It was clear that much of what he said was far__A____ the truth.
A. from B onto C. into D. amid
He’ll get____C___ if you keep bugging him.
A. disturb
B. annoy
The crowd___D____ out from the gate.
A. push
B. pull
C. drew
D. surged
I expressed hope ___a_______ they would come to visit China again.
A. that
B. as
C. although
D. whether
A good reader is one who can read __A____ the lines.
A. between
B. under
C. in
D. above
The moment has came ____c______ I can fully display my ability.
A. that
B. which
C. when
D. what
Generally there are __C____television programs for children on Saturday.
A .little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of
The age of the students in our school___C_____ from 20 to 40.
A. arranges
B. ranging
C. ranges
D. ranch
The reporters_C____ the corruption of several high officials in the
government, consequently, they had been asked to resign from office.
A. discovered
B. displayed
C. exposed
D. presented
There are few places in this country __a_____ wheat can't grow well.
A. A. where
B. which
C. when
D. if
____B__travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
A. A little mail
B. A piece of mail
C. A mail
D. A small mail
All the ___A___in the hospital got a rise last month.
A, women doctors B. women doctor C. woman doctors D. woman doctor
All the class burst _____b____ laughter when they saw the funny picture.
A. A. in
B. at
C. on
D. into
B.It’s no use just telling me to do it; suggest some__D_____ ways to do it.
C. A. negative B. plus C. useless
D. positive
D. C. useless D. positive
E.
I've made ____a_____ more mistakes than you have.
F. A. a lot B. many C. very D. a lot of
____c____ still young, Mr. George has had amazing achievement in cosmology.
G. A. When B. As C. Although D. Since
The manger greatly appreciated that ___B___made by Linda lately.
A. new reel
B. news reel
C.new-reels
D. news reels
I’m afraid that you have to alter your _B____ views in light of the tragic news that
has just arrived .
A. distressing
B. optimistic
C. pessimistic
D. objective
Candidates with university degree and work experience usually get job__D__ over those without..
A. reference
B. conference
C. inference
D. preference
I, who _____d_____ a Party member, will always try my best to help you.
A. be
B. is
C. are
D. am
Our country is getting ___c_______.
A. strong and stronger
B. stronger and strong
C. stronger and stronger
D. strong and strong
A. the
B. a
C. an
D./
The table is too small for a dinner party. It’ll only seat four guests__C___ comforts.
A. for
B. by
C. in
D. with
He agreed to the plan of his own accord. That is to say, he did it _D____.
A. enthusiastically
B. unwillingly
C. unhesitatingly
D. voluntarily
He was praised for ______D____ such a contribution to the country.
A. make
B. to make
C. to making
D. having made
My brother is three years ___c_______ than I.
A. old
B. older
C. elder
D. the elder
Mrs. Smith’s children have very good manners because they have been well__C___.
A. brought down
B. brought out
C. brought up
D. brought forward
The speaker___B___ the need for helping the drop-out children back to school.
A. satisfied
B. highlighted
C. projected
D. strengthened
One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great __A___ to educate their children.
A. pains
B. endeavors
C. attempts
D. efforts
If you have any trouble, you can turn __c_____ him for help.
A. for
B. at
C. to
D. in
It rains ___a____ in Shanghai than in Shenyang.
A. more often
B. most often
C. oftener
D. often
The two enemy countries began to discuss their _B____ relations.
A. firm
B. tense
C. tight
D. nervous
Plants will ___C__ if they are given the proper amount of light and water.
A. reproduce
B. develop
C. prosper
D. flourish
Some of the experiments B in the book are easy to perform.
A.to be described
B.described
C.to describe
D. describing
By eleven o'clock yesterday, we _A__ at the airport.
A. had arrived
B. have arrived
C. shall arrive
D. arrive
A boy told the police man that he had seen a man __c____.
A. to get on a car and drive off
B. getting on a car and drove off
C. get on a car and drive off
D. get on a car and drove off
She will also be free in the evenings to take part in some activities __C____ campus.
A. in
B. at
C. on
D./
Fat people should _A__ the temptation of sweet things.
A. rather than
B. more than
C. less than
D. other than
We don’t have _B_ homework today.
A. some homework
B. a lot of homework
C. many homework
D. much homework
I think Jack __D_ the answer.
A. had known
B. to know
C. is knowing
D. knows
Don’t _D_ football in the street.
A. plays
B. played
C. played
D. play
Tony prefers apples and bananas ____C__ other fruits.
A. than
B. over
C. to
D. against
They usually have less money at the end of the project than ______ at the beginning.
A. which
B. which was
C. they have
D. it is
His careless led to his _B__.
A. fail
B. failure
C. failed
D. failing
The __C_ garden looks very beautiful.
A. newly build
B. new build
C. newly built
D. newly building
The new president is modest, easy to approach and we all don't feel ill __A__.
A. at ease
B. with ease
C. in ease
D. on ease
A. refuse
B. deny
C. disobey
D. resist
_B__ the sound, many people came _____ to see what had happened.
A. Heard; ran
B. Hearing; running
C. Hearing; to run
D. Heard; running
We focused _D__ the sports meeting.
A. in
B. into
C. through
D. on
He is unable to go to work as a result B_ the fall from his bike.
A. on
B. in
C. of
D. by
If he had worked harder, he __D__.
A. would succeed
B. had succeeded
C. should succeed
D. would have succeeded
No one would willingly subject himself___D___ such treatment.
A. from
B. upon
C. in
D. to
He has given up running in order to ____B___ the long jump.
A. distract from
B. focus on
C. long for
D. come to
I'm not sure if the new examination system will ___B_ the average students.
A. survive
B. favor
C. guarantee
D. advance
In fact, Mrs. Henry can be very sad in private, though _B__ she is extreme-
ly cheerful.
A. in turn
B. in public
C. in person
D. in vain
He had to finish his homework, _C__?
A. hadn't he
B. had he
C. didn't he
D. did he
He has never heard _A__.
A. the better voice
B. a good voice
C. the best voice
D. a better voice
_____ you work, _A_ you will learn.
A. some time
B. sometimes
C. sometime
D. some times
The workers are _B__ young people in that company.
A. most
B. mostly
C. much
D. at most
__A_ the whole, it was a successful evening.
A. On
B. At
C. From
D. In
One's ability is __A__ to whether he can be a good leader.
A. relevant
B. bound
C. suitable
D. particular
Little __B__ about his own safety though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he care
B. did he care
C. he care
D. he cares
Some confusion has __D__ about who can join the association.
A. retained
B. lifted
C. raised
D. arisen
If the pressure is not ___C_ immediately, there may be an explosion.
A. relieved
B. retreated
C. released
D. recovered
George __B_ be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A. needn't
B. can't
C. shouldn't
D. may
Your mother must be at home, _ she? ( C )
A.mustn't '
B.doesn't
C.isn't
D.needn't
For women, life can be a balance between being a good mother, a good wife and a good lover, as well as considering the needs of 1 parents later in life. Combine
these demands 2 wanting to develop a 3 and what time do they have left for themselves?
Men are concerned with earning enough to satisfy family 4 -which often include exceptional costs 5 children’s college or university. They are worried 6 developing their own career 7 attempting to take in the requirements of their partner. Again, what time do they have for themselves?
Activities and demands 8 be balanced. Eliminate some of the non-essentials. When 9 demands are placed on you, say no. If you 10 succeed in finding some time for yourself, make sure you enjoy it. All the benefits of the time you have carved out for yourself will be negated if you feel guilty about sitting in the sun and taking in the peace and quiet.
1. A.old B.older C.elder D.elderly
2.A.into B.to C.with D.together with
3.A.career B.job C.future D.work
4.A.request B.reqirements C.supply D.acquirement
5.A.to B.in C.for D.with
6.A.that B.with C.about D.of
7.A.while B.which C.who D.in
8.A.should B.would C.ought to D.need to
9.A.enough B.partner’s C.excessive D.some
10.A. do B.does C.did D.done
答：DCABC CADCA
Part two close
Sarah Winchester lived in California. She was a very ____1____ woman. She didn’t buy many jwwels(珠宝) or ___2___ clothes. ____3___, she spent millions of dollars in __4____ a house. She began to do it at the age of 45. The strange thing about Sarah’s ___5___ was that it seemed never finished. The work on the house went for 38___6___ because Sarah was afraid to ___7____ building it.
Sarah’s house was near San Jose. Every day, a lot of ___8___ arrived there to work for her. Sarah wanted more rooms and more doors and more windows, ___9___ the workers kept on building them. The house was seven floors high and had 160 rooms. There were 200 doors and 1,000______10_______. There were also three lifts, nine kitchens, and 47 fireplaces.
Why did Sarah want a house the kept getting ___11___? It was because Sarah was afraid of ___12___. She thought she would die when the house was finished, so she didn’t want her house to be finished.
Sarah Winchester’s ____13___ seemed to have worked(奏效) ___14___ she lived to be 83 years old. But __15__ her house was finished.
1.（B ）A. poor B. rich C. useful D. brave
2.（B ）A. cheap B. expensive C. simple D. old
3.（C ）A. Still B. Usually C. Instead D. Even
4.（A ）A. building B. buying C. selling D. setting
5.（C ）A. door B. window C. kitchen D. house
6.（ A ）A. years B. months C. weeks D. days
7.（ C ）A. keep B. enjoy C. stop D. help
8.（ B ）A. drivers B. workers C. farmers D. visitors
9.（ D ）A. but B. until C. since D. so
10.（ C ）A. floors B. kitchens C. windows D. rooms
11.（A ）A. bigger B. smaller C. stronger D. cleaner
12.（B ）A. working B. dying C. living D. growing
13.（C ）A. age B. family C. plan D. husband
14.（ B ）A. or B. because C. neither D. nor
15.（ D ）A. hardly B. usefully C. carefully D. finally
Mr White is a member of his office. He’s ____1____ and can easily deal with all kinds of matters. So he’s always ___2____ more than his workmates. Of course he’s often ___3__ and has no time to do the housework. His wife ____4___ him well and does all at home.
____5____ ! their daughter was hurt in a traffic accident last month and had to be____6___. Now Mrs. White to look after her there ____7_____ she can’t go home. Mr. White often eats something in the restaurant. As he ___8____ did some cleaning, the rooms were all disorderly(零乱不堪).
Yesterday morning, before Mr. White got up, the telephone ____9____. He sat up to answer it. His friend told him to ___10____ an important telephone number down. But he could find ___11___ a piece of paper. He found there was much dust(灰尘) on the table and wrote the number on it. But soon he ____12___ it and went to work. Two hours later ____13____ came back and looked for a sweater for her daughter. Her husband came in while she was ____14___ the table. He couldn’t ___15____ the number on the table and called out angrily, “Who let you clean the table?”
1.（A ）A. important B. strong C. good D. able
2.（）A. helped B. thought C. paid D. asked
3.（A ）A. busy B. quiet C. lazy D. happy
4.（D ）A. sees B. knows C. misses D. takes care of
5.（）A. Well B. Once C. What’s more D. Bad luck
6.（A ）A. in hospital B. outside C. in bed D. in time
7.（ D ）A. but B. or C. while D. and
8.（B）A. not B. never C. almost D. often
9.（C ）A. shouted B. spoke C. rang D. called
10.（）A. write B. remember C. understand D. use
11.（B ）A. either a pen or B. neither a pen nor C. both a pen and D. not only
a pen but
12.（A ）A. forgot B. read C. took D. threw
13.（C ）A. he B. his friend C. his wife D. his daughter
14.（D ）A. brushing B. walking in C. leaving D. cleaning
15.（ A ）A. find out B. listen to C. see D. write
Computer programmer David Jones earn $35,000 a year 1 new computer games, yet he cannot find a bank prepared to let him have a cheque ( 支票) car. 2 he has been told to wait 3 two years, until he is 18.
The 16-year-old works for a small 4 in Liverpool, 5 the problem of most young people of his age is finding a job. Dabid’s company releases ( 发行) two new games for the 6 home computer market each month.
But David biggest headache is what to do 7 his money. 8 his salary. 9 by 10 new programs within 11 schedules, with bonus ( 奖励) payments and profit-sharing, he cannot drive a car, or obtain credit cards.
David got his job with the Liverpool-based company four months ago. “I got the job because the people who 12 the company knew I 13 some programs,” he said.
“ I suppose $35,000 sounds a lot but actually that’s being pessimistic ( 悲观的).
I hope it will 14 to more than that this year.”He spends some of his money 15 records and clothes, and gives his mother $20 a
week. But most of his spare time is spent working.
“16 , computing was not part of our studies at school, ” he said. “But I 17 it in books and magazines or four years in my spare tim I wanted to do and never 18 staying on at school. Most people in this business are fairly young, 19 .”
David added: “ I would like to earn a million and I suppose early retirement is a possibility. You never know when the market 20 disappear.”
1. A. to design B. being designed C. designing D. designed (C)
2. A. However B. Instead C. Therefore D. Although
3. A. another B. others C. the other D. some
4. A. farm B. branch C. firm D. bank
5. A. there B. when C. where D. that
6. A. enlarging B. expanding C. extending D. expecting
7. A. about B. down C. by D. with
8. A. Despite B. Except C. In addition D. Besides
9. A. earning B. earned C. had been earned D. having earned
0. A. discovering B. producing C. inventing D. making
11. A. strict B. tense C. tight D. busy
12. A. run B. take C . create D. master
13. A. have already written B. had been writing
C. have been writing
D. had already written
14. A. reach B. get C. come D. increase
15. A. in B. on C. to D. with
16. A. Luckily B. Surprisingly
C. Unfriendly
D. Unfortunately
17.A. studied B. has studied
C. had been studying
D. have been studying
18. A. thought B. determined C. considered D. studied
19. A. moreover B. somehow C. anyway D. however
20. A. should B. might C. must D. would
答：CBACC BDADC CADCB DCCCB
C. annoyed
D. disturbs
Well, let’s put our heads together and find a solution___B__ the problem.
A. between
B. to
C. in
D. into
Parents should take full__C_____ for their children’s actions.
A. responsible
B. curiosity
C. responsibility
D. accountability
Why didn’t you ask for help, ___A___ trying to do it on your own?
A. rather than
B. however
C. more than
D. less than
翻译
He sent her a letter, in which he apologized for what he had done to her.
他寄了封信给她，在信里他为他对她所做的事道歉
The people boating on the lake seem to have forgotten the time.
在湖中划船的人似乎已忘记了时间。
The trees of friendship planted by the foreign visitors are growing well.
外宾种的友谊之树现在长得枝繁叶茂。
They had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
他们在结婚前认识了好久。
I found it difficult to finish the work in time.
我发现很难按时完成这项工作。
阅读理解
Cars of 2050 will travel the nation's highways in never-before-dreamed-of safety, comfort, and convenience. These cars will float along never touching the ground, and therefore will have no need for wheels.
Annoying highway vibrations, caused by the rotations of the disc-and-tire wheels, will be things of the past. The coming highway passenger cars will literally fly above the road, supported on columns of air compressed by turbine-driven (涡轮驱动) fans. The car without wheels has been called a "flying car", and, in a sense, that's just
what it is; however, it will not back out of the family garage, start down the street, and then suddenly go quickly upward heading for some distant point. On the contrary, to a-void problems in aerial navigation, the wheelless vehicle probably will travel no more than three inches above road surface. It will travel over fairly rough road and even over smooth water!
The inevitable problems of maritime (水上的) regulations, severe weather conditions, and running out of fuel in remote areas all will require new concepts of operation, servicing, and vehicle regulation.
6. The author believes that cars of the future _C____.
A. will be replaced by airplanes
B. will have wheels unlike those of today
C. will use columns of air instead of wheels
D. will use wheels without tires
7. Cars of the future will run __C___.
A. without annoying noise
B. without fuel
C. much more smoothly
D. on a number of fans
8. The car without wheels has been called a "flying car" because _A___.
A. it travels a few inches above the ground B .an fly as a plane does C. it moves at a very high speed D. it can travel over smooth
water
9. Where is a wheelless car LEAST fit to travel? D
A. Over soft land.
B. Over rough country roads.
C. Over highways.
D. Over waterfalls.
10. Wheelless cars will ___B__.
A. eliminate all traffic problems
B. create new traffic problem
C. eliminate parking problems
D. both A and C
My name is Mary. I am an office worker in a large company. I live in a small village about seven miles from my office. It takes me half an hour to drive to work and another ten minutes to park my car. I sometimes leave my car at home and take the train, but only on very cold winter days when there is ice on the roads. I always leave home at eight o'clock.
One morning on Friday, I was late for work. Many people were late for work on that terrible day. The first signs of trouble had occurred in the evening while I was in the village bar with my husband Peter. There were very high winds, far stronger than normal for the time of the year. As we made our way home, we were nearly blown over.
Back at home, we turned on the TV in our bedroom but the picture was not clear. The wind blew hard on the windows. Luckily our new double-glass was able to bear it, but hal an hour later as we lay in bed, we thought that the whole front wall was about to give away.
We held our breath. We drew the thick curtains. The angry wind was uprooting trees,overturning cars and destroying buildings. Just before two in the morning, we finally managed to fall sleep.
44.Who tells the story? . ( C )
A. A boy.
B. A girl.
C. A man.
D. A woman.
45. When does Mary usually arrive at work? ( C )
A. At eight o'clock.
B. At half-past ten.
C. At twenty to nine.
D. At twenty past nine.
46. The main idea of the passage is about _ * ( B )
A. the writer's office work
B. an unusual strong wind
C. The writer's lucky experience
D. many people's being late for work Women earn less than men. For example, in 1988 the hourly wages of women in the U.S. were 16% less than those of men. The gap between male and female incomes varies with age. The gap between the labor incomes of young women and young men is much smaller than that between middle-aged women and men. It is also clear that jobs in which women are concentrated pay less. The larger the number of workers in an industry who are women, the lower the average wages.
Why do women earn less than men? Are the differences explained by the fact that women are looked down upon? If so, the government has to intervene, to force the employers to pay equal wages to equal jobs. However, there is no agreement among economists about the causes of the gap. One view argues that women on the average have chosen low-paying jobs in which workers enjoy the freedom of entering and leaving the labor force, which reduces their years of experience relative to men. Other people say the gap can also be explained by the difference in educational background which is shown in the difference in the marginal product between men and women. Much of the gap, however, has not been fully explained. It might be the result of some bias against women. It is this part that has produced calls for government action. What would happen if the government did intervene to increase the wages paid to women? One possibility is that incomes for women as a group might actually decline. An increase in wage decreases the quantity of labor input demanded, resulting in decreased employment as the rate of hiring new workers declines. The result will be a surplus of labor. Those who can find jobs might be better off while those who had jobs might find themselves out of work.
16. The difference in labor incomes is most obvious between __C___.
A. young men and young women
B. young women in the same industry
C. middle-aged men and middle-aged women
D. middle-aged women in the same industry
17. Some economists believe women earn less than men partly because _A____.
A. women are less experienced than men
B. women are only provided with low-paying jobs
C. women have much freedom in selecting their jobs
D. there is more than enough women in the labor force
18. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the second paragraph? D
A. Women receive less education than men.
B. Women are not as productive as men.
C. Levels of education are closely related to productivity.
D. Goods produced by women are not as good as those by men.
19. What does the author suggest that the government should do for women workers? B
A. To ensure equal pay for women.
B. To explain why women are paid less.
C. To force employers to hire more women.
D. No solution is clearly suggested.
20. What would happen if women's wages were raised?
A. Input of capital would be increased.
B. The unemployment rate would go up.
C. Those who have jobs would become better off.
D. Women as a group would earn more than before.
Our sun is a star, and nine worlds (天体) move round it. Worlds like these are planets. But there are other stars, other suns, not only thousands of them, but millions of them. Do different stars have planets? We can see the planets round our own sun. but we haven’t been anymore. The stars are too far away from us. Stars give out light, but the planets don’t have any light of their own. So we can’t see them. They are too far, and too dark. Still, we can tell that some stars have planets. While a big planet goes round, it pulls its star to one side. And sometimes we can see this. Then we know that the star has a planet. For example, Barnard’s Star is a small red star. And it is the quickest star in the universe. But sometimes it moves slower, and then quicker again. We have known Bernard’s Star for many years, and now we are sure it has a planet.
A star is a large body in the universe. It __B_______.
A. moves round our sun
B. has light of its own
C. can also be called a sun
D. both B and C
Which of the following is not true? C
A. The earth is one of the sun’s world’s
B. There are millions of suns in the universe
C. The world’s are very bright
D. some stars have planets
We can see the planets round our sun. But we can’t see ___B___.
A. nine worlds in the universe
B. the planets round other stars
C. the satellites round the earth
D. other stars
Barnard’s Star moves more quickly than __B______.
A. most stars
B. any other star
C. its planet
D. the planets round the sun How can people know that there is a planet round Barnard’s Star? A
A. Sometimes they see that the planet pulls the star to one side and makes it move slower.
B. The planet is shining
C. The planet is next to our earth.
D. The planet is a red one.
We were going to play against a team from a country school.
They didn’t come until the last minute. They looked worse than we had thought. They were wearing dirty blue trousers and looked like farm boys.
We sat down for a rest. We felt that we didn’t need any practice against a team like that.
The game began. One of us got the ball and he shot a long pass to our forward （前锋）. From out of nowhere a boy in an old T-shirt stopped the ball and with beautiful style （姿势）he shot and got two points. Then another two points in a minute. Soon the game was all over. We were beaten by the country team.
After that, we thought a lot. We certainly learned that even though your team is
very good, you can’t look down upon the others and still need to do you best. And the most important lesson we learned was: One can’t judge (判断) a person or a team only by their clothes.
The team from the country were in old clothes so the writer’s team __A_____.
A. looked down upon them
B. couldn’t win
C. didn’t like the city boy
D. were afraid of them
The country team arrived so late that ___C______.
A. nobody saw them
B. the writer’s team were angry
C. they had no time to warm up
D. they looked worse
The team from the country won because ___D______.
A. they were in old clothes
B. they didn’t practice before the game
C. they practiced before the game
D. the team was better than the writer’s From the text, we can guess the writer’s team is ___C______.
.A. a basketball from a country school
B. a football team from a school in the city
C. a basketball team from a school in the city
D. a football team from the country
The writer’s team learned a lot from the game. They got to know how to ___A___.
.A. do better from then on B. fight against the country boys
C. play against a weak team
D. judge a man or a team by clothes
Long long ago people made fires from lightning(闪电)。But they had to keep the fire burning, for they couldn’t start it again if there was no lightning. Later, they found out hitting two piece of stone together could make a spark (火花). The spark could fire dry leaves. In this way they could make the fire again if it went out. Them people also learned to make a fire by rubbing. They made a hole on a big piece of wood and put a smaller stick into the hole. They turned the stick again and again. After a few minutes they got a fire.
As years went by, people learned other ways to make a fire. Sometimes they used the heat from sun. they held a piece of glass in the right way and made a piece of paper on fire.
About two centuries ago, people began to make matches (火柴). Matches brought people a quick and easy way to make fire. Today matches are still being used, but people have more new ways to make fires. One of them is to use an electric fire starter. Of course an electric fire starter is much more expensive than a box of matches. But it is more useful.
A spark can _____C____.
A. fire any leaves
B. burn anything
C. burn dry leaves
D. keep fires burning
We can also get a fire by ____D_____.
A. making a hole on a big piece of wood
B. putting a smaller stick into the hole
C. turning the stick hard for a while
D. doing all the above together
Matches have been used ___B______.
A. for about two thousand years
B. for about two hundred years
C. since people began to use fire for cooking
D. since people used the heat from the sun.
From this passage we know ____D___.
A. using matches is the easiest and most useful way to make fires
B. people don’t use matches any more since they had electric fire starters
C. today there are only two ways to make fires
D. some forest fires happen from lightning
Choose the right order of the ways to make fires people got to know ___C______.
a. with a match
b. from the sun
c. from lightning
d. by rubbing
e. with an electric fire starter.
A. d ,b, c, a, e
B. d, c, b, a, e
C. c, d, b, a, e
D. c, b, d, a, e
French and American doctors have done an operation (手术) together in which the doctors were outside the operating room. This kind of operation is known as robotic operation.
Doctor Marescaux did the operation in an office in New York City last month, while a sixty-eight-year-old woman patient was in a hospital in Strasbourg, France.
A doctor in Strasbourg got the patient ready. He placed medical tools and a small video camera in her stomach area (谓部). Doctor Marescaux in New York watched the patient on a video screen. Then he used the computer to send messages to the robot machine.
The robot moved the tools that cut the woman’s gallbladder (胆囊) away. The woman got well soon after the operation and left the hospital two days later.
Experts say the main problem with such a robotic operation is based on high-speed telecommunications (通讯系统) between the doctor and the robot. Technology must be able to send a doctor’s order to a robot to move the tool quickly.
Experts also say a successful robotic operation will improve an operation. For example, the robot can make such smaller movements (动作) than a person can. A robot machine can turn tools in ways that a doctor’s hand cannot.
Doctors say such a robotic operation will make possible safer and better operations in the future. They say it will improve doctor training. It will also mean that doctors could do an operation on people in dangerous places far away. And it could mean that people could have operations done by top doctors without having to travel to the city where the doctors work.
The underlined phrase “ robotic operation” means “___D_____.”
A. a special kind of robot invented by doctors
B. something done to mend a robot.
C. an operation done by French and American doctors
D. an operation done far away with the help of a robot.
We use the robot in the operation because _____C____.
A. it can send messages in a high speed
B. even a top doctor can’t do the operation himself
C. it can make the operation safer and better
D. operations can be done without and doctors.
If we want to use the robot in the operation, we must solve the problem of ___D_____.
A. top doctors
B. smaller movement
C. doctor training
D. high-speed telecommunications
Which of the following is NOT right? D
A. Robotic operation has been used in the USA.
B. Robotic operation is good for doctor training
C. Experts speak highly of robotic operation.
D. The robot is used to watch the patient clearly.
What’s the best title for this passage? B
A. An Operation
B. Robotic Operation
C. How to Do A Robotic Operation
D. The Problems of A Robotic Operation
Unit 2 Text A salesgirl n.女售货员 couple n.几个，一对 glance vi.看一下瞥一眼He glanced nervously at his watch when he was waiting for the bus. uncomfortable a.不舒服的，不自在的 behave vi 举止 desire vt.想望, 期望, 希望, 请求(官方丈礼)n.愿望, 心愿, 要求v.要求 They showed a desire to improve relations. She desires that he (should) do it at once. distant a.在远处的，疏远的 outsider n.外人，局外人，门外汉 feature n.特征，特色 mark n.标志, 分数, 痕迹, 记号 You’d better make some marks while reading. vt.做标记于, 打分数, 标志vi.作记号 Please mark all of the large cities on this map. adapt vt.使适应, 改编 Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style? adopt vt.采用, 收养 They were trying to persuade the UN to adopt an aggressivenly anti-American resolution. accent n.重音, 口音, 重音符
2015年考研英语二真题答案（完整版） 2015考研英语二答案 完型填空题 1 .C signal 2 .D much 3. C plugged 4. A message 5. C behind 6. A misinterpreted 7. B judged 8. D unfamiliar 9. B anxious 10. D turn 11.A dangerous 12. A hurt 13.B conversation 14. D passengers 15.C predict 16. D ride 17.A went through 18.C in fact 19.B since 20 B simple 阅读题答案 Text 1 答案 21. D offered greater relaxation than the workplace 22. B childless husbands 23. A they are both bread winners and housewives 24. C earnings 25. B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut Text2 答案 26. C miss its original purpose 27. A the problem is solvable 28. C are in need offinancial support 29. D are inexperienced in handling issues at college
30. D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question Text3 答案 31. A more emotional 32. C sports culture 33.D strengthen employee loyalty 34.A voices for working women 35. C companies find it to be fundamental Text4 36. B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs 37. C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs 38. B shows a general tendency of decline 39. B empolyment is no longer a precondition to get insureance 40.A 阅读新题型 41 .D Most of your fearsare unreal 42. E Think about the [resent moment 43.G There are many things to be grateful for 44.A You are not alone 45. C Pave your own unique path 翻译题 回想一下这样的经历：开车行驶在一条非常熟悉的道路上。这可能是你每天上下班的必经之路，可能是进城的旅行，亦或是回家的道路。不管是哪一种，你都了解每一个屈折拐弯之处，就像熟悉自己手背上的纹路一样。在这些所有类型的旅途中，很容易失去驾车的注意力，并且几乎不注意沿途的风景。结果，比起这段路途实际需要的时间，你的感觉是花费的时间更少。 这就是经常旅行线路效应：人们往往低估了花费在一条熟悉的路线上的时间。 这种效应是由于我们分配注意力的方式引起的。当我们旅行一条非常著名的路线时，因为我们不是非得注意太多，时间似乎流逝得更快。然后，当我们回忆起这段旅程时，因为我们没有花费太多的注意力，因此我们对之记忆地不太清楚，所以我们认为这段旅行更为短途作文 PART A 【参考范文1】 Notice In order to enrich high school students’ life in summer holiday and expand the reputation of our university, the Students Union are going to host a summer camp in our school campus and volunteers are needed. The details about this summer camp and volunteer recruitment are listed as follows. Firstly, the summer camp will begin on September 1st and it will last for ten days. Secondly, the main theme of this summer camp is “Better English, Better life” and there are various activities in this summer camp, including English-speaking contest, drama contest, sports meeting and
完整版讲义---华夏大地自考高伟老师主讲，真的很MAN！！ 第一单元知识点的回顾 Text A 1.choose----choice：词型转换经常考，同时注意该词的过去式和过去完成式。 2.★available:这个词考的频率很高。换句话说，如果在答案中出现了该词， 从词义上应该给予其优先考虑。这个词出现的句子中经常会同时出现ticket, food, book等。 3.decide----decision，注意词性上的变化。 4.purpose:这个词一旦出现，它既可以考本词的意思，也可以考后面的谓语 动词的形式，记住：凡是出现purpose, aim, objective, plan，dream, goal等 有含有目的性的词，后面的谓语动词一定是to do的形式，同时关注这些 词是否为复数形式，如果是，谓语动词一定是复数的。 5.achieve----achievement，注意词型上转换。 6.★in the way:妨碍，挡路，阻碍。区别in a way：从某种程度上。★on the way (to)在去…路上(★on the way home)和by the way：顺便说一句。 7.★★involve----involve ment(in)：注意词型转换，词义及介词搭配。 8.★consider----consideration。注意词型上的转换，同时牢记take into consideration(account)，如果单独考本词，后面的动词一定是+ing形式(动名词)，但注意主动和被动含义上的区别。 9.make a guess at:注意固定习语的搭配。 10.certain----certainly----★certainty----★★uncertainty：注意词性和词义上 的转换。 11.risk:注意后面接ing的动名词形式。 12. sometimes…;at other times…:注意前后句型上的搭配，很有可能在完型里 考。 13.range：这个词应该注意经常考的方式，range from…to…，句子中经常会 出现price,或地点等波及到范围上的词汇。 14.a number of/the number of：注意区别后面的谓语动词的单、复数。 15.★(be)based on/upon：注意搭配，完型常考。 16.therefore：学会so的另一种表达方式，说明结果，完型常考(=consequently， 本词还需要注意词型转换consequent/consequence)。 17.treat:注意搭配及同义词组，treat…as, see…as,view…as;另外treat the problem=deal with=cope with。
重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简
Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不
Unit 2 Mistakes to Success I. New words and expressions New words 1. spill v.（使）洒出，泼出，溢出 2. respond v. 作出反应；响应 respond to… response 3. interview v. （媒体）采访，访问 4. creative adj. 创作的 5. occur v. 发生；出现 It occurred to me that… 6. remove v. 拿开；去掉 7. refrigerator n. 冰箱 8. grip n. 紧握；紧抓 9. slippery adj. 滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走） 10. content n. 所容纳之物；所含之物 11. veritable adj. 十足的；名副其实的；不折不扣的 12. yell v. 叫喊；大喊；吼叫 13. lecture n.（冗长的）教训，训斥，谴责 14. mess n. 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁 15. rarely adv. 罕有；很少；不常 rare animals / stamps Rarely is he late for class. 16. puddle n. 水洼；小水坑 17. eventually 最后；终于 18. restore v. 使复原；使复位；使复职 19. sponge n. 海绵块 20. effectively adv. 有效地 effective ineffective 注意区分：effective / efficient 21. tiny adj. 极小的；微小的 22. discover v. 了解到；认识到；查明 discovery 23. grasp v. 抓紧；抓牢 24. lip n.（容器或凹陷地方的)边，边沿
第一章 考研翻译基础知识 一翻译的定义 二翻译的标准和翻译的方法 三翻译的基本过程 四考研翻译的核心解题策略 第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法 一词义选择和词义引申 二词性转换 三增词法 四省略法 第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法 一名词性从句的翻译 二定语从句的翻译 三状语从句的翻译 四被动结构的翻译 第一讲翻译的定义 翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。 考研翻译简介 （一）考研翻译考查内容和形式 根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。如： （二）考研翻译的评分标准 根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下： 5个小题，每题2分，共10分。 ·如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。 ·如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法有错，按错误译法评分。 ·中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。 （三）考研翻译今年考题特点和内容 根据对大纲和最近十几年来考研翻译已经考过的真题的分析，我们发现考研翻译具有如下明显的特点。 首先，考研翻译的短文内容大多是涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。其体裁基本上是议论文。如： 1990年：人的性格和行为分析 1991年：能源与农业
Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty I. New words and expressions New words 1. reflection n. （关于某主题的）思考，回忆 2. loyalty n. 忠诚；忠实；忠心耿耿 3. recognize v. 承认；意识到 4. betray v. 辜负；对…不忠 5. indeed adv. 其实；实际上 6. virtue n. 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行 7. trend n. 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向 8. befriend v. 做（尤指需要帮助者的）朋友；友善相待 9. request v. （礼貌或正式地）请求，要求 10. trendy adj. 时髦的；赶时髦的 11. multitude n. 众多；大量 12. mutual adj. 共有的；共同的 mutual respect / understanding 辨析：mutual / manual / manure / mature / menu / mental 13. term n. 词语；术语：措辞 14. site n. 网站；站点 15. acronym n. 首字母缩略词
16. perish v. 丧失；湮灭；毁灭 17. thought n. 想法；看法；主意；记忆 18. gossip n. 流言蜚语 19. challenge v. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧 20. akin adj. 相似的；类似的 21. deposit n. 存款 22. account n. 账户 accountant current account deposit account 23. interest n. 利息 24. well-being n. 健康；安乐；康乐 25. welfare n. （个体或群体的）幸福，安全与健康 26. essence n. 本质；实质；精髓 27. seek v. 寻找 28. notoriety n. 恶名；坏名声 notorious 相当于infamous 29. premise n. 前提；假定； 30. exploit v. 利用（…为自己谋利） 31. reconnect v. 再联系；再联络 32. virtual adj. （通过计算机软件，如在因特网上）模拟的，虚拟的 33. assure v. 使确信；向…保证
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges I. New words and expressions New words 1. hurdle n. hurdles [pl.]跨栏赛；栏架，跨栏；难关，障碍 2. negative n. 否定词；否定；拒绝 adj. 坏的；有害的 3. despair v. 绝望；失去希望；丧失信心 4. petty adj. 小的：琐碎的；次要的 5. individual adj. 一个人的；供一个人用的 6. lane n. （比赛的）跑道，泳道 7. spot n. 地点；场所；处所 8. symbolize v. 象征；是…的象征；代表 symbol -ize常用的动词后缀：modernize, globalize, economize 9. incredibly adv. 极端地；极其 credible 可靠的，可信的 credibly 变副词时需省略-e的形容词有simple, true, credible, believable simply, truly, (in)credibly, (un)believably 10. positive adj. 良好的；正面的 11. tough adj. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的 12. arise v. 发生；产生；出现 arise from sth. 区分：arouse / arise arouse one's anger / respect / sympathy 13. lost adj. 不知所措的；一筹莫展的 14. leap v. 跳跃 15. yard n. 码 16. inch n. 英寸 17. cinch n. 很容易的事；小莱 Phrases and Expressions 1. line up 排成一行；站队；排队（等侯） 2. end up最终成为；最后处于 end up (in) doing sth. end up begging / being arrested end up as a beggar / prisoner / millionaire
2015年考研英语二真题答案完型填空题 1 .C signal 2 .D much 3. C plugged 4. A message 5. C behind 6. A misinterpreted 7. B judged 8. D unfamiliar 9. B anxious 10. D turn 11.A dangerous 12. A hurt 13.B conversation 14. D passengers 15.C predict 16. D ride 17.A went through 18.C in fact 19.B since
20 B simple 阅读题答案 Text 1答案 21. D offered greater relaxation than the workplace 22. B childless husbands 23. A they are both bread winners and housewives 24. C earnings 25. B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut Text2答案 26. C miss its original purpose 27. A the problem is solvable 28. C are in need offinancial support 29. D are inexperienced in handling issues at college 30. D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3答案31. A more emotional 32. C sports culture 33.D strengthen employee loyalty 34.A voices for working women 35. C companies find it to be fundamental Text4 36. B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs 37. C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs
Unit 11 Cyber World I. New words and expressions New words 1. chatline n. （消遣性的）热线电话交谈服务 2. variety n. （同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 vary vary from…to… 比较：range / shift from…to… various 3. romance n. 恋爱；爱情 romantic 4. bizarre adj. 极其怪诞的；异乎寻常的 5. potential adj. 潜在的；可能的 6. script n. 剧本；广播（或讲话等）稿 7. intimacy n . 亲密；关系密切 intimate 8. initial adj. 最初的；开始的 9. perceive v. 将…视为；认为 10. avalanche n. 雪崩；山崩 11. literary adj. 文学的；文学上的 literature literal literary
literate liberal 12. verse n. 诗；韵文 13. animated adj. 栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 14. inclination n. 倾向；意愿 incline inclined 15. sweaty adj. 满是汗的；汗津津的 16. palm n. 手掌；手心 17. vary v. 相异；不同 18. convey v. 表达，传递（思想、感情等） 19. polish v. 修改；润饰；润色 20. intellect n. （尤稻高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 21. personality n. 性格；个性；人格 22. sequence n. 顺序；次序 23. reverse v. 颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反 24. veil v. 掩饰；掩盖 unveil 揭露，揭开 25. intellectual adj. 智力的；脑力的；理智的 26. familiarity n. 熟悉；通晓 familiar familiarize
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 Unit 12 A Break from Life I. New words and expressions New words 1. cranky adj. 脾气坏的 2. laundry n. 要（或正在）洗的衣物；刚洗好的衣物 3. resemble v. 看起来像；显得像；像 resemble: take after resemblance 4. throb n. （强烈有规律的）跳动；阵阵的疼痛 5. subside v. 趋于平静；平息；减弱；消退 6. ache v. 疼痛；隐痛 7. joint n. 关节 8. shuffle v. 拖着脚走 9. wiggle v. （使）扭动，摆动，摇动 10. sniffle n. 抽鼻子（声） 11. tissue n. (尤指用作手帕的)纸巾，手巾纸 12. pillow n. 枕头 13. crack v. 找到解决（难题等的）方法 14. contagious adj. 患接触性传染病的 15. germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌 16. resourceful adj. 机敏的；足智多谋的；随机应变的 17. scrounge v. 觅取；搜寻 18. nurture v. 养育；养护；培养 19. chore n. 令人厌烦的任务、乏味无聊的工作 20. respite n. 暂停；暂缓 21. manufacture v. 编造；捏造 22. symptom n. 症状 23. pamper v. 细心照顾；精心护理；娇惯；纵容
24. hermit n. 隐土；隐修者；遁世者 25. gel n. 凝胶，冻胶（尤指用于头发或护肤的产品） 26. hearty adj. 大的；丰盛的 27. chamomile n. 苹果菊；春黄菊；甘菊 28. vanilla-scented adj. 香草味的 29. gingerly adv. 谨慎地；小心翼翼地；轻手轻脚地 30. grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的 be grateful to sb. for sth. ungrateful 比较：graceful disgraceful 31. spa n. 水疗 32. tub n. 浴缸；浴盆 33. drain n. 下水道；排水管 34. refresh v. 使恢复精力；使凉爽 35. emotionally adv. 感情上地；情感上地 emotion emotional 36. empower v. 增加（某人的）自主权；使控制局势 37. permission n. 准许；许可；批准 permit 38. justify v. 对…作出解释；为…辩解（或辩护） 39. awareness n. 知道；认识；意识 Phrases and Expressions 1. pile up 堆积；积压 2. come down with患，得，染上（小病） 3. slip away 消失；消亡；死去 4. respond to 作出反馈；响应 5. care for 照顾，照料（病、老、幼者等） 6. tend to 照料；照管；护理
第一部分：框架整合 图画（图表）写作结构：九宫格 开头段 一. 话题引起 二. 图画（表）描述 三. 图画（表）总结 中间段 四. 具体意义 五. 意义论证 六. 意义总结 结尾段 七. 归纳评论 或 预测趋势 八. 建议措施 九. 憧憬未来 信件 称谓， 开头段：自我介绍（私人信函可省）+ 写信目的 中间段：总分结构，分层次阐释内容 结尾段：期待回信 + 表示感谢 + 保持联系（告示类要写） 礼貌语， 署名 告示 标题（首字母大写） 正文：告示目的 时间、地点、事件、注意事项。 保持联系（留下联系方式） 署名：（特指且首字母大写） 日期：月日，年 报告 Report on XXXXX This report aims to analyze ... and find ... From the information, we can find that ... In conclusion, ... 备忘录 From : To : Date : Subject : 正文： 可分为三大段，交代时间、地点、时间和注意事项
第二部分：应用文预测范文讲解 预测一：道歉信+答复信 要求: 假设你是书店的客服经理，有顾客投诉客服态度不好、有口音等服务问题，请你针对客户的投诉信进行回复。 【范文】 Re: Complaint about store services Dear Customer, In response to your complaint about customer services you received from our company, I would like to apologize. Your opinion is important to us and that is why we would like to give you a satisfied explanation. The concerning explanations are as follows. Firstly, we will not deny that a good accent is the first step of good customer services. Yet the salesman you complained about is new here for only one week, who is trying his best to get used to everything here and communicate with each customer. Additionally, we would like to give you a free new book in order to make up for all your loss. If there is anything else we can do to be of assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us. We greatly appreciate your business. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【正文译文】
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although