COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/42/EEC
of 14 June 1993
1993年6月14日理事会第93/42/EEC号指令
concerning medical devices
关于医疗器材
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
欧洲共同体理事会
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 100a thereof, 依据欧洲经济体所制订的罗马条约, 特别是第100a条规定
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission
依据执委会的建议案
In cooperation with the European Parliament
配合欧洲议会
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,
依据经济暨社会委员会的意见
Whereas measures should be adopted in the context of the internal market; whereas the internal market is an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured;
鉴于内部市场之完成应采取一些措施; 鉴于内部市场是一无内部疆界之区域, 区域内之货品, 人员, 服务及资金应可自由流通
Whereas the content and scope of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions in force in the Member States with regard to the safety, health protection and performance characteristics of medical devices are different; whereas the certification and inspection procedures for such devices differ from one Member State to another; whereas such disparities constitute barriers to trade within the Community;
鉴于各会员国间现存有关医疗器材之安全, 对健康之保护及使用特性方面之法律, 法规及行政命令之内容与范围不尽相同; 鉴于各会员国对此器材之验证及检验程序也不相同; 鉴于前述之分歧将阻碍共同体内的贸易活动;
Whereas the national provisions for the safety and health protection of patients, users and, where appropriate, other persons, with regard to the use of medical devices should be harmonized in order to guarantee the free movement of such devices within the internal markert;
鉴于医疗器械之使用对病患, 使用者, 甚至其他人有关安全及健康保护的相关国家规定应加以调和, 以保证此类器材在内部市场能自由流通;
Whereas the harmonized provisions must be distinguished from the measures adopted by the Member States to manage the funding of public health and sickness insurance schemes relating directly or indirectly to such devices; whereas, therefore, the provisions do not affect the ability of the Member States to implement the abovementioned measures provided Community law is complied with;
鉴于调和之规定必然与各会员国采取之部分措施有所不同, 这些措施是为筹措公共健康与疾病保险计划之基金, 且直接或间接与医疗器材有关; 鉴于共同体若与上述措施相符, 则这些规定并不影响会员国落实上述措施的能力;
Whereas medical devices should provide patients, users and third parties with a high level of protection and attain the performance levels attributed to them by the manufacturer; whereas, therefore, the maintenance or improvement of the level of protection attained in the Member States is one of the essential objectives of this Directive;
鉴于医疗器材应提供病患, 使用者及第三者高度之保护, 且应该达到厂商所要求之性能水准; 鉴于维持或改进各会员国对病患等保护的程度乃本指令目的之一;
Whereas certain medical devices are intended to administer medicinal products within the meaning of Council Directive 65/65/EEC of 26 January 1965 on the approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to proprietary medicinal products; whereas, in such cases, the placing on the market of the medical device as a general rule is governed by the present Directive and the placing on the market of the medicinal product is governed by Directive 65/65/EEC; whereas if, however, such a device is placed on the market in such a way that the device and the medicinal product form a single integral unit which is intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not reusable, that single-unit product shall be governed by Directive 65/65/EEC; whereas a distinction must be drawn between the abovementioned devices and medical devices incorporating, inter alia, substances which, if used separately, may be considered to be a medicinal substance within the meaning of Directive 65/65/EEC; whereas in such cases, if the substances incorporated in the medical devices are liable to act upon the body with action ancillary to that of the device, the placing of the devices on the market is governed by this Directive; whereas, in this context, the safety, quality and usefulness of the substances must be verified by analogy with the appropriate methods specified in Council Directive 75/318/EEC of 20 May 1975 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to analytical, pharmaco-toxicological and clinical standards and protocols in respect of the testing of proprietary medicinal products;
鉴于部分医疗器材是符合1965年1月26日理事会第65/65/EEC号指令, 与专卖医药产品有关之法律, 法规或管理行为所订之实施规定, 鉴于医疗器材之上市基本上由本指令规范, 但医疗产品之上市则受65/65/EEC号指令规范; 鉴于若有某种器材须与其他医疗产品组成一完整的产品而上市销售, 使用, 且无法二次使用时, 则该组合产品应受65/65/EEC 号指令规范; 鉴于前述之医疗器材和包含医疗物质且该物质单独使用时符合65/65/EEC号指令规定之医疗器材应加以区别; 鉴于前述包含于医疗器材之医疗物质若对人体产生作用以辅助医疗器材之作用时, 则该医疗器材之上市应由本指令规范; 鉴于1975年5月20日75/318/EEC号理事会指令[制定各会员国在测试专利医疗产品方面有关分析药物毒性和临床之标准及调查书的法律调和], 医疗物质之安全, 品质及效用在前述情况下则须依该指令明定之适当方法加以证实;
Whereas the essential requirements and other requirements set out in the Annexes to this Directive, including any reference to 'minimizing' or 'reducing' risk must be interpreted and applied in such a way as to take account of technology and practice existing at the time of design and of technical and economical considerations compatible with a high level of protection of health and safety;
鉴于本指令附件所订之基本要求及其他要求, 包括[最低]或[降低]危险部分之应用, 应考虑设计当时之科技及实施情形, 并在符合健康和安全高度保护的原则下考虑技术及经济的因素;
Whereas, in accordance with the principles set out in the Council resolution of 7 May 1985 concerning a new approach to technical harmonization and standardization, rules regarding the design and manufacture of medical devices must be confined to the provisions required to meet the essential requirements; whereas, because they are essential, such requirements should replace the corresponding national provisions;
鉴于为符合1985年5月7日理事会决议中有关技术调和与标准化新方针所订定的原则, 有关医疗器材之设计及执照应遵守相关条款以符合基本要求; 鉴于这些要求属基本要求, 所以应取代对应之国家规定;
whereas the essential requirements should be applied with discretion to take account of the technological level existing at the time of design and of technical and economic considerations compatible with a high level of protection of health and safety;
鉴于基本要求之落实应谨慎考虑设计当时之科技水准, 并在符合健康和安全高度保护的原则下考虑技术及经济的因素;
Whereas Council Directive 90/385/EEC of 20 June 1990 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to active implantable medical devices is the first case of application of the new approach to the field of medical devices; whereas in the interest of uniform Community rules applicable to all medical devices, this Directive
is based largely on the provisions of Directive 90/385/EEC; whereas for the same reasons Directive 90/385/EEC must be amended to insert the general provisions laid down in this Directive;
鉴于1990年6月20日通过的90/385/EEC号[各会员国有关主动植入式医疗器材法律调和] 之理事会指令是第一个应用在医疗器材方面的新方法指令; 鉴于为使共同体规定适用于所有的医疗器材, 本指令基本上是以90/385/EEC号指令的条款为依据; 鉴于90/385/EEC号指令,因此也必须增加本指令所列之一般条款的部分;
Whereas the electromagnetic compatibility aspects form an integral part of the safety of medical devices; whereas this Directive should contain specific rules on this subject with regard to Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility;
鉴于医疗器材的电磁相容性是整个产品安全的一部分; 鉴于本指令因此须包括1989年5月3日89/336/EEC号[各会员国有关电磁相容性法律调和]之理事会指令中所制订的特定规定;
Whereas this Directive should include requirements regarding the design and manufacture of devices emitting ionizing radiation; whereas this Directive does not affect the authorization required by Council Directive 80/836/Euratom of 15 July 1980 amending the Directives laying down the basic safety standards for the health protection of the general public and workers against the dangers of ionizing radiation, nor application of Council Directive 84/466/Euratom of 3 September 1984 laying down basic measures for the radiation protection of persons undergoing medical examination or treatment; whereas Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work and the specific directives on the same subject should continue to apply;
鉴于本指令应包含释放电离辐射医疗器材设计及制造的相关要求; 鉴于本指令不影响1980年7月15日80/836/Euratom 理事会指令所需要的授权, 该指令目的在修订为保护大众及工作人员健康, 防止电离辐射危险而制订基本安全标准之其他指令; 本指令亦不影响1984年9月3日84/466/Euratom号[制订保护人员在医疗检查或治疗中不受辐射影响之基本方法] 理事会指令之适用; 鉴于1989年6月12日89/391/EEC号理事会指令[鼓励改善工作场所中工人之安全与健康]及其他相关主题之指令应持续适用;
Whereas, in order to demonstrate conformity with the essential requirements and to enable conformity to be verified, it is desirable to have harmonized European standards to protect against the risks associated with the design, manufacture and packaging of medical devices; whereas such harmonized European standards are drawn up by private-law bodies and should retain their status as non-mandatory texts; whereas, to this end, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (Cenelec) are recognized as the competent bodies for the adoption of harmonized standards in accordance with the general guidelines on cooperation between the Commission and these two bodies signed on 13 November 1984;
鉴于为证明符合基本要求并使该符合性得以落实, 有必要建立调和之欧洲标准, 以避免医疗器材在设计, 制造及包装上所可能带来的危险, 鉴于调和之欧洲标准由私人立法机构制订, 而且应维持自愿性质; 鉴于欧洲标准化委员会(CEN) 及欧洲电工标准化委员会(CENELEC) 被认为是制订调和标准有能力的团体(competent bodies),而此标准符合1984年11月13日执委会与上述两团体所签订的合作纲要为基础的一般指导原则;
Whereas, for the purpose of this Directive, a harmonized standard is a technical specification (European standard or harmonization document) adopted, on a mandate from the Commission, by either or both of these bodies in accordance with Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations, and pursuant to the abovementioned general guidelines; whereas with regard to possible amendment of the harmonized standards, the Commission should be assisted by the Committee set up pursuant to Directive 83/189/EEC; whereas the measures to be taken must be defined in line with procedure I, as laid down in Council Decision 87/373/EEC; whereas, for specific fields, what already exists in the form of European Pharmacopoeia monographs should be incorporated within the framework of this Directive; whereas, therefore, several European Pharmacopoeia monographs may be considered equal to the abovementioned harmonized standards;
鉴于为达本指令目的, 调和标准是前述机构接获理事会命令后, 依理事会1983年3月28日通过之83/189/EEC号指令[有关制订技术标准及法规资讯提供的程序]而采纳的技术规范(欧洲标准或调和文件, 符合前述一般纲要的规定 ; 鉴
于调和标准的修正有赖于83/189/EE号指令建立的委员会的协助; 鉴于应采取的措施须依照理事会87/378/EEC号指令程序一的规定; 鉴于特殊领域中现存之欧洲药典专题论文应纳入本指令的架构中; 因此数篇欧洲药典专题论文将视其与前述调和标准有着同等的效力;
Whereas, in Decision 90/683/EEC of 13 December 1990 concerning the modules for the various phases of the conformity assessment procedures which are intended to be used in the technical harmonization directives, the Council has laid down harmonized conformity assessment procedures; whereas the application of these modules to medical devices enables the responsibility of manufacturers and notified bodies to be determined during conformity assessment procedures on the basis of the type of devices concerned; whereas the details added to these modules are justified by the nature of the verification required for medical devices;
鉴于理事会在1990年12月13日通过的90/683/EEC号[有关技术调和指令适用之符合评鉴程序各阶段模式]决定中制定调和的符合评鉴程序; 鉴于这些模式于医疗器材之应用, 可以依相关器材之型式决定制造商及公告机构在符合评鉴程序中应负的责任; 鉴于医疗器材的证明有必要在模式里增加细节的规定;
Whereas it is necessary, essentially for the purpose of the conformity assessment procedures, to group the devices into four product classes; whereas the classification rules are based on the vulnerability of the human body taking account of the potential risks associated with the technical design and manufacture of the devices; whereas the conformity assessment procedures for Class I devices can be carried out, as a general rule, under the sole responsibility of the manufacturers in view of the low level of vulnerability associated with these products; whereas, for Class IIa devices, the intervention of a notified body should be compulsory at the production stage; whereas, for devices falling within Classes IIb and III which constitute a high risk potential, inspection by a notified body is required with regard to the design and manufacture of the devices; whereas Class III is set aside for the most critical devices for which explicit prior authorization with regard to conformity is required for them to be placed on the market;
鉴于为达到符合评鉴的目的有必要将医疗器材分为四类; 鉴于分类是以考虑器材之技术设计及制造对易受伤的人体可能带来的危险程度为原则; 鉴于第I类医疗器材对人体可能产生的伤害较轻微, 其符合性评鉴程序大致可由制造商完全负责执行; 鉴于对第II(a)类医疗器材而言, 在生产阶段时公告机构的介入应属强制性质; 鉴于属于第II(b)类及第III类之医疗器材对人体具有较高的潜在危险, 因此在器材的设计及制造阶段必须有公告机构的检验; 鉴于第III类的器材皆为较特别的器材, 其一致性需在上市之前获得明确授权;
Whereas in cases where the conformity of the devices can be assessed under the responsibility of the manufacturer the competent authorities must be able, particularly in emergencies, to contact a person responsible for placing the device on the market and established in the Community, whether the manufacturer or another person established in the Community and designated by the manufacturer for the purpose;
鉴于器材之一致性如能由制造商负责评鉴, 相关主管机关, 特别是紧急状况时, 应能联络到一位设于共同体内负责将器材在市场上销售之人员, 该人员可以是制造商本人或其他设于共同体内经制造商授权的人员;
Whereas medical devices should, as a general rule, bear the CE mark to indicate their conformity with the provisions of this Directive to enable them to move freely within the Community and to be put into service in accordance with their intended purpose;
鉴于医疗器材应附加CE标志, 表示其符合本指令的条款, 而得以在共同体市场上自由流通并依其设计的目的使用;
Whereas, in the fight against AIDS and in the light of the conclusions of the Council adopted on 16 May 1989 regarding future activities on AIDS prevention and control at Community level, medical devices used for protection against the HIV virus must afford a high level of protection; whereas the design and manufacture of such products should be verified by a notified body;
鉴于为抵抗爱滋病, 并顾及理事会于1989年5月16日采纳有关共同体层次未来防止暨控制爱滋病相关活动的结论, 用于防止HIV病毒感染的医疗器材应提供人体高度的保护; 此类产品的设计及制造应由公告机构的证实;
Whereas the classification rules generally enable medical devices to be appropriately classified; whereas, in view of the diverse nature of the devices and technological progress in this field, steps must be taken to include amongst
the implementing powers conferred on the Commission the decisions to be taken with regard to the proper classification or reclassification of the devices or, where appropriate, the adjustment of the classification rules themselves; whereas since these issues are closely connected with the protection of health, it is appropriate that these decisions should come under procedure IIIa, as provided for in Directive 87/373/EEC;
鉴于前述的分类原则大多可以适当地将医疗器材分类; 鉴于医疗器材性质及相关领域技术进步之性质各异, 因此必须采取一些措施以决定授予执委会的执行权力及有关器材的分类或再分类, 或者于适当时调整分类的原则; 鉴于上述的问题与人员健康的保护有着密切的关联, 因此这些决议应依照87/373/EEC号指令程序IIIa规定;
Whereas the confirmation of complicance with the essential requirements may mean that clinical investigations have to be carried out under the responsibility of the manufacturer; whereas, for the purpose of carrying out the clinical investigations, appropriate means have to be specified for the protection of public health and public order;
鉴于制造商有责任执行临床调查以证明其医疗器材符合安全要求; 因此为保证大众健康及秩序应明订执行临床调查的适当方法;
Whereas the protection of health and the associated controls may be made more effective by means of medical device vigilance systems which are integrated at Community level;
鉴于健康的保护及相关的管制方法以在共同体层次上建立一个医疗装置警戒系统为最有效;
Whereas this Directive covers the medical devices referred to in Council Directive 76/764/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States on clinical mercury-in-glass, maximum reading thermometers; whereas the abovementioned Directive must therefore be repealed; whereas for the same reasons Council Directive 84/539/EEC on 17 September 1984 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electro-medical equipment used in human or veterinary medicine must be amended,
鉴于理事会于1976年7月27日通过76/764/EEC号[有关各会员国水银玻璃最高温度计法律调和] 之指令中所提及的医疗器材亦受本指令规范; 前述指令因此必须撤销;基于同样原因, 理事会1984年9月17日通过之84/539/EEC号指令[有关各会员国人类或动物医疗使用之电动医疗器材法律调和],
HAS ADOPTED THIS DlRECTIVE:
爰制订本指令:
Article 1
第 1 条
Definitions, scope
定义, 范围
1. This Directive shall apply to medical devices and their accessories. For the purposes of this Directive,
accessories shall be treated as medical devices in their own right. Both medical devices and accessories shall hereinafter be termed devices.
本指令适用于医疗器材及其附属物. 附属物在本指令的适用范围内亦视其为医疗器材. 两者以下皆称器材.
2. For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:
为本指令之目地, 下列定义适用于:
(a) medical device' means any instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or in
combination, including the software necessary for its proper application intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of:
[医疗器材]是指制造商设计供人类于下列情况, 不论是单独或合并使用之仪器, 设备, 器材, 材料或其他物品, 包括适当应用所需的软体, 而此种应用是厂商为人们下列之目地而订定:
- diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease,
诊断, 预防, 追踪, 治疗或减轻疾病,
- diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap, 诊断, 追踪, 治疗或修整伤处或残障部位,
- investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process,
解剖或生理过程中之检查, 换置或修正,
- control of conception,
生育控制,
and which does not achieve its principal intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but which may be assisted in its function by such means;
这些器材不可借药性, 免疫力或新陈代谢的方法在人体内达到其主要设计的目的, 但可用这些器材辅助其功能者;
(b) 'accessory' means an article which whilst not being a device is intended specifically by its manufacturer to be
used together with a device to enable it to be used in accordance with the use of the device intended by the manufacturer of the device;
[附属物]是指本身不可独立使用的器材, 制造商设计附属件之目地是配合其他器材合并使用, 使该器材得以依其设计目地发生功用;
(c) 'device used for in vitro diagnosis' means any device which is a reagent, reagent product, kit, instrument,
equipment or system, whether used alone or in combination, intended by the manufacturer to be used in vitro for the examination of samples derived from the human body with a view to providing information on the physiological state, state of health or disease, or congenital abnormality thereof;
[体外诊断用器材] 是指任何自成单位或与其他物件组合之任何试剂, 试剂品, 套装用具, 仪器, 设备或系统形态的器材. 这种器材是制造商设计作为检查人体组织标本用的器材, 以期能够提供有关其生理状况, 健康或生病或任何先天不正常等讯息;
(d) 'custom-made device' means any device specifically made in accordance with a duly qualified medical
practitioner's written prescription which gives, under his responsibility, specific design characteristics and is intended for the sole use of a particular patient.
[订制的器材] 是指依照合格医疗从业人员描述的特色而特别制作的器材, 该器材是为特定病患设计且专供该病患使用.
The above mentioned prescription may also be made out by any other person authorized by virtue of his professional qualifications to do so.
前述的描述可以由专业资格而获授权的其他人提供.
Mass-produced devices which need to be adapted to meet the specific requirements of the medical practitioner or. any other professional user are not considered to be custom-made devices;
但订制的器材不包括那些为满足医疗人员或其他专业使用人要求而改装且大量生产的器材 .
(e) 'device intended for clinical investigation' means any device intended for use by a duly qualified medical
practitioner when conducting investigations as referred to in Section 2.1 of Annex X in an adequate human clinical environment.
[临床调查用之器材]是指由适当的合格医疗从医人员在适当的人类临床环境中, 执行附件十第2.1.所述之调查时所使用的任何器材.
For the purpose of conducting clinical investigation, any other person who, by virtue of his professional qualifications, is authorized to carry out such investigation shall be accepted as equivalent to a duly qualified medical practitioner;
其他具专业资格的人员经授权执行此种临床调查将视同合格医疗从事人员所执行的临床调查;
(f) 'manufacturer' means the natural or legal person with responsibility for the design, manufacture, packaging and
labelling of a device before it is placed on the market under his own name, regardless of whether these operations are carried out by that person himself or on his behalf by a third party.
[制造商]是指器材以其名称上市前, 负责器材之设计, 制造, 包装及贴附标签的自然人或法人, 无论这些设计, 制造等过程是否为自然人或法人亲自执行或委托第三者执行.
The obligations of this Directive to be met by manufacturers also apply to the natural or legal person who assembles, packages, processes, full refurbishes and/or labels one or more ready-made products and/or assigns to them their intended purpose as a device with a view to their being placed on the market under his own name. This subparagraph does not apply to the person who, while not a manufacturer within the meaning of the first subparagraph, assembles or adapts devices already on the market to their intended purpose for an individual patient;
本指令所规定有关制造商的责任亦适用于将一个或一个以上现成的产品加以组装, 包装, 加工, 重新处理及 / 或附加标签而成一器材, 指定其用途并准备以其名称命名上市的自然人或法人. 对于那些非属前一段制造商定义者, 为个别病患的需要拼装或改装已上市销售之器材的情形不适用本段的规定;
(g) 'intended purpose' means the use for which the device is intended according to the data supplied by the
manufacturer on the labelling, in the instructions and/or in promotional materials;
[预期的用途]是指器材须依照制造商于标签上, 说明书及/ 或促销宣称中提供的使用条件及资料;
(h) 'placing on the market' means the first making available in return for payment or free of charge of a device other
than a device intended for clinical investigation, with a view to distribution and/or use on the Community market, regardless of whether it is new or fully refurbished;
[上市]是指为大量行销及 / 或于共同体市场使用之目的, 首次以金钱交易或免费赠送方式提供非临床调查用全新或重新处理过之器材的行为;
(i) 'putting into service' means the stage at which a device is ready for use on the Community market for the first
time for its intended purpose.
[开始使用]是指某一器材在共同体市场首次可依原订之用途开始使用的时期.
3. Where a device is intended to administer a medicinal product within the meaning of Article 1 of Directive
65/65/EEC, that device shall be governed by the present Directive, without prejudice to the provisions of Directive' 65/65/EEC with regard to the medicinal product.
对于用来管理65/65/EEC号指令第一条定义之医疗产品的器材, 在不侵害65/65/EEC号有关医疗产品指令条款的规定下, 该类器材应受本指令规范.
If, however, such a device is placed on the market in such a way that the device and the medicinal product form
a single integral product which is intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not
reusable, that single product shall be governed by Directive 65/65/EEC. The relevant essential requirements of Annex I to the present Directive shall apply as far as safety and performance related device features are concerned.
但是, 假若某种器材须与其他医疗产品组合成一完整的产品而上市销售使用, 且无法二次使用时, 该组合产品应受65/65/EEC号指令规范. 本指令附件一所列有关器材安全及性能方面的相关基本要求仍然适用.
4. Where a device incorporates, as an integral part, a substance which, if used separately, may be considered to
be a medicinal product within the meaning of Article 1 of Directive 65/65/EEC and which is liable to act upon the body with action ancillary to that of the device, that device must be assessed and authorized in accordance with this Directive.
如果医疗器材包含某项医疗物质, 而该物质单独使用时符合65/65/EEC号指令第一条对医疗产品的定义, 且可能对人体产生作用以辅助医疗器材的作用时, 该器材应依照本指令的规定加以评鉴并授权.
5. This Directive does not apply to:
本指令不适用于下列器材:
(a) in vitro diagnostic devices;
体外诊断器材;
(b) active implantable devices covered by Directive 90/385/EEC;
受90/385/EEC号指令规范之主动植入式医疗器材;
(c) medicinal products covered by Directive 65/65/EEC;
受65/65/EEC号指令规范之医疗产品
(d) cosmetic products covered by Directive 76/768/EEC;
受76/768/EEC号指令规范之化妆品;
(e) human blood, human blood products, human plasma or blood cells of human origin or to devices which
incorporate at the time of placing on the market such blood products, plasma or cells;
人类之血液, 血液产品, 血浆或血球, 或者上市时包含人类血液产品, 血浆或血球的器材;
(f) transplants or tissues or cells of human origin nor to products incorporating or derived from tissues or cells of
human origin;
人类之移植器官, 组织或细胞及包含或由人类组织, 细胞产生的产品;
(g) transplants or tissues or cells of animal origin, unless device is manufactured utilizing animal tissue which is
rendered non-viable or non-viable products derived from animal tissue.
动物之移植器官, 组织或细胞; 但利用死的动物组织或其产品而制造的器材则不在此限.
6. This Directive does not apply to personal protective equipment covered by Directive 89/686/EEC. In deciding
whether a product falls under that Directive or the present Directive, particular account shall be taken of the principal intended purpose of the product.
本指令不包括受89/686/EEC号指令规范的个人保护装备. 而要决定某产品应受该指令规范亦受本指令规范时, 必须特别考虑该产品设计的主要目的.
7. This Directive is a specific Directive within the meaning of Article 2 (2) of Directive 89/336/EEC.
本指令是89/336/EEC号指令第二条第2项中所述的特定指令.
8. This Directive does not affect the application of Directive 80/836/Euratom, nor of Directive 84/466/Euratom.
本指令不影响80/836/Euratom指令及84/466/Euratom 指令的实施.
Article 2
第 2 条
Placing on the market and putting into service
上市及使用
Member States shall take all necessary steps to ensure that devices may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not compromise the safety and health of patients, users and, where applicable, other persons when properly installed, maintained and used in accordance with their intended purpose.
各会员国必须采取所有必要的措施, 以确保器材依其设计的目的安装, 维护及使用时不会牺牲病患, 使用者或, 适用时, 其他人员的安全及健康后方可上市.
Article 3
第 3 条
Essential requirements
基本要求
The devices must meet the essential requirements set out in Annex I which apply to them, taking account of the intended purpose of the devices concerned.
器材依其设计的目的必须符合附件一所列适用的基本要求, 并顾及器材原先预期的用途.
Article 4
第 4 条
Free movement, devices intended for special purposes
自由流通及特殊目的的器材
1. Member States shall not create any obstacle to the placing on the market or the putting into service within their
territory of devices bearing the CE marking provided for in Article 17 which indicate that they have been the subject of an assessment of their conformity in accordance with the provisions of Article 11.
各会员国在其领土内不得对附加第十七条所述CE标示器材之上市及使用设立任何障碍, CE 标示代表该器材已依第十一条的规定经过符合评鉴的程序.
2. Member States shall not create any obstacle to:
对于下列器材会员国不得设有任何障碍:
- devices intended for clinical investigation being made available to medical practitioners or authorized persons for that purpose if they meet the conditions laid down in Article 15 and in Annex VIII,
符合第十五条及附件八规定, 供医疗从业人员或经授权之人员执行临床调查而制造的器材
- custom-made devices being placed on the market and put into service if they meet the conditions laid down in Article 11 in combination with Annex VIII; Class IIa, IIb and III devices shall be accompanied by the statement referred to in Annex VIII.
符合第十一条及附件八规定上市及使用的订制器材; 属于第IIa, IIb, 及III类器材须附有附件八所提之说明资料.
These devices shall not bear the CE marking.
上述器材无需附加CE标示.
3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc. Member States shall not create any obstacle to the showing of
devices which do not conform to this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such devices cannot be marketed or put into service until they have been made to comply.
对于未符合本指令之器材, 但有明显的标识说明该器材在未符合本指令之规定前不可上市销售或使用时, 各会员国不得妨碍其于商展中展示.
4. Member States may require the information, which must be made available to the user and the patient in
accordance with Annex I, point 13, to be in their national language(s) or in another Community language, when
a device reaches the final user, regardless of whether it is for professional or other use.
会员国得要求专业或非专业用途之医疗器材, 其依附件一第13点规定供使用者及病患使用的相关资讯必须以该国语言或其他共同体语言书写.
5. Where the devices are subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the
affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the devices also fulfil the provisions of the other Directives.
若某器材在其他方面亦受到其他指令的规范, 且该等指令同时包含CE标示附加之说明, 则其CE标示表示该器材亦符合其他指令的条款.
However, should one or more of these directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate that the devices fulfil the provisions only of those directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, the particulars of these directives, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such devices.
但是, 如果上述指令中有单一或多数指令允许制造商在一段过渡期间内选择适用的安排, 则CE标示只表示符合制造商所选择适用的指令. 在此种情况下, 上述指令于欧体公报中所公布的细则应于指令要求的文件, 通告或说明中列出, 并附随器材.
Article 5
第 5 条
Reference to standards
标准之参考
1. Member States shall presume compliance with the essential requirements referred to in Article 3 in respect of
devices which are in conformity with the relevant national standards adopted pursuant to the harmonized standards the references of which have been publishes in the Official Journal of the European Communities;
Member States shall publish the references of such national standards.
对于符合相关国家标准的器材, 会员国应假定其符合第三条所述之基本要求, 该相关国家标准必须是依照协调标准 (其参考号码刊登于欧体公报中) 所采纳的,会员国必须公布前述国家标准之参考号码.
2 For the purposes of this Directive, reference to harmonized standards also includes the monographs of the
European Pharmacopoeia notably on surgical sutures and on interaction between medicinal products and materials used in devices containing such medicinal products, the references of which have been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities.
本指令之协调标准包括欧洲药典的专题论文, 特别是在外科缝合及医疗产品和其他使用的医疗物质之间相互作用两个方面, 前述专题论文之参考号码刊登于欧共体公报中.
3. If a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonized standards do not entirely meet the
essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the measures to be taken by the Member States with regard to these standards and the publication referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be adopted by the procedure defined in Article 6.
各会员国或执委会如认为协调标准不完全符合第三条所述之基本要求时, 会员国针对这些标准所采取的措施及本条第一项的公布事宜应依第六条第二项的程序进行.
Article 6
第 6 条
Committee on Standards and Technical Regulations
标准及技术法规委员会
1. The Commission shall be assisted by the Committee set up by Article 5 of Directive 83/189/EEC.
依据83/189/EEC号指令第五条所设立的委员会应给予执委会协助.
2. The representative of the Commission shall submit to the Committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The
Committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.
执委会代表应将欲采取行之方法的草案提交委员会, 委员会应于特定期限内提出其意见, 期限之长短可由委员会主席依事情紧急的程度决定, 必要时得采取表决方式决定.
The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
委员会的意见应详细记录: 除此之外, 各会员国代表得要求详细记录其持立场.
The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the Committee. It shall inform the Committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.
执委会应仔细考量委员会提出的意见, 并知会委员会其考量时所采取的态度.
Article 7
第 7 条
Committee on Medical Devices
医疗器材委员会
1. The Commission shall be assisted by the Committee set up by Article 6 of Directive 90/385/EEC.
依据90/385/EEC号指令第六条第二项所设立的委员会应给予执委会协助.
2. The representative of the Commission shall submit to the Committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The
Committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter. The opinion shall be delivered by the majority laid down in Article 148 (2) of the Treaty in the case of decisions which the Council is required to adopt on a proposal from the Commission. The votes of the representatives of the Member States within the Committee shall be weighted in the manner set out in that Article. The chairman shall not vote.
执委会代表应向委员会提出一份将采行措施之草案, 委员会应于特定期限内提出其意见, 期限之长短可由委员会主席依事情紧迫的程度决定. 委员会意见的提出应如同理事会采纳执委会建议案的情形, 依照罗马条约第148(2)条的多数表决方式通过. 委员会主席不参与票决.
The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged if they are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee.
执委会所提之措施若与委员会意见一致时, 执委会应进行采纳.
If the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the opinion of the Committee, or if no opinion is delivered, the Commission shall, without delay, submit to the Council a proposal relating to the measures to be taken. The Council shall act by a qualified majority.
执委会所提之措施若与委员会意见不一致或委员会未提出意见时, 执委会应立即向理事会提出相关建议案, 理事会应以条件多数决的方式处理该建议案.
3. If, on the expiry of a period of three months from the date of referral to the Council, the Council has not acted,
the proposed measures shall be adopted by the Commission.
在建议案提交理事会的三个月后, 若理事会未采取任何行动, 执委会得进行采纳其提议的方法.
4. The Committee may examine any question connected with implementation of this Directive.
委员会得检查与本指令实施有关的任何问题.
Article 8
第 8 条
Safeguard clause
保护条款
1. Where a Member State ascertains that the devices referred to in Article 4 (1) and (2) second indent, when
correctly installed, maintained and used for their intended purpose, may compromise the health and/or safety of patients, users or, where applicable, other persons, it shall take all appropriate interim measures to withdraw such devices from the market or prohibit or restrict their being placed on the market or put into service. The Member State shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measures, indicating the reasons for its decision and, in particular, whether non-compliance with this Directive is due to:
会员国在确定第四条第一项及第二项第二小点所述之器材在正确安装, 维护及依其设计目的使用下会危及病患, 使用者或第三者的健康及/ 或安全时, 得采取所有适当的暂时性措施自市场撤销该类装置或禁止, 限制该类产品上市或使用. 会员国应立即通知执委会所采取得措施, 说明理由并务必指出上述不符合本指令要求的情形, 因为:
(a) failure to meet the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
未能符合第三条所述的基本要求;
(b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5, in so far as it is claimed that the standards have
been applied;
未能正确地应用所使用的第五条标准;
(c) shortcomings in the standards themselves.
标准本身的缺失.
2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned as soon as possible. Where, after
such consultation, the Commission finds that:
执委会应尽快与相关团体协商. 协商后, 执委会若发现:
- the measures are justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States; where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is attributed to shortcomings in the standards, the Commission shall, after consulting the parties concerned, bring the matter before the Committee referred to in Article 6 (1) within two months if the Member State which has taken the decision intends to maintain it and shall initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6,
会员国所采取得措施合理, 则应立即通知该会员国及其他会员国; 第一项情形若是因为标准本身的缺失时, 执委会应与相关团体展开协商, 在发现会员国有意维持其决定并准备采取第六条所述的程序时, 应将此事于协商后的两个月内通知第六条所述的委员会,
- the measures are unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community.
会员国所采取得措施不合理, 则应立即通知该会员国及制造商或其设于共同体的授权代表.
3. Where a noncomplying device bears the CE marking, the competent Member State shall take appropriate
action against whomsoever has affixed the mark and shall inform the Commission and the other Member States thereof.
对于不符合本指令要求而附加CE标示的器材, 会员国应对附加标识的人员采取适当的措施并通知执委会及其他会员国.
4. The Commission shall ensure that the Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this
procedure.
执委会应将本程序的进展及结果通知会员国.
Article 9
第 9 条
Classification
分类
1. Devices shall be divided into Classes I, IIa, IIb and llI. Classification shall be carried out in accordance with
Annex IX.
器材应分为第I类, 第IIa类, 第IIb类, 第III类. 分类的方法应依照附件九的规定执行.
2. In the event of a dispute between the manufacturer and the notified body concerned, resulting from the
application of the classification rules, the matter shall be referred for decision to the competent authority to which the notified body is subject.
制造商与公告机构之间若因分类原则之应用而发生争议时, 全案将由该公告机构隶属的会员国主管机关裁决.
3. The classification rules set out in Annex IX may be adapted in accordance with the procedure referred to in
Article 7 (2) in the light of technical progress and any information which becomes available under the information system provided for in Article 10.
附件九所述的分类原则得视技术进展的情形及第十条所述情事, 依第七条第二项的程序加以修改.
Article 10
第 10 条
Information on incidents occurring following placing of devices on the market
器材上市后偶发事件之资讯
1. Member States shall take the necessary steps to ensure that any information brought to their knowledge, in
accordance with the provisions of this Directive, regarding the incidents mentioned below involving a Class I, IIa, Ilb or III device is recorded and evaluated centrally:
会员国对于符合本指令要求之第I, IIa, IIb, 及III类器材有关下列偶发事件之资讯应加以记录并评估:
(a) any malfunction or deterioration in the characteristics and/or performance of a device, as well as any
inadequacy in the labelling or the instructions for use which might lead to or might have led to the death of a patient or user or to a serious deterioration in his state of health;
器材之特色及/ 或性能不良或恶化的情形, 以及可能或已导致病患或使用者死亡或健康情形恶化之不适当标识或使用说明;
(b) any technical or medical reason in relation to the characteristics or performance of a device for the reasons
referred to in subparagraph (a), leading to systematic recall of devices of the same type by the manufacturer.
(a)项情形与器材之特色及/ 或性能有关的技术上或医学上的原因, 导致制造商有系统回收同型号的器材.
2. Where a Member State requires medical practitioners or the medical institutions to inform the competent
authorities of any incidents referred to in paragraph 1, it shall take the necessary steps to ensure that the manufacturer of the device concerned, or his authorized representative established in the Community, is also informed of the incident.
会员国要求医疗从业人员提供其主管机关第一项所述之资料时, 应同时采取必要的措施以通知相关器材之制造商或其设于共同体的授权代表.
3. After carrying out an assessment, if possible together with the manufacturer, Member States shall, without
prejudice to Article 8, immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States of the incidents referred to in paragraph 1 for which relevant measures have been taken or are contemplated.
有关第一项所述之事件会员国于执行评鉴后(如果可能的话得会同制造商执行评鉴), 应在不影响第八条的规定下立即通知执委会及其他会员国其已采取或准备采取的措施.
Article 11
第 11 条
Conformity assessment procedures
符合评鉴程序
1. In the case of devices falling within Class III, other than devices which are custom-made or intended for clinical
investigations, the manufacturer shall, in order to affix the CE marking, either:
对于第III类器材, 除订制或临床调查用之器材外, 制造商应依下列程序之一附加CE标示:
(a) follow the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex II (full quality assurance); or
附件二所列有关EC符合声明程序( 完全品质保证); 或
(b) follow the procedure relating to the EC type-examination set out in Annex III, coupled with:
附件三所列有关EC型式试验程序, 并配合下列二者之一:
(i) the procedure relating to the EC verification set out in Annex IV; or
附件四所列有关EC证明程序; 或
(ii) the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex V (production quality assurance).
附件五所列有关EC符合声明程序(制程品质保证)
2. In the case of devices falling within Class IIa, other than devices which are custom-made or intended for clinical
investigations, the manufacturer shall, in order to affix the CE marking, follow the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex VII, coupled with either:
对于第IIa类器材, 除订制或临床调查用之器材外, 制造商依附件七有关EC符合声明程序及下列三种程序之一附加CE标示:
(a) the procedure relating to the EC verification set out in Annex IV; or
附件四所列有关EC证明程序; 或
(b) the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex V (production quality
assurance); or
附件五所列有关EC符合声明程序(制程品质保证); 或
(c) the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex VI (product quality assurance).
附件六所列有关EC符合声明程序(产品品质保证).
Instead of applying these procedures, the manufacturer may also follow the procedure referred to in paragraph
3 (a).
除本项所列之程序外, 制造商得采取第三项(a) 点的程序.
3. In the case of devices falling within Class IIb, other than devices which are custom-made or intended for clinical
investigations, the manufacturer shall, in order to affix the CE marking, either:
对于IIb类器材, 除订制或临床调查用之器材外, 制造商应依下列程序之一附加CE标示:
(a) follow the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex Il (full quality assurance); in
this case, point 4 of Annex Il is not applicable; or
附件二所列有关EC符合声明程序(完全品质保证); 但附件二第四点在此不适用; 或
(b) follow the procedure relating to the EC type-examination set out in Annex III, coupled with:
附件三所列有关EC型试验程序, 并配合下列三种程序之一:
(i) the procedure relating to the EC verification set out in Annex IV;or
附件四所列有关EC证明程序; 或
(ii) the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex V (production quality assurance);or
附件五所列有关EC符合声明程序(制程品质保证) ; 或
(iii) the procedure relating to the EC declaration of conformity set out in Annex VI (product quality assurance).
附件六所列有关EC符合声明程序(产品品质保证)
4. The Commission shall, no later than five years from the date of implementation of this Directive, submit a report
to the Council on the operation of the provisions referred to in Article 10 (1), Article 15 (1), in particular in respect of Class I and Class IIa devices, and on the operation of the provisions referred to in Annex II, Section
4.3 second and third subparagraphs and in Annex III, Section 5 second and third subparagraphs to this
Directive, accompanied, if necessary, by appropriate proposals.
执委会应自本指令实施之日起的五年内向理事会提出报告, 必要时提出建议案; 报告中应包括第10(1)条, 第15(1)条中第I, IIa类器材规定及本指令附件二4.3点第二, 三段, 附件三5点第二, 三段之实施情形.
5. In the case of devices falling within Class I, other than devices which are custom-made or intended for clinical
investigations, the manufacturer shall, in order to affix the CE marking, follow the procedure referred to in Annex VII and draw up the EC declaration of conformity required before placing the device on the market.
对于第I类器材, 除订制或临床调查用之器材外, 制造商在上市前应依附件七所列程序概具EC符合声明, 以便附加CE标示.
6. In the case of custom-made devices, the manufacturer shall follow the procedure referred to in Annex VIII and
draw up the statement set out in that Annex before placing each device on the marker.
制造商将特制之器材上市前应依附件八的程序并概具该附件符合声明.
Member States may require that the manufacturer shall submit to the competent authority a list of such devices which have been put into service in their territory.
会员国得要求制造商向其主管机关提交在该会员国境内上市前之器材目录.
7. During the conformity assessment procedure for a device, the manufacturer and/or the notified body shall take
account of the results of any assessment and verification operations which, where appropriate, have been carried out in accordance with this Directive at an intermediate stage of manufacture.
在器材之符合评鉴过程中, 制造商及/ 或公告机构应参与制造中间阶段依本指令执行之任何评鉴及证明作业的结果.
8. The manufacturer may instruct his authorized representative established in the Community to initiate the
procedures provided for in Annexes IlI, IV, VII and VIII.
制造商得通知其设于欧体之授权代表进行附件三, 四, 六及程序.
9. Where the conformity assessment procedure involves the intervention of a notified body, the manufacturer, or
his authorized representative established in the Community, may, apply to a body of his choice within the framework of the tasks for which the body has been notified.
符合评鉴程序中若需要公告机构的介入, 制造商或其于欧体的授权代表得自欧共体公布之相关工业产品公告机构中选择机构参与其符合评鉴的工作.
10. The notified body may require, where duly justified, any information or data, which is necessary for establishing
and maintaining the attestation of conformity in view of the chosen procedure.
公告机构对制造商所选的符合评鉴程序, 得于合理状并要求制造商提供建立及维持该程序所需的资料或数据.
11. Decisions taken by the notified bodies in accordance with Annexes II and III shall be valid for a maximum of five
years and may be extended on application, made at a time agreed in the contract signed by both parties, for further periods of five years.
公告机构依附件二及三所作的决定, 有效期限为五年, 制造商申请并由双方签署合约后, 有效期限得再延长五年.
12. The records and correspondence relating to the procedures referred to in paragraphs 1 to 6 shall be in an
official language of the Member State in which the procedures are carried out and/or in another Community language acceptable to the notified body.
第一项至第六项所述相关程序之记录及文件往来均应以执行其所在会员国的官方语言, 和/ 或公告机构所能接受的其共同体语言书写.
13. By derogation from paragraphs 1 to 6, the competent authorities may authorize, on duly justified request, the
placing on the market and putting into service, within the territory of the Member State concerned, of individual devices for which the procedures referred to in paragraphs 1 to 6 have not been carried out and the use of which is in the interest of protection of health.
对于未依第一至六项程序执行符合评鉴但其目的为保护健康所用之个别器材, 主管机关在制造商提出合理的要求下, 得允许于会员国境内上市行销并使用.
Article 12
第 12 条
Particular procedure for systems and procedure packs
成套医疗系统及程序之特殊程序
1. By way of derogation from Article 11 this Article shall apply to systems and procedure packs.
当第11条条文未能落实时, 本条适用于成套的医疗系统及程序.
2. Any natural or legal person who puts devices bearing the CE marking together within their intended purpose
and within the limits of use specified by their manufacturers, in order to place them on the market as a system or procedure pack, shall draw up a declaration by which he states that:
任何自然人或法人将附有CE标示之器材, 依其设计目的及制造商限定的使用限制, 组合在一起, 并以成套的医疗系统或程序在市场上销售者, 应概具一份声明书, 声明:
(a) he has verified the mutual compatibility of the devices in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions and
has carried out his operations in accordance with these instructions; and
其已证实器材之间的相容性符合制造商的说明, 并已依说明作业; 及
(b) he has packaged the system or procedure pack and supplied relevant information to users incorporating
relevant instructions from the manufacturers; and
其将此成套的医疗系统或程序加以包装, 并综合制造商说明及相关资讯供使用者参考; 及
(c) the whole activity is subjected to appropriate methods of internal control and inspection.
所有的活动均由适当的内部控制及检验方法管理.
Where the conditions above are not met, as in cases where the system or procedure pack incorporate devices which do not bear a CE marking or where the chosen combination of devices is not compatible in view of their original intended use, the system or procedure pack shall be treated as a device in its own right and as such be subjected to the relevant procedure pursuant to Article 11.
在不符合上述条件的情况下, 如该套医疗系统或程序包含了未附加CE标示的器材或器材之组合与其原先的设计不符合时, 该套医疗系统或程序应视为一个器材, 而是第二项所提的成套之医疗系统.
3. Any natural or legal person who sterilized, for the purpose of placing on the market, systems or procedure
packs referred to in paragraph 2 or other CE marked medical devices designed by their manufacturers to be sterilized before use, shall, at his choice, follow one of the procedures referred to in Annex IV, V or VI. The application of the above mentioned Annexes and the intervention of the notified body are limited to the aspects of the procedure relating to the obtaining of sterility. The person shall draw up a declaration stating that sterilization has been carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
自然人或法人为使器材上市, 而对第二项所提的成套之医疗系统或程序, 或其他附有CE标示使用前须消毒之医疗器材实施消毒工作者, 应执行附件四, 五, 六所述程序之一. 前述程序之应用及公告机构之介入只限于与消毒有关之程序. 该自然人或法人应概具一份声明, 声明消毒的工作已依制造商的说明执行.
4. The products referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 themselves shall not bear an additional CE marking. They shall
be accompanied by the information referred to in point 13 of Annex I which includes, where appropriate, the information supplied by the manufacturers of the devices which have been put together. The declaration
referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 above shall be kept at the disposal of competent authorities for a period of five years.
第二, 三项所述之产品不需附加额外的CE标示, 但应附有附件一第13点所述的资讯, 适当时, 应包括组装之器材个别制造商提供的资讯. 第二, 三项之声明书应保存五年并供主管机构参考.
Article 13
第 13 条
Decisions with regard to classification, derogation clause
分类决定之排除条款
1. Where a Member State considers that:
如会员国发现:
(a) application of the classification rules set out in Annex IX requires a decision with regard to the classification of a
given device or category of devices; or
附件九所述之分类原则的应用必须对某个或某类器材的分类作决定时; 或
(b) a given device or family of devices should be classified, by way of derogation from the provisions of Annex IX,
in another class; or
某器材或某系列器材若未能落实附件九之规定, 应归在其他类时;
(c) the conformity of a device or family of devices should be established, by way of derogation from the provisions
of Article 11, by applying solely one of the given procedures chosen from among those referred to in Article 11, 某器材或某系列器材, 若未能落实第十一条的规定, 只能适用第十一条所述程序的某一种时,
it shall submit a duly substantiated request to the Commission and ask it to take the necessary measures.
These measures shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 7.
得向执委会提出适当且有根据的要求, 并请执委员采取必要的措施, 前述措施之采纳应依第七条第二项的程序进行.
2. The Commission shall inform the Member States of the measures taken and, where appropriate, publish the
relevant parts of these measures in the Official Journal of the European Communities.
执委会应将上述采取的措施通知所有会员国, 并在适当时于欧体公报中刊登相关部分.
Article 14
第 14 条
Registration of persons responsible for placing devices on the market
负责器材上市行销人员之登录
1. Any manufacturer who, under his own name, places devices on the market in accordance with the procedures
referred to in Article 11 (5) and (6) and any other natural or legal person engaged in the activities referred to in Article 12 shall inform the competent authorities of the Member State in which he has his registered place of business of the address of the registered place of business and the description of the devices concerned.
依第十一条第五, 六项程序, 将器材以名称上市之制造商, 或从事参与第十二条活动之自然人或法人, 应将其登录之公司地址及相关器材之描述通知其所在国主管机关.
2. Where a manufacturer who places devices referred to in paragraph 1 on the market under his own name does
not have a registered place of business in a Member State, he shall designate the person(s) responsible for marketing them who is (are) established in the Community. These persons shall inform the competent
authorities of the Member State in which they have their registered place of business of the address of the registered place of business and the category of devices concerned.
第一项所提将器材以其名称上市之制造商, 在会员国内若无登录之公司, 则该制造商应于共同体指定负责产品上市行销人员. 前述负责人员应将其登录之公司地址及相关器材类别通知其所在会员国主管机关.
3. The Member States shall on request inform the other Member States and the Commission of the details
referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2.
会员国有义务应他国与执委会之要求告知有关第一, 二项之详细资料.
Article 15
第 1 5 条
Clinical investigation
临床调查
1. In the case of devices intended for clinical investigations, the manufacturer, or his authorized representative
established in the Community, shall follow the procedure referred to in Annex VIlI and notify the competent authorities of the Member States in which the investigations are to be conducted.
制造商或其于共同体代表对于临床调查用之器材, 应执行附件八之程序并通知调查工作进行所在会员国之主管机关.
2. In the case of devices falling within Class III and implantable and long-term invasive devices falling within Class
11a or IIb, the manufacturer may commence the relevant clinical investigation at the end of a period of 60 days after notification, unless the competent authorities have notified him within that period of a decision to the contrary based on considerations of public health or public policy.
对于第III类及主动植入或长期装设于人体之第IIa, IIb类器材, 除非主管机关基于大众健康及公共政策的考量, 于接获前述制造商通知的六十日内作出反对的决定, 制造商得于六十日后进行展开临床调查的工作.
Member States may however authorize manufacturers to commence the relevant clinical investigations before the expiry of the period of 60 days, in so far as the relevant ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion on the programme of investigation in question.
但是, 在相关道德委员会提出赞成调查计划的意见后, 会员国得授权制造商在六十日的期限截止前先行展开临床调查的工作.
3. In the case of devices other than those referred to in the second paragraph, Member States may authorize
manufacturers to commence clinical investigations, immediately after the date of notification, provided that the ethics committee concerned has delivered a favorable opinion with regard to the investigational plan.
对于第二项所述之外的其他器材, 在相关道德委员会提出赞成调查计划的意见后, 会员国得授权制造商自通知发出之日起即展开临床调查的工作.
4. The authorization referred to in paragraph 2 second subparagraph and paragraph 3, may be made subject to
authorization from the competent authority.
第二项第二小段及第三项的授权工作可由会员国的主管机关负责.
5. The clinical investigations must be conducted in accordance with the provisions of Annex X. The provisions of
Annex X may be adjusted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.
临床调查必须依照附件十的规定进行. 附件十的规定可依第七条第二项的程序修改.
6. The Member States shall, if necessary, take the appropriate steps to ensure public health and public policy.
会员国于必要时的采取适当的措施以确保大众健康及公共政策.
7. The manufacturer or his authorized representative established in the Community shall keep the report referred
to in point 2.3.7 of Annex X at the disposal of the competent authorities.
制造商或其于欧体的授权代表应保存附件十第2,3,7点所述的报告, 并供主管机关参考.
8. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 do not apply where the clinical investigation". are conducted using,
devices which are authorized in accordance with Article 11 to bear the CE marking unless the aim of these investigations is to use the devices for a purpose other than that referred to in the relevant conformity assessment procedure. The relevant provisions of Annex X remain applicable.
临床调查的目的若与相关符合评鉴程序的目的相同, 且该项调查所使用的器材是依第十一条程序授权附加CE标示的器材时, 该器材不适用于第一项及第二项的规定, 但仍适用附件十的相关规定.
Article 16
第 16 条
Notified bodies
公告机构
1. The Member States shall notify the Commission and other Member States of the bodies which they have
designated for carrying out the tasks pertaining to the procedures referred to in Article 11 and the specific tasks for which the bodies have been designated. The Commission shall assign identification numbers to these bodies, hereinafter referred to as 'notified bodies'.
会员国应将负责执行第十一条程序之指定机构名单及工作项目通知执委会及其他会员国. 执委会应给予这些机构各自的识别号码, 以下称这些机构为[公告机构].
The Commission shall publish a list of the notified bodies, together with the identification numbers it has allocated to them and the tasks for which they have been notified, in the Official. Journal of the European Communities. It shall ensure that the list is kept up to date.
执委会应将公告机构的名单, 其识别码及其工作项目公布于欧体公报上, 并确保资料之更新.
2. Member States shall apply the criteria set out in Annex XI for the designation of bodies. Bodies that meet the
criteria laid down in the national standards which transpose the relevant harmonized standards shall be presumed to meet the relevant criteria.
会员国应依附十一所列的标准指定上述之公告机构. 国家标准是转订自相关调和标准者, 符合国家标准之机构亦视其符合相关的标准.
3. A Member State that has notified a body shall withdraw that notification if it finds that the body no longer meets
the criteria referred to in paragraph 2. It shall immediately inform the other Member States and the Commission thereof.
会员国于发现某机构不再符合第二项的标准时, 应撤回该机构的资格, 并应立刻通知其他会员国及执委会.
4. The notified body and the manufacturer, or his authorized representative established in the Community, shall
lay down, by common accord, the time limits for completion of the assessment and verification operations referred to in Annexes II Co VI.
公告机构与制造商或其余共同体内的授权代表应讨论并决定出完成附件二至六所述的评鉴及确认作业的时间.
Article 17
第 17 条
CE marking
CE标示
1. Devices, other than devices which are custom-made or intended for clinical investigations, considered to meet
the essential requirements referred to in Article 3 must bear the CE marking of conformity when they are placed on the market.
除订制或临床调查用之器材外, 符合第三条基本要求的器材应于上市时附加CE符合标示.
2. The CE marking of conformity, as shown in Annex XIl, must appear in a visible, legible and indelible form on the
device or its sterile pack, where practicable and appropriate, and on the instructions for use. Where applicable, the CE marking must also appear on the sales packaging.
CE符合标示, 如附件十二所示, 应以明显易见且不易磨损的方式附加于器材本体或包装之适当位置; 如果可行, 亦应附加于使用说明上及销售的包装上.
It shall be accompanied by the identification number of the notified body responsible for implementation of the procedures set out in Annexes II, IV, V and VI.
CE符合标示后应有负责执行附件二, 四, 五及六所述程序之公告机构的识别号码.
3. It is prohibited to affix marks or inscriptions which are likely to mislead third parties with regard to the meaning
or the graphics of the CE marking. Any other mark may be affixed to the device, to the packaging or to the instruction leaflet accompanying the device provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.
器材上应禁止附加任何在形式及意义上易与CE标示造成混淆而有欺瞒第三者之虞的标志或说明. 其余的标志在不影响CE标示的可见度及清晰度的情况下, 即可附加于器材上, 其包装上或附随器材的说明文件上.
Article 18
第 1 8 条
Wrongly affixed CE marking
误加的CE标示
Without prejudice to Article 8:
在不违背第八条所述之情况下:
(a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his
authorized representative established within the Community shall be obliged to end the infringement under conditions imposed by the Member State;
会员国若发现CE标示以不当的方式附加于产品上时, 制造商或其于共同体内的授权代表有义务使产品符合要求并依照会员国要求, 立即停止此侵权行为;
(b) where non-compliance continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit
the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market, in accordance with the procedure in Article 8.
若不符合的情形继续存在, 会员国必须依第八条的程序采取所有适当的措施以限制或禁止该项产品上市, 或确保该产品自市场上收回.
Article 19
第 19 条
Decision in respect of refusal or restriction
有关拒绝或限制的决定
欧盟医疗器械的分类规则（93/42 EEC ） 第1条: 不接触病人或仅接触未受损皮肤类器械 规则的一般解释 本规则是所有无更具体规则规范的器械的后备规则。 此规则通常适用于那些仅与未受损皮肤接触或与病人无接触的器械。 Rule 1 Examples 除非适用于以下列出的其他规则，所有非侵入 式器械都属于I 类 -用于防止体液回流的收集设备（例如用于收集人体废物的尿液收集瓶(urine collection bottles)，造瘘袋(ostomy pouches)，大小便失禁垫(incontinence pads)或伤口引流 设备(collectors used with wound drainage devices)）。这 些装置可能通过导管和管道与患者连接。 - 用于固定身体部位或对身体部位施压的装置（如有助于扭伤愈合的非灭菌敷料，熟石膏，颈椎项圈，重力牵引装置，压缩针织品等）(non-sterile dressings used to aid the healing of a sprain, plaster of Paris, cervical collars, gravity traction devices, compression hosiery) - 一般用于患者外部支持的设备（如病床(hospital beds)，病人吊(patient hoists)，助行器(walking aids)，轮椅(wheelchairs)，担架(stretchers)，牙科病人椅(dental patient chairs) - 矫正用眼镜和镜框(corrective glassed and frames) - 诊断用听诊器(stethoscopes for diagnosis) - 眼部闭塞膏药(eye occlusion plasters) - Incision drapes - 导电胶(incision drapes) - 非侵入性电极（用于脑电图或心电图的电极） Non-invasive electrodes (electrodes for EEG Or ECG) - 图像增感屏(image intensifying screens) - 用于清除眼部杂物的永磁体(permanent magnets for removal of ocular debris) 分类的实际问题 一些以间接方式与人体接触的非侵入性器械，通过血液，其他体液或重新进入人体的液体的存储、输送、处理或通过能量传递到人体的的方式影响人体内部的生理过程。这些器械不在此规则的适用范围之内。因这类器械以间接方式对人体内产生危害，其分类受另外规则的规范。 S G S
欧盟机械指令 目录 编辑本段 目前的机械指令98/37/EC，于1998年7月23日由欧盟官方公报颁布，替代了1989年颁布的89/392/EEC，及后续修订的指令 91/368/EEC， 93/44/EEC，93/63/EEC。而自1995年1月1日起，机械指令正式成为欧洲的强制法规，同时所有欧盟会员国须将其一些基本规定纳入各自国家的法律。欧盟机械指令并非针对技术性细节，而是着重于机械设计和结构相关的安全与健康规定上。 编辑本段 指令中对机械的定义 机械指令中所述的机械包括单台的机械、有联系的一组机械和可更换设备。 (1) 机械是指由若干个零部件连接而成的组件，其中至少有一个零部件可以运动，并透过适当的制动器、控制装置和动力回路连接起来，并有特定的用途，如物料的加工、处理、搬运、包装等。主要包括下列各类产品：木材加工机械、金属切削机床、锻压机械、农林用拖拉机及其配套机、橡胶及[ur械[/u机械、起重运输机械、储存设备、建筑机械、食品加工机械、热处理设备、地下采矿机械、印刷及造纸机械、铸造机械、纺织机械、洗涤机械、压缩机、内燃机、泵、制革机械、消防设备等。 对于那些为了便于运输而以拆散形式包装运输的机械，因其使用时会组装在一起，所以也应遵循该指令。 (2) 机械的组合，为达到同一目的由若干台机械经过适当配置和控制成为一个综合整体，实现完整的功能。如自动生产线…等。 (3) 可更换设备是指那些可以改变机械功能的、可拆卸更换的设备，这些设备可投入市场销售，可由操作者将他与一台或一系列不同机械或牵引机装配在一起，该设备不是备件或工具。设些设备可自备动力或不具备动力，如装在机床上的车端面装置 「机械」一词同样包含为了达成原料加工、处理、搬运、包装等综合功能而经安排与控制的机器群组。此外，一些在使用中保障安全的零组件，并且本零组件故障时将危及暴露于其中人员安全或健康之「保安零组件」，也属本指令所包含广义之机械。 保安零组件是由制造商其在欧洲共同体内确定的授权代理在市场上销 售的、在使用中实现安全功能的零部件，它的失效或故障会危及身处危险区
1 目的 正确理解和执行《医疗器械指令》（MDD）的要求，确保本公司带有CE标志的产品符合MDD 指令要求。概括为： a）全部产品应满足指令的要求； b）每种产品在投放市场之前应通过《符合性声明编写程序》的要求； c）所有已通过符合性评价的产品应带有CE标志。 2 适用范围 本要求适用于带有CE标志的产品，同时也是对《质量手册》中4 质量管理体系（总要求）的补充。 3 职责 3.1 总经理对公司带有CE标志的产品质量负责。 3.2 管理者代表负责组织建立满足MDD指令要求的文件化程序和组织制定技术文件编写规范，并负责分工。 3.3 研发部、外贸部、办公室等各职能部门按照分工编制相关文件并付诸实施。 3.4 总经理负责确定销售商、欧盟授权代表及其职责；并负责审批上述文件。 4 控制要求 为了使产品获得CE标志，产品应全部符合以下要求。 4.1 产品分类 正确实施产品分类以合理选择CE符合性认证的途径。本公司按照07/47/EC指令《附录Ⅸ分类准则》对华汉针神诊疗健身仪进行分类。 分类须考虑产品使用时间、使用部位、创伤性以及有无能量交换等情况，具体按照《产品分类程序》实施。 4.2 基本要求 a）本公司按照07/47/EEC指令《附录Ⅰ医疗器械的基本要求》中的六项“一般规定”、八项“设计和制造方面的要求”，逐一对不同型号的产品进行适用或不适用的判定，并对适用条款标出采用的标准，注明符合的证据及其查阅地点。 b）只有满足基本要求的产品才是安全有效的，才能进入市场。为此应采用欧洲标准委员会（CEN）和欧洲电器技术标准委员会（CENELEC）制定的有关协调标准进行设计和生产。具体见《基本要求检查表》。 本公司产品符合基本要求的证明在于：依据产品分类结果，采用附录Ⅶ+Ⅴ建立质量体系，自我评估、声明其符合性，并接受公告机构的审核。 4.3 产品标签、说明及语言 为了对使用者提供准确的信息以及确保带有CE标志的产品在欧盟市场通行，应规范产品
医疗器械的基本知识（五）手持式家用血糖分析仪 手持式家用血糖分析仪 1.基本质量要求 仪器测试范围：40~500mg/dl 仪器重复性：标准偏差SD≤30 满量程测量绝对误差：≤±1%F.S 测试条重复性：相对标准偏差CV≤9.5% 测试条准确性：相关系数γ≤0.90 2.选购和使用注意事项 (1)应选择经过药品监督管理部门注册批准的产品。 (2)血糖试条必须和其适配的血糖仪一起使用，要购买和自己的血糖仪相适应的试条。 (3)更换新批号试条时，一定要先用制造商提供的校准试条或质控液进行校准后再测血糖。 (4)血糖试条有使用期限，患者购买和使用时一定要注意标签上的有效期，并注意按规定温度保存。 (5)使用前应仔细阅读使用说明书，在专业人员指导下使用。 (6)塞期对仪器进行校正，检查血糖仪的准确性。患者只需通过血糖仪输入校准代码，或通过测试校准试片，即可将制造商为每个批次的试纸条所设置的校准参数等信息输入到血糖仪中，从而实现血糖检测的校准。制造商所提供的校准参数一般是通过将血糖仪与适配的血糖试条所得的一系列测量结果与参照分析仪所得的相应测量结果进行比较而得出的。
六）制氧机 家庭常用医疗器械制氧机 1.化学制氧机(氧立得) (1)特点 优点：体积小，成本低，产氧快，使用方便，便于携带，噪声小。 不足之处：不适宜长期使用，有一定副作用。 产氧量一般 (2)选购和使用注意事项：①要选择有生产许可证与市场准人证的正规厂家生产的发生 器和药品;②最好只做应急或外出时使用;③使用时先看说明书，切勿将管路和阀门堵死。 2.医用保健制氧机医用保健制氧机按制氧方式不同可分为三种，即分子筛变压吸附方 式制氧机、膜分离方式制氧机和电解水方式制氧机。 (1)分子筛变压吸附方式制氧机 ①特点：此类型制氧机目前国内外普遍采用。 其最大特点是：以一般交流电源为能源，以空气为原料，制氧成本低;产氧快，打开电源 2min后即可产出氧气;安全可靠，使用方便，移动便利，可连续使用。其缺点是有噪声。 ②选购和使用注意事项：要选用有生产许可证与市场准人证的正规生产厂家产品。 （七）助听器 助听器的选购和使用注意事项 步骤/方法 1. 保持助听器干燥。 避免受潮、受热、浸水，在洗脸、洗头、游泳和喷发胶时均应取下助听器，下雨时应注意保
医疗器械进入欧盟医疗器械市场要求 入欧盟的相关知识 一、欧盟国家（共31 家） 1、2004 年5 月1 日前：法国、德国、意大利、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、丹麦、爱尔兰、英国、希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、奥地利、芬兰、瑞典； 2、2004 年5 月1 日加入：波兰、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、塞浦路斯、马耳他； 3、欧洲自由贸易协会EFTA :挪威、列支敦士登、冰岛、瑞士； 4、新入欧盟：罗马利亚、保加利亚； 5、瑞士不要求产品携带CE标志。 二、医疗器械CE认证的通用要求 1、基本要求（总要求） （1）安全性（任何风险与器械提供的益处相比较，必须在可以接受的范围内，故亦称风险分析）； （2）风险的可预防性或被消除性，至少应给予警告（报警系统或警戒报警系统）； （3）性能符合性（产品的基本要求）； （4）器械性能和安全的效期（器械的安全和性能必须在器械的使用寿命内得到保证。）； （5）器械的储存和运输（应保证器械在合理的运输、储存条件下不受影响）。 2、基本要求的具体包括如下14 条: （1）器械设计和生产必须保证:按照其预定和条件使用，器械不会损害医疗环境、患者安全、操作者或其他人员的安全和健康；使用时的潜在危险与患者受益相比较可以为人们所接受，但应具有高水平的防护办法。 （2）生产者的设计和制造方案，必须考虑在现有工艺技术条件下遵守安全准则、生产者应: 首先应尽可能降低甚至避免危险。 其次，对无法避免的危险采取适当的防护措施，包括安装报警装置；最后，告知用户所提供防护措施的弱点及其可能带来的危险。 （3）器械必须取得生产者期望获得的功能。器械设计制造和包装应有利于第一条（2） （A）D 多规定的各项功能的发挥。 （4）在生产线者确定的器械使用寿命期内，在正常使用可能出现的压力，第1、2、3款所指的各项性能应保持稳定，不能危害医疗环境、危害患者、使用者或其他人员的健康。 （5）器械的设计、生产和包装应当保证，器械的性能在运输和储存过程中只要遵守有关规定不会发生根本逆变。 （6）副作用的大小同器械的使用性能相比较可以为人们所接受。 （7）化学、物理和生物性能 （8）感染和微生物污染。
欧盟医疗器械指令MDD 试卷 姓名：岗位：得分： 一、是非题：（对“√”错“×”）每题3分共30分 1．2007/47/EC 是对93/42/EEC 的第5 次修订。（√） 2．含有致癌、导致基因突变及毒性的可能性物质，必须遵循67/548/EC。（√） 3．说明书应有版本及发行日期。（√） 4．对孕妇、哺乳期女性、婴幼儿等，产品应明确使用产品的风险。（√） 5．2007/47/EC中，软件被明确定义为有源医疗器械，必须证明其有效性。（√） 6．注册责任人的信息，需要保密。（×） 7．医疗产品分类,将根据主要作用方式来确定,而不是预期用途。（√） 8．所有器械都将需要临床数据,包括Ⅰ类产品。（√） 9．临床评价可以做对比的方法，不一定做临床。（√ ） 10．一个设备停用或移走，被另一个相同的设备所替代，将影响分类。（√） 二、选择题：每题5分，共20分。 1．.在英国，违反CE标记的惩罚为：（G） A．扣留，罚没B．5000英镑的罚款C．3个月的监禁D．通报欧盟-产品消失 E．撤出市场或回收所有在用产品F．追究刑事责任G．以上的一种或数种并罚2．2007年9月欧盟正式发布对93/42/EEC更新指令2007/47/EC （ D ） A．这份新指令是自1993年起,对医疗器械指令的一个重大的修改 B．所有已经申请CE或即将申请认证的客户所提供的技术文件必须完全符合新指令要求。 C．2010年3月21日为最终执行期D．以上全部 3．2007/47/EC医疗器械指令（ D ） A．2007/47/EC中仅仅包含3个指令中被修订部分的局部内容，而不是3个指令的完整内容。B．2007/47/EC 是新的医疗器械指令。C．2007/47/EC 并非新的医疗器械指令。D．A＋C 4．2007/47/EC中明确规定记录保存时间不得小于产品使用周期（D） A．自生产之日起五年以备检查B．拿到证书后，必须到销售国注册，包括Ⅰ类产品C．对植入设备产品生产之日起15年D．以上全部 三、填充：每空格3分，共30分。 1．MDD 93/42/EEC共包括23 个条款和12 附件。 2.医疗器材指令的附录9将医疗器材分类成18项规则。制造商需视产品预期用途来做产品分类：
欧盟CE指令 在过去，欧共体国家对进口和销售的产品要求各异，根据一国标准制造的商品到别国极可能不能上 CE认证的logo 市，作为消除贸易壁垒之努力的一部分，CE认证应运而生。因此，CE认证代表欧洲统一（CONFORMITE EUROPEENNE）。事实上，CE认证还是欧共体许多国家语种中的"欧共体"这一词组的缩写，原来用英语词组EUROPEAN COMMUNITY缩写为EC，后因欧共体在法文是COMMUNATE EUROPEIA，意大利文为COMUNITA EUROPEA，葡萄牙文为COMUNIDADE EUROPEIA，西班牙文为COMUNIDADE EUROPE等，故改EC为CE。当然，也不妨把CE认证视为CONFORMITY WITH EUROPEAN （DEMAND） 谁授予CE认证标志？ 企业在获得欧盟官方机构（公告号机构）颁发的带有公告号的CE证书后，即可加贴CE标志。 CE认证标志并非由任何官方当局、认证机构或测试试验室核发，而应由制造商或其代理商根据上述八种模式中的一种（或混合），自行制作和加贴。 谁对CE认证标志的正确性负责？ 制造商或其代理商，或欧盟成员国的进口商必须对CE认证标志的正确性负责。 CE认证标志的接受对象是谁？ CE认证标志的接受对象为欧共体成员国负责实行市场产品安全控制的国家监管当局，而非顾客，当一个产品已加附CE认证标志时，成员国负责销售安全监督的当局应假定其符合指令主要要求，可在欧共体市场自由流通。 CE认证标志的意义在于： 用CE认证缩略词为符号表示加贴CE认证标志的产品符合有关欧洲指令规定的主要要求（Essential Requirements），并用以证实该产品已通过了相应的合格评定程序和/或制造商的合格声明，真正成为产品被允许进入欧共体市场销售的通行证。有关指令要求加贴CE认证标志的工业产品，没有CE认证标志的，不得上市销售，已加贴CE认证标志进入市场的产品，发现不符合安全要求的，要责令从市场收回，
医 疗 器 械 基 础 知 识 一、医疗器械的概念及特点 根据《医疗器械监督管理条例》(2000年版)的规定，医疗器械是指单独或者组合使用于人体的仪器、设备、器具、材料或者其他物品，包括所需要的软件；其用于人体体表及体内的
作用不是用药理学、免疫学或者代谢的手段获得，但是可能有这些手段参与并起一定的辅助作用；其使用旨在达到下列预期目的： ? (1)对疾病的诊断、预防、监护、治疗或缓解； ? (2)对损伤或者残疾的诊断、监护、治疗、缓解或补偿； ? (3)对解剖或者生理过程的研究、替代、调节或支持； ? (4)妊娠控制。 二、医疗器械的特点 现代医疗器械通常都是集电子、机械于一体的非常复杂的装置，是非常精密的、可靠性和安全性要求都很高的自动或半自动系统。一般具有以下特点： (1)对被测体必须是无害的； (2)生物信号弱小； (3)能量受限制； (4)安全有效。 三、医疗器械的范围 医疗器械(或装备)的范围很广，包括以下方面： (1)医用电子仪器设备(各种心脏除颤、起搏、调搏和反搏器， 电生理仪器，有创、无创传感器，心电、脑电、肌电和其他生物电诊断仪器，电声诊断、无创监护仪器，呼吸功能及血流、血压测定装置等)； (2)体外循环及血液处理设备(人工心肺、血液净化、体液处
理设备及器具和装置)； (3)植入材料和人工器官(植入器材、植入性和接触式人工器 官等)； (4)医用x线设备(治疗、诊断、手术影像和计算机断层摄影 设备)； (5)医用磁共振成像设备； (6)医用高能射线设备； (7)医用核素设备(放射性核素治疗、诊断、标本测定和准直 装置等)； (8)医用激光仪器； (9)高频和超声仪器； (10)物理治疗及康复设备； (11)临床检验分析仪器； (12)医用冷疗、低温和冷藏设备及器具； (13)口腔设备及器具；中医器械； (14)诊察器械和各类手术器械(基础、显微、神经外科，眼、 耳鼻喉、口腔科器械，腹部、胸腔及心血管外科，泌尿肛肠、矫形外科及妇科手术器械等)； (15)医用卫生材料； (16)急救设备等。 四、医疗器械的分类 医疗器械分类，主要依据医疗器械的定义进行判定，同时也应
欧盟医疗器械CE认证监管模式简介 一、欧盟简介 欧洲联盟（European Union），简称欧盟（EU），是由欧洲共同体(European Communities) 发展而来，是一个集政治实体和经济实体于一身、在世界上具有重要影响的区域一体化组织。1991年12月，欧洲共同体马斯特里赫特首脑会议通过《欧洲联盟条约》，通称《马斯特里赫特条约》（简称《马约》）。1993年11月1日，《马约》正式生效，欧盟正式诞生。欧盟的宗旨是―通过建立无内部边界的空间，加强经济、社会的协调发展和建立最终实行统一货币的经济货币联盟，促进成员国经济和社会的均衡发展‖，―通过实行共同外交和安全政策，在国际舞台上弘扬联盟的个性‖。目前欧盟有27个成员国（Member State），4个自由贸易区域（European Free Trade Area）。 欧盟的主要组织机构有： 欧洲理事会(European Council) ，即首脑会议，由欧盟成员国国家元首或政府首脑及欧盟委员会主席组成。是欧盟的最高权力机构。理事会下设有总秘书处。 欧盟委员会(Commission of European Union) ，是欧盟的常设执行机构。负责实施欧盟条约和欧盟理事会做出的决定，处理日常事务，代表欧盟对外联系和进行贸易等方面的谈判。 欧洲议会(European Parliament) ，是欧洲联盟的执行监督、咨询机构，在某些领域有立法职能，并有部分预算决定权。欧洲议会可以２／３多数弹劾欧盟委员会，迫其集体辞职。 二、医疗器械的相关法规文件 目前，欧盟已颁布实施的医疗器械指令有三个，包括： 1、有源植入医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 90/385/EEC)。该指令适用于心脏起搏器、可植入的胰岛素泵等有源植入医疗器械，于1993年1月1日生效，1995年1月1日强制实施。 2、医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 93/42/EEC)。该指令适用于除90/385 EEC指令和98/79 EEC指令规定以外的一般医疗器械，于1995年1月1日生效，并于1998年6月14日强制实施。 3、体外诊断医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 98/79/EEC)。该指令适用于血细胞计数器、妊娠检测装置等体外诊断用医疗器械，于1998年12月7日生效，2003年12月7日强制实施。 上述指令是欧盟范围内统一执行的医疗器械管理法规，其法律地位相当于中国的《医疗器械监督管理条例》和日本的药事法（The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law）。 三个医疗器械指令虽然颁布的时间不同，但相互关联。医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 93/42/EEC)是在有源植入医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 90/385/EEC)的基础上制订的，二者又同为体外诊断医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 98/79/EEC)的编写基础。三个指令的格式、内容、基本要求大致相同，并针对医疗器械的不同特点而规定了特殊条款。当新颁布的指令对已有指令的基本要求进行修改时，已有指令同时进行相应修订。 医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 93/42/EEC)由23项条款和12个附录组成，其主要内容为： 1、定义和范围（Definitions,scope） 2、上市与投入使用(Placing on the market and putting into service) 该条款中规定制造商需采取所有必要的措施，确保医疗器械在依照设计的目的安装、维护和使用时不会危及患者、使用者或相关人员的安全及健康。 3、基本要求(Essential requirements) 该条款中规定医疗器械必须符合指令附录Ⅰ中的基本要求。 4、医疗器械的自由流通和特殊用途的医疗器械(Free movement,devices intended for special purposes) 该条款中规定各成员国不能对符合指令规定的临床研究用器械、定制器械和带有CE标记的医疗器械产品设置流通障碍。同时规定定制器械、参展器械和临床研究用器械在使用时可无需带有CE标记。 5、可参考的标准(Reference to standards) 6、标准与技术法规委员会(Committee on Standards and Technical Regulations) 该条款规定依据83/189/EEC号指令第五条所设立的委员会应协助欧盟委员会工作。
欧洲共同体理事会 关于医疗器械的93/42/EEC指令 1993年6月14日 欧洲共同体理事会 考虑到建立欧洲经济共同体的条约，特别是其第100a条； 考虑到欧洲共同体委员会提交的议案； 考虑到与欧洲议会合作； 考虑到经济与社会委员会的意见； 鉴于应在欧洲共同体内部市场范围内正式通过必要的措施；鉴于欧洲共同体内部市场是一个确保商品、人员、服务和资本自由流通的无内部边界的区域； 鉴于各成员国有关医疗器械的安全、健康保护和工作特性的法律、法规和行政条款的内容和范围是不同的；鉴于各成员国之间对这类器械的认证和检验程序存在差异；鉴于这种差异在欧洲共同体内形成贸易壁垒；鉴于各国针对医疗器械的使用所制定的有关患者、使用者及其他人员的安全和健康保护的条款应予以协调，以保证此类器械在欧洲共同体内部市场自由流通；鉴于协调条款必须与成员国为管理直接或间接与这类器械有关的公共健康和医疗保险计划的资金筹措而采取的措施相区别；鉴于因而只要遵守欧洲共同体法律，这些条款并不影响各成员国实施上述措施的能力；鉴于医疗器械应向患者、使用者及第三方提供高水平的保护并达到制造商赋予其的性能水平；鉴于因此保持和提高各成员国已达到的保护水平是本指令的基本目的之一； 鉴于在1965年1月26日欧洲共同体理事会关于使有关特许专卖药品的法律、法规或行政措施趋于一致的65/65/EEC指令中，某些医疗器械是用于施药的；鉴于在这种情况下，医疗器械投放市场通常由本指令管理，而药品投放市场由65/65/EEC指令管理；鉴于如果这种器械投放市场的方式使器械与药品构成一种规定只供组合使用且不能再次使用的整体，则这个单一整体产品应由65/65/EEC指令管理；鉴于必须将上述器械与包含某种物质，特别是当其单独使用时，按65/65/EEC指令可视为药物的医疗器械相区别；鉴于在这种情况下，若这种物质能配合医疗器械对人体产生辅助作用，则这类器械投放市场由本指令管理；鉴于这类物质的安全性、质量和有效性必须比照欧洲共同体理事会1975年5月20日关于使成员国有关分析标准、药物毒理学标准和临床标准及特许专卖药品试验协议的法律趋于一致的 75/318/EEC指令规定的适当方法加以验证； 鉴于本指令附录中的基本要求和其他要求，包括对“减小”或“降低”危险的任何引用，在解释和实施时必须考虑设计时的技术现状和实际做法及高水平的健康和安全相适应的技术与经济条件；
《医疗器械概论》课程标准 一、课程基本信息 课程名称：医疗器械概论课程代码： 课程类型：专业必修课学时/学分：54/3 适用专业：医疗仪器维修专业修订时间： 课程负责人：课标审批人： 课程团队： 二、课程定位与课程设计 1．课程定位 医疗器械概论是医疗仪器维修专业必修的专业基础课程，也是医疗仪器应用等专业的基础课程。本课程主要介绍各种医疗器械的基本知识，常用医疗器械的原理与组成，以及常见医疗器械的临床应用维护等。通过本课程的学习使学生具备各种医疗仪器的原理和临床使用的专业基础知识和职业能力，掌握医疗设备的基本理论、基本结构基本知识和基本操作技能，形成良好的职业素质，拥有较强的职业技能。并注重培养学生的发现问题和解决问题的能力以及继续学习的能力，为日后医疗器械分类学习打好基础，提高适应职业变化的能力。 2．课程设计 本课程标准以医疗仪器维修专业就业为导向，根据工作实践对医疗仪器维修和应用所涵盖的工作性质、任务需要而设置。在对各种医疗器械医疗单位配备应用的分析基础上，以实际工作任务为引领，以对岗位职业能力的要求为主线和依据，根据专业的特点，采用多媒体，采用媒介再现的形式展现教学内容；通过课堂图片讲解视频观摩理论基础知识穿插和临床见习进行教学活动，培养学生初步具备医疗仪器维修和应用的基本职业能力。 三、课程教学目标 1．知识目标 ⑴了解各种医疗器械的发展历程相关标准，临床应用和现代医疗器械新进展。 ⑵理解各种常见常用医疗器械的原理基础技术指标的意义，各主要组成部分的作用，临床应用的规范操作和维护； ⑶掌握各类医疗器械的定义基本原理和结构组成 2．能力目标 本课程“教、学”并重，注重培养学生发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力，使学生具备识别各种医疗仪器分辨部件的基础，准确理解仪器运行原理的能力。为课程知识和技能向职业能力的迅速转化奠定基础。能继续提高业务素质和终身学习的能力。最终实现培养高技能高素质实用型医疗仪器维修和应用专门
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 1993年6月14日理事会第93/42/EEC号指令 concerning medical devices 关于医疗器材 THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 欧洲共同体理事会 Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 100a thereof, 依据欧洲经济体所制订的罗马条约, 特别是第100a条规定 Having regard to the proposal from the Commission 依据执委会的建议案 In cooperation with the European Parliament 配合欧洲议会 Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, 依据经济暨社会委员会的意见 Whereas measures should be adopted in the context of the internal market; whereas the internal market is an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured; 鉴于内部市场之完成应采取一些措施; 鉴于内部市场是一无内部疆界之区域, 区域内之货品, 人员, 服务及资金应可自由流通 Whereas the content and scope of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions in force in the Member States with regard to the safety, health protection and performance characteristics of medical devices are different; whereas the certification and inspection procedures for such devices differ from one Member State to another; whereas such disparities constitute barriers to trade within the Community; 鉴于各会员国间现存有关医疗器材之安全, 对健康之保护及使用特性方面之法律, 法规及行政命令之内容与范围不尽相同; 鉴于各会员国对此器材之验证及检验程序也不相同; 鉴于前述之分歧将阻碍共同体内的贸易活动; Whereas the national provisions for the safety and health protection of patients, users and, where appropriate, other persons, with regard to the use of medical devices should be harmonized in order to guarantee the free movement of such devices within the internal markert; 鉴于医疗器械之使用对病患, 使用者, 甚至其他人有关安全及健康保护的相关国家规定应加以调和, 以保证此类器材在内部市场能自由流通; Whereas the harmonized provisions must be distinguished from the measures adopted by the Member States to manage the funding of public health and sickness insurance schemes relating directly or indirectly to such devices; whereas, therefore, the provisions do not affect the ability of the Member States to implement the abovementioned measures provided Community law is complied with; 鉴于调和之规定必然与各会员国采取之部分措施有所不同, 这些措施是为筹措公共健康与疾病保险计划之基金, 且直接或间接与医疗器材有关; 鉴于共同体若与上述措施相符, 则这些规定并不影响会员国落实上述措施的能力; Whereas medical devices should provide patients, users and third parties with a high level of protection and attain the performance levels attributed to them by the manufacturer; whereas, therefore, the maintenance or improvement of the level of protection attained in the Member States is one of the essential objectives of this Directive;
人体检查常规医疗器械与原理及使用 1. X线造影术 原理：对缺乏自然对比的结构或器官，可将密度高于或低于该结构或器官的物质引入器官内或其周围间隙，使之产生对比显影。 特点：曝光量小，宽容度大；属数字化成像技术，所得影像可进行图像处理；采用影像板采集信息，可重复使用。 使用：先用高于或低于人体软组织密度的造影剂灌注检查部位，然后进行X线检查。由于已灌注造影剂的组织器官与周围部位密度差异变大，在X线下形成鲜明对比，便可以发现形态或功能是否异常。 2.X射线透视 原理：强度均匀的X射线投照人体,由于人体内不同部分对射线衰减不同,使透过人体的射线强度不均匀, 投射到荧光屏后显示出明暗不同的荧光图像。 3.数字减影血管造影(DSA) 原理: 通过图像处理器将“原像”和“造影像”相减,从造影像中减去原像,使造影的血管图像保留下来而减影除去无关的组织影像。 特点：缺点：方法复杂，信息丢失多，费片子。优点：层次丰富，减影方法灵活，图像处理功能强大，应用广泛。 4.X-CT 原理：应用物理技术和计算机处理，测定X射线的衰减系数在人体中某断层面上的二维分布矩阵，利用图像重建原理,获得该断层面图像。 5.超声波诊断仪 原理：超声在人体组织内的衰减。第一类：是由于声束本身的扩散以及反射、散射等原因造成的声强度减弱。第二类：是由于介质的吸收引起的物质的粘滞性和导热性引起的. 特点：超声不适于检查肺、骨等于周围软组织声阻抗差别大的脏器，也不适于检查无声阻抗差的脏器. 使用：各部位组织及脏器的急性炎症、脓肿、囊肿、积液、结石、异物、肿瘤、创伤，空腔脏器穿孔；血管疾病：全身各部位动脉硬化斑块、动脉瘤、动静脉瘘、静脉血栓； 心脏疾病：各种先天性心脏病、瓣膜病、冠心病、心内膜炎、心肌病、心包积液及心内肿瘤；妊娠：早孕、胎动、胎盘及胎儿。 6.红外成像仪 原理：红外热成像运用光电技术检测物体热辐射的红外线特定波段信号，将该信号转换成可供人类视觉分辨的图像和图形，并可以进一步计算出温度值。红外热成像技术使人类超越了视觉障碍，由此人们可以“看到”物体表面的温度分布状况。 特点：红外热像仪可在5秒钟内将人体全身的温度热图像扫描出来，由于其测温灵敏度极高，只要有0.05摄氏度的温度改变，仪器就可以扫描到，并通过仪器直观显示出来。 用红外热像仪检查时，无需接触人体，对人体无辐射而且无任何损害和副作用，可反复使用，被医护人员誉为“绿色体检王”。 使用：红外热像仪可以对人体头部，颈部，肺部，乳腺，胃肠，肝脏，胆，心血管，前列腺，脊椎，四肢血管等脏器做出诊断提示,还适用于炎症，拴塞，疼痛，烧伤及断肢再植等方面的诊断。 7.内窥镜 光学内窥镜 原理：纤维内镜成像原理是将冷光源的光，传入导光束，在导光束的头端（内镜的先端
欧盟医疗器械监管模式简介 2008-12-09 09:00 欧盟医疗器械监管模式简介 一、欧盟简介 欧洲联盟（European Union），简称欧盟（EU），是由欧洲共同体(European Communi ties) 发展而来，是一个集政治实体和经济实体于一身、在世界上具有重要影响的区域一体化组织。1991年12月，欧洲共同体马斯特里赫特首脑会议通过《欧洲联盟条约》，通称《马斯特里赫特条约》（简称《马约》）。1993年11月1日，《马约》正式生效，欧盟正式诞生。欧盟的宗旨是―通过建立无内部边界的空间，加强经济、社会的协调发展和建立最终实行统一货币的经济货币联盟，促进成员国经济和社会的均衡发展‖，―通过实行共同外交和安全政策，在国际舞台上弘扬联盟的个性‖。目前欧盟有27个成员国（Member State），4个自由贸易区域（European Free Trade Area）。 欧盟的主要组织机构有： 欧洲理事会(European Council) ，即首脑会议，由欧盟成员国国家元首或政府首脑及欧盟委员会主席组成。是欧盟的最高权力机构。理事会下设有总秘书处。 欧盟委员会(Commission of European Union) ，是欧盟的常设执行机构。负责实施欧盟条约和欧盟理事会做出的决定，处理日常事务，代表欧盟对外联系和进行贸易等方面的谈判。 欧洲议会(European Parliament) ，是欧洲联盟的执行监督、咨询机构，在某些领域有立
法职能，并有部分预算决定权。欧洲议会可以２／３多数弹劾欧盟委员会，迫其集体辞职。 二、医疗器械的相关法规文件 目前，欧盟已颁布实施的医疗器械指令有三个，包括： 1、有源植入医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 90/385/EEC)。该指令适用于心脏起搏器、可植入的胰岛素泵等有源植入医疗器械，于1993年1月1日生效，1995年1月1日强制实施。 2、医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 93/42/EEC)。该指令适用于除90/385 EEC指令和98/79 EEC指令规定以外的一般医疗器械，于1995年1月1日生效，并于1998年6月14日强制实施。 3、体外诊断医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 98/79/EEC)。该指令适用于血细胞计数器、妊娠检测装置等体外诊断用医疗器械，于1998年12月7日生效，2003年12月7日强制实施。 上述指令是欧盟范围内统一执行的医疗器械管理法规，其法律地位相当于中国的《医疗器械监督管理条例》和日本的药事法（The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law）。 三个医疗器械指令虽然颁布的时间不同，但相互关联。医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 93/42/E EC)是在有源植入医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 90/385/EEC)的基础上制订的，二者又同为体外诊断医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 98/79/EEC)的编写基础。三个指令的格式、内容、基本要求大致相同，并针对医疗器械的不同特点而规定了特殊条款。当新颁布的指令对已有指令的基本要求进行修改时，已有指令同时进行相应修订。 医疗器械指令(EC-Directive 93/42/EEC)由23项条款和12个附录组成，其主要内容为： 1、定义和范围（Definitions,scope） 2、上市与投入使用(Placing on the market and putting into service)
欧盟新机械指令对我国机械安全标准化的影响 一、前言 欧洲议会和欧盟理事会于2006年6月9日正式发布了最新版机械指令(2006／42／EC)，并将于2009年12月29日起在欧盟范围内强制实施。与现行机械指令98／37／EC相比，新指令在适用范围、基本健康和安全要求、与电梯指令(95／16／EC)和低电压指令 (73／23／EEC)之间的界限、合格评定程序以及市场监督等方面都出现了一些新的要求和明显变化。这些变化对我国也将产生多方面的影响，本文主要从机械安全标准化的角度分析新机械指令对我产生的影响。 二、欧洲标准化组织CEN和CENELEC面临的挑战 根据新指令第5条1(a)的规定，指令范围内的机械在投放市场之前必须满足附录I中规定的基本健康与安全要求。众所周知，机械指令的实施需要协调标准的支持，而采用协调标准是证明满足机械指令基本要求的“快速途径”。第7条2中也明确规定：按照在欧盟官方公报上公布的协调标准制造的机械应视为符合协调标准中规定的基本健康与安全要求。 由于新机械指令在适用范围、基本健康与安全要求以及合格评定程序等方面都有所改变或提出了新的要求，因此不能认为CEN和CENELEC根据现行机械指令98／37／EC制定的600多项协调标准符合新指令的基本健康与安全要求。为此，欧盟委员会向CEN和CENELEC下达了机械领域内的标准化委托书M／ 396 EN，其目的是要求CEN和CENELEC检查支持机械指令的协调标准，并采取必要的措施确保协调标准符合新指令的要求。 M／396 EN规定了CEN和CENELEC 完成工作的时问表： (1)2007年9月30日之前，向欧盟委员会提交标准化工作计划，说明需要制定的新标准以及需要修订或修改的标准。 (2)2008年6月30日之前，向欧盟委员会提交任务计划进程的报告，说明实施过程中遇到的困难。 (3)2009年6月30日之前，向欧盟委员会提交支持新机械指令2006／42／EC的协调标准清单。 此外，新机械指令与低电压指令73／23／EEC的界限不再按“主要风险(mainrisk)”来区分，取而代之的是在机械指令中列出排除在指令之外的几类电气设备，这说明大部分电气设备都将属于新机械指令的范围。因此，必须对CENELEC制定的大量关于电气设备安全要求的标准进行复审，以确认归入机械指令范围的协调标准并确保这些标准符合新指令的基本要求。而且，速度低于0．15m／s的电梯也纳入机械指令的范围中。因此，新机械指令的协调标准数量将大大增加。
医疗器械指令（MDD）93/42/EEC 简介 什么是医疗器械？ “医疗器械”是指制造商预定用于人体以下目的的任何仪器、装置、器具、材料或其他物 无论它们是单独使用还是组合使用，包括为其正常使用所需的软件： 疾病的诊断、预防、监视、治疗或减轻； 损伤或残障的诊断、监视、治疗、减轻或修补； 解剖学或生理过程的探查，替换或变更； 妊娠的控制 医疗器械的评估等级： 所有进入欧盟市场的产品，企业必须具有表示自我符合声明的CE标志，以说明产品符合欧盟制定的相关指令。 医疗器械指令（MDD），MDD指令适用于大多数进入欧盟销售的医疗设备。它根据不同的要求共分为6个等级，供认证机构评估。 设计阶段生产阶段 I级自我符合声明自我符合声明 I级（测量功能）自我符合声明申报机构 I级（灭菌）自我符合声明申报机构 IIａ级自我符合声明申报机构 IIｂ级申报机构申报机构 III级申报机构申报机构 认证机构的统一评估包括根据指令规定的基本要求评审技术文件、根据标准EN 46001 或EN/ISO 13485评审质量体系。 由于美国、加拿大和欧洲普遍以ISO 9001, EN 46001或ISO 13485作为质量保证体系的要求，故建议质量保证体系的建立均以这些标准为基础。 医疗器械的风险分析： EN1441 失效模式及后果分析（FMEA）； 失效树分析（FTA）；
上市后的监控（客户投诉情况等）； 临床经验 根据EN1441风险分析的一些例子； 器械的预期用途； 预期与病人和第三者的接触； 有关在器械中所使用的材料/元件的风险； 供给患者或来自患者的能量； 在无菌条件下生产的器械； 用于改变病人环境的器械； 说明用器械； 用于控制其它器械或药品或与其配合使用的器械； 不需要的能量或物质的输出； 易受环境影响的器械； 带有重要消耗品或附件的器械； 必要的日常维护和校正； 含有软件的器械； 货架寿命有限制的器械； 延迟或长期使用可能造成的影响； 普通风险； 所有的适用项目必须论述包括可能的危险和降低风险的方法。 医疗器械CE认证基本要求： 基本要求是MDD的最重要部分，它包括所有的医疗器械通用要求： 一、基本要求（总要求） 安全性（任何风险与器械提供的益处相比较，必须在可以接受的范围内，故亦称风险分析）； 风险的可预防性或被消除性，至少应给予警告（报警系统或警戒报警系统）； 性能符合性（产品的基本要求）； 器械性能和安全的效期（器械的安全和性能必须在器械的使用寿命内得到保证。）； 器械的储存和运输（应保证器械在合理的运输、储存条件下不受影响）。 二、基本要求的具体包括如下14条 器械设计和生产必须保证：按照其预定和条件使用，器械不会损害医疗环境、患者安全、操作者或其他人员的安全和健康；使用时的潜在危险与患者受益相比较可以为人们所接受，但应具有高水平的防护办法。 生产者的设计和制造方案，必须考虑在现有工艺技术条件下遵守安全准则、生产者应：首先应尽可能降低甚至避免危险；其次，对无法避免的危险采取适当的防护措施，包