第四节主旨大意题
一、标题归纳题
(2019·江苏，D)
The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer’s(阿尔兹海默症).He was losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession，Steve was a keen lover of the piano，and the only musician in his family.Music was his true passion，though he had never performed outside the family.
Melissa，his daughter，felt it more than worthwhile to save his music，to which she fell asleep each night when she was young.She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father.
Naomi，Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist，got to know about this and showed willingness to help.
“Why do this？” Steve wondered.
“Because she cares，” Melissa said.
Steve nodded，tear in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home.She told Steve she’d love to hear him play.Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench，hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys.
Naomi put a small recorder near the piano.Starts and stops and mistakes.Long pauses，heart sinking.But Steve pressed on，playing for the first time in his life for a stranger.
“It was beautiful，”Naomi said after listening to the recording.“The music was worth
saving.”
Her responsibility，her privilege，would be to rescue it.The music was still in Steve Goodwin.It was hidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together.He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano，and then she’d take his place.He struggled to explain what he heard in his head.He stood by the piano，eyes closed，listening for the first time to his own work being played by someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code：lines，beats，intervals，moving from the root to end a song in a new key.Steve heard it.All of it.He just couldn’t play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve.It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song.One day，Naomi received an email.Attached was a recording，a recording of loss and love，of the fight.Steve called it “Melancholy Flower”.
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts.Steve struggling，searching while his wife Joni called him “honey” and encouraged him.The task was so hard，and Steve，angry and upset，said he was quitting.Joni praised him，telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite，and most personal，songs.With Naomi’s help，the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs.Joni thought that would be the end.But it wasn’t.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert，Naomi told the director she had a special one in mind：“Melancholy Flower”.
She told the director about her project with Steve.The director agreed to add it to the playing list.But Naomi would have to ask Steve’s permission.He considered it an honor.
After the concert，Naomi told the family that Steve’s music was beautiful and professional.It needed to be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert.By the day of the show，more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then，Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends.He knew the path his life was now taking.He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row，surrounded by his family.The house lights faded.Naomi took the stage.Her fingers.His heart.
65.Why did Melissa want to save her father’s music?
A.His music could stop his disease from worsening.
B.She wanted to please her dying old father.
C.His music deserved to be preserved in the family.
D.She wanted to make her father a professional.
答案C
解析细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，父亲Steve是一位钢琴爱好者，是家里唯一一位音乐家，再根据第三段中的“Melissa，his daughter，felt it more than worthwhile to save his music，to which she fell asleep each night when she was young.”可知，父亲Steve的音乐陪伴了Melissa的成长，因此Melissa觉得它对于这个家庭有着特别的意义，值得被保存，故本题答案为C。
66.After hearing Steve’s playing，Naomi .
A.refused to make a comment on it
B.was deeply impressed by his music
C.decided to free Steve from suffering
D.regretted offering help to her friend
答案B
解析细节理解题。根据第十段“‘It was beautiful，’Naomi said after listening to the recording.‘The music was worth saving.’”可知，听完Steve的演奏之后，Naomi对他的音乐很是赞赏，故本题答案为B。
67.How can the process of Steve’s recording be described?
A.It was slow but productive.
B.It was beneficial to his health.
C.It was tiresome for Naomi.
D.It was vital for Naomi’s career.
答案A
解析推理判断题。根据第十二段“Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together.He’d move his fingers clumsily on the piano，and then she’d take his place.”及第十四段“Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve.It had excited within him the belief he could write one last song...”可知，音乐的录制过程虽然缓慢，但是颇有成效，故本题答案为A。
68.Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower”，his wife Joni .
A.thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B.didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about
C.didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music
D.brought her husband’s music career to perfection
答案C
解析推理判断题。根据倒数第七段最后两句“Joni thought that would be the end.But it wasn’t.”以及下文中提到“Steve的音乐在音乐会上被演奏并得到认可及其对Steve的影响”可知，Joni之前并没有充分意识到Steve的音乐的价值。故本题答案为C。
69.How did Steve feel at the concert held in downtown Portland?
A.He felt concerned about his illness.
B.He sensed a responsibility for music.
C.He regained his faith in music.
D.He got into a state of quiet.
答案D
解析细节理解题。根据文章最后两段的内容尤其是倒数第二段中的“He told his family he was at peace.”可知，在音乐会上，他的心情很平静。故本题答案为D。
70.What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A.The Kindness of Friends
B.The Power of Music
C.The Making of a Musician
D.The Value of Determination
答案B
解析标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第九段中的“Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve.”可知，音乐录制给父亲带来了巨大的改变，甚至激发了他创作歌曲的信念。由此可知，“音乐的力量”最适合作本文标题。
一、题型解读
记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——准确而又简短；针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。设问形式常有：
(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text?
(3)What is the best title for this passage?
(4)The most suitable title of this passage is .
二、解题技巧
1.“高度概括”定标题
(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。
(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。
2.文章标题三特点
(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；
(2)短小精悍，精确性强；
(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。
例如：【真题感悟】中第70题，通读全文，尤其是倒数第九段中的“Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve.”可知，音乐录制给父亲带来了巨大的改变，甚至激发了他创作歌曲的信念。由此可知，“音乐的力量”最适合作本文标题。
A
Laughter is part of the 1universal human vocabulary.All members of the human species understand it.Unlike English or French or Swahili，we don’t have to learn to speak it.We’re born
with the capacity to laugh.
Very little is known about the specific brain mechanisms responsible for laughter.5Contrary to folk wisdom，most laughter is not about humor；it is about relationships.12To find out when and why people laugh，I went with several assistants to local malls and recorded what happened just before people laughed.Over a 10-year period，we studied over 2,000 cases of naturally 10occurring laughter.
We found that most laughter does not necessarily follow jokes.People may laugh after a variety of statements，such as，“Here comes Mary.”“How did you do on the test？” or “Do you have a rubber band？” These certainly aren’t jokes.
We believe laughter 6evolved from the panting(喘气的) behavior of our ancient ancestors.Today，if we tickle (使发痒) chimps，they don’t laugh.But，instead，they produce a panting sound.That’s the sound of ape laughter，and it’s the root of human laughter.
Apes laugh in the kinds of situations that lead to human laughter，like games that involve chasing.Other animals produce sounds during play，but they are so different from laughter.Rats，for example，produce high sounds during play and when tickled，but these are very different in sound from human laughter.
Laughter is often positive，but it can be negative too.There’s a difference between “laughing with” and “laughing at”.People who laugh at others may be trying to drive them out of the group.
No one has actually counted how much people of different ages laugh，but young children probably laugh the most.At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times.Adults laugh less than children，probably because they play less.
Work now 2underway will tell us more about the brain mechanisms behind laughter，how it has evolved，and why we’re so susceptible to tickling.
1.What was the purpose of the decade’s research?
A.To prove that people laugh because of humor.
B.To find out the real reason for people’s laughter.
C.To research people’s different reaction on jokes.
D.To record conversations among shoppers in malls.
答案B
解析细节理解题。由题干中的“the decade’s research”可定位至文章第二段最后两句，由
该段倒数第二句“To find out when and why people laugh...”可知，这十年的研究是为了弄清楚人类什么时候以及为什么会笑。故B项正确。
2.What can we learn from the text?
A.People who play more tend to laugh more.
B.Apes produce high sounds when tickled.
C.Scientists know the brain mechanisms responsible for laughter well.
D.The situations in which apes laugh are very different from those in which humans laugh.
答案A
解析推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times.Adults laugh less than children，probably because they play less.”可知，玩得越多的人笑得越多。A项正确。
3.What does the underlined word “susceptible” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A.Sensitive.
B.Flexible.
C.Addictive.
D.Reliable.
答案A
解析词义猜测题。联系上下文可知susceptible(易受影响的，敏感的)与sensitive的意思最为接近。故选A。
4.Which of the following might be the best title for the text?
A.The Impact of Laughter
B.The Meaning of Laughter
C.A Big Mystery：Why Do We Laugh?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/337874991.html,ughter：The Most Beautiful Word
答案C
解析标题归纳题。笑容是全世界通用的语言，是世上最温暖的语言，本文探讨了“人类为什么笑”这个话题。故C项为最佳标题。
B
Most people who own mobile phones use them as their alarm clocks—making it very easy to check emails one last time before falling asleep and hard to ever feel away from work and social networks.
Several years ago，my boss fainted due to 7exhaustion after staying up late to catch up on work.She banged her head and ended up with five stitches(缝针)—and became what she calls a “sleep evangelist(传教士)”.Now she leaves her mobile phone 11charging in another room when she goes to bed and encourages her friends to do the same.
“I sent all my friends the same Christmas gift—a lovely alarm clock—so they could stop using the excuse that they needed their very attractive mobile phones by their beds to wake them up in the morning，” she said.
If your mobile phone wakes you up in the morning，it may also be keeping you up at night.A 2008 study showed that people exposed to mobile radiation took longer to fall asleep and spent less time in deep sleep.“13The study 8indicates that during laboratory exposure to 884 MHz wireless signals，components of sleep believed to be important for recovery from daily 3wear and tear are 9severely affected，” the study concluded.
A quarter of young people feel like they must be available by mobile phone 4around the clock，according to a Swedish study that linked heavy cellphone use to sleeping problems，stress and depression.Unreturned messages carry more guilt when the technology to deal with them lies at our fingertips.Some teens even return text messages at midnight.
Most of us choose not to set limits on our nighttime availability.Nearly three quarters of people from the age of 18 to 44 sleep with their mobile phones within reach，according to a 2012 Time poll.That number falls off slightly in middle age，but only people aged 65 and older are leaving their mobile phones in another room as common as sleeping right next to it.
5.Why did the author’s boss start to enjoy sleeping?
A.Her friends encouraged her to sleep on time.
B.Mobile phones couldn’t wake her up on time.
C.Her friends sent her a lovely clock to wake her up.
D.She got hurt due to working too late.
答案D
解析细节理解题。根据第二段前两句可知，作者的老板由于熬夜赶工而筋疲力尽晕倒在地，并且头部缝了五针，最终她成为“睡眠传教士”，鼓励大家多睡觉。因此作者的老板开始享受睡眠是因为受到了伤害，故选D。
6.Why did the author’s boss give her friends alarm clocks as Christmas gifts?
A.Alarm clocks don’t give off any radiation.
B.Alarm clocks are better at waking her friends up.
C.She advised them to replace mobile phones with alarm clocks.
D.She used alarm clocks to remind them not to work too late.
答案C
解析细节理解题。根据第三段可知，作者的老板送给朋友闹钟是为了不再让他们用把手机当闹钟的借口而影响睡眠，让他们用闹钟来替代手机，故选C。
7.What can we learn from the 2008 study?
A.Mobile radiation makes people unable to fall asleep.
B.Mobile phones can release 884 MHz wired signals.
C.Sleep can help people fight against radiation.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/337874991.html,ponents of sleep can be seriously affected by wireless signals.
答案D
解析推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“The study indicates that during laboratory exposure to 884 MHz wireless signals，components of sleep believed to be important for recovery from daily wear and tear are severely affected...”可知，2008年的一份研究表明，在实验中暴露于884兆赫的无线信号中，修复白天身体损耗很重要的睡眠因子受到严重影响。由此可知，无线电信号会严重影响睡眠质量，故选D。
8.What is the best title for the passage?
A.How Mobile Phones Affect Sleep
B.Why Alarm Clocks Are Better than Phones
C.How We Can Sleep Better at Night
D.How Mobile Phones Affect Health
答案A
解析标题归纳题。根据文章内容可知，本文阐述越来越多的人在睡觉的时候把手机放在旁边，这会严重影响其睡眠质量，阐述了手机与睡眠的关系，故选A。
Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破
(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思
1.There is a universal love for basketball in the country among all walks of life.普遍的，全体的
2.Preparations for the arrival of the senior representative from the UN are already underway.
在进行中的
3.These products can stand wear and tear，which will definitely be attractive in the market.磨损
4.Some stores stay open around the clock，while others do business for only a few hours a day.
夜以继日地，昼夜不停地
(二)同义词语替换
5.Contrary to the belief that rock music is always angry and noisy，his trademark(标志性的) style is quiet but powerful.opposed to
6.The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.developed
7.There are many symptoms of depression.They include lack of sleep，strong feeling of exhaustion，and difficulty concentrating throughout the day.tiredness
8.Research indicates that over 81% of teachers are dissatisfied with their salaries.shows
9.The school buildings were severely damaged in the earthquake and students had to study at a local company，which changed its workshop into a temporary classroom.seriously
(三)一词多义
10.occur v.发生；被想起
(1)A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China.发生
(2)It occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.被想起
11.charge v.& n.主管，负责n.费用v.收费；控告；充电；进攻
(1)When lions are hiding for an attack by a water hole，they wait patiently and can charge at any second.v.进攻
(2)Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International Sales please？n.主管，负责
(3)Do you think museums should charge for admission？v.收费
(4)She is charged with murdering her husband.v.控告
(5)The monthly charge for this service is only $29，which is quite reasonable.n.费用
(6)It became a routine for us to charge our phone frequently even in a day.v.充电
Ⅱ.长难句理解
12.To find out when and why people laugh，I went with several assistants to local malls and recorded what happened just before people laughed.
[句式分析]本句为主从复合句。句首的To find out是目的状语，句子的主语是I，谓语动词went和recorded由and连接。what 引导的是宾语从句。
[精美译文]为了弄清楚人们发笑的时间和原因，我和几个助手去了当地的购物中心，记录了人们发笑之前的事情。
13.The study indicates that during laboratory exposure to 884 MHz wireless signals，components of sleep believed to be important for recovery from daily wear and tear are severely affected.
[句式分析]本句为复合句。that引导的是宾语从句。从句是主谓结构，主语是components of sleep，are severely affected是被动结构；believed to be important for recovery from daily wear and tear 是过去分词作定语，这本身是一个句型：sb./sth.be said/believed/reported to do，表示“据说/据认为/据报道”。
[精美译文]该研究表明，在实验室里暴露于884兆赫无线信号时，被认为对日常(身体)损耗的恢复很重要的睡眠因子受到严重影响。
强化练(二十四)
Ⅰ.单项填空
1.—I in the same position too long.My legs have fallen asleep.
—Shake it a little before you get up.(2019·泰州四模)
A.will sit
B.have sat
C.am sitting
D.have been sitting
答案D
解析句意为：——我在相同的位置坐得太久了，腿麻了。——站起来之前动一动。分析句意可知，本句为现在完成进行时，表示从过去某一时间开始一直在进行的动作，并有可能持续下去，其形式为：have/has been doing sth.。故D选项正确。
2.The health of garden plants depends on the soil —the proper balance of mineral pieces，organic matter，air and water.(2019·南京市盐城市高三一模)
A.construction
B.conservation
C.corporation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/337874991.html,position
答案D
解析句意为：园林植物的健康取决于土壤的组成——矿物质、有机物质、空气和水的适当平衡。construction建设，建筑；conservation保存，保护；corporation 法人，公司；composition 组成，成分。根据句意可知选D。
3.That woman was a little vague at the time but said something to the effect that she the project within three days.
A.finished
B.will finish
C.would finish
D.will have finished
答案C
解析句意为：那位女士当时有点含糊其词，不过大意是说她会在三天之内完成这个项目。根据句中的“was”“said”以及“within three days”可知，此处表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。故选C。
4.Her doctor indicated that even adding a(n) amount of daily exercise would dramatically improve her health.(2019·南京市盐城市高三一模)
A.modest
B.equal
C.considerable
D.exact
答案A
解析句意为：她的医生表示，即使每天增加适度的锻炼，也会极大地改善她的健康状况。modest 谦逊的，不大的，适度的；equal 相等的，平等的；considerable相当多的，相当大的；exact准确的，精确的。根据句意可知选A。
5.Fathers’ love for their kids seems to be a bit strict and tough；，mothers’ love seems to be loving and caring.
A.anyway
B.meanwhile
C.moreover
D.otherwise
答案B
解析句意为：父亲对孩子的爱似乎有点严厉和强硬；相比之下，母亲的爱似乎充满了爱和关怀。meanwhile与此同时，对比之下，符合语境。anyway尽管，无论如何；moreover此外，而且；otherwise除此之外，否则。
6.Most successful people think about things in new and different ways：they see an open window ________ others see a closed door.
A.where
B.if
C.once
D.unless
答案A
解析句意为：大多数成功人士以新的和不同的方式思考事物：他们在别人看到一扇关闭的门的地方看到的是一扇敞开的窗户。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导状语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，应用where。故选A。
7.Described as a “landmark partnership”，the deal between STATSports and the Chinese Football Association as part of China’s push for hosting and winning a World Cup by 2050.
A.sees
B.was seen
C.is seen
D.is to see
答案C
解析句意为：STATSports 与中国足球协会之间的协议被称为“具有里程碑意义的合作伙伴关系”，它被视为中国努力在2050年之前主办和赢得一次世界杯的一部分。根据句意可知，此处陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；又see与the deal 之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故选C。
8.— ，Bob？You’ve been so upset all morning.
—I crashed my father’s car.
A.What’s eating you
B.What about you
C.How are you
D.How do you do
答案A
解析句意为：——你怎么啦，鲍勃？你一早上都很沮丧。——我撞坏了我爸爸的车。what’s eating you你怎么了，是什么让你心烦，符合语境。what about you你呢；how are you你好吗；how do you do你好。
9.Some people investigated say they prefer the older green trains moving at a slower pace，which allow passengers to the beautiful scenery outside.
A.describe
B.imagine
C.appreciate
D.recall
答案C
解析句意为：接受调查的一些人称，他们更喜欢那些行进速度稍慢的、古老一些的绿皮火车，那些火车使得乘客能够欣赏外面的美景。appreciate 欣赏，符合语境。describe描述；imagine 想象；recall回想起。
10.World Food Day is celebrated every year around the world on Oct.16，the date of the founding of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1945.
A.in defense of
B.in search of
C.in favor of
D.in honor of
答案D
解析句意为：联合国粮食及农业组织于1945年10月16日成立，为纪念这一天，世界各地的人们把每年的这一天作为“世界粮食日”来庆祝。in honor of为了纪念，符合语境。in defense of为保卫，保护；in search of搜寻，寻找；in favor of支持。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
(2019·宿迁市高三期末)
It is a psychological strategy that all parents will be familiar with：instead of scolding a misbehaving child，focus instead in rewarding them for good behaviour.
Now the idea is well received outside the nursery，with implications for everything from recycling clothes to policing.
Consumers end up with piles of unwanted clothes.Every year in the UK，300,000 tonnes ends up in landfill—235 million individual items.
Now however，apps such as ReGain，Regive and Stuffstr are making it simpler—and more worthwhile—for people to return their unwanted clobber.
The ReGain app can be used to find one of 20,000 drop-off points.In return，the diligent consumer earns rewards such as discount coupons for high street retailers.Stuffstr works in partnership with John Lewis to help people get cash in return for unwanted items from the chain.
“Possibly the one prediction that we economists get right is that if you incentivise(激励) a behaviour，you will get more of it，” says Dr Matthew Levy，a lecturer in economics at the London School of Economics.
He cites research，including his own，showing that financial incentives encouraging regular exercise，stopping smoking and losing weight effectively promote healthy behaviours and that there is no backlash when the incentives are removed.“If anything，the incentives can be used to jump-start a healthy habit that keeps going，” he says.
In the four months after its launch，the ReGain scheme received almost 17,000 parcels containing 47 tonnes of used clothes and shoes，of which 95% could potentially be reused，according to its founder Jack Ostrowski.
“We need to find a way to influence behaviour，and discount coupons help，” he says.The platform is also working with brands and retailers to find ways to divert used clothes from landfills and into the production of new clothes，he adds.
Other reward schemes have had success in encouraging behavioural change.
When police in Canada issued “positive tickets”—coupons for free food or movie tickets—to reward good behaviour among young people，they reported an almost 50% drop in youth-related service calls.
“My officers would say ‘In the old days we’d drive up in the police car and the kids would run away from us，now they run to us’.”
In a similar venture，Hull city council have announced plans to launch a digital reward token—the HullCoin—that can be earned by volunteering and spent at local retailers.
Elsewhere，a study on the recruitment of health workers in Zambia found that highlighting economic incentives during the recruitment process caused future employees to be more motivated and task-focused.
“Obviously different groups are motivated by different factors，”says Ostrowski.“For some，the ‘feel good’factor is enough，and for others，that reward stimulus is required.”
11.Dr Matthew Levy might agree that .
A.there is an undesired effect when the incentives are removed
B.economists always make some predictions to convince people
https://www.doczj.com/doc/337874991.html,ed clothes would be recycled via incentives，otherwise in landfill
D.financial incentives are the key to people’s getting rid of bad habits
答案C
解析推理判断题。根据第七段最后一句“‘If anything，the incentives can be used to jump-start a healthy habit that keeps going，’he says.”可知，Dr Matthew Levy可能同意旧衣服可以通过激励措施回收，否则就会被扔进垃圾填埋场。故选C。
12.The benefits of financial stimulus are mentioned EXCEPT .
A.increasing the sales of clothing and food
B.young people’s behaving well in public
C.leading to people’s disgust at smoking
D.future employees’ concentrating on tasks
答案C
解析推理判断题。根据第八段可知A项提到了；根据倒数第五、六、七三段可知B项提到了；根据倒数第二段可知D项提到了；C项在文中未提及，故选C项。
13.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A.ReGain helps consumers get rewards from John Lewis
B.ReGain has the biggest share in the 20,000 drop-off points
C.ReGain has the absolute advantage over Regive and Stuffstr
D.ReGain plays a positive role in making for recycling clothes
答案D
解析推理判断题。根据第八段中的“In the four months after its launch，the ReGain scheme received almost 17,000 parcels containing 47 tonnes of used clothes and shoes，of which 95% could
potentially be reused”可知，ReGain对衣服的回收有着积极的作用。故选D。
14.What can be the best title for the passage?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/337874991.html,e Carrots，Not Sticks
B.The Magic of Reward Coupon
C.The Better You Are，the More You’ll Get
D.Positive or Negative
答案A
解析标题归纳题。根据第一段内容可知，文章讲述的是所有父母都熟悉的一种心理策略：与其责骂行为不端的孩子，不如专注于奖励他们的良好行为。故本文最佳选项是A。
B
The Detroit Symphony Orchestra will be performing works by Georges Bizet on Friday morning.You might enjoy classical music and like to attend the performance，but live far away from America’s Motor City.
On Saturday，the GoGo group Curtis Johnson is performing at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C.If you live overseas，going to that show is probably out of the question.
But there is a solution! These and other concerts are available “live” on the Internet.You can hear them in real time with an electronic device.
Both performances will be available on the World Wide Web.They are part of a growing number of concerts broadcast on computers，tablets and smart phones.These digital concerts are known as live-streaming.
Technology expert Michael Antonoff says better and less costly equipment is making it easier for performers and theaters to offer music “live” online.“The quality of the sound and video pictures are improving all the time，”he says.“Those online concerts now have as many as 40,000 viewers per show.People in 100 nations are watching.It is a huge part of our increasing global reach.”
“For international performers，Kennedy Center officials see a jump in online viewership from the home countries of the performer.There is hometown pride when an artist is performing at one of America’s best-known concerts，” says the Kennedy Center’s Garth Ross.At a recent Kennedy Center concert，a performer said he was so happy that his disabled mother back in California could watch his performance.
“It is not just music being streamed on the web.On December 10，the producer of musical ‘Daddy Long Legs’ put the show on the web free of charge.It was the first live webcast of a New York musical.Over 150,000 people from 135 nations watched，” producer Ken Davenport said.In other words，it would take his musical 2.7 years of sold-out performances to draw that many
people.
语篇解读文章主要讲述了美国音乐会接入互联网全球直播，让更多的观众欣赏到了表演。
15.Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “out of the question” in Paragraph 2?
A.Impossible.
B.Easy.
C.Exciting.
D.Concerning.
答案A
解析词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“If you live overseas，going to that show is probably out of the question.”和第三段“But there is a solution! These and other concerts are available ‘live’ on the Internet.You can hear them in real time with an electronic device.”可知，going to that show is probably out of the question的意思是：去看现场表演是不可能的。故选A。
16.What results from the improvement of equipment?
A.The equipment is becoming more expensive.
B.Few people like watching performances at spot.
C.People can watch digital concerts free of charge.
D.More and more people enjoy the performances online.
答案D
解析细节理解题。根据第五段中的“better and less costly equipment is making it easier for performers and theaters to offer music ‘live’online.‘The quality of the sound and video pictures are improving all the time，’he says.Those online concerts now have as many as 40,000 viewers per show”可知，设备的改进使越来越多的人喜欢看网上的表演。故选D。
17.How do the international artists feel about their performances?
A.Proud.
B.Anxious.
C.Relaxed.
D.Stressed.
答案A
解析推理判断题。根据第六段中的“There is hometown pride when an artist is performing at one of America’s best-known concerts”可知，国际艺术家因为他们的表演而感到自豪。故选A。
18.What is the best title for the text?
A.A Solution to Live Concert Problems
B.Detroit Symphony Orchestra’s Performance
C.American Concerts Available Worldwide
D.Development of Music Electronic Device
答案C
解析标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了美国音乐会接入互联网全球直播，让更
多的观众欣赏到表演。故C为最佳标题。
Ⅲ.任务型阅读
Technologies are often viewed as transformative.For William Kochevar，the term is justified.Mr Kochevar is paralysed(使瘫痪) below the shoulders after a cycling accident，yet has managed to feed himself by his own hand.This remarkable action is partly thanks to poles implanted in his right arm.But the real magic lies higher up.Mr Kochevar can control his arm using the power of thought.His intention to move is reflected in neural activity in his motor cortex(皮层)；these signals are detected by implants in his brain and processed into commands to activate the electrodes in his arm.
An ability to decode thought in this way may sound like science fiction.But brain-computer interfaces(接口)，BCIs，like the BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar provide evidence that mind control can work.Researchers are able to tell what words and images people have heard and seen from neural activity alone. Information can also be encoded and used to activate the brain.
The pace of research into the BCI and the scale of its ambition are increasing，but skeptics dismiss it.Taking medical BCIs out of the lab into clinical practice has proved very difficult.The BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar was developed more than ten years ago，but only a handful of people have tried it out.Turning implants into consumer products is even harder to imagine.The path to the mainstream is blocked by three major barriers—technological，scientific and commercial.
Start with technology. Non-invasive(无创的) techniques struggle to pick up high-resolution brain signals through intervening layers of skin，bone and membrane. For the time being at least，the most ambitious applications require implants that can interact directly with nerve cells. And existing devices have lots of drawbacks. They involve wires that pass through the skull; they cause immune responses; they communicate with only a few hundred of the 85bn nerve cells in the human brain.
Clear the technological barrier，and another one appears.The brain is still a foreign country.Scientists know little about how exactly it works，especially when it comes to complex functions like memory formation.Research is more advanced in animals，but experiments on humans are hard.
The third obstacle is the practical barriers to commercialization.It takes time，money and expert knowledge or skill to get medical devices approved officially.And consumer applications will take off only if they perform a function people find useful.Some of the applications of brain-computer interfaces are unnecessary—a good voice-assistant is a simpler way to type without fingers than a brain implant，for example.
All of these suggest that a route to the future imagined by the neurotechnology pioneers is tough，but within a few years，improved technologies may be opening up new channels of
communication with the brain.Many of the first applications hold out the unambiguous promise of movement and senses restored.But a host of concerns will arise.Privacy is an obvious one：the hiding place of an inner voice may disappear.Security is another：if a brain can be reached on the Internet，it can also be hacked. Inequality is a third one：access to superhuman abilities could be beyond all except a privileged few.
19.答案possibility
解析概括词汇题。根据文章第一、二段及表格右栏的内容可知，此处主要讲的是意念控制(行动)的可行性，故填possibility。
20.答案received
解析转换词汇题。根据第二段中的“Researchers are able to tell what words and images people have heard and https://www.doczj.com/doc/337874991.html,rmation can also be encoded and used to activate the brain.”可知，从神经系统的活动中接收到的信息能被重新编码并促进大脑运作。故填received。
21.答案reasons
解析概括词汇题。根据表格右栏的内容并结合第三段的内容可知，此处讲的是人们对BCIs 有所怀疑的理由。故填reasons。
22.答案market
解析转换词汇题。根据第三段中的“Turning implants into consumer products is even harder to imagine.”可知，将移植物变成消费产品，即推向市场，甚至更加困难。故填market。put sth.on the market 是固定用法，意为“把……推向市场”。
23.答案perfect
解析转换词汇题。根据第四段的第三和第四句可知，现在的装置有很多弊端，即远非完美。故填perfect。
24.答案understanding/knowledge
解析转换词汇题。根据第五段中的“The brain is still a foreign country.Scientists know little about how exactly it works”可知，科学家对大脑缺乏了解。故填understanding/knowledge。
25.答案officially
解析原文词汇题。根据第六段中的“It takes time，money and expert knowledge or skill to get medical devices approved officially.”可知，医疗装置得到正式批准需要很多努力。故填officially。
26.答案preventing/stopping/keeping
解析概括词汇题。根据第六段的内容可知，一些应用是不必要的，这阻止了人机接口在商
真题演练(三)[2020·江苏] A Visitor Code ?Arrive with nothing that can harm New Zealand If you are arriving from overseas，bring no food，animal or plant material into the country.If in doubt declare it to Customs. ?Protect plants and animals Never allow dogs or other pets to run freely in areas of nesting birds，other wildlife，or where signposted. ?Get rid of rubbish Always get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste(e.g.，glass，paper) where possible. ?Be considerate with other waste If using a portable toilet always throw away your toilet waste at a proper waste station.In the back country，bury your toilet waste in a shallow hole away from waterways. ?Keep New Zealand’s water clean Because soaps and other wastes can harm waterways，be careful your washing water doesn’t pollute the sea，lakes and rivers. ?Take care with fire Always observe district fire bans.Be careful if you smoke or have an outdoor fire or barbecue—make sure ashes are cold before leaving. ?Camp or picnic carefully When camping or picnicking，use facilities provided. ?Keep to the track Keep to the track，where one exists，so you lessen the chance of damaging fragile plants. ?Be considerate When driving，minimize noise and observe no smoking signs.
阅读理解训练50篇（1） 1 Doctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion, unless you learn how to deal with it. They warn that anger can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly cancer. Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time. Some people express anger openly in a calm reasonable way. Others burst with anger, and scream and yell.But other people keep their anger inside. They can not or will not express it. This is called repressing anger. For years many doctors thought that repressing anger was more dangerous to a person's health than expressing it. They said that when a person is angry, the brain releases the same hor- mones (荷尔蒙).They speed the heart rate, raise blood pressure, or sugar into the blood, etC．In general the person feels excited and ready to act. Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous. They believe that those who express anger violently may be more likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who keep their anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure. Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger. They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about. If it is, they say, “Do not express your anger while angry. Wait until your anger has cooled down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably.” Doctors say that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry. They said that laughter is much healthier than anger. 1．“Damaging emotion” means t hat _________. A．the emotion is harmless B．the emotion is harmful C．the feeling is very strong D．the feeling is hard 2．What statement is right? A．Were you angry, you would be cancered (得癌症). B．Once you are angry, you must be cancered. C．Angry as you are often, you can't be cancered, D．Anger may cause you a cancer. 3．Expressing anger violently _________ repressing it according to some scientists. A．is just the same as B．is more harmful than C．is no better than D．is much better than 4．According to the author, you'd better _________. A．never be angry B．cool it down before you express it C．laugh and laugh when you get angry D．admit you are wrong when you are angry 二
高考英语阅读理解专项训练100篇 (名师传授解题技巧+实战练习，值得下载) 一、阅读理解解题技巧 阅读理解题是考查学生对活的语言材料的理解能力，即通过阅读材料获得信息的能力。具体说来，阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是：（1）掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨大意的事实和细节；（2）既理解具体事实，也理解抽象的概念；（3）既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；（4）既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并能根据文章进行推理和判断；（5）既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这几项能力测试的要求，试题中常采用如下几种题型：事实询问题、推理判断题、数据推算题、识图解意题和主旨大意题。根据这一测试要求和题型设计，答题时可以采取如下解题技巧和对策。 1．首先解题时要充满自信。由于平时有些同学对做阅读理解时存在一种畏惧心理，因此考试做题时心理就难免会产生紧张感，特别是阅读时再遇到几个生词就头脑发胀，从而使自己的思路更加模糊不清。其实这是完全没有必要的，因为阅读中遇到几个生词或几个难以理解的句子是常有的事，也是正常现象。因为按大纲要求，试卷中允许有不超过3%的生词，只要认真分析，仔细阅读，这些生词和句子很可能并不影响你的解题。所以答题之前首先要有必胜的信心。 2．扫读全文，理解全文主旨大意。拿到一篇文章，首先要快速扫读全文，虽为扫读，但不可漫不经心，阅读时也应聚精会神，力求可能多地获取材料信息，只是这次遇到生词和难句先不必去处理，不要因纠缠文中的个别生词和难句而影响了对全文的主旨大意的了解。
3．对症下药，各个击破。了解全文的大概意思之后，再把短文的问题简单看一遍，弄懂题意，然后带着问题再去寻读全文。这次阅读过程中要善于抓文章中的关键词句。寻读也就是迅速的查找需要了解的信息，是为某些特定的问题而阅读，因此阅读时要有较强的针对性，对与问题有关的数据，词句等仔细阅读，认真理解，同时结合不同考查内容的题型，采取如下解题对策： （1）事实询问题：这类试题通常是以疑问词what，who，when，where，why，how 等引起的特殊问句，就文章中某一词语、某一句子、某一段落或某一具体细节和事实进行提问。解答此类试题首先要弄清题目和每一个选项的含义，然后按题目要求寻找与之相关的细节，正确估计答案来源，同时注意题目和文章中的暗示作用。特别注意辨别各种信息，确认各种信息。 （2）推理判断题：此题要求我们通过表面文字信息去推测文章隐含的意思，对文章的发展情节及作者的态度、意图等做出合乎逻辑的的推理判断。这种题要求我们在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节、从分析文章的结构入手，根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层含义。对暗含在文章中事件的因果关系，人物的动机，以及作者未言明的倾向、态度、意图、观点进行合乎逻辑的推理、分析和判断。同时善于抓住文中实质性的东西，不要被带假象的表面信息或似是而非的东西所迷惑。并且注意推断作者态度时要力求从作者的态度、观点去思考，切勿想当然，凭个人的观点习惯看法来回答的问题。 （3）数据推算题：此题要求我们就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文章中其他信息的关系做出计算和推断，然后做出选择。这就要求我们解题时，要在理解好题意的前提下去对与数据有关的信息认真分析，若数据信息较多，还要注意弄清数据之间的关系，同时分清有用与无用信息，最终作出正确判断。 （4）主旨大意题：此题用以考查我们对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。在解答此类试题时要注意每段的中心句，抓住每一段的主题句。一般主题句都用来表达一段主旨大意，因此，只要找准每段的主题句，文章的中心思想和文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。
第6讲名词性从句 1．We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to 20，half of________ it used to charge.(2017·江苏，26) A．that B．which C．what D．how 答案 C 解析考查宾语从句。句意为：我们选择这家旅馆，因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，这是它以前要价的一半。从句意看，本句的half of部分在句中作
20的同位语，由此可知这里要用what引导宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，同时what在宾语从句中又作charge的宾语，因此选C。2．Every year，________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. (2017·北京，23) A．whatever B．whoever C．whomever D．whichever 答案 B 解析考查主语从句。句意为：每年，在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。whoever 无论谁，表泛指，在句中作主语，相当于anyone who。whomever在句中只能作宾语，不合题意；whatever任何……的事物；whichever无论哪个，无论哪些。 3．Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing ________ she was heading. (2017·北京，26) A．why B．where C．how D．when 答案 B 解析考查宾语从句。句意为：简沿着绿树成荫的街道漫无目的地走着，并不知道要去哪里。why为什么；how怎样；when什么时候。 4．She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn’t.(2017·天津，4) A．when B．where C．whether D．what 答案 C 解析考查宾语从句。句意为：她问我是否已将那些书还给了图书馆，我承认还没还。when 什么时候；where在哪里；what什么，均不符合语境。
高考英语阅读理解专项训练及答案及解析 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper, TCM has been introduced in 183 countries and regions around the world. Westerners' understanding of TCM, however, may be limited to acupuncture, cupping and massage(针灸，拔罐和按摩). For instance, the purple, injury-like marks left on U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps，back from cupping for the purpose of relaxing his muscles and reducing pain became the center of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016. As a matter of fact, Chinese herbs play a more important role in getting rid of diseases and keeping the body in good condition in the TCM treatment system than physical treatment. It is therefore disheartening to know that while 103 World Health Organization member countries have given approval to the practice of acupuncture, not many recognize Chinese herbal medicine. TCM falls far behind Western medicine owing partly to the slow development of Chinese herbs. Herbs are made into pills, powder and soup, and the kind of herbs used, their quality and quantity, and the processing of the ingredients (原材料) jointly determine the effectiveness of the prescription. Compared with Western medicine, which has standardized drug production processes and treatment methods, TCM lacks standardization, with the chemical composition and functions of its medicines being unclear and their effects being unstable. Fortunately, standardization has improved in recent decades, with an increasing number of factories producing patented TCM drugs. Another factor that has prevented the development of TCM prescription drugs is the lack of creativity. While Western medicine-making companies come up with new products every year, TCM drug producers tend to make medicines according to prescriptions handed down from the past. Chinese chemist Tu Youyou's winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her research into malaria (疟疾) treatment may drive creativity to some extent in China's TCM industry. However, the current state of affairs cannot be changed within a short time. （1）Why does the author mention the example of Michael Phelps? A. Because he was injured in his swimming. B. Because cupping is a kind of important TCM treatment. C. Because westerners know a little about TCM. D. Because westerners attach great importance to TCM. （2）Why don't some member countries of WHO recognize Chinese herbal medicine? A. Because Chinese herbs can get rid of diseases. B. Because they only approve the practice of acupuncture. C. Because Western medicine is more effective. D. Because medicine made out of Chinese herbs develops slowly. （3）Compared with Western medicine, what is the weak point of TCM in Paragraph 4? A. The methods of planting herbs. B. The effectiveness of prescription. C. Lacking in standardization. D. Its stable functions.
I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order
（英语）高三英语阅读理解专项训练及答案 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 The setting was a packed gymnasium just before the start of a game against another school. There were five girls who were members of the Danville High School basketball team—all of them starters. They were not in uniform to play that night and would not be on the team for the rest of this season. They were there to admit their breaking of team rules. They were there to support their coach's decision to take them off the team. They were there to let the town know there was a problem in their little community that needed to be addressed. And they did it with sincere regret rather than defensiveness. While the school had been out for the New Year's holiday, the five girls had gone to the party with several of their friends. There was alcohol there. And they all drank some. Coach Rainville has a zero tolerance rule on drugs and alcohol for her members though it was a hard decision to make. When classes resumed and accounts of holiday parties were shared, rumors about the five girls began closing in on them. The coach said she couldn't back down on her rules. And the players—two junior students and three senior students—agreed. That night in the gym was part of their public support of the coach's decision. “We hope you will understand that we are not bad kids. What we did was definitely not worth it. We hope this event will make everyone realize that there is a big drug and alcohol problem in our community,” one of the senior students said, “And if you work with us to try to solve this problem, you will help us feel that we have not been thrown off our basketball team for nothing.” The five left the floor to deafening applause. The team may not win another game this year. But they've learnt something about personal responsibility, the effect of one's action on others, and honesty that will serve them well throughout life. （1）It can be inferred from the passage that the five girls who were kicked off the team were ________. A. very good players on the team B. addicted to alcohol and drugs C. three junior students and two senior students D. scolded by their parents for drinking alcohol （2）What did the girls do to support their coach's decision? A. They didn't fight for Danville High School any more. B. They all gave speeches to apologize in the local press. C. They admitted their mistake in public in the gymnasium. D. They would never drink any alcohol throughout their life. （3）Which word best describes the coach Rainville? A. Indifferent. B. Strict. C. Stubborn. D. Cruel. （4）Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Growing up with pain B. A bad mistake C. Team rules are everything D. Basketball girls in high school 【答案】（1）A
高考英语阅读理解练习题及答案及解析 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 I was born on the 17th of November 1828, in the village of Nam Ping, which is about four miles southwest of the Portuguese Colony (殖民地) of Macao, and is located on Pedro Island lying west of Macao, from which it is separated by a channel of half a mile wide. As early as 1834, an English lady, Mrs. Gutzlaff, wife of a missionary to China, came to Macao. Supported by the Ladies' Association in London for the promotion of female education in India and the East, she immediately took up the work of starting a girls' school for Chinese girls, which was soon followed by the opening of a boys' school. Mrs. Gutzlaff's comprador(买办) happened to come from my village and was actually my father's friend and neighbor. It was through him that my parents heard about Mrs. Gutzlaff's school and it was doubtlessly through his influence and means that my father got me admitted into the school. It has always been a mystery to me why my parents should put me into a foreign school, instead of a traditional Confucian school, where my big brother was placed. Most certainly such a step would have been more suitable for Chinese public opinion, taste, and the wants of the country, than to allow me to attend an English school. Moreover, a Chinese belief is the only avenue in China that leads to political promotion, influence, power and wealth. I can only guess that as foreign communication with China was just beginning to grow, my parents hoped that it might be worthwhile to put one of their sons to learning English. In this way he might become an interpreter and have a more advantageous position to enter the business and diplomatic world. I am wondering if that influenced my parents to put me into Mrs. Gutzlaff's School. As to what other sequences it has eventually brought about in my later life, they were entirely left in the hands of God. （1）How was the author admitted to Mrs. Gutzlaff's school? A. Through his father's friend's help. B. Through his own efforts to exams. C. Through his father's request. D. Through Mrs. Gutzlaff's influence. （2）Why did the author's parents put him into an English school？ A. An English school was more influential. B. Foreign trade with China was developing fast. C. It met with Chinese public opinion. D. He could become a successful interpreter. （3）What did the author think of his parents' decision to put him into an English school? A. It was skeptical. B. It was mysterious. C. It was thoughtful. D. It was wonderful.【答案】（1）A （2）D （3）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，小时候父亲送作者去英语学校而不是中文学校，并分析了具体原因。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Mrs. Gutzlaff's comprador(买办) happened to come from my village and was actually my father's friend and neighbor. It was through him that my parents heard about Mrs. Gutzlaff's school”可知，作者是通过父亲朋友的帮助进入到Mrs.
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine. 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please. 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如： There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin. 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： the earth, the moon, the sun. 5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如： He is always the first to come to school. Bob is the tallest in his class. 6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如： the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。 7、用在一些习惯用语中。如： on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。 8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如： the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas 9、用在报刊、杂志前。如： the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。 10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如： The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。 11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如： the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。 12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如： The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car). 三、零冠词（即不用冠词）： 1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如： China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。 2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如： Go down this street. 3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如： We are students.