英语经贸知识总结

国际贸易专业英语整理第一篇：国际贸易专业英语整理可能出翻译(1)FOB: Free on Board(…named port of shipment)装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at thenamed port of shipment.（2）CFR: Cost and Freight(…named port of destination)成本加运费（……指定目的港）“Cost and Freight” means that the seller is responsible for chartering a liner and loading the goods on the liner at the stipulated time in the contract.（3）CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight(…named port of destination)成本、保险加运费（……指定目的港）“Cost Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the obligations to procure marine insurance against the risks of losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage.1.The theory ofcomparative advantageAlthough Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it(or would it)trade ?尽管斯密的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。

1.basic forms of business答：sole proprietorship; partnership; corporation2.Types of organizational structure答：Functional organization; Divisional organization; Matrix organization; Committee organization;3.Advertising medias答：Newspaper, television, radio,direct mail, magazines, the Internet, outdoor billboard and poster;4.New product development process答Generating new product ideas; Screening; Development; Testing; Commercialization.5.Pricing strategies答：skimming strategy; penetration strategy; loss leader pricing strategy; odd pricing strategy; price lining strategy.6.Sales promotion答：Point-of-sale displays, specialty advertising, sampling, contests, lotteriessweepstakes, coupons, trade stamps, premiums, trade shows, sponsorship.7.sources financing答：The most common source of funds are trade credit, bank loans, commercial paper and factoring accounts receivable.8.items in a balance sheet答：A balance sheet is made up of three types of accounts, i.e. assets, liabilities and owners’ equity;Assets: cash, accounts, receivable, inventory, investments in other business, land,equipment, buildings, vehicle, patents, copyrights, etc.Liabilities: short-term or current liabilities and long-term liabilities. Owners’ equity=assets minus liabilities, For sole proprietor, it means the value ofEverything owned; for corporation, it means capital stock.9.challenges of international trade答：Social and cultural differences; foreign exchange, trade barriers; tariffs;Non-tariff barriers.10.Maslow’ s hierarchy of human needs答：Abraham Maslow was the first researcher to identify human needs systemtically and rank them in a hierarchy;From bottom to top are physiological needs, Security needs, social needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs.Maslow’s hierarchy has been accepted as the most comprehensive theory ofHuman needs ever proposal and is widely used by managers inmotivating theirEmployees.1.Function of marketing:marketing research; acquiring; selling; transportation; storaging; finance and credit; risk taking; standardization and grading2.marketing mix:Product; price; promotion; place3.market segmentation:Geographic variables; demographic variables; psychographic variable; product-use variables.4.nonprice strategies:Add value; Educate customers; Establish Relationships.5.Retailers:Department stores; discount stores; supermarkets; hypermarket; general stores; specialty stores;Other retailing businesses:Virtual stores; vending machines; mail-order houses; direct selling; cart and kiosks; multilevel marketing6.The cost and value of intermediaries:Time utility; place utility; ownership utility; form utility; informationutility; service utility.7. personal selling process:Prospect; qualify; approach; make presentation; handle objections; close; follow-up.8.Management function:Planing; organizing; leading; controlling9.strategies for motivating employees:Rewards and punishment; management by objectives(MBO); participative management; make jobs more satisfying and motivating; modified work schedules;2011/12《经贸英语选读》复习指南：Part I. Multiple-Choice Questions 答题卡上（共40题，每题1分）There are two types of exercises: One type is to test your memory of the basic concepts learned in the text book; the other type is the understanding and use of concepts in case study.Examples:When a business’s revenues exceed its expenses, it has created ____.A.ProfitsB.SalesC.LossespetitionWhich of the following is not true about promotional methods for marketing:A.Businesses use them to communicate informationB.They replace exchange relationship with customers.C.They seek to persuade people to purchase productsD.They are intended to make products more attractive. Procter and Gamble has Baby Care, Beauty Care, Health Care, and Home and Fabric Care divisions in its US operations. This is an example ofA.geographic departmentalization.B.process departmentalizationC.maintenance departmentalization.D.product departmentalization.Part II. Reading Comprehension（共12题，每题2分）3 passagesPart III. Filling in the blanks. （共10题，每题1分）Part IV. Questions（共4题，每题4分）key concepts:basic forms of business(unit 1)Types of organizational structure (unit 13/136p Advertising medias （5/ 43pNew product development process（3/22ppricing strategies(3/23pSales promotion(5/46psources financing (7/63-68pitems in a balance sheet(8/73-75pchallenges of international trade(12/120p以后Maslow’ s hierarchy of human needs(15/158pPart IV. Writing（共1题，10分）About150 wordsA topic is given.重点章节12 15 13 1 2 3 4 5。

Lesson 11.International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country withthose produced in another.2.International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and sellingthe remainder to other countries.3.The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than ano ther inthe production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing bot h commodities, thereis still a basis for mutually beneficialtrade.4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage 比较利益：comparative advantage5.rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1)在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self sufficient.(2)随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

外贸常用知识点归纳总结总结好的，以下是外贸常用知识点的归纳总结，适合学生必修学习资料的整理：### 1. 国际贸易术语（Incoterms）- FOB (Free on Board)：卖方负责将货物送到指定船上。

- CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)：卖方负责支付货物运输到目的港的费用，包括保险。

- DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)：卖方负责将货物交付到买方指定地点，且承担所有费用和风险。

### 2. 贸易合同- 合同条款应明确货物描述、数量、价格、交货时间、付款条件等。

- 了解不同国家的合同法和国际贸易惯例。

### 3. 支付方式- 信用证（Letter of Credit, L/C）：银行作为中介，保证卖方收到货款。

- 托收（Documents against Payment, D/P）：卖方通过银行提交单据，买方付款后取单。

- 电汇（Telegraphic Transfer, T/T）：直接银行转账。

### 4. 货物运输- 海运、空运、陆运和多式联运的基本知识。

- 了解不同运输方式的成本、时间以及风险。

### 5. 保险- 海运保险：通常包括货物损失或损坏的保险。

- 信用保险：保护卖方免受买方违约的风险。

### 6. 贸易壁垒- 关税、配额、许可证等贸易保护措施。

- 了解WTO规则和区域贸易协定。

### 7. 外汇管理- 汇率变动对贸易的影响。

- 外汇风险管理策略。

### 8. 贸易法规与合规- 了解出口国和目的国的贸易法规。

- 遵守反洗钱、反恐融资等国际合规要求。

### 9. 电子商务与数字贸易- 跨境电商平台的运作模式。

- 数字贸易的法律和税务问题。

### 10. 风险管理- 信用风险、市场风险、操作风险的识别与管理。

### 11. 文化差异与商务礼仪- 不同文化背景下的商务沟通技巧。

- 国际商务礼仪和习俗。

### 12. 国际市场营销- 了解目标市场的需求和偏好。

外贸英语知识
外贸英语是指在国际贸易活动中使用的英语表达方式和专业术语。

以下是一些常见的外贸英语知识：
1. Incoterms（国际贸易术语解释）：Incoterms是国际商会（ICC）制定的贸易术语，用于明确买卖双方在国际贸易中的责任与义务，包括支付运输费用、转移货物所有权、贸易保险、海关手续等。

2. Payment Terms（付款方式）：常见的付款方式包括L/C（信用证）、T/T（电汇）、D/P（付款交单）等。

这些方式都有不同的优势
和风险，在国际贸易中很常见。

3. Trade Barrier（贸易壁垒）：指限制或阻碍进出口贸易的各
种政府或非政府措施，如关税、配额、执照要求等。

了解和掌握贸易
壁垒的相关术语和政策对于外贸业务至关重要。

4. Proforma Invoice（形式发票）：在国际贸易中，买卖双方通
常会提供形式发票，以便了解交易细节和价格等信息。

形式发票并非
正式的法律文件，但在商业谈判和采购过程中发挥重要作用。

5. Trade Fair（贸易展会）：贸易展会是供供应商和买家进行商业交流和推广产品的重要渠道。

参与贸易展会需要了解相关的展览术语和活动流程。

以上仅是外贸英语知识的一部分，除了常见的词汇和术语外，还包括贸易文件、货物运输、货物保险、国际结算等方面的专业知识。

掌握这些知识可以帮助外贸从业者更好地开展国际贸易活动。

经济英语知识点总结一、经济学基础知识1. Microeconomics（微观经济学）Microeconomics focuses on the interactions between individual buyers and sellers and the factors that influence their decisions. It examines how individuals and businesses make choices regarding the allocation of resources, production, and consumption. Key concepts in microeconomics include supply and demand, elasticity, market structures, and externalities.（微观经济学侧重研究个体买卖双方之间的互动以及影响他们决策的因素。

它研究个人和企业如何在资源分配、生产和消费方面做出选择。

微观经济学的关键概念包括供求关系、弹性、市场结构和外部性。

）2. Macroeconomics（宏观经济学）Macroeconomics looks at the overall performance of a national or global economy and the factors that influence it. It examines the behavior of major economic aggregates such as GDP, unemployment, inflation, and national income. Key concepts in macroeconomics include monetary and fiscal policy, economic growth, and international trade.（宏观经济学研究国家或全球经济的总体表现以及影响它的因素。

Chapter 5Licenses 许可证 Formalities 手续 Delivery 发货 Document 单证Duty=tariff 关税 Customs formalities 海关手续 Customs clearance 清关International chamber of commerce 国际商会EXW Ex Works (…named place)工厂交货 FCA Free Carrier 货交承运人（……指定地点）FAS --- Free Alongside Ship 船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB, Free on Board (…Named port of Shipment) 指定装运港船上交货FOB Liner terms 班轮条件 FOB under tackle 吊钩下交货 FOB stowed 并理舱 FOB trimmed 并平舱CFR (COST AND FREIGHT ，…NAMED PORT OF DESTINA TION)成本加运费(……指定目的港)CFR liner terms 班轮条件 CFR landed 岸上交货 CFR ex-ship ’s hold 船底交货 CIF (COST ，INSURANCE AND FREIGHT ，…NAMED PORT OF DESTINA TION)成本加保险费、运费(……指定目的港)CPT(carriage paid to (d place of destination)) 运费付至.（..指定目的地）CIP(carriage and insurance paid d of destination)运费和保险付至...指定目的地 Instant notice 及时通知Chapter 6Sales by Sample 凭样品买卖Representative samples 代表性样品 Sale by buyer ’s sample 凭买方样品买卖 Return sample 回样 Counter sample 对等样品 Sealed sample 密封的样品 Reference sample 参考样品 Sales by specification/grade/standard 凭规格/等级/标准买卖 Sales by brand or trademark 凭品牌买卖Sales by description, drawing or diagram 凭说明书或图表买卖 F.A.Q(fair average quality)良好平均品质G .M.Q(good ,merchantable quality)良好可销品质Metric system 公制 The British System 英制 The U.S System 美制 International Measurement Conference 国际度量衡协会 International System of Units(SI) 国际单位制By gross weight 按毛重计算 By net weight 按净重计算 By actual tare 按实际皮重 By average tare 按平均皮重 By customary tare 按习惯皮重 By computed tare 按约定皮重、 Gross for net 以毛作净 By conditioned weight 按公量计算 By theoretical weight 按理论计算 More or less clause 溢短装条约Chapter 7Conference line vessels 班轮工会船 Non- conference line vessels 非班轮工会船 Tramp ships 定期远洋货轮 V oyage charter 定程租船 Charter ships 租船 Dead freight 空舱费要背出来哦Lay days 装卸货时数Demurrage charter 滞期费Dispatch money 速遣费Time charter 定期租船Bare boat charter 光船租船Surcharge 附加运费Bill of lading 提单Chapter 8Insurer 保险人Perils of sea 海上风险The insured 被保险人insurance applicant 投保人Insurance broker 经纪人claimant 索赔者Coverage 险种percentage of addition 投保加成率Extraneous risks 外来风险Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accident 意外事故General Extraneous risks 一般外来风险Special Extraneous risks 特殊外来风险A verage 海损Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total loss 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失General average 共同海损Particular average 单独海损Sue and labor expenses 所谓施救费用Salvage charges 救助费用FPA(free from particular average)平安险WPA(with particular average)水渍险All risks 一切险、General additional risks 一般附加险Special additional risks 特殊附加险Additional coverage 附加险Premium 保险费Insurance policy 保单Insurance claim 索赔Insurance amount 保险金额Premium rate 保费率Chapter9Cost of production 生产成本selling and delivery costs 销售运送成本Domestic charges 国内费overseas freight 海运费Customs duties 关税commission 佣金Discount 折扣plain commission 明佣Secret commission 暗佣commission rate 佣金率Net price 净价c-included price 含佣价Unit price 单价total amount 总值Chapter 10Amount of payment 支付金额payment currency 支付货币Depreciate 贬值appreciate 增值Evaluation currency 估价货币convertible currency 可交换的货币Bill of exchange/draft/bill 汇票promissory note 本票Drawer 出票人drawee 受票人Payee 收款人drawing =to issue 出票Endorsement 背书blank endorsement 空白背书Special Endorsement 特别背书Restrictive Endorsement 限定性背书General Endorsement 一般背书finance under bills of exchange 汇票的融资Without recourse 无追索权prior party 前手Conditional endorsement 有条件的背书endorser 背书人Presentment 提示acceptance 承兑Dishonor 拒付recourse 追索Protest 据证书right of recourse 追索权Bona fide holder 合法持有人sight draft 即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票banker’s draft/bank draft 银行汇票Commercial bill/trader’s bill 商业票据documentary bill 跟单汇票Clean bill 光票汇票discounting 贴现Net proceeds 净收入forfeiting 罚金打款Commercial promissory note 商业本票banker’s promissory note 银行本票Checque 支票transfer check 转账支票Crossed check 划线支票remittance 汇付Collection 托付letter of credit 信用证Favorable exchange 顺付adverse exchange 逆付Bank guarantee 银行担保the remitting bank 汇出行The remitter 汇款人the paying bank 汇入行Beneficiary 受益行mail transfer M/T信汇Telegraphic transfer T/T电汇demand draft D/D票汇Open account 赊销payment in advance 预付货款Principal 委托人卖方remitting bank 托收行Collecting bank 代收行the presenting bank 提示行Customer’s representative in case of need 必要时的代理Documents against payment D/P付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单D/P at days after sight 见票后几天后付款trust receipt 信托收据Documents against acceptance D/A承兑交单applicant 开证申请人Issuing bank 开证行advising bank 通知银行Revocable documentary credit 可撤销的信用证the irrevocable documentary credit 不可撤销的信用证the confirmed irrevocable documentary credit 保兑不可撤销信用证the negotiation 议付SWIFT 环球同业银行金融电讯协会trade association 贸易联合会Cash check 现金支票notory public 公证机关贸易术语贸易术语主要运费风险转移界限出口报关责任费用谁负担进口报关...运费方式EXW 买方商品所在地（工厂）交货买方处置时买方买方任何方式FCA 买方出口国内地货交承运人处置时卖方买方任何方式FAS 买方装运港货交船边后卖方买方水上运输FOB 买方货物越过装运港船舷卖方买方水上运输CFR 卖方货物越过装运港船舷卖方买方水上运输CIF 卖方货物越过装运港船舷卖方买方水上运输非常重要CPT 卖方出口国内地，港口货交卖方承运处置时卖方买方任何方式CIP 卖方出口国内地，港口货交卖方承运处置时卖方买方任何方式1.EXW (Ex-works…named place——工厂交货……指定地)使用方式：各种运输方式该术语是指卖方在其所在处所（工厂或仓库等）将货物提供给买方时，即履行了交货义务。

经贸英语期末总结IntroductionThe study of economic and trade English has been an enriching experience that has allowed me to develop a comprehensive understanding of international economics, trade policies, and business communication. Throughout this course, I have gained knowledge about various aspects of global economics, such as international trade theories, trade barriers, trade agreements, and business negotiations. This summary aims to recapitulate the main topics covered in this course and highlight the key takeaways.International Trade TheoriesDuring the course, we explored different theories explaining why countries engage in international trade and the benefits they derive from it. The classical theory of comparative advantage, developed by David Ricardo, argues that countries specialize in producing goods and services in which they have a lower opportunity cost compared to other countries. This theory emphasizes the importance of specialization through trade, leading to mutual benefits for all countries involved.In contrast, the new trade theory suggests that economies of scale and product differentiation can provide countries with a competitive advantage. This theory sheds light on the importance of industries and companies gaining market power through technology, which can lead to monopolistic or oligopolistic competition.Furthermore, the gravity model of international trade utilizes variables such as GDP, distance, and cultural similarities to explain the volume of trade between countries. This model has proven to be an effective tool in predicting and analyzing trade patterns.Trade Barriers and ProtectionismAnother crucial aspect of this course was the study of trade barriers and protectionism. Trade barriers are government-imposed restrictions on international trade, and they can take various forms such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and non-tariff barriers. The goal of trade barriers is to protect domestic industries and markets from foreign competition.Protectionism, on the other hand, refers to the adoption of policies that promote and protect domestic industries at the expense of foreign competition. The reasons behind protectionism vary, ranging from protecting domestic jobs, safeguarding national security, and supporting domestic industries facing unfair competition.Trade Agreements and OrganizationsIn the context of economic and trade English, understanding international trade agreements and organizations is crucial. The course covered various trade agreements, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional trade agreements like the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and bilateral trade agreements. Theseagreements aim to liberalize and facilitate global trade by reducing trade barriers and ensuring fair competition.Moreover, the role of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank in promoting economic development and stability was also discussed. These organizations provide financial assistance, policy advice, and technical support to member countries.Business NegotiationsEffective business communication and negotiation skills are fundamental in the field of economic and trade English. The course emphasized the importance of cross-cultural communication, understanding cultural differences, and adapting communication strategies accordingly.Negotiation techniques, such as win-win negotiations, principled negotiation, and distributive negotiation, were explored in detail. Additionally, the role of power and relationship-building in negotiations was examined, highlighting the significance of building trust and maintaining long-term partnerships.ConclusionIn conclusion, the study of economic and trade English has provided me with a solid foundation in understanding international economics, trade policies, and business communication. The knowledge gained about international trade theories, trade barriers, trade agreements, and business negotiations will undoubtedly be valuable in my future career. Moreover, this course has enhanced my critical thinking skills and ability to analyze complex economic issues. I am confident that the comprehensive understanding gained through this course will contribute to my professional growth and success in the field of economics and international trade.。

国际贸易英语知识点总结一、国际贸易术语（Incoterms）1. FOB (Free on Board)- 含义：卖方在指定的装运港将货物装上买方指定的船只后，卖方即完成交货义务。

风险在货物越过船舷时转移给买方。

- 示例：We offer the goods FOB Shanghai.（我们提供上海港船上交货价的货物。

）- 相关费用：卖方负责将货物运至装运港船上之前的一切费用，包括国内运输、装卸等费用；买方负责从装运港到目的港的运费、保险费等。

2. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责支付货物成本、保险费和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。

- 示例：The price is quoted CIF New York.（价格报的是纽约港到岸价。

）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物到达目的港之前的成本、保险费和运费；买方负责卸货后的费用，如进口关税等。

风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。

3. CFR (Cost and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责货物成本和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。

与CIF相比，不包含保险费。

- 示例：We can supply the goods CFR London.（我们可以供应伦敦港成本加运费价的货物。

）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物运至目的港的成本和运费，买方负责保险费及卸货后的费用。

风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。

二、商务信函写作。

1. 信头（Letterhead）- 包含公司名称、地址、联系方式（电话、传真、电子邮箱等）。

- 例如：ABC Company.123 Main Street, New York, NY 10001.Tel: +1 - 212 - 1234567.Fax: +1 - 212 - 1234568.Email:*******************.2. 称呼（Salutation）- 如果知道对方姓名，用“Dear Mr./Ms. + 姓氏”，如“Dear Mr. Smith”；如果不知道具体姓名，可用“Dear Sir/Madam”或者“To Whom It May Concern”。