贸易2．trade sanctions 贸易制裁3．fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划managed trade 管理贸易4．trade balance 贸易差额5．multilateral rules 多边规则6．economic cycle 经济周期7．budget deficit 预算赤字8．trade reprisals 贸易报复9. market share市场份额10.White Paper白皮书11.vested interests既得利益12.civil service行政部门13.wholesaler批发商14. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)日本通商产业省15. households save 家庭储蓄16. economic cycle 经济周期17. parts and components 零件、部件、零部件二、词语释义：1. draw the line: set limits; refuse to go as far as or beyond （划定界限；不肯做到或超越某种程度）2. die down: disappear gradually3. foreshadow: is a sign of; represents; indicates4 capitulate to: yield to5. thrust: principal concern or objective6. geared to: adjusted to7. take sb to task for: reprimand sb for; criticize sb for8. is at pains to: makes a great effort to; works hard to9. of its own accord: voluntarily; spontaneously10. export-driven: export-led; export-oriented11. in due course: at the right time12. cave in to: give in to三、句子翻译1. The strongest signal came last week，when Mickey Kanter，(the U.S. trade representative), moved quickly to cite the 12-nation European Community for (“intolerable”discrimination against U.S. companies)seeking government contracts withinthe community. The administrationwill begin retaliating in six weeks ifEC policies remain unchanged.最强的信号来自于上周，美国贸易代表米奇·凯特引用欧共体的话指出，12国欧共体谋求共同体内部的政府间合同是对美国公司的“令人无法忍受的”歧视。

㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀绝密 考试结束前2023年10月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码:00096㊀㊀1.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂㊁写在答题纸上㊂㊀㊀2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂选择题部分注意事项:㊀㊀每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑㊂如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号㊂不能答在试题卷上㊂一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑㊂错涂㊁多涂或未涂均无分㊂1.The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe.A.move awayB.keep awayC.stay awayD.hold away2.The following years,a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.A.bannedB.canceledC.proclaimedD.ceased3.Its boom radiates from Guangdong,its richest province,but it has spread as far west as Xinjiang.A.crisisB.fast growthC.depressionD.fast decrease4.An increase in China s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region.A.forfeitB.loseC.missD.maintain5.The strongest signal came last week,when Mickey Kantor moved quickly to cite the12-nation European Community for intolerable discrimination against panies seeking government contracts with the Community.A.fair treatmentB.different treatmentC.friendly treatmentD.certain treatment6.The European Community s languishing Maastricht Treaty for deeper political and economic integration is the obvious example cited.A.consolidationB.separationC.destructionD.break7.Its policy is to open some Japanese markets by setting import targets.A.refusingB.buildingC.rejectingD.canceling浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第1页(共5页)8.Sooner or later they will begin to lose their edge,much as the U.S.did against Japan.A.inferiorityB.shortcomingC.advantageD.weakness9.In the two years since Iraq was ousted from Kuwait,peace and prosperity have returned to the Gulf region.A.economic policyB.economic stagnationC.economic conflictD.economic growth10.The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight.paniesB.trainingsC.matchesD.banquets11.To secure sales of its F-5jet fighter to the Swiss government,the Northrop Cor.agreed to help the Swiss expand export markets for＄200million worth of goods.A.unsureB.ensureC.waverD.hesitate12.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products.A.give wayB.make blockC.give strikeD.make at13.Fresh hen eggs,however,are the most popular item.A.unmarketableB.saleableC.inactiveD.disgusting14.Prices are in many cases at historical lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.A.lessB.fewerC.excessiveD.short15.Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold.A.steadyB.firmC.fixedD.variable二㊁判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂判断下列各题,在答题卡(纸)相应位置正确的涂 A ,错误的涂 B ㊂Passage1U.S.Is Prepared to See Trade Relations Worsen㊀㊀Some of the Clinton administration s tough talk appears tactical,intended to pressure trading partners into offering concession and to unblock stalled negotiations on several fronts.But it appears that officials are prepared to turn up the temperature on trade and live with the consequences. In some ways,Mr.Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration,which threatened sanctions against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S. companies.The same political pressures from trade hawks in Congress that the Bush officials felt are 浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第2页(共5页)now bearing down on the Clinton team.A broad review of trade policy issues is just beginning within the administration,but officials said the underpinnings of Mr.Kantor s decision were plainly found in Mr.Clinton s trade speeches during the campaign,particularly the demand for open markets abroad.The reactions to these first signals from the Clinton team has been sharply divergent.16.The purpose of Clinton administration s tough talk is to make concession to the trade partners.17.The officials will accept the consequences of tough trade negotiation.18.The trade policy by Clinton team is completely different with to that of Bush s.19.The Community threatened to make trade sanctions to the United States.20.Clinton team faced political pressures from trade hawks in Congress.Passage2Economic Troubles Cloud New Market s FutureBut perhaps the major reason is the dark economic clouds now hanging over Europe.One of the central justifications for the single market was its ability to create greater prosperity,but it is making its debut just as Europe traverses one of its roughest economic storms in years.We are going to wind up1992with just about the same level of unemployed nearly10per cent community wide that we had before this project, says an aide to Mr.Delors.In addition, economic growth is skidding to an anticipated1per cent next year,all of which adds up to consumer and business confidence sinking to the same lows recorded during the pre-single market days of Europessimism.Both EC and independent analysts say that business anticipated the economic benefits of the single market,so that much of the burst of economic activity in preparation for the new market has already occurred.Business investment,which had been flat for the five years preceding the decision in1985to create the single market,soared to a7per cent annual growth rate from1985-1990.21.The economic trouble in Europe is the major reason.22.The single market has brought prosperity to the European economy.23.The unemployment rate was10%in1992.24.The economic growth rate next year is expected to be about1%in European Community.25.Business investment increased at5%growth rate in1990s.浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第3页(共5页)非选择题部分注意事项:㊀㊀用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.合资企业27.外汇储备28.优先权29.国内生产总值30.北美自由贸易协定31.贸易报复32.企业经理人员33.筹措资金34.破坏经济35.经销商四㊁将下列英语单词或词组译成中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.national income37.pipe dream38.container plant39.rental housing40.trade sanctions41.managed trade42.brain trust43.current account44.economic growth45.money market五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage1China s cautious approach to foreign borrowing is to be maintained,at least for the time being. The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.Foreign 浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第4页(共5页)investment is advantageous insofar as it facilitates the transfer of technology and skills and avoids creating an overhang of debt.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy,such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints,have been tackled.China s access to substantial sums of money from the World Bank also reduces the need to borrow on commercial terms.46.What is the meaning of cautious ?47.What are the practical bottlenecks in the context?48.What does borrow on commercial terms imply?Passage2China is reaping the rewards of reforms first launched by Deng Xiaoping in1979.Foreign investment is now welcome.Special Economic Zones are booming.The opening of securities and real-estate markets have created new opportunities.Clearly,China s economy is a work in progress, nowhere near realizing the potential of its billion-plus population.Its gross domestic product last year was,according to the official measure,＄420billion no more than that of southern California. China remains primarily a nation of farmers,and the transition to an industrial free market is much like the traffic on Highway204 unpredictable.Few state-owned firms have been sold,and most are laggard behemoths.Growth is driven by new joint ventures,collectives and private businesses, which now account for more than50%of China s industrial production.49.What is the meaning of opportunities ?50.What is China s GDP last year?.51.Who created half of China's industrial output?六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52.Output for the developing countries advanced by1.9%during1991–comparable to the weak performance they registered in1990.In terms of per capita income,real output in developing countries apparently eased somewhat,by–0.1%.A number of factors some broad-based, others more specific–contributed to the weakness of performance.Despite the slowdown in the industrial countries particularly in the U.S. improvements in economic performance in Latin America were widespread.The region s GDP rose by3.0%in1991,thus reversing the slide in annual per capita income that had taken place over the past decade.Growth rates were in excess of4%in Argentina,Chile,and Mexico and reached a high of9.1%in Venezuela. Policy reforms covering fiscal adjustment,trade and investment liberalization,the financial sector,and public-enterprise restructuring and privatization,supported by debt restructuring, have helped to moderate inflation in the region and strengthen domestic demand.浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第5页(共5页)绝密 启用前2023年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考(课程代码㊀00096)一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂1.A2.C3.B4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.D10.C 11.B12.A13.B14.C15.D二㊁判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂Passage116.B17.A18.B19.B20.A Passage221.A22.B23.A24.A25.B三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.joint venture27.foreign exchange reserves28.preferred status29.GDP(或Gross Domestic Product)30.NAFTA(或North America Free Trade Agreements)31.trade reprisal32.executive33.financing34.wreck the economy35.distributor四㊁将下列英语单词或词组译中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.国民收入37.白日梦38.集装箱工厂39.出租房屋40.贸易制裁41.管理贸易42.智囊团㊀㊀顾问班子43.经常项目44.经济增长㊀㊀经济发展45.货币市场外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考第1页(共2页)五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage146.being careful47.an inadequate transport network and energy constraints48. commercial carries the meaning of having profit-making as the aimPassage249.chance to do something possible50.It was＄420billion.51.new joint ventures,collectives and private businesses六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52.1991年,发展中国家的产出增长了1.9%,与1990年的疲软表现相当㊂就人均收入而言,发展中国家的实际产出明显有所下降,下降了0.1%㊂许多因素 有一些广泛,另一些更具体 导致了业绩的疲软㊂尽管工业国家特别是美国的经济增长放缓,但拉丁美洲的经济表现普遍改善㊂1991年,该地区的GDP增长了3.0%,从而扭转了过去十年来人均年收入的下滑趋势㊂阿根廷㊁智利和墨西哥的增长率超过4%,委内瑞拉的增长率高达9.1%㊂在债务重组的支持下,涵盖财政调整㊁贸易和投资自由化㊁金融部门以及公营企业重组和私有化的政策改革,有助于缓和该地区的通货膨胀,增强内需㊂外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考第2页(共2页)。

全国2018年7月自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码：00096一、单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1. The pattern of China’s foreign trade has changed greatly since the founding of the People’s Republic. ( )A. substantiallyB. initiallyC. secondlyD. commercially2. I declared at the meeting that I did not support him. ( )A. attractedB. prolongedC. transformedD. announced3. China’s special economic zones will still be “special”after the country’s entry to the WTO.( )A. companiesB. areasC. producesD. funds4. Now the world has witnessed China’s emergence and its impact on both the US and the Asia-Pacific region. ( )A. emergencyB. existenceC. appearanceD. distance5. In 1991, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated.( ) A. reversed B. stoppedC. registeredD. consolidated6. An economic confrontation will be destroying in its own way depending on how long it is carried on. ( )A. conflictB. combinationC. consequenceD. connection7. Europe has just traversed one of its roughest economic storms in years.( )A. transmittedB. passedC. transportedD. soured8. Regional and bilateral trade agreements form an integral part of the US approach to international trade policy. ( )A. standB. issueC. wayD. thrust9. There is a trend in an attempt to compete against Microsoft’s dominance in desktop applications. ( )A. rivalB. reachC. outstripD. forge10. The UAE remains wary about Iraq’s threat to Kuwait and, therefore, to the Gulf.( ) A. massive B. parallelC. reasonableD. watchful11. A business tax cut is needed to spur industrial investment. ( )A. stimulateB. squanderC. surpriseD. sustain12. Dealers continue to secure parts sales from aftermarket (配件市场) channels.( ) A. exert B. flourishC. acquireD. subsidize13. This measure aims to support commercial promotion in order to increase enterprise competitiveness in thefield. ( )A. placeB. pushC. pressureD. pull14. It could make sense to subsidize the preschool activities of children of poor families since these children maywell receive inadequate care without such subsidies. ( )A. supportB. provideC. supplyD. furnish15. The UN Terrorism Prevention Branch describes various types of conventional terrorist weapons. ( )A. transitionalB. tropicalC. translationalD. traditional二、将下列词组译成中文（本大题共10小题，每小题1 分，共10分）16. compensation agreement17. test market18. currency movement19. security20. good resistance21. tough policy22. impose import23. Special Drawing Right24. GNP (gross national product)25. per capita income三、将下列词组译成英文（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）26. 最惠国待遇27. 贸易顺差28. 硬通货29. 银行兼并30. 易于变卖的资产31. 闭关自守的国家32. 贸易谈判33. 据粗略估计34. 中国出口商品交易会35. 外汇储备四、简答题（本大题共6小题，共18分）Passage 1If there is a road to China’s future, Highway 204 out of Shanghai is it. Along its two dusty lanes, local trucks and buses jockey with Cadillacs driven by financiers from Taiwan and Hong Kong investors. Migrant workers crowd the narrow shoulders. Factories line the highway, producing sneakers, toys, plastics, clothes, aircraft components and medical equipment. Eventually industry gives way to ricefields, which is being dug up to build still more factories. Cranes turn overhead as dump trucks and cement mixers nose onto the road. Outside the town of Jiading, one tractor-trailer leaves Asia’s largest container plant every three minutes, carrying goods bound for the Shanghai docks.36. What does “it” in the first sentence refer to? What does the sentence “the local trucks and buses jockey withCadillacs” imply?37. What do “eventually” and “give way to” mean respectively in the passage?38. Where is the biggest container plant in Asia situated? Where are the tractor-trailors going?Passage 2Gold: lower. after coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of South Africa, values declined in line with platinum and New York advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with New York as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the U.S. budget trade and a cut in the bank of Japan’s discount rate.39. W hat were “New York advices”?40. What happened to the gold price when the dollar strengthened?41. What brought about the strength of the dollar according to the passage?五、正误判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）Passage 1Every market activity is an investment in time, energy and money. Few companies would spend a large sum of money on, say, a purchase of capital equipment without a full investigation into why it is needed, the choices available, and the expected return. Yet every year the vast majority of companies invest a large amount of money in marketing actions without knowing what their financial worth to the company or likely return will be. By introducing the disciplines arising from market planning, a company should be able to ensure that the costs of marketing planning show a reasonable return and are calculated in the same way as all other business investments.Many managers believe that the costs of marketing form an additional expense. Whilst it is true that many companies use certain tools of marketing for this purpose, it is also true that the most successful companies accept marketing as an essential part of the company’s total commercial operation, for it is an essential cost in the same way as production or finance.Companies often avoid planning marketing procedures in detail because of the effort needed to express their forward policy in a written form. In fact, the manager who spends his time on dealing with current administrative detail is almost certain to have ignored proper planning in the past. For, if properly prepared, the marketing plan will contain sufficient details of the company’s policy and operational strategy for the work to be done by an assistant.For a marketing-oriented activity to produce lasting results, the entire operation has to be systematically planned. By producing basic information in written form and establishing aims for the future, the company is creating standards against which actual performance can be measured. Documentation of detailed policy actions then provides the basis for controlling the company’s operation. Future trends may be predicted through the investigation of all factors likely to influence company results.42. The purpose of this article is to discuss every market activity. ( )43. It is reasonable for companies to expect return for their expense in marketing.( ) 44. The most successful companies believe that marketing forms an additional expense.( )45. In order to make a good marketing plan, it is necessary to focus on current administrative detail. ( )46. As marketing creates standards to measure actual performance, it will produce lasting results.( )Passage 2Apart from the various subsidies governments offer to their exporters, governments also refund to their exporters the product tax, the import tariff of the components of the exported finished products. This is justifiable as they are finally to be borne by the customers in the importing nations and so the funding is not taken as a kind of subsidy. Now the average product tax refunding rate of the exported products in China is about lower than 10%.Developing nations can also adjust down the exchange rate of their currencies with foreign currencies to encourage export. This is sometimes very effective because it means to reduce prices of their goods in foreign markets. But this will also mean great loss in paying off the foreign loans and shatter the standing of their currencies in international financial markets.Nations also negotiate among themselves to ease the trade among them. They might reach various trade agreements. The present trend is regional economic integration, of which the first stage is free trade area, within which the international flow of goods is free of tariff imposition. North American Free Trade Area is such an instance. The second stage is tariff union, within which the countries not only adopt free trade policy but also united tariff system. Caribbean Community is such an example. The third stage is common market, which is more integrated in that it also allows free flow of labor and capital within this area. Finally, there is economic union, which requires its member countries to adopt uniform economic systems, such as those in finance and social welfare. They will also use the same currency.47. Product tax is a kind of government subsidy.( )48. The customers who buy the imported goods from China pay 10% less of the tariff.( ) 49. By lowering the exchange rate of its currency, the country can market its goods at a lower price in the importing country. ( )50. Adjusting down the exchange rate will sometimes make the currency less strong.( ) 51. All the forms of economic integration across the border aim at keeping trade balances.( ) 六、翻译题（本大题12分）Clearly, China’s economy is a work in progress, nowhere near realizing the potential of its billion-plus population. Its gross domestic product last year was, according to the official measure, $420 billion —no more than that of southern California. China remains primarily a nation of farmers, and the transition to an industrial free market is much like the traffic on Highway 204—unpredictable. Few state-owned firms have been sold, and most are laggard behemoths. Growth is driven by new joint ventures, collectives and private businesses, which now account for more than 50 per cent of China’s industrial production.。

2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外刊经贸知识选读考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Will you _________ playing basketball?A.join us inB. join toC. join us toD. to join us2.Our teachers made us ________a lot of homework after school.A.to doB.doingC.doD.to have done until seven o clock.3.The cost of the various repairs amounts __________ total to just over a hundred pounds.A. toB.inC.byD.for4.His whole school education ________ only 2 years because of his illness.A.added upB.added up inC. added up toD.was added up5.I don't know_________.B.how I could finish my homework on timeC.I can how finish my homework on the timeD.how I can finish my homework on time6.________, the first settlers found in New Zealand many strange birds and animals that exist nowhere else in the world.A.As in AustraliaB.As AustraliaC.Like in AustraliaD.Like Australia7.The storm died away at last with the golden waves __________ the shore in peace.A.beatB.to beatC.beatingD. beaten8.I don ’ t want to buy the sweater because I don ’ t like the color. __________, it is too expensive.A.ExceptB.Except forC.HoweverD.Besides9.You should try to write __________ eve n when you ’ re busy. As you know, pract ice makes perfect.A.now and thenB.more or lessC.sooner or laterD.here and there10.We are living a_____A.stillB.quietC.calmD.silent11.When Bob woke up he found himself in hospital, but he didn t __________.A.came aboutB. came outC. came along12.The world ’ s smallest baby, a __________ girl weighed just 24 grams when she was born .A.three monthsB.three-month-oldC.three months oldD.three-months-old13.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain __________ good knowledge of basic word formation.A./B.theC.aD.one14.John said he would pay __________ second visit to China __________ next month.A.the; /B. the; theC.a; theD.a; /15.I __________ the movie, but now I hardly remember it. Can you remind me of its name?A.may seeB. can seeC. may have seenD. can ’ t have seen16.Are you _________ your classmates well?A.getting alongB.get long withC.getting long withD.getting along with life in the country.17.--- Have you moved into the new house? --- Not yet. The rooms __________.A.are paintingB.are being paintedC.are paintedD.have painted18.—You look very pale. You __________ very tired. —I didn ’ t sleep at all last night.A.must beB. must have been19.I want your_________, sir. I don t know what to do.A.advicesB.piece of advicesC.adviceD.advise20.For some reason, it __________ all day over the two weeks.A.rainedB.rainsC.was rainingD.has been raining第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.You look not a bit older than you did 5 years ago. How do you __________so young?A.changeB.growC.becomeD.stay2.At this moment the bell rang, ________ the end of class.A.announcedB.. having announcedC.announcingD.to announce3.Mr. Smith is in good health now for it is quite a long time since he __________.A.not smokedB.smokedC. has smokedD.began to smoke4.I _________when I was a young girl.C.made diariesD.kept diaries5.It's seven thirty. I_________ go to school.A.have gotB.have got toC.got toD.had got to6.Where was __________ you met with the famous scientist?A.it thatB.itC.the placeD.there7.No one _________of it.A.dared to speakingB.dared speakC. can dared speakD.dare speaking8.This is the first time that I_________ at the meeting.A. had spokenB. have spokenC.amD. was9.An A4 sized panel ( 太阳能板 ) put onto the back of a jacket costs __________ US$15. It could __________ a cellphone during a summer walk.A.at most; workB.at least; controlC.at least; fuelD.at most; charge10.Our teacher __________ us to practise our spoken English as often as possible.A.hopesB.suggestsC.advisesD.lets11.Wood is often _________ paper.ed to be madeed making12.—It ’ s a warm day, isn —’ Yes, t it? it ’ s __________ cold. I just wear a jacket.A.not a bitB.a bitC.a littleD. not a little13.The speech is strongly impressed ________ my memory.A.toB.overC.byD.on14.You __________ put your computer in your bedroom.A.don ’ t needB.had not betterC.had better notD.ought not15.He came into the classroom_________.A.very upsetB.being upsetC.to upsetD.to be upset16.The number of tall buildings __________ greatly in Tianjin in the last few years.A.is increasingB.has increasedC.are increasedD. have increased17.The boy bought a new dictionary__________ he turned for help.A.from whichB. into whichC. whichD. to which18.__________ twenty-fifth of December is __________Christmas Day.C.The; aD.A; the19.— How are you today? —Oh, I __________ as ill as I do now for a long time.A.didn ’ t feelB.didn ’ t feelC. wasn’ t feelingD.don ’ t feel20.The two main popular__________ of Easter are the Easter bunny and the Easter egg.A.signsB. symbolsC. marksD.signals第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： C5.参考答案： D7.参考答案： C8.参考答案： D9.参考答案： A10.参考答案： B11.参考答案： A12.参考答案： B13.参考答案： C14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： C16.参考答案： D17.参考答案： B18.参考答案： A20.参考答案： D第2卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： D2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： A5.参考答案： B6.参考答案： A7.参考答案： B8.参考答案： B10.参考答案： C11.参考答案： B12.参考答案： A13.参考答案： D14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： A16.参考答案： B17.参考答案： D18.参考答案： A19.参考答案： B20.参考答案： B。

第一部分导言一、内容梗概《外刊经贸知识选读》这本教材以课文为核心，选文题材包括与我国经贸研究与实际工作有关的几个主要方面：中国对外贸易与吸收外资的概况以及其改革开放的大背景，国际经贸的宏观形势，世界经济和贸易大国的贸易政策和问题，亚洲新兴经济的状况和问题，日益激烈的市场竞争，从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织，初级产品市场的前景预测和市场变化的微观报导等。

这些课程内容的表达上语言上则提供了大量的、丰富的经贸研究与实际工作经常需用的词语、句式和文体及其应用的范例。

二、课程目标学习本课程，要求学生初步掌握使用英语从西方报刊或相类的材料中直接了解并获取经贸信息的基本知识和技巧。

为了实现这一最终目的，必须在学习过程中切实达到下列目标：1、熟悉并掌握课文中出现的经常用于报刊经贸文章（或相类材料）的词、片语和句型；2、能比较熟练地运用这些语言知识并结合所学的经贸业务和背景知识正确地理解教材中的课文练习用文、补充阅读材料等，并能得其要旨。

三、课程性质《外刊经贸知识选读》课程是全国高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业的必考课和英语专业的选修课，是为培养和检验自学应考者的阅读和理解西方报刊经贸文章所需的专业英语的基本知识和应用能力而设置的一门专业英语课程。

这一课程是英语阅读和理解课的一个专业分支。

其特点是：阅读材料以当代国际经贸活动为主要内容和背景；文章是用相关的英语表达的课程的设计和教材的编写着力于提示和总结这类材料的语言运用规律的启发有关经贸知识的应用。

由于课程内容的高度经贸专业化，学习本课程之前应完成经济学和其他国际贸易基础课程的学习。

四、学习方法1、首先要反复认知和记忆教材中出现的在西方经贸报刊文章（英语）中经常使用的词、片语和句型，了解其含义，掌握其用法，能够熟练地运用在阅读理解之中；2、在初步掌握了有关语言知识的基础上，在阅读中要结合所学文章的上下文和内容背景运用这些基本语言知识去正确、深入、灵活地理解。

这里所谓“灵活”，就是说一个词，片语或句型具体用在一句一段一篇里时其含义以至其用法经常有所变化，报刊文字尤其如此，而读者在理解上也要有随和应变之巧，不可一味墨守而不得其真义。

浙江省2018年7月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码：00096Ⅰ.常用词语的英译汉(每个词组1分，共10分)Put the following phrases into Chinese.1.trade fairs and exhibitions2.intellectual property right3.trade procedure4.export quota5.(government)procurement6.European integration7.Export Commodity Fair8.countervailing duty9.fledgling industries10.deinflationary policiesⅡ.常用词语的汉译英(每个词组1分，共10分)Put the following phrases into English.1.外商独资2.自然资源3.国内生产总值4.供需5.市场导向6.商业周期7.质量证书8.贸易逆差9.市场力量10.经常项目Ⅲ.正误判断题(每题2分，共10分)Read the following passage and decide whether the satements are ture or false.What Is MarketThe world market is used in a number of ways.There is a stock market and an automobile market,a retail market for furniture and a wholesale market for furniture.One person may be going to the market;another may plan to market a product.What,then is market?A market may be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet,goods or services are offered for sale,and transfers of ownership occur.A market may also be defined as the demand made by a certain group of potential buyers for a good or service.For instance,there is a farm marker for petroleum(石油)products.The terms market and demand are often used interchangeably;they may also be used jointly as market demand.These definitions are not sufficiently precise to be useful to us here.For business purposes we define a market as people or organizations with wants(needs) to satisfy,money to spend, and the willingness to spend it.Thus in the market demand for any given product or service,there are three factors to consider—people or organizations with wants(needs),their purchasing power,and theirbuying behavior.We shall employ the dictionary definition of needs:the lack of anything that is required,desired,or useful.We do not limit needs to the narrow physiological(生理的)requirements of food,clothing and shelter essential for survival.In our discussion the words needs and wants are used synonymously and interchangeably.In strict interpretation,however,needs would refer to such basic physiological requirements as food,clothing,and shelter,while wants would be nonbasic preferences.However,in our affluent society,little is to be gained by trying to differentiate between the two.Many of us would see as needs some items that are far beyond food,clothing,and sheltter. 1.According to the passage,the word“market”can be used in different occasions and thereforeacquire different meanings.( )2.The sentence“…there is a farm market for petroleum products.”indicates that “market”and“demand”are sometimes synonyms.( )3.In the commercial field,the concept of market involves only people with wants.( )4.The words “needs”and “wants”can be used synonymously and interchangeably because theyboth suggest the lack of something.( )5.The passage is mainly about why people are confused with needs and wants.( )Ⅳ.单项选择题(每题2分，共20分)Choose one answer that best explains the underlined part or what is required in the following statements.1.In April,the EC imposed a ban on livestock,meat,and dairy products from 18 eastern countries following an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in Croatia.( )A.levied a high tariffB.adopted quota systemC.limited the import volumeD.shut out imports2.Hire a commission buying agent who finds sources abroad on behalf of the principal.( )A.head of an educational institutionB.person who commits a crimeC.main actor or performerD.one who employs another to act as his agent3.An in-ouse service gives managers direct contact with foreign suppliers, an advantage to a firm that has a large volume of overseas purchasing.( )A.a business carried on in shelter,not in openB.a deal concluded in one's own countryC.an entertainments given to suppliersD.a negotiation with the supplier in one's own company4.But it often allows the purchaser a say in product specifications.( )A.revision to his requirementsB.room for bargainingC.right to decideD.presentation of complaint5.It is also the only way to ensure product exclusivity.( )A.right of only sale of a product,not shared by othersB.a competitive edge in sale of a productC.an advantage over other firms in sale of a productD.a small number of a product only6.Direct buying enables companies to do a better job of product development with key vendors.( )A.producersB.sellersC.consumersD.buyers7.Officials on both sides were optimistic that a deal on farming,which would unlock the rest of the round,was within reach.( )A.solveB.openC.tightenD.close8.Sony had to shrink 2,000 components into a space one quarter the size they occupy in a conventional camcorder.( )A.condenseB.add up toC.leave offD.make lighter9.With a target to aim at,the coverers know that the innovation is at least technically feasible.( )A.strongB.stableC.advancedD.possible10.Tourists enterprises and any other service industry outside the zone are not entitled to any special status.( )A.have no power toB.are not interested inC.have no right toD.are not obliged toⅤ.英译汉(每题4分，共40分)Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.We will also implement the “going out”strategy,encouraging viable enterprises to invest abroad.This will enable us to take advantage of both the domestic and international markets.2.After China joins the WTO,consumers on the mainland will start to find more choices in their shops,including many new items from overseas.3.International marketing is important because the world has become globalized.International marketing takes place all around us every day, and has a major effect on our lives.4.Technology transfer is the transfer of systematic knowledge for the manufacture of a product,for the application of a process,or for the rendering of a service.The elements of the transfer are “human ware”,“soft ware”and “hard w\are”.5.Foreign direct investment tends to transfer assets from the developed world to the developing world.But the pattern is not entirely simple.6.We are not safely beyond a backlash against the new world of competition.7.Hong Kong and Korea didn't invent new or more efficient manufacturing techniques.They simply bought market share with low wages.8.Globalisation has aroused worries in many rich countries that free trade with much poorer countries threatens jobs and prosperity.This was plain in last year's debate in the United States over expanding the North American Free Trade Agreement.9.The world economy has sneezed,the mainland's export sector has caught a cold,and Hong Kong is suffering from influenza.There is no quick cure medication.10.The company's new formula was designed partly to keep Coke's sales growing overseas. Compared with Americans,who guzzle more soda than water,the rest of world is still in the sipping stage.Ⅵ.短文提问(每题2分，共10分)Read the following passage and answer the questions in English.Given the stakes involved,it's not surprising that the issue has become politically volatile.The outspoken opposition leaders of the National Assembly routinely criticize the government forgranting special tax breaks to the chaebol,which they argue have impeded the growth of small businesses and stymied entrepreneurship.1.What does “given”mean here?2.What is “the stakes”?3.Why was the government criticized by the outspoken opposition leaders?4.Give one synonym for “businesses”.5.What is the meaning of “involved”here?。

三、课后问题：1、What’s the meaning of “the pattern of China’s foreign trade”?“The pattern of China’s foreign trade” refers chiefly(主要的) to thecommodity structure of China’s foreign trade and her trade partnership with theworld.2、What kind of clause is introduced by “when” in the sentence of the thirdparagraph, section 1? An adverbial (状语) clause or an attributive (定语)one?An attributive clause3、“Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role inmodernizing the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain （过度负担）on the nationaleconomy.”(中国政府认识到，国外技术对本国经济现代化作用重大，这使1978年中国的进口额增长了50%以上，结果国民经济背上了沉重的负担。

) Why did the more than 50% rise in imports of 1978 place undue strain on China’s national economy?More foreign exchanges(外汇) is required for more imports. All sections of China’s national economy would have to work harder and better to export andearn more for the imports increased.4、What’s “a net grain exporter(粮食净出口国)”? Does it mean one who hasnever done any imports?“A net grain exporter” should be one who has done both imports and exportsof the item, but finally exported more than imported within a period of time.5、“The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant economicactivity as well as to the success of the Government’s trade and foreigninvestment policies.”(去年进口额的大大增加不仅是由于政府贸易政策与对外投资政策的成功，而且是由于趋于上升的经济。

外刊经贸知识选读复习（自考）课后习题答案三、课后问题：1、What‘s the meaning of ―the pattern of China‘s foreign trade‖?―The pattern of China‘s foreign trade‖ refers chiefly(主要的) to thecommodity structure of China‘s foreign trade and her trade partnership with theworld.2、What kind of clause is introduced by ―when‖ in the sentence of the thirdparagraph, section 1? An adverbial (状语) clause or an attributive (定语)one?An attributive clause3、“Official recognit ion that foreign technology could playa major role inmodernizing the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain （过度负担）on the nationaleconomy.‖(中国政府认识到，国外技术对本国经济现代化作用重大，这使1978年中国的进口额增长了50%以上，结果国民经济背上了沉重的负担。

) Why did the more than 50% rise in imports of 1978 place undue strain on C hina‘s national economy?More foreign exchanges(外汇) is required for more imports. All sections of China‘s national economy would have to work harder and better to export andearn more for the imports increased.4、What‘s ―a net grain exporter(粮食净出口国)‖? Does it mean one who hasnever done any imports?“A net grain exporter‖ should be one who has done both imports and exportsof the item, but finally exported more than imported withina period of time.5、―The strong increase in imports last year is att ributed to buoyant economicactivity as well as to the success of the Government‘s trade and foreigninvestment policies.‖(去年进口额的大大增加不仅是由于政府贸易政策与对外投资政策的成功，而且是由于趋于上升的经济。

全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码：00096请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上一、单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组，请将其代码填写在答题纸相应的位置上。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1. His employer transferred him to another office.A. renovatedB. changedC. aspiredD. exchanged2. The Chinese government plans to speed up rural development.A. distributeB. contributeC. moderateD. accelerate3. This boom in adult education, in turn, helps to raise the intellectual standard of the whole country.A. growthB. measureC. bonusD. behemoth4. Companies like IBM and Dell are starting to offer comparable packages for open source solutions.A. similarB. reliableC. cyclicalD. considerable5. As a consequence of something which happens in the game, a player must do something silly.A. conversationB. paymentC. competitionD. result6. EU takes steps to remove an obstruction from Chinese textile imports held up at EU frontiers.A. unlockB. unloadC. unblockD. unbind17. It requires the return of excess revenue to taxpayers when state revenue exceeds the amount forecast at the start of a budget period by more than 2 percent.A. expensiveB. surplusC. extensiveD. rough8. The recent statement of the president forecast a change in the situation.A. diminishedB. capitulatedC. concentratedD. foreshadowed9. The factory must aim at developing new models of machines.A. targetB. outstripC. justifyD. enforce10. The appointment of an experienced UAE diplomat will add weight to the UAE’s voice in the organization.A. heightB. importanceC. widthD. appearance11. Record oil prices in the international market pose no threat to the Swiss economy at the moment.A. proposeB. possessC. presentD. protect12. Northrop Corporation located a purchaser for Swiss elevators in Egypt.A. pulledB. foundC. pushedD. chose13. The Audit Techniques Guides (ATGs) focus on developing highly trained examiners for a particular market segment.A. divisionB. protectionC. examinationD. innovation14. More than Microsoft, Google is more likely to monopolize the Internet with their probable GNet and Google.2A. constituteB. promoteC. stabilizeD. dominate15. The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from the government.A. yieldingB. successiveC. followingD. speculative二、将下列词组译成中文（本大题共10小题，每小题1 分，共10分）16. most-favored nation treatment17. trade surplus18. hard currency19. merger of banks20. liquid assets21. a hermit nation22. trade negotiation23. at a rough estimate24. Chinese Export Commodities Fair25. foreign exchange reserves三、将下列词组译成英文（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）26. 国民收入27. 国际收支28. 收盘价29. 惩罚性进口关税30. 证券投资31. 商品市场32. 自由市场（无壁垒市场）33. 智囊团/ 顾问班子34. 产地证明书35. 对等价值3四、简答题（本大题共6小题，共18分）Passage 1Coca-Cola’s advance into orange soda is bad news for Sunkist, which holds a 1.5% share of the soft drink market, and Crush (around 1%) Coca-Cola began testing Minute Maid Orange Soda in Canada last summer. Some analysts think it will quickly challenge Sunkist as the top-selling orange drink.The sleeper among the products might turn out to be Cherry Coke, which contains no fruit juice at all. Emanuel Goldman, a beverage analyst with Montgomery Securities in San Francisco, says Cherry Coke has captured shares of 4% to 8% in test markets. The drink probably won’t do as well when it is rolled out nationally, since consumer coupons and price promotions have been helping it along. But Goldman believes Cherry Coke could eventually displace Dr Pepper as the nation’s fifth-best-selling soft drink.36. Why is Cherry Coke described as the “sleeper”?37. What is a test market? How do you understand “price promotions” here?38. Which brand occupies the fifth place on the soft drink list at present?Passage 2The most visible result of this buoyant market in both centres is a plethora of new multi-storey commercial and residential buildings. In Abu Dhabi, these projects are let through the Khalifah committee or the Department of Social Services to local consultants, but in Dubai there is more of an international spread.Building work apart, consultants predict a fairly wide spread of projects. “We expect the market to remain buoyant for the next couple of years. There is a fair bit of work at Mina Zayed coming up, a fair bit of road-working on the island and the hinterland, and we expect some airport development to rear its head in the not too distant future,”says one long-established Abu Dhabi-based consultant.39. Who are renting the multi-storey commercial buildings in Abu Dhabi and Dubai?40. What is the prospect of new building projects?441. Please explain “rear its head” and “Abu Dhabi-based” in the last sentence.五、正误判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）Passage 1Specifications are detailed descriptions of the goods to be sold. They include the composition, content, purity, strength, size, etc. of the goods.The same kind of goods might also be classified into different grades, such as large, medium, or small; Grade A, Grade B, or Grade C. Every grade has its own specifications. These grades are given by commercial chambers or relevant government departments or informally by the producers or the traders themselves. There are no uniform international grades for goods, and they are not so formal as standards.Standards are the specifications or grades officially recognized by the governmental department or commercial organizations of a country. They have legal effects and hence are binding upon the traders. If the goods do not conform with the requirements demanded by the standards, they are not to be marketed.Different countries have different standards. Also, most countries make alterations and amendments to their standards and it is therefore necessary to state the quoted publications of the standard in a contract.In the trading of agricultural products, F.A.Q. (fair average quality) is often employed to indicate the quality of the goods. F.A.Q. is rather sweeping. From a technical point of view, it indicates the average quality of the current crop. Besides F.A.Q., specifications are still necessary unless the transaction is done between regular trading partners.To be different from F.A.Q., the term “selected” is sometimes empl oyed. With this term, the seller needs to state the specifications of the goods to show how selected it is.For the trading of wood and aquatic products, G.M.Q. (good merchantable quality) is employed to indicate the quality of goods. G.M.Q. means the goods is free from defects and is good enough for use or consumption. G.M.Q. is usually not supplemented with specifications and when disputes arise because of the quality of the goods, exporters will have to be invited to make5the arbitration.42. Grades have more detailed descriptions of goods than specifications.43. One major difference between standards, grades and specifications is that standards are official.44. It is important for export goods to meet the standards of their target countries.45. The difference between F.A.Q. and “selected” is that the latter involves less general specifications.46. Goods with G.M.Q. are usually better in quality than products with F.A.Q.Passage 2Let me touch on a few areas where progress in the Doha Development Agenda will help poorer countries reap further gains from trade and enhance their potential for sustainable development.Agriculture is and has always been a fundamental sector for many developing countries. Agriculture is critical to the successful conclusion of the negotiations. Ambitious liberalization in this sector can offer big potential gains for all countries, particularly developing countries. WTO members are committed to comprehensive negotiations aimed at addressing market access, export subsidies and trade distorting domestic support. More than 50 developing countries depend on agriculture for over one-third of their merchandise export earnings. The eventual elimination of trade distorting measures which affect agricultural trade will be a tremendous boost for sustainable development. The World Bank has estimated that phasing out restrictions on agriculture could lead to higher income in developing countries of some US$400 billion by 2015. The gains from this are several times larger than all the debt relief granted to developing countries so far.Tariff peaks and tariff escalation: after many rounds of trade negotiations, average tariffs on non-agricultural products have been significantly reduced. But relatively high tariffs still remain on some products in which developing countries are competitive and tariffs go up as the level of processing increases. Tariff escalation prevents developing countries from moving away from dependence on a few commodities. Tariff peaks and tariff escalation must be brought down by the6negotiations, if developing countries are to be able to meaningfully gain from world merchandise trade.47. The speaker discusses the reason of why Doha Development Agenda has been a great success.48. Progress in the agriculture negotiations alone contributes substantially to this development agenda.49. Most of the export earnings of Africa come from agricultural products.50. Doing away with trade barriers in agriculture means exempting developing countries from debts.51. Because developed countries set a limit on tariffs, developing countries are exporting a broader range of competitive commodities.六、翻译题（本大题12分）52.During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities has been to reduce the proportion of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications.7。