Structural method for Sensor Placement

Structural Health Monitoring Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a crucial aspect of ensuring the safety and integrity of various structures, such as buildings, bridges, and infrastructure. It involves the use of sensors, data analysis, and advanced technology to continuously monitor the condition of a structure and detect any potential issues or defects. The primary goal of SHM is to prevent structural failures, reduce maintenance costs, and extend the lifespan of the structure. However, there are several challenges and considerations that need to be addressed when implementing SHM systems. One of the key considerations in structural health monitoring is the selection and placement of sensors. The type and number of sensors required depend on the specific characteristics and usage of the structure. For example, a bridge may require different sensors than a high-rise building. Additionally, the placement of sensors is critical to ensure that they can effectively monitor the structural behavior and detect any changes or abnormalities. This process requires careful planning and analysis to determinethe optimal sensor configuration for each structure. Another important aspect of SHM is the data collection and analysis process. Sensors continuously collect data on various parameters, such as strain, temperature, and vibration, which is then analyzed to assess the structural condition. Advanced algorithms and data processing techniques are used to interpret the data and identify any potential issues or anomalies. However, the sheer volume of data collected can present challenges in terms of storage, processing, and interpretation. As a result, it is essential to have robust data management and analysis systems in place to effectively utilize the information collected by the sensors. Furthermore, the implementation of SHM systems requires a significant investment in terms of technology, equipment, and expertise. This can be a barrier for many organizations, especially smaller ones or those with limited resources. Additionally, there maybe challenges in integrating SHM systems with existing infrastructure and ensuring compatibility with other monitoring and maintenance systems. As a result, there is a need for collaboration between various stakeholders, including engineers, researchers, and industry professionals, to develop cost-effective and efficient SHM solutions that can be widely adopted. In addition to technical considerations,ethical and privacy concerns also need to be addressed in the implementation of SHM systems. The use of sensors to continuously monitor structures raisesquestions about the collection and use of data, as well as potential privacy implications. It is essential to establish clear guidelines and regulations regarding data collection, storage, and sharing to ensure that the rights and privacy of individuals are protected. Moreover, there is a need for transparency and communication with the public about the purpose and benefits of SHM, as wellas the measures taken to address any ethical and privacy concerns. Despite the challenges and considerations involved, the benefits of structural health monitoring are significant. By continuously monitoring the condition of structures, SHM systems can provide early detection of potential issues, allowing for timely maintenance and repairs. This proactive approach can help prevent catastrophic failures and ensure the safety of the public. Additionally, SHM can lead to cost savings by optimizing maintenance schedules and extending the lifespan of structures, ultimately resulting in a more sustainable and resilient built environment. In conclusion, structural health monitoring is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety and integrity of various structures. While there are several challenges and considerations to address, the benefits of SHM are significant in terms of safety, cost savings, and sustainability. By carefully planning and implementing SHM systems, and addressing technical, ethical, and privacy concerns, we can create a built environment that is more resilient and secure for future generations.。

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree for the Master of EngineeringDynamic Analysis and Vibration Sensing of Thin-Wall Annular WorkpieceCandidate : Liu WuguangMajor : Mechatronic EngineeringSupervisor : Prof. Lee Kok-MengAssoc. Prof. Guo JiajieHuazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan , Hubei 430074, P.R.ChinaMay, 2015独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。

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KIT 3628TModel M3628RStorage Bank DischargerAnd Resistor BankCustomer Reference ManualWeb: ●Tel: 615-244-2825 ●Email:*****************Bonitron, Inc.2Bonitron, Inc.Nashville, TNAn industry leader in providing solutions for AC drives.A BOUTB ONITRONBonitron designs and manufactures quality industrial electronics that improve the reliability of processes and variable frequency drives worldwide. With products in numerous industries, and an educated and experienced team of engineers, Bonitron has seen thousands of products engineered since 1962 and welcomes custom applications.With engineering, production, and testing all in the same facility, Bonitron is able to ensure its products are of the utmost quality and ready to be applied to your application.The Bonitron engineering team has the background and expertise necessary to design, develop, and manufacture the quality industrial electronic systems demanded in today’s market. A strong academic background supported by continuing education is complemented by many years of hands-on field experience. A clear advantage Bonitron has over many competitors is combined on-site engineering labs and manufacturing facilities, which allows the engineering team to have immediate access to testing and manufacturing. This not only saves time during prototype development, but also is essential to providing only the highest quality products.The sales and marketing teams work closely with engineering to provide up-to-date information and provide remarkable customer support to make sure you receive the best solution for your application. Thanks to this combination of quality productsandsuperior customer support, Bonitron has products installed in critical applications worldwide.Bonitron, Inc.3AC D RIVE O PTIONSIn 1975, Bonitron began working with AC inverter drive specialists at synthetic fiber plants to develop speed control systems that could be interfaced with their plant process computers. Ever since, Bonitron has developed AC drive options that solve application issues associated with modern AC variable frequency drives and aid in reducing drive faults. Below is a sampling of Bonitron’s current product offering.W ORLD C LASS P RODUCTSUndervoltage SolutionsOvervoltage SolutionsUninterruptible Power for Drives(DC Bus Ride-Thru) Voltage Regulators Chargers and DischargersEnergy StorageBraking Transistors Braking Resistors Transistor/Resistor ComboLine RegenerationDynamic Braking for Servo DrivesCommon Bus SolutionsPortable Maintenance SolutionsSingle Phase Power Supplies 3-Phase Power Supplies Common Bus DiodesCapacitor Formers Capacitor TestersPower Quality SolutionsGreen Solutions12 and 18 Pulse KitsLine RegenerationKIT 3628T & M3628R1.I NTRODUCTION (7)1.1.Who Should Use This Manual (7)1.2.Purpose and Scope (7)1.3.Manual Revision (7)Figure 1-1: KIT 3628T (7)1.4.Symbol Conventions Used in this Manual and on Equipment (8)2.P RODUCT D ESCRIPTION (9)2.1.Related Products (9)2.2.Part Number Breakdown (9)Figure 2-1: Example of Part Number Breakdown for KIT 3628T (9)Table 2-1: System Voltage Ratings for KIT 3628T (9)Figure 2-2: Example of Part Number Breakdown for M3628R (10)Table 2-2: Chassis Sizes for M3628R (10)2.3.General Specifications (10)Table 2-3: KIT 3628T General Specifications (10)Table 2-4: M3628R General Specifications (11)2.4.General Precautions and Safety Warnings (11)3.I NSTALLATION I NSTRUCTIONS (13)3.1.Environment (13)3.2.Unpacking (13)3.3.Mounting (13)3.4.Wiring and User Connections (13)3.4.1.Power Wiring (13)Table 3-1: M7001 Wiring Connections (14)Table 3-2: M7009 Wiring Connections (14)Table 3-3: P105/P115 Relay Wiring Connections (14)Table 3-4: HX200 Relay Wiring Connections (14)Figure 3-1: KIT 3628T Typical Wiring (15)Figure 3-2: Recommended External Temperature Sensor Placement for M3628R (16)4.O PERATION (17)4.1.Functional Description (17)4.2.I/O and Features (17)4.2.1.Indicators (17)4.3.Startup Procedure (17)5.M AINTENANCE, AND T ROUBLESHOOTING (19)5.1.Maintenance (19)5.2.Troubleshooting (19)Table 5-1: Troubleshooting Guide (19)5.3.Technical Help – Before You Call (19)6.E NGINEERING D ATA (21)6.1.Ratings (21)Table 6-1: KIT 3628T Ratings (21)6.2.Dimensions and Mechanical Drawings (21)Table 6-2: M3628R Chassis Dimensions (21)Figure 6-1: M3628R Chassis Dimensional Outline (21)Figure 6-2: M7009 24VDC Buffer Module Dimensional Outline (22)Figure 6-3: M7001 24VDC Power Supply Dimensional Outline (23)4Table of Contents Figure 6-4 P105/P115 Relay Dimensional Outline (23)Figure 6-5: HX200 Relay Dimensional Outline (24)5KIT 3628T & M3628RThis page intentionally left blank 6User’s Manual71. I NTRODUCTION1.1. W HO S HOULD U SE T HIS M ANUALThis manual is intended for use by anyone who is responsible for integrating, installing, maintaining, troubleshooting, or using this equipment with any capacitive energy storage system.Please keep this manual for future reference.1.2. P URPOSE AND S COPEThis manual i s a user’s guide for the KIT 3628T capacitor storage bank discharger. It will provide the user with the necessary information to successfully install, integrate, and use the KIT 3628T in a capacitive energy storage system.In the event of any conflict between this document and any publication and/or documentation related to the capacitive energy storage system, the latter shall have precedence.1.3. M ANUAL R EVISIONThe initial release of this manual is Rev 00a.Figure 1-1: KIT 3628TKIT 3628T & M3628R8 1.4. S YMBOL C ONVENTIONS U SED IN THIS M ANUAL AND ONE QUIPMENTEarth Ground or Protective EarthAC VoltageDC VoltageDANGER!DANGER: Electrical hazard - Identifies a statement that indicatesa shock or electrocution hazard that must be avoided.DANGER!DANGER: Identifies information about practices or circumstancesthat can lead to personal injury or death, property damage, oreconomic loss.CAUTION!CAUTION: Identifies information about practices or circumstancesthat can lead to property damage, or economic loss. Attentionshelp you identify a potential hazard, avoid a hazard, andrecognize the consequences.CAUTION!CAUTION: Heat or burn hazard - Identifies a statement regardingheat production or a burn hazard that should be avoided.User’s Manual2. P RODUCT D ESCRIPTIONCapacitors are taking the place of batteries as the preferred method of storing energy for many industrial applications that experience short term power outages. One major advantage capacitors have over batteries is that the energy can be completely drained for safer maintenance and shipping. The downside is that the capacitors can take a significant amount of time to self-discharge. It is for this purpose Bonitron developed the KIT 3628T capacitor discharger.KIT 3628T is a combination of a relay, 24V power supply, and 24V backup module. In conjunction with an appropriately sized M3628R discharge resistor. The system will discharge an attached capacitor bank to below 50V in 1 minute. Automatic discharge can be set up using an aux contact on the cabinet disconnect switch or breaker, or manual discharge can be triggered locally or remotely via PLC control.KIT 3628T is available in voltages up to 1000 VDC, and in peak currents up to 600 amps.Complementary M3628R resistors are available up to 4000 kJ, and can be paralleled for faster discharge times or for larger energy banks.2.1. R ELATED P RODUCTSM3460S ERIES R IDE-T HRU M ODULESVoltage regulators used for sag or outage protection of higher power systems.M3534S ERIES R IDE-T HRU M ODULESVoltage regulators used for sag or outage protection of lower power systems.M3528B ATTERY AND U LTRACAPACITOR C HARGERSChargers for high voltage storage strings.2.2. P ART N UMBER B REAKDOWNFigure 2-1: Example of Part Number Breakdown for KIT 3628TKIT3628T Y200B ASE M ODEL N UMBERV OLTAGE R ATINGC URRENT R ATINGB ASE M ODEL N UMBERThe base model number for all storage bank discharger kits is KIT 3628T.S YSTEM V OLTAGE R ATINGThe system voltage rating indicates the nominal voltage of the system the KIT 3628Tis intended to be a part of.Table 2-1: System Voltage Ratings for KIT 3628T9KIT 3628T & M3628R10C URRENT R ATINGThe current rating indicates the rated instantaneous peak current for the KIT 3628T, which is equal to the DC storage bus voltage divided by the M3628R resistance. For example, a 600 Amp peak KIT 3628T is 600.B ASE M ODEL N UMBERThe Base Model Number for all M3628 resistor banks is M3628R.R ESISTANCE V ALUEThe resistance value indicates the value of the M3628R resistor bank inohms. For example, a 3 ohm resistor bank is 03.0.K ILOJOULE R ATINGThe kilojoule rating indicates the energy rating of the M3628R resistor bank in kilojoules. For example, a resistor bank rated at 1500 kilojoules is 1500.C HASSIS S IZEThe chassis size indicates the chassis used for the M3628R. It is determined by the kilojoule rating of the M3628R.Table 2-2: Chassis Sizes for M3628R2.3. G ENERAL S PECIFICATIONSTable 2-3: KIT 3628T General SpecificationsTable 2-4: M3628R General Specifications2.4. G ENERAL P RECAUTIONS AND S AFETY W ARNINGSDANGER!CAUTION!ANY QUESTIONS AS TO APPLICATION, INSTALLATION OR SERVICE SAFETY SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO THE EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER.This page intentionally left blank3. I NSTALLATION I NSTRUCTIONSThe KIT 3628T is intended to be part of a larger variable frequency drive system and will require different hardware for interconnection based on the installation. An appropriate enclosure may need to be provided to protect personnel from contact and the systemfrom damage. The enclosure may also need to protect the equipment from theinstallation environment.Please read this manual completely before designing the drive system or enclosurelayout to ensure all required elements are included.3.1. E NVIRONMENTThe maximum ambient operating temperature of the KIT 3628T should not exceed50 C. Temperatures above this can cause overheating during operation.The M3628R discharge resistor is designed to dissipate energy in the form of heat andcan cause overheating of other components in the system if not cooled properly.Non-condensing, filtered air may be required to cool the system. This is especiallytrue if the M3628R is mounted inside the enclosure.3.2. U NPACKINGInspect the shipping crate of the KIT 3628T for damage.Notify the shipping carrier if damage is found.3.3. M OUNTINGMounting dimensions can be found in Section 6.The M3628R should be mounted with a clearance of 4 inches on each side with noequipment mounted above the resistor. Connection wires should not be above theresistor elements.3.4. W IRING AND U SER C ONNECTIONSReview this entire Section before attempting to wire the KIT 3628T.OWER IRINGDANGER!EBEFORE ATTEMPTING SERVICE OR INSTALLATION FAILUREDEATH!This section provides information pertaining to the field wiring connections of the KIT 3628T and M3628R. Actual connection points and terminal numbers of the storage capacitors will be found in the documentation provided with the drive system.Be sure to review all pertinent AC drive system documentation as well as the connection details listed below before proceeding.Table 3-1: M7001 Wiring ConnectionsTable 3-2: M7009 Wiring ConnectionsTable 3-4: HX200 Relay Wiring ConnectionsThe total wiring distance between the capacitor bank, KIT 3628T relay, and M3628R should not be longer than 50 feet. Wire in the discharge path can be sized for 2/3 of the peak discharge current (Vdc/R).Ensure correct polarity for the connection between M7001 and M7009, and the connection between the capacitor bank and M7001. Failure to do so can cause severe damage to the system.DANGER!AENSURE THEY ARE AT SAFE LEVELS BEFORE MAKING CONNECTIONSFigure 3-1: KIT 3628T Typical WiringFigure 3-2: Recommended External Temperature Sensor Placement for M3628RBOTTOMTOP*LOCAL SHUTDOWN TEMP SENSORTOPBACKFRONTACCESS PLATE FOR WIRINGVERTICAL MOUNTINGON BACK PLATEINSIDE RACK*REMOTE INDICATION TEMP SENSORLOCAL SHUTDOWN TEMP SENSORHORIZONTAL MOUNTING OUTSIDE, ON TOP OF CABINETACCESS PLATE FOR CONDUIT WIRINGUSE 0A220 (open at 220 c)WITH M3628T IGBT SWITCH*REMOTE INDICATION TEMP SENSOR1. USE TEFLON HIGH TEMP WIRE2. SECURE WIRES TO EXTERNAL MOUNT, PULLING THEM AWAY FORM CHASSIS DO NOT SECURE WIRE TO CHASSIS4. O PERATION4.1. F UNCTIONAL D ESCRIPTIONThe KIT 3628T discharger and M3628R resistor are used together to safely and quickly discharge a capacitor bank. The kit is composed of an M7001 power supply, a M7009 buffer module, and a normally-open relay. Since the M7001 runs directly off the capacitor bank, discharge can be accomplished even with no external power feed. During power-down conditions, the open relay and resistor are connected across the capacitor bank. When the capacitor bank begins charging and the voltage increases to approximately 190VDC, the M7001 power supply will begin operating, the power LED on its front panel turns on, and 24VDC is available at its output terminals. This 24VDC is fed directly to the M7009 buffer module. When the user wishes to initiate a discharge event, a user-defined contact closes the buffered 24VDC to the relay coil. This contact is typically either a PLC command or an auxiliary contact on the door handle.During a typical discharge cycle, the KIT 3628T would be enabled and the capacitor bank voltage would begin to decrease. When the capacitor bank voltage gets down to approximately 60VDC, the M7001 will deactivate. The M7009 will support the relay coil for approximately 60 additional seconds, allowing the system to complete discharging to a safe level.To prevent resistor overheating, a normally-closed temperature sensor may be connected in series with the relay coil.4.2. I/O AND F EATURES 4.2.1. I NDICATORS4.2.1.1. M7001 P OWER LEDThe Power light illuminates green when the internal power supply is operating.4.3. S TARTUP P ROCEDURECAUTION !∙∙DANGER !1. Ensure all system components are wired properly.2. Enable the charger, and allow capacitor bank voltage to increase.∙ Charge time is dependent on capacitor bank value and charge currentlevel.∙ M7001 “POWER” light should illuminate as DC bus increases past190VDC.3. After the capacitor bank has fully charged, remove power from charger and close24V to the discharge relay. This will turn the relay on and begin discharging the capacitor bank.∙Capacitor bank voltage should decrease.∙M3628R will begin to emit heat.4. M7001 will turn off when the capacitor bank voltage drops below approximately60VDC. M7009 will hold the relay closed for approximately 60 seconds past this point.5. M AINTENANCE, AND T ROUBLESHOOTING5.1. M AINTENANCEThe KIT 3628T and M3628R require no maintenance.5.2. T ROUBLESHOOTINGBelow are suggestions on how to check some common issues.If you continue to have problems after going over this list, please contact Bonitron.Table 5-1: Troubleshooting GuideCAUTION! RBEQUIPMENT BY PERSONNEL NOT APPROVED BY REMAINING5.3. T ECHNICAL H ELP –B EFORE Y OU C ALLIf possible, please have the following information when calling for technical help:∙Exact model number of affected units∙Serial number of unit∙Name and model number of attached drives∙Name of original equipment supplier∙Brief description of the application∙The AC line to line voltage on all 3 phases∙The DC bus voltage∙KVA rating of power source∙Source configuration Wye/Delta and groundingThis information will help us support you much more quickly. Please contact us at (615) 244-2825 or through This page intentionally left blankUser’s Manual216. E NGINEERING D ATA6.1. R ATINGS(1)calculated from the capacitor bank energy being discharged.6.2. D IMENSIONS AND M ECHANICAL D RAWINGSFigure 6-1: M3628R Chassis Dimensional OutlineKIT 3628T & M3628R22Figure 6-2: M7009 24VDC Buffer Module Dimensional OutlineUser’s Manual23Figure 6-3: M7001 24VDC Power Supply Dimensional OutlineFigure 6-4 P105/P115 Relay Dimensional OutlineKIT 3628T & M3628R24 Figure 6-5: HX200 Relay Dimensional OutlineUser’s Manual This page intentionally left blank25KIT 3628T & M3628RNOTES 26D_KIT_3628_CMAN_vall_00a 04/05/2016 521 Fairground Court ● Nashville, TN 37211 ● USATel: (615) 244-2825 ● Fax: (615) 244-2833 ● Web: ● Email:*****************。

重心法的英语一、“重心法”的英语：centroid method二、英语释义1. In mathematics and physics, the centroid method is a way to find the geometric center or average position of a set of points. It is often used in various fields such as engineering design, image processing, and logistics location problems.- 在数学和物理学中，重心法是一种找到一组点的几何中心或平均位置的方法。

它经常用于诸如工程设计、图像处理和物流选址问题等各个领域。

三、短语1. centroid calculation method 重心计算方法2. weighted centroid method 加权重心法3. geometric centroid method 几何重心法四、单词（与重心法相关的一些单词）1. centroid /ˈsentrɔɪd/ n. 重心；质心- The centroid of a triangle is the point where the medians intersect. 三角形的重心是中线相交的点。

2. method /ˈmeθəd/ n. 方法；办法- We need to find a more efficient method to solve this problem. 我们需要找到一种更有效的方法来解决这个问题。

3. location /ləʊˈkeɪʃn/ n. 位置；地点- The location of the new factory is determined by the centroid method. 新工厂的位置由重心法确定。

project manager quality control request(application) review risk river closure river diversion safety signature site site engineer specification staff Subcontractor submission supervise Supplier the International Chamber of Commerce unit price variation(change) World Bank Excavation and Support Open Excavation bench excavation concrete excavation fault excavation foundation excavation local excavation mass(bulk) excavation protective layer excavation rock excavation slope excavation soft ground excavation soil excavation structural excavation tooth excavation unclassified material excavation coefficient of nonuniformity cutoff trench dewatering(drainage) excavation pit
工程师 工程师代表 工程项目 国际工程 海外工程 国内工程 设备 外籍职员 专家 出口 土木工程承包商联合会 正式的 金结工程 进口 负责、主管 非正式的 土木工程师协会 仪器、器械 保险 劳务 布置 牵头公司、责任公司 责任、义务 总包 机械 人力资源 制造商 材料 办法、措施 采取有效措施 测量、计量 备忘录 进场 反对 支付 设备 观点、意见 资格预审 采购 利润 进度控制

4 Concrete Placement Classes of Structural Concrete Concrete Plant InspectionPlantsTypesofTechnicianPlantPreparations for Concrete PlacementPlan ReviewPreparationsSiteRestrictionsWeatherConcrete DeliveryEquipmentDeliveryTicketsDeliveryField TestsRecording Test Results Concrete PlacementSegregationConcrete ConsolidationofJointsConstructionCasesSpecialFinishing Concrete SurfacesAreasFinishingBearingTreatments OtherSurfaceCuring Substructure ConcreteCold Water CuringMethod of Measurement and Basis for PaymentCHAPTER FOUR:CONCRETE PLACEMENTThe major topics to be discussed in this chapter are:1)Classes of concrete2)Concrete plants3)Preparations for concrete delivery4)Field tests5)Concrete placement6)Concrete finishing7)Curing methodsTechnicians are required to have a basic knowledge of concrete used inbridge construction and the plants that produce the concrete. Such anunderstanding helps to form a cooperative relationship between theTechnicians at the plant and the Technicians in the field.CLASSES OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETEStructural concrete is produced as Class A, Class B, and Class C. Thedifferences between the classes are in the cement and aggregate contentsand water/cementitious ratios.Bridge construction often requires the use of all three classes of concrete.For example, the plans may require Class B concrete for the footings,Class A for the piers and bents, and Class C for the decks and railings.The Notes section of the General Plan sheet lists the classes of concrete tobe used. The Bill of Materials section on the detail sheets also lists theseclasses. In most cases, the Contractor may substitute Class C concrete forClass A concrete and Class A or Class C concrete for Class B concrete.The materials used in the production of structural concrete includecombinations of the following:1) Fine and coarse aggregates2)Portland cement3)Fly ash (a coal by-product)4)Water5)Admixtures, including retarders, accelerators, waterreducers, and air entraining agentsCONCRETE PLANT INSPECTIONTYPES OF PLANTSINDOT categorizes concrete plants as captive plants or commercialplants. Captive plants are usually temporary plants (constructed on thejob-site) and are used primarily to produce concrete for a specificcontract. When the contract is finished, the plant is disassembled andmoved. Commercial plants (Figure 4-1), on the other hand, arepermanent installations.Figure 4-1. Commercial PlantConcrete plants are inspected and certified by the Office of MaterialsManagement. Commercial plants are inspected once a year. Captiveplants are inspected at the beginning of each construction season andwhenever they are moved to a new location.PLANT TECHNICIANThere are two reasons for having Technicians at concrete plants. The firstis to insure that INDOT receives the quality of materials the Contractorhas agreed to supply, and the second is to insure those materials aredelivered in the proper quantities.Plant Technicians are responsible for observing all weighing, batching,and mixing operations, except when mixing takes place away from theplant site. Technicians are required to ensure that all materials have beensampled, tested, and approved. The plant scales used for batching cementand aggregates are required to be checked for accuracy twice a day.Plant Technicians are required to maintain a cooperative relationship withthe Contractor and plant personnel. Being prepared for work and knowingthe requirements for the concrete are necessary to maintain thisrelationship.PREPARATIONS FOR CONCRETE PLACEMENTThe smooth delivery of concrete to the job-site is critical. Delays in thedelivery of the concrete or during the placement operation may causeproblems that are time consuming and costly to resolve. The fieldTechnician, the Contractor, and the concrete plant Technician are requiredto work together to ensure the correct concrete is delivered on time and inthe necessary quantities.PLAN REVIEWPreparing for the delivery of concrete begins with a review of the plans.The class or classes of concrete are required to be checked. The Bill ofMaterials section of the detail sheets is used to locate the estimatedquantities for each class of concrete. Substitutions of a higher class ofconcrete are generally allowed; however, the Contractor is never permittedto substitute an inferior class of concrete for the class of concrete requiredin the plans.The detail sheets also provide important information concerning theconcrete pour, such as the pour sequence and the locations and dimensionsof the construction joints and keyways.SITE PREPARATIONSThe Technician is required to ensure that the site has been adequatelyprepared for concrete placement. Such preparations include that:1)Excavations have been dewatered2)Forms have been checked for adequate bracing and properelevations and alignment3)Chamfer strips have been installed and are in good shape4)Trash and debris have been removed from all forms5)Reinforcement has been tied securely and checked forproper clearance and spacing6)The Contractor has adequate manpower and equipment tohandle the pour to include a sufficient number of vibratorsand backups.WEATHER RESTRICTIONSThe Technician is required to know the weather forecast for the concreteplacement operation. Weather conditions may influence everything fromthe timing and method of concrete delivery and placement to postponingthe operation altogether. Ideally, concrete is placed in temperaturesbetween 50 and 90° F, when there is no threat of rain, and when steps havebeen taken to protect the concrete from excessive wind.In general, when the temperature is 35° F or below, the temperature of theconcrete is required to be between 50 and 80° F at the time of placing.The Contractor may heat the water and/or aggregates used in the concretemix to achieve this range of temperatures; however, the heating is requiredto be done in accordance with the Specifications for cold-weatherconcrete. The Technician is required to use a dial thermometer to checkthe concrete temperature whenever the concrete is suspected to be near theSpecifications limits.CONCRETE DELIVERYNo concrete may be placed without a Technician on the job and anotherTechnician at the concrete plant. Prior to the beginning of concretedelivery, the Technician is required to contact the plant Technician todouble-check the following items:1) The class of concrete to be used2)The quantity of concrete needed for the pour3)The slump and air content requirements4)The proposed starting time of delivery5)The desired rate of delivery.DELIVERY EQUIPMENTConcrete is typically delivered to the job-site in mixer trucks, agitatortrucks, or in non-agitating equipment. All delivery trucks are required tocomply with the equipment Specifications designated in Section 702.Mixer trucks (Figure 4-2) are designed for mixing concrete at or on theway to the job-site. For this reason, mixer trucks always have a water tankon board and a measuring device that is capable of controlling the amountof water that is added to the mix. Agitator trucks deliver ready-mixedconcrete. Any water on the truck is for cleaning purposes only, not formixing.Figure 4-2. Mixer TrucksWhen mixer trucks are used, the following items are required to bechecked:1)Manufacturer’s rating plates are in place and legible2)Revolution counters are operating properly3)Mixing speed and the number of revolutions are incompliance with the Specifications. The number ofrevolutions of the drum at mixing speed is required to bebetween 70 and 100.4)Trucks are operated at or below their rated capacity5)Old concrete is removed from the drum6)Wash water is properly drained from the drumDELIVERY TICKETSAs the concrete is delivered to the job-site, the Technician collects adelivery ticket from each truck.When the concrete delivered to the job-site is produced at a commercial orcaptive plant, the Producer’s ticket is used to document delivery. TheProducer’s ticket for the first load of each class of concrete delivered eachday is required to contain the following information:1)The correct contract or project number2)The correct date3)The producer’s name4)The plant location5)The Contractor6)The class of concrete delivered7)The weights per cubic yard of all materials, includingadmixtures8)The number of cubic yards delivered9)The time of day that the water and cement were combined10)The plant Technician’s signatureAfter the first load is delivered, the Producer’s name, the plant location,the Contractor, and the weights of the various materials used in batchingmay be omitted from the Producer’s tickets for the rest of the day or untilthe mix design is changed. If the mix design is changed, the ticket for thefirst load of the revised mix is required to indicate all changes.FIELD TESTSConducting and/or observing concrete field tests is one of the mostimportant duties of a Technician. Typical field tests include slump, aircontent, yield, and water/cementitious ratio. The equipment used toconduct the tests is required to be clean, in good shape, and capable ofproviding accurate results. The air meters (Figure 4-3) used in air contenttests and the scales used in yield tests are required to be calibrated andapproved. All test equipment is provided by District Testing.Figure 4-3. Air Content MeterThe procedures for conducting slump, air content, flexural strength, andyield tests are detailed in the INDOT General Instructions to FieldEmployees. The required frequency for conducting all tests is listed in theFrequency Manual. That frequency of tests listed, however, is a minimumand may be increased as specified by the plans, the Special Provisions, orby the PE/PS. The following is a brief description of the purpose of eachtest.Slump tests are conducted to determine the consistency of fresh concreteand to check the uniformity of concrete from batch to batch. Typicalspecification limits for slump for structural concrete are between 1 and 4in. Unacceptable slump measurements usually indicate improper mixproportions, especially the water content. Contractors are not permitted toadd water simply to make the mix easier to pour. Any such change to themix design requires prior approval.Air content tests are conducted to determine how much air is contained inthe concrete. In most cases, air has been purposely added or entrained inconcrete to make the concrete more durable. Allowable air content mayrange from 5 to 8 %, depending on the maximum size of the aggregatesused in the mix. Results outside the specified limits indicate arequirement to adjust the amount of admixture in subsequent batches.Yield tests are conducted to determine the weight per cubic foot of freshconcrete which is used to determine the cement in barrels per cubic yard.Yield tests are not used to check the batching of any one mix component.Flexural strength is conducted to determine when forms and/or falseworkmay be removed from a structure or to determine when a structure may beput into service. This test requires placing fresh concrete in a beam moldand allowing the concrete to set and cure under the same conditions as theconcrete used in the structure. The concrete is then removed from themold and broken in a controlled environment by a beam breaker. The testresults may then be used to make certain assumptions regarding thestrength of the concrete used in the structure.Water/cementitious ratio is the ratio of the total amount of free water inthe aggregates, including all free water in the concrete, to the amount ofcement in the concrete.RECORDING TEST RESULTSThe results of the slump, air content, and yield tests are recorded andsubmitted on Form IT 652. Flexural strength tests are documented onForm IT 571A, and water/cementitious ratio is recorded on Form IT 628. CONCRETE PLACEMENTCompared to the preparations leading up to the pour and the testing, theactual placement operation is relatively simple; however, there are stillitems that may go wrong.SEGREGATIONSegregation occurs when the coarse and fine aggregates used in theconcrete separate and become unevenly distributed throughout the mix.The larger coarse aggregate sinks to the bottom while the fines rise to thetop. Segregation always leads to an inferior quality of concrete. For themost part, however, segregation may be prevented with the use of properplacement equipment and techniques.Concrete is required to be placed as close as possible to the location theconcrete occupies in the structure. The concrete should not be dumped ina central location and then spread to the location required in the structure(Figure 4-4).Figure 4-4. Concrete PlacementWhen possible, concrete is required to be deposited in layers no more than24 in. thick (Figure 4-5). Care is required be taken, however, to placeeach successive layer before the preceding layer has taken the initial set.This initial set is usually 45 minutes to an hour, depending on thetemperature. Too much time between the placement of layers usuallyresults in a cold joint which is a weak line of separation between thelayers.Figure 4-5. Concrete LayersDropping concrete from too great a height causes the finer particles in themix to splash away from the larger, heavier particles. In addition, theforce of the mix striking the reinforcing steel may shift bars out ofposition. The maximum drop height or allowable free fall is 5 ft. Hopperswith flexible chutes called tremies are required to be used to funnel themix down into tall, narrow forms. Workers may be stationed inside theforms to move the chutes around to ensure an even distribution of theconcrete. The hoppers may not rest on the reinforcing steel and arerequired to be supported by the formwork.CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETEFresh concrete naturally contains air pockets or voids. If the concretewere left that way, the finished product would have a rough surface andhave questionable strength. To eliminate voids and to ensure a good bondto the reinforcing steel, the concrete is required to be consolidated to auniform density.The most common method of consolidating concrete is by vibrating theconcrete with a portable spud type vibrator (Figure 4-6). Most vibratorshave an effective radius of 18 in. all around. Once the vibrators areinserted, they consolidate an area approximately 3 ft in diameter.Figure 4-6. Spud VibratorAlthough the procedure is a simple operation, vibrating concrete is oftenconducted incorrectly. Some points that ensure a good job include:1)Vibrating is required to be done immediately as theconcrete is placed2)Vibrators are required to be inserted and withdrawnvertically and should not be dragged through the concrete3)Vibrators are required to be inserted and withdrawn within5 seconds. Over-vibrating forces the finer aggregates to thetop and drives the larger aggregates toward the bottom.4)When concrete is poured in layers, the head of the vibratoris required to penetrate through the top layer and partiallythrough the layer underneath (Figure 4-7).Figure 4-7. Depth of Vibration5)The workers are required to avoid contacting thereinforcing steel with the vibrator so that the bond betweenthe steel and the concrete is not broken6)The workers are required to avoid contacting the formwalls with the vibrator as that may loosen the forms andmay also cause honeycombing of the concrete surface7)The Contractor is required to have a backup vibrator onhand for larger pours in case of equipment problems CONSTRUCTION JOINTSThe purpose of a construction joint is to join a section of fresh concrete toa previously poured section that has already set. Construction joints arenecessary when a substructure unit is too large to pour in one continuousoperation or when rain, equipment problems, or other conditions interruptthe pour. Unless construction joints are specifically called for on theplans, the Contractor is required to have written permission to use thejoints. Some joints, however, may be described on the plans as optional, and may be used at the Contractor’s discretion. In addition, the Contractor may request the relocation or elimination of construction joints. Such a change is required to be approved by the PE/PS.To make a construction joint, either planned or unplanned, the Contractor is required to form a raised keyway or keyways in the section to be poured later. After the first section has hardened, the surface is swept clean with wire brooms and kept wet. If a Type A construction joint is specified (Figure 4-8), the surface is notched between the reinforcement. Immediately before the fresh concrete is placed, the Contractor draws the forms up tight against the concrete in place. To improve the bond between the sections, the Contractor may apply a bonding epoxy to the exposed surface before resuming the pour.Figure 4-8. Type A Construction JointTo resist shear and other forces, construction joints in footings and in abutments for arch bridges are required to be vertical. Horizontal construction joints are used in walls and columns. Joints that are exposed to view are required to be constructed straight, clean, and watertight. This is done by finishing the concrete with the underside of a straightand level strip of wood that is nailed to the form at the proper elevation.No construction joint is allowed to be made in areas where the reinforcingsteel has been spliced. Section 702.15 includes all of the requirements forthe use of construction joints. Sheet 724-BJTS-05 of the StandardDrawings for Bridges provides additional details.During the pour, care is required to be taken not to disturb the position ofany reinforcing steel that is used to tie the section being poured to asection that is poured later. If the bars are displaced, they are required tobe re-tied immediately in the proper position. Concrete that is splashed onthese bars is required to be cleaned off before the next section is poured toensure a good bond. If the steel is exposed to the weather for some timeafter the pour, the steel may require coating with a cement paste orequivalent to prevent the steel from rusting.SPECIAL CASESThe placement of concrete under water in footings and for foundationseals requires techniques outside the general rules given above. For acomplete explanation of the methods and requirements, see Section702.20(d-f).FINISHING CONCRETE SURFACESUnless otherwise authorized, the surface of the concrete is finishedimmediately after form removal. Only the minimum amount of coveringnecessary to allow finishing operations to be done is removed at one time.Subject to approval, metal ties may be left in the concrete for the purposeof supporting or bracing subsequent work. Such ties are required to be inaccordance with Section 702.13(b) and be of a type which uses a cone androd as both spreader and tie. Before final acceptance of the work, thecones are removed and the cavities filled, in accordance with Section702.13(b).All concrete surfaces are required to be given a finish immediatelyfollowing the removal of any forms.The concrete surfaces of pier and bent caps, the front face of mudwalls,and any other concrete surfaces specified are required to be sealed. Thematerial used for sealing is required to be in accordance with Section 709.The seal is applied to obtain a finished film thickness of at least 250 µm(10 mils). Mixing, surface preparation, and the method of application arerequired to be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations;however, the surfaces to be sealed are prepared in accordance with Section709 prior to applying the sealer.At the time of the removal of forms, the concrete surface is scraped toremove all fins and irregular projections. The surface is then powerground to smooth all joints and chamfers.After grinding is completed, a paste of grout is applied to the concretesurface with a sponge float to fill all air holes and small irregularities. Thepaste grout is required to be 6 parts of pre-mix mortar mix for masonryand 1 part white portland cement in accordance with ASTM C-150, Type1.After the paste grout takes the initial set, the surface of the concrete isscraped with a steel drywall knife to remove the paste from the surface. FINISHING BEARING AREASThe bridge seats and areas in between require special treatment at thefinishing stage. The tops of the bridge seats are required to be finished atexactly the right elevation and be completely level to ensure full contactwith the bottom of the bearing device. The areas in between the bridgeseats are required to be sloped or crowned slightly to ensure adequatesurface drainage. Both results are obtained through proper finishingtechniques.OTHER SURFACE TREATMENTSThe plans or Special Provisions may provide for the use of surfacetreatments other than the three classes of concrete finishes. For example,the plans may require the Contactor to leave a rough surface texture ofexposed aggregate. This may be done by blasting off the surface mortarwith a high-pressure water hose.The surfaces of pier and bent caps, the front face of mudwalls, and anyother areas specified are required to be sealed against moisture penetrationwith an approved concrete sealer. The surfaces to be sealed aresandblasted to remove form oil and other foreign matter and are requiredto be completely dry before the application. The sealant is applied in acriss-cross pattern and is required to be a thickness of 10 mils. No sealedsurface is rubbed. Section 709 describes this operation in detail.CURING SUBSTRUCTURE CONCRETEOnce the concrete is in place, the concrete is allowed to cure a certainamount of time to achieve the full strength. During the curing period, theconcrete is not to be placed under stress. The typical curing period of theconcrete is 96 hours after the initial set. The use of certain materials, suchas fly ash or Portland-pozzolan cement in the concrete, increases thecuring period to 120 hours.The Specifications describe two methods of curing concrete. The first iscalled the protective covering curing method. This method requirescovering the surfaces to be cured with canvas, straw, burlap, sand, or otherapproved material and keeping the concrete wet with water throughout thecuring period. The water prevents the concrete from drying out tooquickly. Surfaces that require a Class Two rubbing finish are required tohave the protective covering temporarily removed to allow the rubbing tocontinue. The covering is required to be restored as soon as possible.The other curing method requires the use of a membrane forming curingcompound. The curing compound may be applied after the concretesurface has received the specified finishing treatment. Up until then, theconcrete is required to be protected by the protective covering method or,in the case of vertical surfaces, simply by leaving the forms in place.Curing compound is applied at a minimum rate of one gallon for every150 ft2 of concrete surface. The application is done in two stages. Thefirst coat is applied immediately after stripping the forms or uponacceptance of the concrete finish. The surface is required to be wettedwith water and coated with the compound as soon as the water filmdisappears. The second application is required to begin after the first hasset and according to the manufacturer’s directions. During the curingoperation, all untreated areas are required to be kept wet.Finally, the plans may call for certain areas to be waterproofed. When theapplication of waterproofing material begins, curing of those areas is nolonger required.COLD WATER CURINGIn cold water weather (35° F and below), the Contractor is required tokeep the freshly poured concrete and the forms within a protectiveenclosure or covered with approved insulation material that is at least 2 in.thick. The air inside the enclosure or under the insulation is required to bekept above 50° F for at least 72 hours. If for any reason the temperaturedrops below 50° F within the enclosure, the heating period is required tobe extended. When dry heat is used to maintain the required temperature,the Contractor is required to devise a means of providing enough moisturein the air within the enclosure to prevent the concrete from drying out tooquickly. Heaters may be used to maintain the required temperature if theyprovide continuous operation and the Contractor has taken adequate fire-prevention and safety measures.When rubbing the concrete is required, the forms are removed and therubbing conducted during the protection period. Again, if this means thatthe concrete is exposed to temperatures below 50° F before the required72 hours has transpired, the period of protection and heating is required tobe extended.METHOD OF MEASUREMENT AND BASIS FOR PAYMENTConcrete is measured and paid for by the cubic yard placed in accordancewith the plans or as directed. Forms, falsework, and other miscellaneousitems required to complete the work are not paid for separately. The costsfor these items are included in the costs of the concrete.。

英语教学法术语achievement test 成绩测试acquisition 习得，语言习得active vocabulary 积极词汇，主动词汇affective filtering 情感筛选aim, objective 目的，目标analysis of errors 错误分析applied linguistics 应用语言学associative learning 联想性学习auditory perception 听觉audio-lingual method 听说法audio-visual method 视听法aural-oral approach 听说教学法，听说法aural-oral method 听说法basic knowledge 基本知识basic principle 基本原则basic theory 基本理论basic training 基本训练basic vocabulary 基本词汇behaviourism 行为主义bilingual 双语的bilingual education 双语教育blank filling 填空choral repetition 齐声照读，齐声仿读class management 课堂管理cloze 完形填空cognitive approach 认知法communicative drill 交际性操练communicative exercise 交际练习communicative language teaching 交际派语言教学法，交际教学法community language learning 集体语言学习法comparative method 比较法communicative approach 交际法comprehensible input 可理解性输入comprehensive method 综合法controlled composition 控制性作文course density 课堂密度course design 课程设计cramming method 灌输式cue word 提示词curriculum 课程，教学大纲curriculum development 课程编制，课程设计deductive learning 演绎性学习deductive method 演绎法demonstration 演示demonstration lesson 示范教学describe a picture in writing 看图说话describe a picture orally 描写语言学diagram 图解dicto-comp 听写作文direct method 直接教学法educational objective, aim 教育目的EFL 英语作为外语English as a Foreign Language 英语作为外语English as an InternationalLanguage 英语作为国际语言English environment 英语环境ESOL English for Speakers of Other Languages 供非英语民族使用的英语ESL Programme（English as a Second Language Programme）英语（第二语言）教程evaluation 评价examination 考试experimental method 实验法extensive reading 泛读extra-curriculum activity 课外活动extra-curriculum club, group 课外小组facial expression 面部表情feedback 反馈film projector 电影放映机filmstrip 电影胶片final stage 高级阶段first language 第一语言，母语frequency of word 词的频率gestalt style 格式塔式（学习），整体式（学习）gesture 手势getting students ready for class 组织教学global learning 整体式学习，囫囵吞枣式学习grammar lesson 语法课grammar translation method 语法翻译法group reading 集体朗读group training 集体练习guided composition 引导性作文heuristic method of teaching 启发式教学法heuristics 启发法；探索法humanistic approach 人本主义教学法idealism 唯心主义imitation 模仿immersion programme 沉浸式教学imparting knowledge 传授知识incomplete plosive 不完全爆破individualized instruction 个别教学individual training 个别练习inductive learning 归纳性学习inductive method 归纳法information processing 信息处理inner speech 内语言语in-service training 在职培训integrated approach 综合教学法，综合法intensive reading 精读intermediate stage 中级阶段interpretation 头口翻译International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标juncture 连读，音渡key words 基本词，关键字kinesics 身势语，身势学knowledge structure 知识结构language acquisition device 语言习得机制language competence, or knowledge 语言知识language learning capability 语言学习能力language laboratory; lab 语言实验室language pedagogy 语言教育language performance 语言行为language test 语言测试learning by deduction 演绎性学习learning by induction 归纳性学习learning process 学习过程learning style 学习方式lesson plan 课时计划，教案lesson preparation 备课lesson type 课型linguistics 语言学linguistic competence 语言能力long-term memory 长期记忆meaningful drill 有意义的操练meaningful exercise 有意义的练习meaningful learning 理解性学习means of teaching 教学手段mechanical drill 机械操练mechanical exercise 机械练习mechanical memory 机械记忆mechanical translation 机器翻译memory 记忆，记忆力memory span 记忆幅度memorizing 用记记住method 方法methodology of teaching English 英语教学法microteaching 微型教学minimal pair 最小对立体（一种辨音练习）modeling 示范教学monitor hypothesis 语言监控说mother tongue 母语motivation 引起动机native language 本族语natural approach 自然教学法，自然法natural method 自然法needs analysis 需要分析notional approach 意念法notional-functional syllabus 意念-功能派教学大纲observation lesson 观摩教学oral approach 口语教学法，口语法oral exercise 口语练习order of acquisition 语言习得顺序organization of teaching materials 教材组织organs of speech 发音器官pair work 双人作业，双人练习passive vocabulary 消极词汇pedagogy 教育法peer teaching 同学互教perception 知觉placement test 分班测验principle of communication 交际性原则principle of teaching 教学原则productive exercise 活用练习productive vocabulary 活用词汇proficiency 熟练program designing 课程设计qualified teacher 合格教师question band 试题库questionnaire 调查问卷questions 提问rate of reading 阅读速度readability 易读性read by turns 轮读reading 阅读reading lesson 阅读课reading speed 阅读速度reading vocabulary 阅读词汇，阅读词汇量regression 回看，重读reinforcement 巩固reinforcement lesson 巩固课repetition drill 复述操练repetition-stage 仿照阶段response 反应retelling 复述review; revision 复习review（revise）and check up 复习检查review（revision）lesson 复习课rewriting 改写rhythm 节奏role-play 扮演角色rote learning 强记学习法，死记硬背scanning 查阅，扫瞄school practice 教学实习seminar 课堂讨论sentence completion 完成句子short-term memory 短期记忆sight vocabulary 一见即懂的词汇silent reading 默读silent way 沉默法，静授法simplification 简写simplified reader 简写读本simulation 模拟，模拟性课堂活动simultaneous interpretation 同声翻译situational method 情景法situational language teaching 情景派语言教学法，情景教学法situational syllabus 情景派教学大纲skimming 略读，济览slide 幻灯片slide projector 幻灯片soft ware 软件speech reading 唇读法speed reading 快速阅读，快读spelling 正字法spiral approach 螺旋式教学法，螺旋法spoken lauguang 口语stick drawing; match drawing 简笔画stimulus and response 刺激与反应stress accent 重音，重读structuralism 结构主义（语言学）structural method 结构法student-centered 学生中心student-centered learning 学生为主学习法student teacher 实习教师student teaching 教育实习submersion programme 沉浸式教程substitution 替换substitution table 替换表suggestopedia 暗示教学法syllabus 教学大纲syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus for middle school English 中学英语教学大纲synthetic approach 综合性教学法，综合法target language 目的语，译文语言teacher’s book教师用书teacher’s manual 教师手册teaching experience 教学经验teaching objective / aim 教学目的teaching procedure 教学过程teaching words in isolation 孤立教单词theory of teaching 教学理论time allotment 时间分配total physical response method 全身反应法transformation drill 转换操练translation method 翻译法transformational generativegrammar 转化生成语法unconscious 潜意识undergraduate 大学本科生undergraduate course 大学本科课程undergraduate school 大学本科学院upperclassman 高年级学生verbal association 词语联想video 电视，影象videotape 录象磁带visual perception 视觉visual aid 直观手段visit a class 听课visual memory 视觉记忆vocabulary control 词汇控制word association 词际联想word list 词表word study 词的研究word frequency 词汇重复率written language 书面语。

Control consists of analyzing progress and cost to ensure that the project will be done on schedule and within the estimated cost.
Planning.
The planning phase starts with a detailed study of construction plans and specifications. From this study a list of all items of work is prepared, and related items are then grouped together for listing on a master schedule.
These include individual schedules for procurement of material, equipment, and labor, as well as forecasts of cost and income.
Execution.
The speedy execution of the project requires the ready supply of all materials, equipment and labor when needed.
The actual unit cost for any item at any time is obtained by dividing the accumulated costs charged to that item by the accumulated units of work performed.

T e c h n i q u e s for S e n s o r-B a s e d DiagnosisMark S. Fox Simon L o w e n f e l d & Pamela K l e i n o s k yIntelligent Systems Laboratory, The Robotics Institute Westmghouse E lectric CorporationCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaA B S T R A C TThis paper describes a system called PDS, a forward chaining, rule-based architecture designed for the online, realtime diagnosis of machine processes. Two issues arise in the application of expert systems to the analysis of sensor-based data: spurious readings and sensor degradation. PDS implements techniques called retrospective analysis and meta-diagnosis as solutions to these problems. These techniques and our experiences in knowledge acquisition in a large organization, and the implementation of PDS as a portable diagnostic tool are described.1 I n t r o d u c t i o nResearch in the field of Al diagnosis systems has been evolving rapidly since the first event based (Nelson, 1982) or surface (Hart, 1982) reasoning systems (Shortliffe, 1976; Pople, 1977; Fox & Mostow, 1977; Duda et al., 1978), to systems that have functional or deep knowledge of their domain (Davis et al., 1982; Genesereth, 1982; Underwood, 1982; McDermott & Brooks, 1982). Whatever the style of diagnosis, these systems assume that information is provided manually through a question asking/answering dialogue, or automatically by means of sensors, or other devices. In both cases, the information is handled in the same manner, which, we have found, should not always be the case. In applications where the sources of information may be errorful (e.g., sensors), we found that it is just as important for a diagnostic system to reason abo ut the sources of its information and their veracity, as it is to perform diagnosis based on the information.During the summer of 1981, we began the design and construction of a rule-based architecture, called PDS, for the on-line, realtime diagnosis of malfunctions in machine processes. Diagnoses would be based on information acquired from tens to hundreds of sensors attached to a process. During the applicationof PDS, a number of sensor related problems arose. First, the process sensors in our applications degrade over time, reducing their diagnostic value. Second, a properly operating sensor may provide spurious readings periodically due to factors exogenous to the process. Though the frequency of such malfunctions are small, their detection may result in substantial savings. For example, in the electrical power utilities, replacement costs of electricity lost due to sensor malfunction averages $500,00/year per plant (Meigeret al., 1981). Any diagnosis system which is to receive Its information directly from devices which possess these characteristics must be able to handle the information without providing incorrect diagnoses, or at least have its diagnosis degrade gracefully with the sensors. As a result, PDS was extended to deal gracefully with these problems. These extensions are the topics of this paper.In the following, the architecture of PDS is described. We then examine the facilities provided by PDS to deal with sensor problems. Following, we discuss our experiences in the acquisition and testing of knowledge in PDS, and describe its implementation.2 PDS: Basic R e p r e s e n t a t i o nPDS is a forward chaining rule-based system implemented in the Schema Representation. Language SRL (Fox, 1979; Wright & Fox, 1982). The representation and propagation of belief is similar to that found in MYCIN (Shortliffe, 1976). For each rule, there are schemata describing each constituent part of the rule's antecedent (or evidence), a schema describing the rule's consequent (or hypothesis), and a schema describing the relationship between the rule's evidence and hypothesis. The implementation of rules as schemata results in an inference net similar to that found in PROSPECTOR (Duda et al., 1978) Sensor readings, hypotheses, and malfunctions are represented as sub-types of the p d s-n o d e schema (figure 1).{{ p d s-n o d eM B: "level of belief in the node being true"M D: "level of disbelief in the node being true"C F: "level of certainty = mb - m d"SUPPORTING RULE S: "rules for which this node is hypothesis"SUPPORTED-RULES: "rules for which this node is evidence"SIGNAL: "contains signal schema name(s)"DESCRIPTION: "E nglish description of the node"HAS-IS-A: (or sensor hypothesis malfunction)}}F i g u r e 1: Generic Node in PDSThe following specializations (see HAS-IS-A slot) of p d s-n o d e s are defined:1. s e n s o r schemata represent the actual sensors. Twoadditional slots are defined to store the currentreading: R E A D I N G-V A L U E and RE ADING-TIME.M. Fox et a l. 1592. m a l f u n c t i o n schemata correspond to those states of the physical system which are indicative of the problem(s) to be diagnosed.3. h y p o t h e s i s schemata represent intermediate conclusions in the inference net.A b e l i e f -r u l e schema (figuie 2) represents those rules which are used by the inference program to propagate belief.{{ signalM I N R A N G E : <constant> MAX RANGE : <constant>MESSAGE: "text to be displayed" ACTION: <function-name>DESCRIPTION: "English text describing the signal" }}EVIDENCE is represented as a Boolean combination of nodes. The combination is explicitly represented by a n d , or, and not schemata. Each b e l i e f -r u l e has associated with it one or more contexts which are also represented as a Boolean combination. If the context is evaluated to be true, then the rule will be included in the diagnostic process.Belief propagation is similar to the one used by MYCIN. To summarize, each hypothesis and malfunction has associated with it a measure of belief MB, and disbelief MD. These measures are altered by the evaluation of supporting belief-rules. In a belief- rule, the sufficiency of evidence is determined by evaluating the contents of the SF-FUNCTION slot. The necessity of evidence is determined by evaluating the contents of the NF-FUNCTICN slot. Table 1 shows the direction of change of beliefs and disbeliefs as determined by evidence CF (the CF of disjunctive evidence (OR) is the maximum of the constituents, and the CF of conjunctive evidence is the weighted average of constituents (AND) or the mimimum of constituents (FAND)), and the rule's SF and NF (an up-arrow indicates an increase, a dash indicates no change).Actual updating is performed using MYCIN'S updating rule (e.g.,A p d s -n o d o may have one or more s i g n a l s attached to it (Figure 3) When the node with which a s i g n a l is associated has a certainty factor CF in the range specified in the signal definition, then the text in the ME SSAGE slot is displayed and the function whose name is in the action slot is evaluated (this may trigger an alarm, for example).Figure 3: s i g n a l SchemaA c o n t e x t (Figure 4) specifies an external condition which may be relevant to the execution of the diagnostics. For'example, when diagnosing a machine, different rules may apply at startup than found during normal operation. For each rule, a Boolean of contexts can be defined, such that the rule will fire only when the context specification is true.{{ c o n t e x tVALUE: <true| false |0| 1>DESCRIPTION: "English description of this context"}}Figure 4: c o n t e x t SchemaAs found in most knowledge representation systems, SRL provides the user with the ability to define type hierarchies of schemata using the is-a relation, and instances of types using the i n s t a n c e relation. Rules may refer to types of hypotheses, sensors, and malfunctions, rather than instances. When the knowledge network for a particular machine is created, instances of sensors, etc. inherit rules attached to nodes in their related type hierarchy. A library of rules may be created for different types of machines, and instantiated with little effort.160 M. F o x et a l.3 R e t r o s p e c t i v e A n a l y s i sSpurious readings do occur often enough in sensors to requiretheir detection and omission from the diagnostic process. Thesereadings may be due to factors exogenous to the process, or tosensor malfunction. Spurious readings are handled in mostdiagnostic systems before they reach the system: the readings aresmoothed or omitted, manually or by a preprocessor associatedwith the sensor. It quickly became apparent in our applications thatsuch an approach was not sufficient. First, external modification ofreadings prohibit the system from performing other types ofanalyses not anticipated in the design of the sensor and its pre-processor. Second, we found that retrospective analysis of theunaltered sensor data was important in order to refine the rulebase.Solutions to this problem were found to have much in commonwith other diagnostic techniques. In particular, a variety of timeseries analyses was found to be important. Rate of change (firstderivative), averages, filtering, and curve smoothing are examplesof the kinds of time domain analysis employed both at the front endof diagnostic systems, and during the diagnosis itself.To provide general retrospective analysis support, PDS providesthe ability to store and analyze successive readings of a sensor, orthe successive values of any other node. A r e a d i n g-s e t schema(figure 5) acts as a memory for PDS. Successive readings/valuesare stored in the RE ADING-LIST slot. Information about a reading,e.g., time of reading, may be attached directly to it using SRL'sfacility for attaching meta-schemata to a schema, slot, and/orvalue.Another type of rule, called r e a d i n g-t r a n s f o r m (figure 6), is thelink between some input node, usually, but not necessarily as o n s o r node, and a r e a d i n g-s e t node. When ar e a d i n g-t r a n s f o r m rule fires, its T R A N S F O R M function is applied tothe value found in the rule's EVIDENCE node. If the evidence node isa s e n s o r, the value is a sensor READING, otherwise it is the node'scertainty factor. The transform is useful for such things asconversions of engineering units, scaling, etc. The result of thetransformation is automatically appended to the RE ADING-LIST of ther e a d i n g-s e t node. When all the rules leading to a r e a d i n g-s e tnode have fired, the FUNCTION specified in the reading-set schemais applied to the RE ADING-LIST. This function does all the requiredsignal processing and the result is placed in the STATISTIC slot ofthe reading-set node The STATISTIC can, from this point on, beused as a "normal" sensor reading.4 M o t a-D i a g n o s i sThe sensor intensive applications of PDS share the problem ofsensor degradation; environments containing corrosive chemicalsand widely varying temperatures can reduce sensor performance.This problem has been solved partially at the machine level by theplacement of redundant, overlapping sensors. But at the diagnosislevel, the problem of recognizing and removing malfunctioningsensors from the diagnostic process has received little attention inthe Al literature.If the rules which used sensors as evidence only referred to asingle sensor, then it might be possible to summarize theacceptability of a sensor's reading by the CF associated with it.Setting the CF to zero would stop propagation of any belief ordisbelief by the supported rule. (The change in belief provided by arule is the product of either the rule's SF or NF and the evidence'sCF.) But in many applications sensors may be combined asevidence in a single rule. Using CF'S to reflect sensor degradationin such systems would have an unexpected result. Consider thefollowing:1.lf evidence is conjunctive and the fuzzy minimumoperator (FAND) is used to derive the evidential CF,then the existence of a zero CF would remove the entirerule though the other sensors may be operating andoverlap the redundant sensor.2. If evidence is conjunctive and a weighted average isused to derive the evidential C F, then the sensor(s) witha zero CF would reduce the rule's change in beliefsince its weight is not reduced (PDS uses a weightedaverage to derive the evidential C F).Neither approach solves the problem satisfactorily.We call the solution implemented in PDS meta-diagno sis. Thefirst step in meta-diagnosis is the detection of sensor degradation.This is accomplished through the use of rules which monitor asensor's behavior. The ultimate consequent of these rules is one orM. Fox et al. 161more sensor m a l f u n c t i o n schemata. The second step is the adaptation of rules to reflect the reduction in importance of amalfunctioning sensor in the diagnostic process. This is accomplished through the introduction of a p a r a m e t r i c -a l t e r a t i o n rule (figure 7). This rule provides the capability of altering the definition of any other node or rule in the system. A p a r a m e t r i c -a l t e r a t i o n rule may be attached to any node. When the E VIDE NCE SLOT in the node changers, the rule's TRANSFORM function is applied to the value, possibly altering the HYPOTHESIS schema.{{ c o m p o s i t e -s e n s o r is-A: pds node SENSOR: "list of sensors whose readings are to be combined" TRANSFORM: "function which generates a composite reading"READING-VALUE:}}Figure 8: c o m p o s i t e -s e n s o r schema[{ p a r a m e t r i c -a l t e r a t i o n is-A: ruleEVIDFNCE: "the schema monitored by this rule"EVIDENCE SLOT: "the slot whose value is monitored by this rule" TRANSFORM: "function whose result is placedin the hypothesis slot"HYPOTHESIS: "schema altered by this rule"HYPOTHESIS-SLOT: "slot in hypothesis altered by this rule" }}Figure 7: p a r a m e t r i c -a l t e r a t i o n SchemaAn example of the use of this type of rule is the reduction of a sensor's weight in the conjunctive evidence of a belief-rule. It is important to note that this is a metarule in the sense that it alters the rule base, while not performing actual diagnosis. Such rules must be used carefully as they may introduce cycles in the propagation of belief. 5 C o m p o s i t e S e n s o r sAn alternative method of analyzing and reacting to readings from redundant overlapping sensors, which falls short of altering the rule base as provided by meta diagnosis, is to combine multiple sensors into a single composite sensor. In many domains, techniques such as:• voting, and• auctioneering (i.e., reading)ignoring the lowest or highest are used to combine sensor readings. PDS supports the exploration of these types of techniques by means of a c o m p o s i t e -s e n s o r schema (figure 8).The TRANSFORM slot contains a lisp function which analyzes the individual readings of the sensors listed in the SENSOR slot, and fills the RE ADING-VALUE , M B , and MD slots with the composite reading. Standard functions can be provided to implement voting, auctioneering, and other multiple sensor techniques. 6 K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n and T e s t i n gA number of systems capable of performing on line diagnosis in an industrial environment are under development at the Westinghouse E lectric Corporation. A working prototype of one ofthese systems is being installed and tested at this time and is the subject of the following discussion. Although many of the steps in the development of this prototype arc common ones to the creator of an expert system, they often brought unexpected results when carried out in the commercial environment of a single large company.The knowledge engineer responsible for the generation of rules for this system was actually a team. The person writing the rules was an engineer whose background was in the problem being diagnosed (a quasi-expert) and whose acquaintance with PDS consisted of a working knowledge of the general principles and those structures which applied specifically to the problem at hand. Working in close conjunction with this "quasi-expert" was an engineer whose background was in expert systems and who knew PDS in depth.As with the development of most systems of this type, the first step was the creation of a small system that we called a "root system". It began with ten sensors and used forty-four rules and twenty-nine intermediate hypotheses to indicate seven malfunctions. It took approximately one month to develop and test. This "root" served us in two ways. First, it acted as a vehicle for eliciting information and stimulating the thinking of the experts. Secondly, it was a tool to sell the experts on the feasibility of what they were being asked to undertake and, more importantly, to sell upper management on the probability of a return on what they were being asked to invest.The testing scheme developed for the "root system" was a general one, and with some expansion was used for the prototype itself. First, approximately 150 sets of test data were generated in four groups. Group one tested the interactions of the rules themselves. Group two tested the system's response to malfunctions previously diagnosed by the experts. Group three tested the experts' response to malfunctions diagnosed by the system. Group four comparison-tested the responses of the experts and the system to data neither had "s e e n " before.The second phase of the testing is currently under way, and involves the installation and operation of the sensors used in the diagnosis system in an industrial environment. The resulting data are fed directly to the diagnosis system and the presence of any malfunctions are noted, recorded and displayed.Preliminary results of this testing are promising. Although mathematical analysis of these results has not yet been performed, me expert analyses of the data have agreed quite closely with the computer analyses.162 M. Fox et al.No development project is without its problems and this one has been no exception. Our first major problem was in convincing the necessary experts to participate in the project. Older and more established engineers, most useful as exports, have been traditionally wary of computer systems and the perceived possibilities of being replaced by a machine. Also the necessary experts were distributed throughout the company, raising many organizational problems.Once a sufficient number of experts agreed to participate in the project, we discovered the second major difficulty; problems within the cognitive models of the experts themselves. When the experts were questioned about the if-then rules used in their thinking processes their first tendency was to go from a sensor reading to a final malfunction in one step. This is not to say that one-step diagnoses are not possible, just uncommon. After some work, the experts began to think of their diagnosis rules step-by-step, but then the difficulties of verbalizing the steps became evident; at this point the quasi-expert status of the knowledge engineer became very valuable. After the rules had been established to the satisfaction of the experts and the knowledge engineer, quantifying the steps in terms of sufficiency and necessity functions became the final hurdle. For this step of the process a script was developed using the form of the questions that, through trial and error, seemed to elicit the most consistent responses from the experts. This script was then used for all experts evaluating all rules. The fact that most engineers are very logic-oriented and generally resent what they consider to be a need to justify their decision-making processes should not be discounted at any step of the cognitive process.The third problem encountered was an actual gap in the knowledge of the experts. The expert diagnosis of the system under consideration is in itself a new problem and the knowledge of sensor malfunction and the forms it may take is exlremely limited. At this time the problem is being addressed by using the data from the on-line test as a basis for the o n g o i n g development of rules relating to sensor behavior.The sensors were also the source of another problem, this time in the testing of the system. Since the sensors being used for the on-line test malfunctioned more often than desired, it was difficult to obtain data to test anything but malfunction detection rules. It is expected that this problem can be overcome by the use of more efficient sensor systems currently being designed.The most difficult problem discovered during development was the disagreement of the experts on certain rules of diagnosis. It is difficult for a knowledge engineer to offer any solution to this problem. When the problem occurred an attempt was made to hold group meetings of the experts to discuss the disagreements and reach a consensus. If no agreement could be reached, the rule was modified, usually making it less effective. Fortunately, this occurred infrequently and did not unduly reduce the efficacy of the system.Some "rules of thumb" became obvious during the project and when followed gave optimum results for the time involved. It is probably best to present then in list form:I. Do not misrepresent the c a p a c i t i e s of the system. Itwill alienate the experts and raise managementexpectations to a level the system cannot deliver.2. Develop a script for use in questioning the experts. Ifthe same question is asked two ways, it will often elicitanswers as if two different questions had been asked.3. After a phase of development is completed (byjudgement of the knowledge engineer) turn the systemover to any interested experts. This often results ininformation that was missed during questioning.4. For best efficiency, the team approach to knowledgeengineering seems to be successful. The quasi expertknew when steps were left out and could offer theexperts assistance in verbalizing their thoughtprocesses, while the PDS expert insured that the mostefficient PDS structures were used throughout.7 I m p l e m e n t a t i o nAs mentioned earlier, PDS is written in SRL, which in turn is implemented in the Fran/. Lisp dialect of LISP running on a VAX-780, under the VMS operating system. The program consist of four parts: the knowledge base development functions, the input simulation functions, the inference mechanism and an explanation facility.The knowledge-base development part of PDS provides the "tools" that the knowledge engineer, or the sophisticated expert, can use to develop the rule base. Aside from the obvious functions that ease the addition, deletion and editing of rules, an extensive library of utility functions exists to list and describe the rules, to save and restore the rule base, to print hard copy listings, to initialize the system to a predefined state, and so on.Testing of the rules is facilitated by the presence of functions that allow the manual entry of sensor values and the cutting of specific contexts. Input data can be entered in lieu of actual sensor readings. An edit function is provided to allow the study of the effects of small modifications in sensor values on the propagation of belief process.The inference program performs forward propagation of belief from sensor nodes. If a parametric alteration rule fires, all nodes and rules directly or indirectly affected are re-evaluated.The explanation facility is quite primitive. It does not involve natural language generation, but rather it puts together sentences from "c a n n e d" fragments contained in the description slot of the various schemata. Plans exist to improve on this particular feature, both in the language generation aspect and in the range of questions it can answer (the only question at this time is "why ?"). The explanation facility can be connected to a text-to speech converter (the PROSE 2000 board by Telesensory.lnc), thereby being able to "speak" its explanations.A goal of this project is to provide machine technicians with a portable and inexpensive diagnostic tool. A microprocessor version of PDS is being implemented on a four board package (CPU, memory, graphics I/O and text-to-speech converter), that fits in a hand-carry suitcase. We call it the "E xpert in a Box" version of PDS. It has two modes of operation. In the independent mode, it can perform diagnosis only. In the alternative mode, It can connect,via a built-in modem, to the VAX. a nd thereby act as an intelligent remote terminal for the expert system. In this mode, it can also be connected to a loudspeaker, for voice explanations, and to a color graphic display. 8 C o n c l u s i o n sPDS is a forward chaining rule-based system for process diagnosis. It is being implemented in environments in which dataacquisition is totally automated, thereby limiting the amount of userinteraction. In pursuing its implementation in tnese environments,problems of spurious readings and general degradation had to be solved. We chose to solve ihese problems in three ways. First, raw data was introduced, stored, and retrospectively analyzed in the knowledge base in order to provide greater flexibility. Second,meta-diagnosis was performed to adapt the rule-base to changes inits physical environment (i.e.. sensor degradation); as sensors degrade, PDS focuses its analysis only on the sensors which provide reliable information. Third, redundant senior readings were analyzed and combined into a composite sensor. Theapproach reported here is just a step towards the general problemof the intelligent acquisition and analysis of sensor-basedinformation. Techniques such as sensor redirection and tuning remain to be investigated. 9 A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t sThis research was supported by the Westinghouse Research and Development Center. Chris Kemper, a domain expert and system user, provided valuable feedback on the design of PDS. R. Byfordand A.I Szabo provided continued management support. Manythanks to Brad Allen of the Intelligent Systems Laboratory for hisinvaluable help and support.10 R e f e r e n c e sDavis R., H. Shrobe, W. Hanscher, K Wieckert, M.Shirley, and S. Polit, (1982), "Diagnosis Based on Description of Structure and Function", Proceedings o f the American Ass o ciati o n f o r Artificial Intelligence, Aug. 1982, pp. 137-142.Duda R.O.. P.. Hart, P. Barrett, J.G. Gaschnig, K. Konolige,R Reboh, and J. Slocum, (1978), "Development of the Prospector Consultation System for Mineral E xploration: Final Report", Tech. Rep., SRI International, Menlo Park CA, Oct. 1978.Fox M.S., (1979), "On Inheritance in Knowledge Representation",Proceedings o f the Sixth Internati o nal J o int Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Tokyo Japan.Fox M.S. and D.J. Mostow, (1977), "Maximal ConsistentInterpretations of E rrorful Data In Hierarchically Modeled Domains", Fifth Internati onal J oint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge MA, 1977.M. Fox et al. 163Genesereth M.R., (1982), "Diagnosis Using Hierarchical DesignModels", Pr o ceedings o f the Sec ond Conference o f the American Ass o ciati o n f o r Artificial Intelligence, Aug. 1982, pp. 278-283.Hart P., (1982), "Direction for Al in the ighties", SIGARTNewsletter, No. 79, Jan. 1982.McDermott D. and R.Brooks, (1982), "ARBY: Diagnosis with Shallow Causal Models", Pr o ceedings o f the Second C o nference o f the American Association f or Artificial Intelligence, Pittsburgh PA.Meijer C.H.. J.P. Pasquenza, J.C. Deckert, J.L. Fisher, D.B. Laning, and A. Ray, (1981), "Online Power Plant Signal Validation Technique Utilizing Parity-SpaceRepresentation and Analytic Redundancy", Electric Power Research Institute, TechnicalReport E PRI NP 2110, Nov. 1981.Nelson W.R., (1982), "RE ACTOR: An E xpert System for Diagnosis and Treatment of Nuclear Reactor Accidents", Proceedings o f the Sec o nd C o nference o f theAmerican Ass o ciati o n f o r Artificial Intelligence, Aug. 1982, pp. 296 301. Pople H., (1977), The Formation of Composite Hypotheses in Diagnostic Problem Solving: An xercise in Synthetic Reasoning. Pr o ceedings o f the Fifth International J o int C o nference o n ArtificialIntelligence, Cambridge, Aug. 77. Shortliffe E .H., (1976), C o mputer-Based Medical C o nsultati o ns:MYCIN, New York: American E lsevier.Underwood W.E ., (1982), "A CSA Model-based Nuclear PowerPlant Consultant", Pr o ceedings o f the Sec nd Conference o f the American Ass o ciati o n f o r Artificial Intelligence, Aug. 1982, pp. 302-305.Wright J.M., and Fox M.S., (1982), "SRL/1.5 User Manual",Robotics Institute, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA.。

❖ Telecom equipment engineer ❖ A telecom equipment engineer is an electronics engineer that designs
equipment such as routers, switches, multiplexers, and other specialized computer/electronics equipment designed to be used in the telecommunication network infrastructure.
❖ 电信工程师们，和绝大多数工程师们一样，企业通常希望他们以最小的成本 提供最优的解决方案。这通常会激励出创造性解决方案，而如果没有现代社 会所附加的预算限制，工程师可能会设计出其它不同的解决方案。在电信产 业发展的早期，铺设的大量电缆从未发挥过作用，或者已被新技术产品所取 代，如光缆、数字多路技术。
❖ The CO engineer is also responsible for providing more power, clocking, and alarm monitoring facilities if there isn't currently enough available to support the new equipment being installed. Finally, the CO Engineer is responsible for designing how the massive amounts of cable will be distributed to various equipment and wiring frames throughout the wire center and overseeing the installation and turn up of all new equipment

第33卷第4期 2018年8月中国海洋平台CHINA O FFSH O R E P LA TFO R MVol. 33 No. 4Aug.，2018文章编号：1〇〇1-45〇〇(2〇18)〇4-〇〇1〇-〇6顶张紧式立管现场监测传感器布点优化刘义勇％杨亮％李卓3，王运\汪仁杰1(1.中海石油深海开发有限公司，广东深圳518067; 2.海洋石油工程股份有限公司，天津300451;3.北京高泰深海技术有限公司，北京102209)摘要：顶张紧式立管（T o p T e n sio n R ise r，T T R)监测系统受恶劣工作环境的影响，其安装及维护费用极其昂贵，传感器布设的数量也受到极大限制。

讨论不完备阵型基础上的整体损伤识别及传感器布点优化方法，从模态正交性和识别参数敏感性出发，综合应用2种布点方案评估准则作为优化函数，目的在于提高传统传感器布点优化方法的全局寻优能力和收敛速度。

以某实际立管为例，证明该方法在细长型柔性结构传感器布点优化方面的可行性和有效性。

关键词：顶张紧式立管；完整性管理；模态参数；损伤识别；现场监测中图分类号：P751 文献标识码：AOptimization of Sensor Placement inTop Tension Riser Field MonitoringLIU Yiyong1，YANG Liang2，LI Zhuo3，WANG Yun1，WANG Renjie1(1. CNOOC Ltd. , Shenzhen 518067, Guangdong, China；2. Offshore Oil Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Tianjin 300451, China；3. COTEC, Beijing 102209, China)A bstract：Due to harsh environment, the installation and maintenance cost of top tensionriser(T T R) field monitoring system is quite expensive. So the number of sensor layout isgreatly limited. The global damage identification and sensor placement optimized methodsbased on the incomplete modal formations is discussed. Based on modal orthogonally and sen­sitivity of identification parameters, two kinds of evaluation criteria are calculated as optimiza­tion function to improve the global optimization ability and convergence speed of the tradition-al optimization method. An actual riser parameter is taken as an example, and the feasibilityand effectiveness of the proposed method in sensor placement optimization of slender flexiblestructure are proved.Key words：top tension riser；integrity management；modal parameter；damage identifi­cation；field monitoring〇引言顶张紧式立管(Top Tension Riser，T T R)是海洋深水油气资源开发的4种主要立管形式之一，其在位收稿日期：2017-12-01基金项目：500米水深油田生产装备T L P自主研发(工信部联装[2014]503号）作者简介：刘义勇（1971—），男，高级工程师，主要从事海上油气开发、海洋工程设计建设与管理研究，Em ail:liuyiyong®第4期刘义勇，等顶张紧式立管现场监测传感器布点优化•11 •时的工作状态受多种因素的影响，包括海洋环境条件、浮体运动及操作条件等。

通过配置算法将传感器节点放置在被监测环境区域中的恰当位置它能够检测该区域中其他目标点的数据信息数据的被检测程度与目标点距离传感器节点的距离有关定义1检测概率假定传感器检测目标的概率与目标和传感器之间距离呈指数变化则目标点i被网格点j检测的概率为e其中1参数a是用来描述传感器的质量参数同时也描述了传感器的检测概率随距离减少的速率
1， 如果网格点( x, y)上放置传感器 f xy 其他 0，
图 1 传感器网络障碍物模型
则传感器网络节点配置算法的目标函数 Z(x, y)如公 式(2)所示：
Z ( x, y ) f xy
x 1 y 1
n
n
(2)
公式(2)给出了配置算法的目标函数， 又由于传 感器配置问题是运用优化策略将传感器配置到网格 点上，使得在满足每个网格点覆盖要求的前提下， 配的传感器数量最小。因此基本覆盖模型的最小 化代价函数的数学描述为：
P2 d d'/2½ d' P1
(7)
r1 | y1 k x1 i y k ix | / 1 k 2 r2 | y2 k x2 iy k ix | / 1 k 2
其他
如果 r1≤r0 或者 r2≤r0,则 Mij=1。
由以上假设及推导公式，障碍物模型的数学描 述如下：
ix≠jx，iy=jy 时，d1=|y1-iy|,d2=|y2-iy|，如果 d3<r0 或者 d4<r0，则 Mij=1。 c）障碍物到网格点 i 与 j 所在的直线的距离小 于障碍物半径时， 假定 i 与 j 此时不能被互相检测数 据信息，即 M(i,j)=1。用数学表达式表示如下： 网格点 i 与 j 所在直线的斜率为： k=(jy-iy)/(jx-ix) (4) 则直线方程为： y-kx-iy+kix=0 (5) 于是可以得到障碍物到直线的距离为 r1 和 r2：

传感器优化布置的有效独立－改进模态应变能方法詹杰子;余岭【摘要】Here,a novel effective independence-improved modal strain energy (EI-IMSE)method was proposed to improve the effective independence (EI)algorithm in structural health monitoring field.The EI-IMSE optimal sensor placement (OSP)method was verified using a numerical simulation for a 3D truss tower and a test for a rectangular hollow steel beam hinged at both ends.Based on four criteria,the EI-IMSE OSP method was evaluated compared with the EI method,the EI-driving point residue (EI-DPR)one,the EI-average driving DOF velocity (EI-ADDOFV)one,and the EI-average acceleration amplitude (EI-AAA)one.The results showed that the proposed EI-IMSE method can not only retain advantages of the EI method but also have a better accuracy in identifying low order modes with a good robustness.%针对经典的传感器优化布置方法－有效独立法（EI）容易丢失能量较大测点的不足，引入新的模态应变能修正EI 法，提出有效独立－改进模态应变能法（EI －IMSE）。

桥梁冲刷预估与监测措施王会利;叶浩;付裕【摘要】收集整理国内外资料,对桥梁冲刷的预估与监测措施进行总结,认为目前国内外桥梁冲刷实时监测主要通过神经网络和遗传算法的数学预测模型,并利用光纤、声呐和雷达进行监测.【期刊名称】《沈阳大学学报》【年(卷),期】2014(026)004【总页数】5页(P306-310)【关键词】桥梁冲刷;水毁;预估;监测【作者】王会利;叶浩;付裕【作者单位】大连理工大学土木工程学院,辽宁大连 116024;大连理工大学土木工程学院,辽宁大连 116024;大连理工大学土木建筑设计研究院有限公司,辽宁大连116024【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U4461 桥梁冲刷情况的预估研究发现,桥梁的冲刷是与河道的几何形状、水流的动态特征、桥梁墩台的几何形状等一系列因素相关的.通过一定量的可靠信息可以对桥梁的受冲刷情况进行预估,并以此为依据对桥梁进行防护.国内外的研究人员对于桥梁的冲刷问题都进行了深入的研究,提出了许多方案[1].1.1 运用经验公式进行预测运用计算流体力学,研究人员建立起了许多经验公式,用来进行局部冲刷深度的估计.大多数经验公式是建立在实地采集的数据和实验室试验的基础上的,利用相关的公式和模型,模拟出桥墩周围水流对其的冲刷特性.研究人员通过对河床泥沙输送的计算,来预测河床成分和高程,从而达到对桥梁冲刷预测的目的[2].为了提高预测精度,美国交通部水利工程第18号通告(U.S.Department of Transportation’s Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18)中建立了回归方程来预测桥梁的冲刷情况,简称HEC-18[3-4],方程如下:式中,ds为冲刷深度;y为上游的水深;K1,K2,K3为校正因子;b为桥梁宽度;F为弗劳德数.1.2 利用神经网络原理进行预测利用神经网络原理(artificial neural networks)达到对桥梁冲刷的预测.由于桥墩周围的水流机制较为复杂,很难用经验模型进行准确的预测,而且复杂的实际情况使实验室难以做到较为准确的模拟.利用人工神经网络原理进行预测的一个非常明显的优势就是无需建立起桥墩冲刷与各要素之间某种特定的物理关系.由于在确定冲刷深度与要素之间的关系时有较为自由的空间,经过“训练”的人工神经网络系统可以完成对冲刷更为准确的预测[5-6].验证方面,Zounemat-Kermani等在2009年运用这种方法对桥梁的冲刷情况进行预测,发现这种方法相比以前的方法能够更为准确地预测桥梁的冲刷情况.Bateni等在2007年运用神经网络系统作为自我调适的模糊神经推理系统,并利用大量的实验数据去估计随时间变化的冲刷平衡问题.他们发现使用反向传播算法的神经网络系统有更好的预测效果.这一点和Lee等在2007年的实验结果吻合[7].1.3 基于遗传算法的桥梁冲刷预测实验证明,在预测最大冲刷深度方面,基于遗传算法的桥梁冲刷预测(genetic programming)比人工神经网络系统更为准确[8].桥梁局部冲刷的深度主要是受一些变量影响的,这些变量包括沉积物的特征以及桥墩的形状等.下面公式说明桥墩的冲刷深度是独立的几个参数的函数.ds=f(v,y,d50,σ,b,l,g).式中,v为流速(m/s);y为水深(m);d50为河床质平均粒径(m);σ为河床粒径的标准差;b为桥墩宽度(m);l为桥墩长度(m);g为重力加速度(m/s2).经过对比后发现,基于遗传算法的方法比包括神经网络系统(ANN)、HEC在内的各种方法都能更为精确地预测冲刷深度,如图1所示[9].图1 HEC、GP、ANN预测精度对比Fig.1 Comparison of the prediction accuracy of HEC, GP and ANN1.4 桥梁冲刷建模桥梁冲刷建模主要包括数值模型和实验模型两种.由于冲刷问题的复杂性,研究人员建立起了一些数值模型和实验模型.Fukuoka等在1994年建立起了一种3D数值模拟模型,用以研究桥墩周围的局部冲刷问题.研究表明,成熟的数值模型能够极其精确地与大型水工建筑的冲刷实验结果吻合.Richardson and Panchang运用一种完全的3D水力模型去模拟一个圆柱形桥墩的冲刷坑内的水流运动,把结果与Melville and Raudkivi在1977年的实验观察结果进行对比后发现,无论是定量还是定性方面都取得了令人满意的结果.数值模型的结果也被用来和经验公式进行对比,Young等运用独立的三维有限元模型来研究清水中的桥墩冲刷深度.在他们的研究中,他们的预测和有限元的结果能很好地吻合.他们进行对比后发现HEC-18的预测结果过高估计了22%.南卡罗来纳大学的Kassem等建立了一种流体力学模型“FLURNT”,用来模拟实地的数据,也获得了令人满意的结果,而且他们也验证了HEC-18的确存在过高估计的问题[7].实验室模型的优势在于,它们不仅仅帮助人们对于桥墩冲刷相关的变量和参数有更好的了解,并且可以帮助人们选择和优化一些防冲刷的构筑措施.至今,研究人员建立了很多的实验模型.例如,为了研究尼罗河上Imbaba大桥的冲刷坑问题,开罗的研究人员建立了一个1∶60的仿真流动河床模型,他们实施了一系列实验去测试圆形桥墩下游的冲刷问题.研究发现,下游桥墩的冲刷坑是相邻桥墩尾流漩涡交叉处的冲突速度场造成的,而汇流又加速了这种冲刷.这个结果促使一种预测桥墩最大冲刷深度的经验公式的诞生.Umbrell等在1998年研究清水桥下在不考虑局部效应的收缩冲刷时,建立了一个实验室模型,他们研究了来流速度、下桥面的压力流速以及沉积物大小等问题.Sheppard 和 William等也运用实验室模型进行局部冲刷深度的模拟[7].2 桥梁冲刷监测尽管实验室模拟为人们验证冲刷理论以及更为深刻地理解复杂的冲刷过程有很大的帮助,但是,由于在实验室中的简化和假定,这种实验室结果并不能直接用于实地设计的指导.对桥梁的冲刷情况进行监测,可以掌握桥梁的冲刷情况.针对桥墩局部冲刷深度的监测手段主要有:光纤布拉格光栅传感器、声呐冲刷监测系统、雷达测深法、时域反射计等.2.1 光纤布拉格光栅传感器监测随着光电学和光纤通信技术的发展,光纤传感器被越来越多地应用到结构健康检测的工程实际之中,其中使用频率最高的一种即是光纤布拉格光栅传感器(fiber Bragg grating简称FBG).该传感器能感知应变和温度的变化,并由此改变自身反射光波波长,当光束传播到光纤布拉格光栅时,光纤就会反射一种特定波长的光波,通过对变化的反射波长的采集即可实现对待测物理量的监测[10-11].Yung-Bin Lin等对两种模型进行了实验室研究,如图2所示.第一种模型,三个传感器被安装在悬臂形式的单纤维上;第二种模型,传感器被安装在固定于桥墩或桥台上的钢板上.经验证,这两种传感器在洪水期间依然有效,而且这种传感器可以测量水位、冲刷深度、沉积物高度等一系列问题.实验结果表明,采用光栅传感器在桥梁冲刷实时监控领域中有进一步应用的潜力 [12].2.2 声呐监测超声波拥有良好的传播性能,具有非常好的方向性,可以在声阻抗不同的两种介质的界面上发生反射.如图3所示,此系统将超声探头置于护筒内部并上下移动,探头发射的超声波在冲刷深度范围内可以在冲刷坑壁处反射,从而确定冲刷坑壁的位置.通过波形可以判断冲刷深度所在位置,通过探头移动距离即可得到冲刷深度[13].图2 FBG的两种不同模型Fig.2 Two models of FBG图3 声呐监测冲刷原理Fig.3 The principle of sonar monitoring scour建于1866年的Mezzana Corti大桥,是连接意大利米兰和热那亚之间的一座铁路桥,此桥在冲刷监测中采用了声呐系统以及sedimetri监测系统,sedimetri系统在1996年发生洪水时受到了极大的破坏.研究人员在1996年的洪水之后,决定在监测中只采用声呐监测,因为声呐系统可以适当调节,免受洪水携带的漂浮物冲击[14].图4 Mezzana Corti大桥Fig.4 Mezzana Corti bridge2.3 雷达监测雷达是利用电磁波探测目标的电子设备.发射电磁波对目标进行照射并接收其回波,由此获得目标至电磁波发射点的距离、距离变化率(径向速度)、方位、高度等信息.因此可以将雷达运用于桥梁冲刷的监测中.其工作原理如图5所示,被发出的信号向下传播,由于不同的底层有不同的信号接收性能,通过信号的吸收和反射情况,可判断河床的形状[15].在河流与沉积层之间的接口,一部分雷达信号将会被反射到上层表面,其余的信号将在底层材料处折射,直到它到达另一个接口.接收天线接收到的雷达信号将用于监测接口的表面状态,整个监测过程中,接收装置都以恒定的速度传播[16].图5 雷达监测冲刷原理Fig.5 The principle of radar monitoring scour南卡罗来纳州的美国地质调查局自从1996年以来,一直在利用实地收集来的历史冲刷数据进行清水中桥台冲刷、桥墩冲刷以及水流收缩的包络曲线建立工作.对历史活性河床的监测,由于冲刷坑会被河床沉积物回填,因此一般的方法探测较为困难,为了解决这一难题,研究人员运用探地雷达.2005年以来,美国地质调查局已经运用这种方法收集了南卡罗来纳州许多大桥的相关数据[17].2.4 时域反射系统时域反射系统(Time Domain Reflectometry 简称 TDR)用于桥梁冲刷的监测.该系统的原理是操作装置通过传输线以一定的速度发出一个脉冲,脉冲沿着传输线进行传播直到其末端,除非中间有断口,这些断口是由于空气和水或水和沉积物的入侵造成的,这样一部分信号就会被反射回来.通过研究这些信号的返回时间,就可以计算出不连续点的位置.图6是TDR的实验装置.图6 TDR实验装置Fig.6 Experimental setup for the TDR systemN. E.Yankielun等对TDR进行了实验室研究,他们的研究表明TDR可以准确提供输沙和桥梁冲刷数据,并对严重冲刷情况予以预警.即便是高能水流状态下,这种仪器也能提供实时的动态冲於数据[18].3 结论桥梁冲刷往往会引起桥毁事故,本文介绍了目前国内外桥梁冲刷预估与监测措施,这些措施无需在水中建造构筑物,能有效地对桥梁冲刷进行预警,具有十分重要的工程意义.参考文献:【相关文献】[ 1 ]Barkdoll B D, Melville B W, Ettema R. A Review of Bridge Abutment Scour Countermeasures[C]∥World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 2006:1-9. [ 2 ]Zhu Z, Liu Z. CFD Prediction of Local Scour Hole around Bridge Piers[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2012,19:273-281.[ 3 ]Richardson E V, Davis S R, Lagasse P F. Comprehensive Scour Analysis at Highway Bridges HEC-18[C]∥Scour and Erosion. International Confer ence on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5) 2010, San Francisco, 2010:1092-1101.[ 4 ]Federal Highway Administration. Evaluating Scour at Bridges[R].5th ed. Washington D C: US Department of Transportation, 1993.[ 5 ]Choi S U, Cheong S. Prediction of Local Scour around Bridge Piers Using Artificial Neural Networks[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2006,42(2),487-494.[ 6 ]刘文伟,李琳,张洪剑,等. 基于神经网络的复杂过程系统模型辨识[J]. 沈阳大学学报,2009,21(2):102-104.(Liu Wenwei, Li Lin, Zhang Hongjian , et al. Model Identification of Complex Process Systems Based on Neural Networks[J]. Journal of Shenyang University, 2009,21(2):102-104.)[ 7 ]Deng Lu, Cai C S. Bridge Scour: Prediction, Modeling, Monitoring, and Countermeasures-Review[J]. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 2010,15(2):125-134.[ 8 ]刘威,吴春利,王静. 单亲遗传算法在桥梁传感器优化布设中的应用[J]. 中外公路,2012,32(1):195-198.(Liu Wei, Wu Chunli, Wang Jing. Single Genetic Algorithm in Optimal Sensor Placement of Bridge[J]. Journal of China & Foreign Highway, 2012,32(1):195-198.)[ 9 ]Azamathulla H M, Ghani A A, Zakaria N A, et al. Genetic Programming to Predict Bridge Pier Scour[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2010,136(3):165-169.[10]Manzoni S, Crotti G, Cigada A, et al. Monitoring Bridge Scour by Bragg GratingArra y[C]∥Scour and Erosion International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5) 2010, San Francisco, 2010:941-948.[11]Lin Y B, Chang K C, Lai J S, et al. Application of Optical Fiber Sensor on Local Scour Monitoring[C]∥Proceeding of: Sensors, 2004. Proceedi ngs of IEEE, Vol. 2, Vienna, 2004:832-835.[12]Lin Y B, Chen J C, Chang K C, et al. Real-Time Monitoring of Local Scour by Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2005,14(4):664-670.[13]Fisher M, Chowdhury M. N, Khan AA. An Evaluation of Scour Measurement Devices[J].Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 2013,33:55-67.[14]De Falco F, Mele R. The Monitoring of Bridges for Scour by Sonar and Sedimentri[J]. NDT International, 2002,35(2),117-123.[15]Webb D J, Anderson N L, Newton T, et al. Bridge Scour: Application of Ground Penetrating Radar[C]∥Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Application of Geophysical Methodologies and NDT to Transportation Facilities and Infrastructure. Federal Highway Commission and Missouri Department of Transportation, 2000.[16]Millard S G, Bungey J H, Thomas C, et al. Assessing Bridge Pier Scour by Radar[J]. NDT International, 1998,31(4):251-258.[17]Benedict S T, Abrahamsen T Caldwell A, et al. Collection of Historic Live-Bed Scour Data at Selected Bridges in South Carolina Using Ground-Penetrating Radar[C]∥World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 2007:1-11.[18]Yankielun N E, Zabilansky L. Laboratory Investigation of Time-Domain Reflectometry System for Monitoring Bridge Scour[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1999,125(12):1279-1284.。

社会保障概论术语解解释说明：各分册教材中应当包含所有必要的核心术语，这是保证教材知识体系完整的重要前提条件之一。

如果在一本教材中，一些核心术语的缺失意味着知识要点的缺失。

然而，对一个学科术语做出科学合理的界定并非易事。

对术语的编写要求如下：（1）字数要求：50字左右（30-60字之间），不超过100字；（2）术语定义主要指对术语概念的基本界定，避免用其他内涵方面（要素、类型、特征）、外延方面（作用、功能、相关历史知识等）和评价方面的内容取代概念定义。

以下术语解释并非本系列教材编写体例中所要求的术语界定，供仅编者在选用术语和进行术语界定时做参考。

此术语资料系内部资料，切勿外传。

目录社会保障（上）1、社会保障（Social Security）2、社会保障体系（Social Security System）3、基本需要（Basic Needs）*4、缴费性收入支持（Contributory Income Support）5、非缴费性收入支持（Non-Contributory Income Support）6、家庭保障（Family Security）7、保障方式社会化（Socialization of Security Mode）*8、慈善事业（Philanthropy）9、伊丽莎白《济贫法》（Poor Low）10、“斯宾汉姆兰德制”（System of Speenhamland）11、新《济贫法》（The New Poor Law ）12、德国社会保险三法（Three Social Insurance Laws in Germany）13、美国《社会保障法》（American Social Security Act）14、《社会保障最低标准公约》（Social Security Minimum Standard Convention）15、社会保障模式（Social Security Model）16、剩余模式（Residual Model）17、机制模式（Mechanism Model）18、普遍性保障（Universal Security）19、选择性保障（Selective Security）20、就业保障模式（Employment Security Model）21、救助型保障模式（Assistance Security Model）22、福利国家模式（W elfare State Model）23、社会保险型模式（Social Insurance Model）24、强制储蓄型模式（Compulsory Savings Model）25、国家福利型模式（State W elfare Model）26、“新加坡模式”（Singapore Model）27、智利模式（Chile Model ）*28、志愿部门失灵（Voluntary Failure）*29、去商品化（Decommodification）30、《贝弗里奇报告》（The Beveridge's Report）*31、罗斯福新政（The Roosevelt's New Deal）*32、城乡二元结构（Urban-Rural Dual Structure）33、社会保障法（Social Security Law）34、社会保障法律制度主体（Subject of Social Security Law system）35、社会保障关系（Social Security Relationship）36、社会保障法制系统的层次（Level of Social Security Law system ）37、生存权（Rights of Existence）38、发展权（Rights of Development）39、公平（Equality）40、效率（Efficiency）41、社会保障权利与义务（Social Security Rights and Duties）42、社会保险法（Social Insurance Law）43、社会救济法（Social Relief Law ）44、社会福利法（Social W elfare Law）*45、社会优抚法（V eteran Benefit and Placement Law）46、社会保障基金管理法（Social Security Fund Management Law）47、社会保障管理（Social Security Management）48、社会保障行政管理（Social Security Administrative Management）49、社会保障基金管理（Social Security Fund Management）50、社会保障对象管理（Social Security Object Management）51、社会保障管理方式（Social Security Management Mode）52、社会保障基金（Social Security Fund）*53、基金保值增值（Maintenance and Appreciation of Fund）54、财政性社会保障基金（Fiscal Social Security Funds）55、缴费性社会保障基金（Contributory Social Security Funds）*56、公共基金（Public Funds）*57、个人基金（Personal Funds）*58、机构基金（Institutional funds）59、捐助性社会保障基金（Donative Social Security Funds）60、运营盈利性社会保障基金（Operating Profit Social Security Funds）61、社会保险基金（Social Insurance Funds）62、社会福利基金（Social W elfare Funds）63、社会救济基金（Social Relief Funds）*64、军人保障基金（Armyman Social Security Funds）65、社会保障基金筹集（Social Security Fund of Collection）66、社会保障基金给付（Social Security Fund Benefits）67、安全性原则（Security Principle）68、盈利性原则（Profit Principle）69、流动性原则（Liquidity Principle）70、多样性原则（Diversity Principle）71、收入的转移支付（Transfer Payment of Income）72、收入的延期支付（Delay in Payment of Income）73、现收现付式（Pay-As-Y ou-Go）74、完全积累式（Total Accumulation System）75、部分积累式（Part Accumulation System）76、社会保障基金运营（Social Security Fund Operation）77、社会保险（Social Insurance）78、商业保险（Commercial Insurance）*79、商业保险逆向选择（Reverse Selection in Commercial Insurance）80、养老保险（Endowment Insurance）*81、多层次养老保险制度（Multi-Hierarchy Endowment Insurance）*82、基本养老保险（Basic Endowment Insurance）*83、企业年金（Enterprise Annuity）*84、个人储蓄性养老保险（Personal Saving Endowment Insurance）*85、老年社会保障（Social Security for the Aged）86、退休（Retirement）*87、社会统筹模式（Social Pooling Model）*88、个人账户模式（Individual Account Model）*89、混合模式（Mixed Model）*90、给付既定模式（Defined Benefit Model）*91、缴费既定模式（Defined Contribution Model）92、征税制（Taxation System）93、缴费制（Pay Charge System）94、税（费）率Tax （Fee）Rate95、均一制（Flat Rate System）*96、薪酬比例制（Earning-related System）*97、等比例制（Equal Ratio System）98、差别比例制（Defferential Ratio System）99、累进费率制（Progressive Ratio System）*100、定额制（Quota System）101、隐性债务问题（V eiled Debts Problem）102、个人账户的“空帐”运作（Empty Operation Indivial Account）103、社会服务保障（Social Service Security）社会保障概论（下）1、医疗保险（Medical Insurance）2、医疗社会保险（Medical Social Insurance）3、商业医疗保险（Medical Commercial Insurance）4、补充医疗保险(Supplementary Medical Insurance)5、预付制（Pre-Payment）6、后付制(Post-Payment)7、按服务项目付费（Fee-for-Service）8、按服务单元付费(Fee-for-Unit)9、总额预付制（Global Budget）10、按人头付费(Fee-for-Person)11、按疾病种类付费制度（Diagnosis Related Groups）*12、全民医疗保险(National Health Insurance)13、公费医疗制度（Free Public Health Care System）14、劳保医疗制度（Labour Insurance Medical Care System）15、城镇职工基本医疗保险制度（Basic Medical Insurance System for UrbanEmployee ）16、农村合作医疗保险制度（Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance System ）*17、新型农村合作医疗（New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System）18、福利型合作医疗保险（W elfare-type Cooperative Medical Insurance）19、风险型合作医疗保险（Risk-type Cooperative Medical Insurance）20、福利风险型合作医疗保险（W elfare-Risk -type Cooperative Medical Insurance）*21、就业（Employment）*22、充分就业（Full Employment）*23、就业促进（Employment Promotion）24、失业（Unemployment）25、自愿失业（Voluntary Unemployment）26、摩擦性失业(Frictional Unemployment)27、周期性失业（Cyclical Unemployment）28、结构性失业（Structural Unemployment）29、隐性失业（Disguised Unemployment）30、失业保险（Unemployment Insurance）*31、失业救济（Unemployment Relief）32、失业津贴（Unemployment Allowance）*33、失业认定（Unemployment Identification）*34、失业率(Unemployment Rate)*35、失业保险替代率（The Replaceable Rate of Unemployment Insurance）36、强制性失业保险制度（Compulsory Unemployment Insurance System）37、非强制性失业保险制度（Non-Compulsory Unemployment Insurance System）38、复合式失业保险制度（Mixed Unemployment Insurance System）39、失业保险给付期限（The Period of Payment for Unemployment Insurance）*40、工伤（W ork- related Injury）41、职业病（Occupational Disease）42、工伤鉴定（Appraisal of W ork- related Injury）43、劳动能力鉴定( Appraisal of Labour Capacity)*44、致残程度鉴定(Appraisal of Disable Extent by Work-related Injury)*45、工伤预防(W ork- related Injury Prevention)*46、职业康复(Vocational Rehabilitation)47、工伤保险（W ork- related Injury Insurance）48、雇主责任保险(Employer’s Liability Insurance)49、工伤社会保险(Social W ork-related Injury Insurance)50、无过失赔偿（Non-error Compensation）51、差别费率制度（Differential Contributions System）*52、浮动费率制度（Floating Contributions System）53、工伤医疗待遇(Medical Treatment Benefit of W ork-related Injury)54、工伤伤残待遇(Benefit of Disability Caused by W ork-related Injury )55、工伤死亡待遇（Benefit of Death Caused by W ork-related Injury）56、生育保险（Child-bearing Insurance）57、产假（Maternity Leave）58、生育津贴(Child-bearing Allowance)59、社会救助(Social Assistance)60、定期救助（Periodic Assistance）61、临时救助（T emporal Assistance）62、灾害救助（Disaster Assistance）63、扶贫开发（Poverty Alleviation Development）64、以工代赈（Providing W ork as a form of Relief）*65、城市流浪乞讨人员救助（Relief for Vagrants and Beggars in Cities）*66、救助站（Relief Station）67、法律援助（Legal Aid）68、实物救助(Assistance in Kind)69、现金救助(Cash Assistance)70、服务救助(Service Assistance)71、最低生活保障制度（Minimum Living Security System）72、五保制度(Five Guarantees System)*73、“三无”对象(Object of "Three Not-having")74、家庭经济状况调查(Family Means Test)75、社会福利(Social W elfare)*76、福利依赖（W elfare Dependency）*77、福利国家危机（Crisis of W elfare State）78、社会福利机构（Social W elfare Agency）79、社会福利企业（Social W elfare Enterprise）80、社会福利院（Social W elfare Institution）81、儿童福利院（Children’s W elfare House）82、精神病人福利院（Psychopath’s W elfare House）83、敬老院（Home for the Aged）84、残疾人按比例就业（Proportional Employment of the Disabled）*85、庇护工厂(Sheltered W orkshop)*86、妇女福利(W oman W elfare)*87、老年福利(Old-Age W elfare)*88、儿童福利 (Child Welfare)*89、残疾人福利(W elfare for the Disabled)90、职工福利（Employee W elfare）*91、住房保障制度（House Security System）92、住房公积金（House Accumulation Fund）*93、军人保障(Armyman Security)*94、拥军优属(Support the Army and Give Preferential Treatment to the Families of Revolutionary Soldiers and Martyr)95、社会优抚(Veteran Benefit and Placement)96、安置保障(Guarantee for Placement)97、优待金制度( (Preferential Treatment Payment System)*98、军人保险(Armyman Insurance)*99、军人福利(Armyman W elfare)100、死亡抚恤(Death Pension)101、伤残抚恤（Disablement Pension）102、一次性抚恤（Lump-sum Pension）103、定期抚恤（Periodic Pension）*104、廉租房（Public Housing）*105、经济适用房（Affordable Housing）*106、福利彩票（W elfare Lottery）社会保障概论社会保障（上）1、社会保障（Social Security）【词条释义】又称社会安全，是为保障民生以及促进社会进步，由国家和社会以立法为依据出面举办，由政府机关和社会团体组织实施，对因各种经济和社会风险事故而陷入困境的人群以及有物质和精神需求的全体公民提供的、福利性的物质援助和专业服务的制度和事业的总称。

专利名称：Method for sensor initialization in astructural health management system发明人：Nicholas J. Wilt,Steven R. Thompson,ScottGray申请号：US11019691申请日：20041221公开号：US20060136359A1公开日：20060622专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A method for initializing a chain of non-initialized data collectors is disclosed.The chain of non-initialized data collectors are coupled to a controller. In a first stepcommunication between the controller and each data collector in the chain of non-initialized collectors is disabled, except for an active non-initialized data collector, The active non-initialized collector is coupled to the controller and any remaining non-initialized data collectors. Next, the active non-initialized data collector is initialized by assigning an identification number to the active non-initialized data collectors. The active non-initialized collector becomes an initialized data collector. Then, communication is restored between the initialized data collector and a next active non-initialized data collector in the chain of non-initialized data collectors. The method repeats until all non-initialized data collectors are initialized.申请人：Nicholas J. Wilt,Steven R. Thompson,Scott Gray地址：Glendale AZ US,Phoenix AZ US,Peoria AZ US国籍：US,US,US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

专利名称：Structure of a CMOS image sensor andmethod for fabricating the same发明人：Soo-Genn Lee,Ki-Chul Park,Kyoung-Woo Lee申请号：US10998803申请日：20041130公开号：US20050087784A1公开日：20050428专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An image sensor device and method for forming the same include a photodiode formed in a substrate, at least one electrical interconnection line electrically associated with the photodiode, a light passageway having a light inlet, the light passageway beingpositioned in alignment with the photodiode, a color filter positioned over the light inlet of the light passageway and a lens positioned over the color filter in alignment with the light passageway wherein the at least one electrical interconnection line includes a copper interconnection formation having a plurality of interlayer dielectric layers in a stacked configuration with a diffusion barrier layer between adjacent interlayer dielectric layers, and a barrier metal layer between the copper interconnection formation and the plurality of interlayer dielectric layers and intervening diffusion barrier layers. An image sensor device may employ copper interconnections if a barrier metal layer is removed from above a photodiode.申请人：Soo-Genn Lee,Ki-Chul Park,Kyoung-Woo Lee地址：Su-won KR,Su-Won KR,Seoul KR国籍：KR,KR,KR更多信息请下载全文后查看。