Lesson 1
1. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.
2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.
3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than ano ther in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing bot h commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial
trade.
4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage
比较利益：comparative advantage
5. rich in advantage over point on across borders
6.Translation:
(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.
(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。
With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for tra de, i.e. international
specialization.
(3) 按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.
(4) 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。
Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may develop a particular comparati ve advantage through its own actions.
(5) 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。
The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on intern ational trade.
Lesson 2
1. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.
2. Tariff barriers: are the most common form of trade restriction.
3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area wh ich usually coincides with the area of a country.
4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is
called a customs union.
5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.
6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.
7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexp orted.
8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a tariff treatment under which a country i s required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating coun try.
9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quo ta limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.
10. 需求结构：patterns of demand 生产能力：production capabilities
消费爱好：consumption preference 规模经济：economies of scale
成本优势：cost advantage 大规模生产：large-scale production
关税和配额：tariffs and quotas 外汇：foreign exchange
革新或款式：innovation or style 移民汇款：immigrant remittance
11. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on
take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to
engage in
12.Translation:
(1) 一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。
The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
(2) 在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advan tageous.
(3) 配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
(4) 有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。
The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
(5) 国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and i nvisible trade.
Lesson 3
1. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will no t get payment until the
goods are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back.
2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a c ustomer to pay a sum of
money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.
3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.
4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days after sight or date.
5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the
insurance policy etc.
6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until pa yment is effected.
7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.
9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of
exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always a fter sight.
10.外汇管制：foreign exchange control 预付现金：cash in advance
记帐贸易：open account 破产：go bankrupt
11.add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with (分手)
enter into on demand (立即) hand over to (交给)
push the sale(促销) tie up money（占压资金）make/effect payment
open/issue/establish L/C with bank in one"s favor (以谁为受益人)
12. Translation:
(1) 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。
In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibil ity that the other party may
fail to fulfil the contract.
(2) 为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。
Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in internat ional trade.
(3) 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。
A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a ba nk or a customer to pay.
(4) 即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。
Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
(5) 就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。So far as the exporter"s interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sig ht, and D/P is more favorable than D/A.
Lesson 4
1. The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the b
ank promises to pay upon
presentation of the relevant documents.
2. The confirming bank: the bank that adds its confirmation to the credit is called the confirm ing bank which is undertaken either by the advising bank or another prime bank.
3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either nominated by the opening bank or at its own choice, bu ys the exporter"s draft
submitted to it under a credit, it is called a negotiating bank.
4. 支付方法：method of payment 发货：dispatch the goods
条款：terms and conditions 保兑信用证：confirmed letter of credit
分批可转船：partial shipments or transshipment运载船支：carrying vessel 统一惯例：the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits
5. match…with (与…一致) at the request of be concerned with (关心)
(1) 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。
In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of t he goods.
(2) 信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.
(3) 现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial de velopment after the First
World War.
(4) 要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。
Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening b ank, the exporter may
sometimes require confirmed letter of credit.
(5) 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。
Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.
Lesson 5
1. Clean draft: draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for payment are clean credit.
2. Documentary credit: credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.
3. Irrevocable credits: are those that cannot be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.
4. Revocable credit: the credit is a revocable one if such commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.
5. Confirmed credit: if a credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank, it becomes
a confirmed credit.
6. Sight credit: is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impe ccable documents by the
beneficiary to the bank, a sight credit calls for a sight draft.
7. Usance credit: is one by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific t ime after the date or after
sight, this type of credit requires a usance draft.
8. Transferable credit: if a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable
credit. 9. Non-draft credit: there is a modern tendency for payment to be made by presentatio n of the documents without the formality
of drawing and presenting a draft.
10. Revolving credit: if a credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated witho ut specific amendment to the credit being made.
11. Accompany with/by consult with(和…协商)
(1) 信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。
Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mech anism.
(2) 光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
(3) 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。
In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and im peccable shipping
documents.
(4) 远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天，60天甚至可长达180天。
A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days.
(5) 如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的称作第二受益人。
A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party (or parti es) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
(6) 对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。
The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties
should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.
Lesson 6
1. Contract: is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any
party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compens ation.
2. Firm offer: is a promise to sell goods at a stated price. In making a firm offer, mention sho uld be made of the time of
shipment and the mode of payment desired n addition to an exact description of the goods inc luding the quantity, quality, specifications, packing, etc. The validity period is indispensable t o a firm offer.
3. 业务范围：business line 不可抗力：force majeur
合同正文：contract proper 通常作法：usual practice
4. make compensation give rise to disputes (引起争执)
binding upon send/make/mail an offer (发盘) in relation to (关于)
set up (结构)
5. Translation:
(1) 合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to
make compensation.
(2) 口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。
Oral business negotiations refer to face-to -face discussions or those conducted through inter national truck calls.
(3) 买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。Inquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.
(4) 有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。
The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time o r until it is accepted or
rejected.
(5) 还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。
A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-of fer is made.
Lesson 7
1. Commercial invoice: generally called "the invoice" for short, this document is the general description of the quality and
quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. It constitutes the basis on which other docu ments are to be prepared.
2. The Bill of Lading: is one of the most important documents and has three major functionsJ It serves as a cargo receipt
signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor; J It constitutes a contract of carri age between the carrier and
the consignor; J It is a document of title to the goods, and the legal holder of the bill of ladin
g is the owner of the goods it covers.
3. Clean bill of lading: is one which states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition. It is
meant that the document is devoid of any qualifying remarks concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the
goods.
4. An on board bill of lading: indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carr ying vessel bound for the
port of destination.
5. Straight bill of lading: is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take deli very of the goods under the
bill.
6. 重量单: weight list/note/memo 合法持有人: legal holder
抬头作成"凭指定"：make out "to order" 唛头: shipping marks
发货港：port of shipment 修饰性的话: qualifying remarks
空运单：airway bill 保险单: insurance policy
保险证书: insurance certificate 海关发票: customs invoice
投保金额和险别: the amount insured and the risks covered
领事发票:consular invoice/ visa 装船通知: shipping advice
6. have difficulties in doing comply with (符合) by no means(决不能)
stipulate for (规定要求……) be bound to(有义务做……)
bound for (车、船开往某地之意)
7. Translation:
(1) 在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。
It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer wi ll have difficulties in taking
delivery of the goods.
(2) 商业发票，一般称"发票"，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。
The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quali ty, quantity, unit price, and
total value of the goods.
(3) 货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。
It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.
(4) 已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。
An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
(5) 清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。
A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent goo d order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.
Lesson 8
1. 国际贸易术语解释通则：INCOTERMS: international rules for the interpretation of trade terms
2. 国际商会: ICC: International Chamber of Commerce
3. 电子数据交换: EDI: Electronic Data Interchange
4. 滚装滚卸的: roll on -roll off traffic 近海: short-sea
结关: customs clearance 至关重要: of vital importance
自始至终: all the way 摆开: setting out
可转让装运单据: negotiable transport document
到…程度: to…degree
5. FOB: (Free on Board) 船面交货价,即"起运港船上交货价"
CFR: (Cost and Freight) 兼付运费货价,即"成本加运费价"
CIF: (Cost, Insurance, Freight) 兼付运费保险费货价,即"成本加运费加保险费价"
6. be compatible with (与…一致) for the sake of (为…的利益)
7.Translation:
(1) 包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。
Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the sel ler knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transportation the goods safely t o destination.
(2) 在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。
In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before t he time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the char ges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.
(3) 进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据的将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让
单据用起来非常方便。
The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of neg otiable shipping documents
which are very convenient for use.
(4) 在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。
Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 h eadings.
(5) 1990年的贸易术语能够适应日益广泛使用的电子数据交换。
The 1990 version of Incoterms can meet the requirement of the increasing use of electronic d ata interchange.
Lesson 9
1. Transportation: is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another. In a formal sense,
freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and advancemen t of business.
2. There types of carrier ownership are legal forms of transportation:
(1) common carriers, (2) contract carriers, (3) private carriers.
3. 经济增长：economic growth 产品自然领域：natural product provinces
节约成本：cost economies 中间产品：intermediate products
生产方式：production approach 产成品：finished products
4. play roles in (起…作用) consist of implication for
5. Translation:
(1) 毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。
There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive .
(2) 这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。
The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparat ive advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and ai r.
(3) 过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。
The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own t ransportation capability.
(4) 作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。
As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-suffi cient community.
(5) 最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。
Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing u tilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which th e firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.
Lesson10
1. Insurance: is a social device in which a group of individuals and business enterprises transf er risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transf erred risk.
2. 对外贸易：overseas trade 时滞：time lag 索赔：claim compensation
3. carry /bear/ run the risks (承担风险) in association with (与…联合)
refer to + n take…share of (占…份额) aim at doing (旨在做…)
place upon (放在…) be exposed to (暴露)
fill/ supply/ stop/ close/ bridge the gap (填补空白)
4. Translation:
(1) 保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。
Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
(2) 即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。
Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather
than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.
(3) 对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费用也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。
In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and th
e premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.
(4) 企业投保的主要刺激是他们可能腾出资金，进行其他项目的投资。
The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.
(5) 因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。
Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the export ers and importers to the underwriters.
Lesson11
1. Insurable interest: holds that no one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it, wh ich means that if the thing
insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation, but if it is in any way dama ged or lost the assured will be adversely affected.
2. Indemnity: holds that a contract of insurance is one which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position
as he was in before the loss occurred.
3. Contribution: is a sub-principle which is associated with indemnity. It holds that a person c annot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurer s.
4. 价格条件：terms of sale 崭新的：brand-new 占用的资金：the capital tied up
货运代理行：freight forwarder 平安险：F.P.A.(Free Particular Average)
水渍险: W.A./ W.P.A.(With Particular Average)
5. take out (制定) take over(接管) insure sth with sb (通过…投保)
pay up for (承担) be substituted for(取代…) be entitled to+n/doing(有权力)
draw up / make out (开出保险单)
6.Translation:
(1) 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。
An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim mad
e upon it will not be entertained.
(2) 尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。
Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.
(3) 将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。
A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before
the loss occurred.
(4) 赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10%。
The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance pre mium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.
(5) 如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司不予赔偿。
The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate ca use of the loss.
Lesson 12
1. Barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of ti me.
2. Counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separ ate but linked contract to
accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.
3. Buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future pa
rt of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.
4. 对销贸易：counter trade 中央计划经济国家：centrally planned economies
进出口合同：cross-border contracts 政策目标：policy objectives
竞争性贬值：competitive devaluations 金融市场：financial market
清算系统：clearing system 实际头寸: net positions
补偿贸易：compensation trade 贸易信贷往来账户：trade credit accounts
欧洲支付联盟：（EPU）European Payment Union
石油输出国组织：(OPEC) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
5. be associated with collapse in trade flows(贸易往来)
be subject to(以…为准) 记账单位：unit of account
6. Translation:
1、由于反向贸易经济常是在欠发达国家和计划经济国家之间进行的，它一般是与这些国家的政策目标相互联系的。
As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned econ omies, it is often related with policy objectives in these countries.
2、实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。
Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and ser vices.
3、回购贸易和反向贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比反向贸易要延续更长一段时间。
Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of t ime than a counter purchase deal.
4、在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.
5、尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。
Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.
17个英语基本知识点，赶紧收藏吧。 1.That's right./ That‘s all right./ All right. That’s right意为“对的”，表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为，肯定对方的答案或判断。例如： "I think we must help the old man.""我想我们应该帮助这位老人。" "That's right."或 "You're right.""说得对"。 That’s all right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”，用来回答对方的致谢或道歉。例如： "Many thanks." "That's all right." "Sorry. It's broken." "That's all right." All right.意为“行了”、“可以”，表示同意对方的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很好” "Please tell me about it." "请把此事告诉我。" "All right.""好吧。" Is your mother all right?你妈身体好吗 2. make/do 这两个词都可以解释为“做”，但含义却不同，不能混用。make指做东西或制东西，do指做一件具体的事。 Can you make a paper boat for me? 你能为我做个纸船吗？ He’s doing his homework now.他正在做他的作业。 3. say/speak/talk/tell say：是最口语化的最普通的一个词，意为“说出”、“说道”，着重所说的话。如： “I want to go there by bus”, he said . 他说，“我要坐汽车到那里去。” Please say it in English .请用英语说。
初中复习资料 目录英语词组总结for 和1.比较since 的四种用法2.since 延续动词与瞬间动词3. 重点部分提要词汇一. 单词⑴ 2冠词a / an / the: 3.some和any 4.family 5. little的用法 三. 语法 1. 名词所有格 2. 祈使句 1.英语构词法汇 2.英语语法汇总及练习 第1讲：名词 第2讲：代词 第3讲：形容词
第4讲：副词 第5讲：动词 第6讲：不定式 第7讲介词 第8讲：连词 第9讲：时态一 第10讲：时态(二) 第11讲：动词语态 第12讲：句子种类（一） 第13讲：句子的种类(二) 讲：宾语从句14第 第15讲：状语从句There be句型与中考试题第17讲ABC 被动语态复习第18讲 【初中英语词组总结】1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）
4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随……eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……
高中英语易错知识点总结（内部资料） [1.定语从句在什么情况下用whose引导] whose 用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词，在从句中作定语， 往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。 Whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。 例如： Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ? 你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗？ Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor. 沸点在摄氏100度的水无色、无味。 [2.定语从句引导词that和which的区别] 定语从句中的8种情况:只能用that引导 1.在从句中为了避免与疑问词who重复时 2.从句修饰词被the one修饰时 3.从句修饰词被含有人和物的名词时 4.从举所修饰词被everything,anything,something等不定代词修饰时 5.从句所修饰词被all ,more,any等不定代词修饰时 6.从句所修饰的词又被the only ,the very(强调语气)the last,the same 修饰时 7.从句修饰的词又被叙述词修饰时 8.修饰的词被形容词最高级修饰时 [3. Turn的几个短语] turn down 不接受,把...调小 turn into sth. 转变 turn off 关闭, 使...停止
turn on 打开,是...开始 turn out 终于成为... turn out a light关灯 turn over 把...翻转 turn up到达 以上的turn均为动词词性 in turn逐个的 take turn at sth.=take it in turns to do sth.逐个做某事turing转弯口 以上的turn为名词词性 [4.几个道路的区别] way 范指一切的路 path 人或动物踩踏而成的小径 street两旁有建筑的 road供车辆行驶的 highway 公路 [5.几个旅游的区别] journey指有明确方向的,长途的,陆路的旅行,通常比较辛苦. travel范指旅行 voyage多指海路或空间的长途旅行 trip短距离的.又回到出发地的. tour巡游 [6.bed的用法] n.[C]
专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 （2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词，相当于who/that…not 例：In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。
. 冠词知识点总结一、概念不定冠词和限定名词的意义。冠词可分为定冠词，冠词是虚词，它置于名词之前,零冠词三类。二、不定冠词的用法 a certain表示“一个”，意为1)one;指某人或某物，意为。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with. 3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep aneye on / all of a sudden三、定冠词的用法 1)特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 2)上文提到过的人或事： . . 've been to the house. He bought a house. I 3)指世上独一无二的事物： the sun， the earth the sky， the moon，或与形容词或分词单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar ; the fox ; 4)连用，表示一类人：。the rich; the living 等前面： very， same 5)用在序数词和形容词的最高级形式及形容词only，I live on the second floor. Where do you live? 与复数名词连用，指整个群体：6) They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师) 7)表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.8) 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前：s Republic of China The People' She plays the piano.用在表示乐器的名词之前： 9)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人(或夫妇俩)：10) the Greens . . 用在惯用语中： 11) the day after tomorrowin the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day before yesterday, the next morning,field，country) in the sky (water，in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, by the way, go to the theatreon the whole, 四、零冠词的用法 ，Mary; 1)国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England
高中英语知识点总结 1.able 用法：be able to do Note: 反义词unable表示不能，而disabled表示残疾的。 be able to do可以表示经过艰难困苦才能做到的事。 2.abroad 用法：表示到(在)国外，是一个副词，前面不加介词。 Note: 可以说from abroad, 表示从国外回来。 3.admit 用法：表示承认的时候后面要加上动名词形式。 Note: 表示允许进入的时候与介词to搭配。 4.advise 用法：advise sb. to do; advise doing Note: 后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。即：advise that sb. (should) do的形式。 5.afford 用法：通常与动词不定式搭配使用。 Note: 前面需要有be able to或can等词。 6.after 用法：表示在时间、空间之后;be after表示追寻。 Note: 用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点，而in接一个时间段，如：after 3 o’clock; in 3 days. 7.agree 用法：与介词on, to, with及动词不定式搭配。 Note: agree on表示达成一致;agree to表示批准;agree with表示同意某人说的话。 8.alive 用法：表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作定语。 Note: 可以作状语使用，表示活活地，如：bury sb. alive. 9.allow 用法：allow doing; allow sb. to do Note: 可以表示允许进入，如：Please allow me in. 10.among 用法：用在三者或三者以上的群体中。 Note: 还可以表示其中之一，如：He is among the best. 11.and 用法：用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结构。
小学英语基础知识点归纳 小学开始接触英语，各位家长们都希望孩子能够学好，为未来打基础。小学也有许多该掌握的基础知识，并不仅仅是字母音标的学习。英语基础知识、语法知识、句法三部分内容大家都掌握了吗?下面的内容希望能让孩子学习更上一层楼! 第一部分：基础知识 1.字母：26个字母的大小写 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.语音：元音的发音 五个元音字母：AEIOU 12个单元音：前元音：[i:] [?] /e/ [?] 中元音：[?:] [?] 后元音：[ɑ:] [?] [?:] [u :] [?] [?] 双元音(8个) Ⅰ.合口双元音(5个)[ai] [ei] [au] [?u] [?i] Ⅱ.集中双元音(3个) [i?][ε?][u?] 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词 4.句子：大小写，标点符号 第二部分：语法知识① 一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格 (一)名词单复数 1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives
5.不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea (二)名词的格 (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格： a) 单数后加’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’如: his friends’bags c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加’s children’s shoes l并列名词中，如果把’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 l要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“of +名词”来表示所有关系：如: a picture of the classroom a map of China 第二部分：语法知识② 二.冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类： (1)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle 元音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / (2)定冠词：the the egg the plane 2. 用法:
初中英语知识归纳总结 第一课时名词 一、概述 1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。 2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 二、可数名词与不可数名词 1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books 2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。 如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。 3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。 Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数) The lights are on. (light：灯，可数) 4、不可数名词的量的表示 不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。 如：a glass of milk ------ four glasses of milk a piece of paper ------two pieces of paper a bag of rice ------three bags of rice 三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用） 1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 规则变化 policeman---policemen; man---men; woman---women; tooth---teeth; foot---feet; sheep---sheep; deer---deer; Japanese--- Japanese; Chinese --- Chinese; fish --- fish 四、名词所有格（运用） 名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。 1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加’ s; 2、复数名词的词尾已有s，只需加’即可； 3、复数名词的词尾若没有s ，则应加’ s ; 4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，则在第二个人后面加’ s ; 如：Da Mao and Xiao Mao’s room 如果不是两人共有，则在每个人后面都加’ s; 如：Li Lei’s and Tom’s mother 5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等，而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用“of”表示。 如: the windows of house the picture of the family
高中英语知识点总结版集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
【2018高考】英语超重点学习营 课前资料 目录： 一、重点单词 二、重点词组 三、高级词汇 四、词组固定搭配 五、高级句型结构 六、过去完成时概念 七、阅读理解解题指导 一、重点单词 1.able 用法：be able to do Note: 反义词unable表示不能，而disabled表示残疾的。 be able to do可以表示经过艰难困苦才能做到的事。 2.abroad 用法：表示到（在）国外，是一个副词，前面不加介词。 Note: 可以说from abroad, 表示从国外回来。 3.admit 用法：表示承认的时候后面要加上动名词形式。Note: 表示允许进入的时候与介词to搭配。 4.advise 用法：advise sb. to do; advise doing Note: 后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。即：advise that sb. (should) do的形式。 5.afford 用法：通常与动词不定式搭配使用。 Note: 前面需要有be able to或can等词。 6.after 用法：表示在时间、空间之后；be after表示追寻。
Note: 用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点，而in接一个时间段，如：after 3 o’clock; in 3 days. 7.agree 用法：与介词on, to, with及动词不定式搭配。 Note: agree on表示达成一致；agree to 表示批准；agree with表示同意某人说的话。 8.alive 用法：表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作定语。 Note: 可以作状语使用，表示活活地，如：bury sb. alive. 9.allow 用法：allow doing; allow sb. to do Note: 可以表示允许进入，如：Please allow me in. 10.among 用法：用在三者或三者以上的群体中。 Note: 还可以表示其中之一，如：He is among the best. 11.and 用法：用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结构。Note: 与祈使句搭配时往往可以表示条件。如：Work hard, and you’ll succeed sooner or later. 12.another 用法：表示又一个，泛指，相当于one more的含义。 Note: 不能直接加复数名词，需要与一个数词搭配，如：another 2 weeks. 13.answer 用法：及物动词，但在作名词时要与介词to搭配。 Note: 可以表示接电话、应门等。如：answer the phone/door. 14.anxious 用法：be anxious for/about/to do Note: be anxious about表示担心；be anxious for表示盼望得到。 15.appear 用法：不及物动词，没有宾语，没有被动语态。 Note: 还可以作为系动词，与seem同义，表示看起来……。 16.arrive 用法：arrive at表示到一个小地方；arrive in表示到一个大地方。Note: 引申含义表示得出，如：arrive at a decision/conclusion.
高考英语复习知识点概要 1.a great/good many: a large number of许多。修饰可数名词复数。 I’m quite busy. I have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有很多事要做。 若复数名词前有限定词或其修饰的为代词时，应加of . ①A great many of the books have been sold out. 已经卖了很多书了。 ②A great many of them are out of work.他们很多人失业了。 2.able(可以的，有能力的，可能的)①He is an able man.那人本事不小。 enable(v)使……能 ②We must learn more to enable us to face all the difficulties.我们要多学知识以便能面对各种困难。disable:有残疾的，不能干的；the disabled表示一类人（残疾人） able作词辍时 ①可以……的，值得……的（有被动含义）eatable可食用的，measurable可以测量、估计的；readable可读的 ②其他含义：conformable舒适的、安逸的；suitable 合适的，恰当的 3.above, over, on 三个词都可以表示“在……上“，但用法不同。On表示与某物体表面接触；over表示在某物体垂直的上方，含“布满、覆盖、跨越”之意，与under 相对；above表示位置高于，但不一定垂直，与below相对。注意：与数字、数量、长度词连用时，多用over,同more than。如：over10,000people一万多人；表示年龄、刻度多用above，如a man above fifty五十开外的人；above zero零度以上。 习惯用语：well above average远在一般以上；above sea-level海拔以上；the one above上面的一个；above all首先，尤其重要的是；over there 那边；all over 遍及；over again 再一遍；over and over 再三地 [应用]介词填空 ①There lay an umbrella_______the table and some raincoats _____it. ②The mother held an umbrella______the boy’s head so that the sun wouldn’t burn him. ③There seemed to be a war and many planes were flying____the city. ④The moon was______the trees in the east. Key:①on,under ②over ③over ④above above all 首先，特别是，最重要的是 after all 到底，毕竟 at all (用来加强语气)与not连用，表示“一点也不，完全不”。 in all 总共 all but 几乎，差点没（=almost,nearly） ①We have all but finished the work. ②The day turned out fine after all. ③Children need many things ,but above all they need love. ④He wasn’t at all tired. ⑤Do you feel ill at all(真的，确实)？ ⑥There were twenty in all at the party. accident/event/ incident event一般指重大事件。accident多指意外或偶然发生的事故，特别是不幸的、有损害性的事故。incident相对于accident来说，显得不很重要，指“小事件”，它还可以用来表示“事变”，如叛乱、爆炸等。如： The broadcaster is broadcasting the news on current events.广播员正在播报时事新闻。 He was badly injured in the traffic accident.在那起交通事故中，他严重受伤。 There was an incident on the bus: a man fought with the conductor.那辆公共汽车上发生了一件事，有个人和售票员打了起来。 Have you heard of Xi’an Incident?你听说过“西安事变”吗？ admit vt.①接纳，许可……进入（allow sb./sth.to enter） He was admitted to the school this year.Only two hundred boys and girls are admitted to our school every year. ②承认，后可接名词，doing、从句或复合结构。 I admit my fault. She admitted having read the letter. He admitted that his comprehension was weak. You must admit the task to be difficult. advice建议；劝告。是不可数名词，“一条建议”应用a piece of advice。常用结构。 give sb.advice(on)/give advice给某人提（关于……的）建议；忠告某人。 ask(sb.)for advice征求（某人的）意见。 ①Marx gave us some good advice on how to learn a
【2018高考】英语超重点学习营 课前资料 目录： 一、重点单词………………………………………………第1 ～5页 二、重点词组………………………………………………第5～15页 三、高级词汇………………………………………………第15～18页 四、词组固定搭配…………………………………………第18～27页 五、高级句型结构…………………………………………第27～29页 六、过去完成时概念………………………………………第30～31页 七、阅读理解解题指导………………………………………第32 页 一、重点单词 1 用法：: 反义词表示不能，而表示残疾的。 可以表示经过艰难困苦才能做到的事。 2 用法：表示到（在）国外，是一个副词，前面 不加介词。 : 可以说, 表示从国外回来。 3 用法：表示承认的时候后面要加上动名词形式。 : 表示允许进入的时候与介词搭配。 : 后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。 即： . () 的形式。 5 用法：通常与动词不定式搭配使用。 : 前面需要有或等词。 6 用法：表示在时间、空间之后； 表示追寻。 : 用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点，而接一个时间段，如：3 o’; 3 .
: 表示达成一致；表示批准；表示同意某人说的话。 8 用法：表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作定 语。: 可以作状语使用，表示活活地，如：. . 9 用法：; . : 可以表示允许进入，如：. 10 用法：用在三者或三者以上的群体中。 : 还可以表示其中之一，如：. 11 用法：用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结 构。 : 与祈使句搭配时往往可以表示条件。如：, ’ . 12 用法：表示又一个，泛指，相当于的含义。: 不 能直接加复数名词，需要与一个数词搭配，如： 2 . 13 用法：及物动词，但在作名词时要与介词、 搭配。: 可以表示接电话、应门等。 如： . 14 用法： : 表示担心； 表示盼望得到。 15用法：不及物动词，没有宾语，没有被动 语态。: 还可以作为系动词，与同义，表示看起 来……。 16 用法：表示到一个小地方；表示到一个大地方。: 引申含义表示得出，如： a . 17 用法：; . ; : 后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。即：. () 的形式。 18 用法：表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作 定语。: 通常与动词及搭配； 表示熟睡。 19 用法：表示参加，后面经常加上, , , , , , 等词；也可 以表示照顾，照料。 : 可以表示处理、照料等。 20 用法：; ’s : 写通知时的常用语：I , ? 21 用法：表示打败某人，或连续不断地击打某物。 : 表示心跳。 22 用法：后面接原因状语从句， 后面接名词。: 表示直接原因，因此只有用它才可 以回答的特殊疑问句及用在强调句中。 23 用法：系动词，表示变得……。可以由好变坏或由 坏变好。 : .表示某人发生了什么事情。 24 用法：, , , / 上上周/前年 : + 段时间…在该句型中，主句时态只有将来时态和一般过去时态。 25 用法：; : 当本身是进行时的时候，只能用的形式。如：. 26 用法：.表示相信某人说的话；.表示信任；6123 结构。 : 回答问句时通常用I 的形式。 27 用法：表示除……之外还有，包含在一个 整体之中。 : 还可以用作副词，表示此外，要用逗号隔开。28 用法：表示越过、在另一边，如： . : 可以用于引申含义，表示超出……， 如：. 29 用法：与a 一样可以修饰不可数名词， 形容词或副词。: 修饰名词时要用a ；a 表示一点也不。 30 用法：; . . . : 表示应受到责怪时不用被动语态，如： . 31 用法： : 表示风刮得很大时要用. 32 用法：表示沸腾的；表示煮过的。 : 可以表示沸点。 33 用法：表示借入：表示借出。 : 点动词，不能表示借的时间长短。 34 用法：’s ; ’s : a 表示深吸一口气； 表示喘口气。 35 用法：’s
高中英语语法总结（完整版；高中必看！） 专题一：定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom指人在从句中作宾语 whose指人或物在从句中作定语 as指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或of which+the+名词2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个
（2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 c、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
初中英语知识点总结归纳 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《初中英语知识点总结归纳》的内容，具体内容：知识点是英语学习中的一个重要的部分,下面是我为大家带来的，相信对你会有帮助的。：状语从句为了提高同学们的英语复习效率，中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之状语从句，状语从句... 知识点是英语学习中的一个重要的部分,下面是我为大家带来的，相信对你会有帮助的。 ：状语从句 为了提高同学们的英语复习效率，中国教育在线整理了初中英语语法之状语从句，状语从句是用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。 1. 时间状语从句 (1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如： It was raining hard when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along the lake, he sang happily. He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everything when he comes back. He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. (3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是"一直到......时"，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是"直到......才......", "在......以前不......", 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如： The young man read till the light went out. Lets wait until the rain stops. We wont start until Bob comes. Dont get off until the bus stops. 2. 条件状语从句 (1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如： What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Dont leave the building unless I tell you to. (2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow. He wont be late unless he is ill. (3)"祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句" 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语
高一英语知识点 重点词组：1. hunt for = look for寻找 I have found the book I was hunting for.我找到了那本我在找的书。 hunt for a job 找工作 2. fond of “喜爱，爱好”接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如： He’s fond of swimming. 他喜欢游泳。 Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗? He is fond of his research work. 他喜爱他的研究工作。 3. care about 1) 喜欢，对……有兴趣= care for She doesn’t care about money.她不喜欢钱。 2）关心= care for She thinks only of herself. She doesn’t care about other people. 她只考虑自己。她不关心别人。 3）在乎，在意（接从句或不接任何成分） These young people care nothing about what old people might say. 这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说的话。 4. in order to, so as to 这两个词组都可引导不定式作目的状语, in order to可放于句首, so as to 则不能, 其否定形式为in order not to / so as not to. 如: He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting. In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.为了让我们注意他, 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。 5. drop * a line 留下便条, 写封短信 6. such as 意为“诸如……”，“像……”，是用来列举人或事物的。 She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry.她教三门科目,像物理、化学。 7、make yourself at home 别客气；随便；无拘束 （1）If you get to my house before I do, help yourself to a drink and make yourself at home. 如果你在我之前到我家，自己喝点饮料，随便一点。 8、come about 引起；发生；产生 （1）How did the accident come about?这场事故是怎么发生的？ （2）They didn't know how the change had come about.他们不知道这个变化是怎样产生的。 9、stay up 不睡；熬夜 （1）I'll be late home, don't stay up for me.我将回家很晚，不要等我了。 （2）He stayed up reading until 2:00 in the morning.他熬夜看书直到凌晨两点。 10、end up with 以……告终；以……结束 （1）The party ended up with an English song.聚会以一首英文歌结束。 11、except for 除……之外 （1）except 与except for 的用法常有区别。except 多用于引起同类事物中被排除的一项。如：①He answered all the questions except the last one.除去最后一个，他回答了所有问题。 ②We go there every day except Sunday.除了星期天，我们天天去那里。 （2）except for 用于引述细节以修正句子的主要意思。如： ①Except for one old lady, the bus was empty.除去一个老太太，这辆公共汽车全空了。 ②Your picture is good except for the colours.你的画儿很好，只是某些色彩有问题。 （3）但在现代英语中，except for也用于表示except的意思。如上述第一个例子可以是：