4. 阅读与翻译

英语阅读与翻译阅读和翻译是学习英语的重要组成部分。

通过阅读英语文章和书籍，我们可以提高语言理解能力和词汇量。

同时，翻译也有助于我们将英语中的信息转化为母语，加深对语言的理解。

在本文中，我将探讨英语阅读和翻译的重要性，并分享一些提高这两项技能的方法。

首先，阅读英语文章是提高语言能力的有效途径之一。

通过阅读，我们可以接触到各种不同主题和语言风格的文章。

这有助于拓宽我们的知识面，了解不同领域的信息。

在阅读的过程中，我们还可以学习到一些常用的表达方式和句子结构，提高语言的表达能力。

此外，阅读还可以帮助我们培养逻辑思维能力和分析能力，提升批判性思维。

其次，翻译是将英语转化为母语的过程。

通过翻译，我们可以更深入地理解英语中的词汇、语法和语言习惯。

翻译时，我们需要理解英语句子的意思，并将其准确地转化为母语表达。

这过程中，我们需要不断思考和分析，加深对语言的理解和运用能力。

翻译也可以帮助我们学习一些独特的文化差异和语言表达方式，增加跨文化交流的能力。

那么，如何提高英语阅读和翻译的能力呢？下面是几点建议：第一，选择合适的阅读材料。

根据自己的兴趣和水平选择适合自己的阅读材料。

可以从简单的文章开始，逐渐挑战难度更高的内容。

阅读时，可以使用词典查找生词并记录下来，以便后续复习。

第二，创造良好的阅读环境。

选择一个安静舒适的地方，集中精力进行阅读。

可以在阅读后进行思考和总结，加深对文章内容的理解。

第三，多做阅读理解练习。

阅读理解是考察语言理解能力和阅读技巧的重要题型。

通过做一些阅读理解练习题，可以提高对文章细节和主旨的把握能力。

第四，注重翻译实践。

可以选择一些简单的英语文章，进行逐句翻译。

可以借助词典和翻译工具，但要注意不要完全依赖它们。

翻译时，可以与他人进行交流和讨论，分享不同的翻译方法和理解。

第五，坚持练习和复习。

阅读和翻译是需要长期坚持和积累的过程。

每天抽出一定的时间进行阅读和翻译练习，并及时复习已学过的知识。

总之，英语阅读和翻译是提高语言能力和理解英语的重要手段。

2013年考研英语Text4阅读逐句分析If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he wouldprobably representcivil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that _________.[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists单词&词组搭配•represent [ˌreprɪˈzent]（出现6次）v.代表，象征，维护...的利益•prime [praɪm]（出现3次）adj.首先的，基本的；n.盛年，鼎盛时期•civil servant（公务员）•one in ten （十分之一）•belong to（属于）•public sector（公共部门）•private sector（私有部门）本段翻译如果工会主义者吉米还活着的话，他很可能代表着公务员。

UNIT 13 Fighting Fire with Fire这个春天，吉姆·布伦纳将会带领几百个男男女女一起燃烧超过两百万英亩的佛罗里达的松树林。

看到这些树吗？嘶！他们烤焦了。

看到那些香蒲芦苇丛吗？正在咝咝地响！他们是历史遗留下来的。

那些腐烂的圆木呢？噼啪响！不见了。

布罗纳是一个纵火狂吗？实际上，他恰巧相反：他作为佛罗里达的消防管理员，布伦纳一直在跟火灾战斗。

但是为什么佛罗里达的顶级消防队员会焚烧森林呢？布伦纳是相信以火攻火的人数越来越多的土地管理者之一。

通过开始他们自己小心的控制大火——一个叫做规定火烧的练习，他们希望结束像上个夏天毁坏了五十万英亩的佛罗里达森林的森林大火灾。

布伦纳还记得说：“那是一个人间地狱。

假如我们有做更多的规定火烧，我们将可以大幅度的降低那次森林火灾的损害。

”佛罗里达不是唯一一个在最近几年因为大火儿上了头条的地方。

墨西哥，巴西以及印度尼西亚都曾经遭受过他们自己的灾难性的火灾。

我们是不是处在易燃的新时代的边缘？科学家警告说全球变暖（温室气体例如二氧化碳引起的行星加热）到2070 年可能提升地球温度5°F。

根据世界气象局的记录，在1998 年地球表面的平均温度是最高的。

一个正在逐渐变暖的行星意味着越来越低的干旱，将导致植被死亡和更有可能的越来越热。

美国森林官员是怎样对付这个紧迫的威胁的？规定火烧曾经得到火生态学家（研究火生态的科学家）的广泛认可。

他们也相信在凉爽的潮湿的天启让光亮的火燃烧可以减少失控的火的风险。

而且消防技术在1970 年代第一次试验是基于频繁的小火减少毁灭性的事件的风险的理论，就像上个夏天，当保持着生态系统良好的情况下的佛罗里达的森林火灾。

在1988 年黄石国家公园那场由闪电引发并由林业员们同意使其燃烧的大火的肆虐之后，公众情绪反对“任其燃烧”和指定式的燃烧行为。

现在，能够助燃无可控制的火苗的不断增加的森林残骸重新激发了人们在这些消防管理策略上的兴趣。

Unit 1 The Perfect SwarmNarrator: Damagefrom swarms of locusts can reach disastrous proportions. A single swarm of desert locusts can consume over 70,000 metric tons of vegetation a day.There is, however, one continent that ’s locust -free: North America.旁白：蝗虫群的伤害能够达到灾害性的程度。

一个单调的荒漠蝗虫能够耗费超出70000 吨的植被一天。

但是，有一个大陆是蝗虫自由：美国北部。

Interestingly enough, this wasn’t always true. For hundreds of years, the RockyMountain locust was a common pest in the American West. Back in the mid-1800s,thousands of pioneers journeyed across the . in search of free land and new opportunities. They settled on the frontier of the western states, and began to farm the land intensively, growing corn and other crops.风趣的是，这其实不老是真切的。

几百年来，落基山脉的蝗虫是美国西部的一种常有害虫。

早在19 世纪中叶，不计其数的前驱者超越美国在自由的土地和找寻新的时机。

他们定居在西部边疆，并开始对土地进行集中耕作，栽种玉米和其余农作物。

Then, in 1875, out of nowhere, a rare combination of air currents, drought, and basic biology produced the right conditions for an unthinkable event, the worst storm ever recorded, the “perfect swarm.” It came over the horizon like a strange, dark cloud. Not millions, not billions, but trillions of insects, sweeping through the land likea living tornado. Those who saw the incredible event and survived never forgot what they witnessed.而后，在1875，走出无处，一个稀有的组合，空气电流，干旱，和基本生物学产生了正确的条件为一个不行想象的事件，最坏的风暴有史以来，“完满的群” ，它在地平线上像一个奇怪的，黑暗的云。

1、待走读生好点克里斯托夫·M·贝利托 你也许可以列出往宿家中，每天赫家和学校之间的大学走读生所享受的种森!}l}越之处。

_ 但在下面的文章中，作者试图揭示事‘清的另一面，认为走读生的生活并不如人}l!}们想像 中的那般轻松。

走读生过着一种矛盾的生活，他去学校是为了能体会一种自我探}ll}索的生 活，而实际上与父母在一起是绝对无法保持“我独立的。

你也许认为我们这些人住在家中、 每天往返学校的日子很惬意。

不用等洗衣机，牙膏用完了橱拒里有新的，更重要的是，冰箱 里塞满了食物，也不用自己付款。

不仅如此，通常还有人付电话费，即使再晚，微波炉里也 还热着食物。

你会嗤之以弃—那不是大学生活，那只是永远长不大的孩子。

也许表面上看起 来我们像被惯坏了的孩子， 但事情远没有那么简单。

住在家里的大学生过着一种矛盾的生活。

跟你们一样，我们来到大学探索自我;自我探索和有机化学一样是我们所受教育的一部分。

然而，鉴于父母监督子女的本能不会减弱，我们要保持自我独立可就不容易了。

再者，家庭 的责任也在所难免。

比方说，当父母的结婚周年纪念日正好在我们期末考试的前一天，我们 该怎么办?事实上，做一个无法脱离家庭约束的学生简直与努力跟一个你不喜欢的室友相处 一样困难。

我们的问题很复杂。

在一定程度上，我们是这个社会的二等公民。

由于你不得不 开车回家或赶最后一班车， 你很难享受俱乐部、 大学生联谊会和舞会的乐趣。

同样不幸的是， 你意识到你不能参加仅有一次的商法复习课，因为它结束得太晚。

但这还不是问题的关健: 毕竟，每个人都可以随时在朋友的宿舍里借宿。

’真正的问题在于，我们错过了那些活动， 错过了由此产生的一种友好的情嗦，这种情嗦来自于一同突击恶补工业心理学的漫漫长夜， 来自于谁跟谁上了床的瞎扯闲铆， 来自于关于 “乔治· 威尔” “亲爱的艾比” 和 的热门话题， 以及在这之后彼此对于毕业临近的真切感受的交流。

Reading for Pleasurehe first thing I want to insist on is that reading should be enjoyable. Of course, there are many books that we all have to road, either to pass examinations or to acquire information,from which it is impossible to extract enjoyment. We aro reading them for instruction,and the best we can hope is that our need for it will enable us to get through them without todium. Such books wo read with resignation rather than with alacrity. But that is not the sort of roading I have in mind. The books I shall mention in due course will help you neither to get a degree nor to earn your living, they will not teach you to sail a boator get a stalled motor to run, but they will help you to live more fully. That, however, they cannot do unless you enjoy reading them.Every man is his own best critic. Whatever the learned say about a book, however unanimous they are in their praise of it,unless itinterests you, it is no business of yours. And you who read are thefinal judge of the value to you of the book you are reading. We are none of us exactly like everyone else, only rather like, and it would be unreasonable to suppose that the books that have meant a great deal to me should be precisely those that will mean a great deal to you. Butthey are books that I feel the richer for having read, and I think I should not be quite the man I am if I had not read them. No one is under an obligation to read poetry or fiction or the miscellaneous literature which is classed as belleslettres. He must read them for pleasure, and who can claim that what pleases one man must necessarily please another?为快乐而读书我想坚持的第一点是,阅读应当是愉悦的。

Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。

For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。

It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器。

The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。

A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。

The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much im portant attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.在新大陆的历史上，被研究的最彻底的学者是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。

根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在美洲殖民地中，没有任何地方比新英格兰地区“更重视对学术的追求。

”据许多书籍及文章认为，新英格兰的领袖们在美国学术界中确立了正在发展、后来成为主流的清教传统的基本主题和关注点。

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church —— important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.通过这条途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和对于教会的独特看法——这是我们不可忽略的重要课题。

Unit 1Alone in the Arctic Cold 一个人在北极严寒一天打碎了非常寒冷和灰色,当那个人偏离主要育空试验和爬上斜坡,在那里的是一个朦胧而过去向东穿过了踪迹松林之间。

坡率陡峭,而且他停顿了一下喘不过气来保持最佳的状态。

没有太阳和缕阳光,尽管他天空无云。

这是一个晴朗的日子,但在那里似乎是一个蒙上了一层水汽表面看来,把这天黑暗。

这个事实不担心那个人。

他被用来缺乏阳光。

那人回头而且他已经来了。

育空河打下英里宽藏起来了以下3英尺的冰。

这个世界上的冰一样多英尺的积雪。

这是连续的白色的,除了一个黑暗的发际线了痕迹,向南延伸达500英里去的库特关口。

但是,整个神秘,深远的发际线跟踪,没有太阳从天空,巨大的冷的,陌生和怪异的没有什么印象all-made上了的人。

他是新来的人在这地,这是他的第一个冬天。

他的问题他是缺乏想象力。

他很快和警惕在生活的一切,但只有在去吧,而不是在意义。

意思eighty-odd零下五十度学位霜。

这样的事实了冷漠,而且不舒服,就这些。

它并不带他去思考男人的一般是脆弱,能够只活在确定的限度窄的热量和冷。

零下五度代表点冰霜伤害必须提防,利用厚,暖和的衣服。

50度以下零是他就精确50度零度以下。

应该有其他东西了可那是一个思想,从来没有进过他的头上。

当他转身要走,他吐不确定。

就有一个陡坡、易爆裂纹他的震惊。

他吐了。

又一次,空气里之前,这可能下降至雪吐口唾沫裂了。

他知道五十岁的唾沫在雪地上闪现下面,但这吐口唾沫空气中闪现了。

毫无疑问这个五十个更加寒冷below-how要冷得多了不知道。

但是温度还显得无关紧要。

他注定的老我的左边叉子汉德森的孩子们在小溪了。

他们来了在山上从印度人小河的国家,虽然他来拐弯抹角看一看的可能性走出木材来源于群岛的育空。

他要在六营地点,有点天黑之后,这是真的,但男孩们会去,火灾的去,和热晚饭将为此做好准备。

他陷入水中在大松树。

踪迹减弱了。

他很高兴他没有雪橇、旅游的光。

U11无2在佛罗伦萨这个城市里，吃的、睡的、和呼吸的都是艺术。

人类艺术天赋的典范几乎矗立在每一条街上，成打的博物馆和美工艺品店等待着您去探索。

意大利的佛罗伦萨是艺术爱好者的天堂。

在文艺复兴时期（或称艺术重生时期），佛罗伦萨对艺术家们本身就是个天堂，事实上在五百多年前，文艺复兴就在这儿发迹了。

在这之前，艺术作品完全集中在宗教主题上，而文艺复兴时期的艺术则包含更多变化的风貌，艺术家们描绘一般人物的画像，也绘画希腊罗马神话中的历史和人物。

米开朗基罗是佛罗伦萨艺术家中的佼佼者。

游客们在阿卡得米亚博物馆前大排长龙达好几个钟头之久，为了一睹他感人的大作「大卫像」的丰采，这一尊十四英尺高的雕像已经成为文艺复兴时期最完美的一尊人物塑像，「大卫像」是一种典范，表现出米开朗基罗雕塑人像简洁而有力的风格。

在维琪奥宫可以看到更多米开朗基罗的作品，这栋建筑在1299年至1322年曾是佛罗伦萨政府的所在地。

著名意大利艺术家的画作和雕刻作品，摆满了宫中的各厅室。

米开朗基罗也协助装饰其外观，他在宫墙上雕刻头像，有一个传说提到，为了跟人打赌，米开朗基罗背对着墙，两手背在后面雕刻头像。

离维琪奥宫不远的地方座落着翡冷翠教堂广场。

华丽圆顶的翡冷翠教堂，或称「神的殿堂」，花了将近150年才建造完工（1294-1436），并由当时最著名的工程师设计而成。

今日的游客仍惊叹于这个圆顶，它是教堂中最引人注目像皇冠似的一景。

时至今日，在佛罗伦萨没有任何一栋建筑高过这个圆顶的。

教堂文物博物馆耸立于附近，这栋建筑曾经是那些为此座教堂定制艺术品的人的办公室，今天它收藏了过去装饰教堂外观的雕像。

稍作散步一番走过佛罗伦萨狭窄的小巷，游客将来到著名的乌菲齐美术馆。

这栋建筑建于1560年间，当年是作为办公之用（乌菲齐在意大利语中是办公室的意思）。

今日，它则以其出色的艺术收藏而自豪，游客们一定得穿着舒适的鞋子去参观，因为要一探这个美术馆得花好几个小时的时间。

收藏中一些著名的作品包括有波提切利的「春」和「维也纳的诞生」。

Unit One中庸思想（Doctrine of the Mean ）是儒家思想的核心内容。

孔子所谓的“中” 不是指“折中”，而是指在认识和处理客观事物的一种“适度”和“恰如其分”的方法。

孔子主张不仅要把思想作为一种认识和处理事物的方法来看待，而且还应该通过自身修养和锻炼，把它融入自己的日常行为当中，使之成为一种美德。

中庸思想是儒家思想的核心，也是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。

The Doctrine of Mean is the core of Confucius. The so called“ mean” by Confucius doesn’compromise but a “ moderate and” “ just-right way”when understanding and handling objectivethings. Confucius advocated that this thought should not only be treated as a way to understandand deal with things but also be integrated into one’s daily conduct to make it a virtue throughself-cultivation and training. The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core of Confucianism butalso an important component of traditional Chinese culture.Unit Two中国的四大名著是指《三国演义》（ Romance of the Three Kingdoms ）、《水浒传》（ Outlaws ofthe Marsh ）、《西游记》（ Journey to the West ）和《红楼梦》（ A Dream of Red Mansions）四部著名小说。

剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test4)推荐文章剑桥雅思阅读6原文及答案解析(test4) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析11(test4) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读11(test1)答案精讲热度：剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3) 热度：雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。

下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test4原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。

剑桥雅思阅读4原文解析(test4)Question 1答案：TRUE关键词：record,1900定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：“自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来……”，题干说现代官方运动员记录始于大约1900年。

因此答案为TRUE。

Question 2答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：before the twen?tieth century定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：很明显体感说的与原文说的相反，故答案为FALSE。

剑桥雅思阅读4(test2)原文翻译及答案解析雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。

下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。

剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger listIn the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations —that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’he says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwrittenand unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’So despite linguists’best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the nextgeneration. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’he says.However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.Questions 1-4Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2……are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4……. Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother tongue.’Questions 5-9Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the listof people in the box below. Match each statement with the correct person A-E.Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language.6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal.7 The way we think may be determined by our language.8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their community.9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.A Michael KraussB Salikoko MufweneC Nicholas OstlerD Mark PagelE Doug WhalenQuestions 10-13Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this10 The Navajo Language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.11 A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee thesurvival of a language.12 National governments could do more to protect endangered languages.13 The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIAThe first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early 1994. Their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not beenscientifically tested.Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993. ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine hadbeen able to provide little relief. They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems. Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative medicine. Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.Questions 14 and 15Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D.Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer sheet.14 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B They have often worked alongside other therapists.C They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.D They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.15 In 1990, AmericansA were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.B consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.D made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.Questions 16-23Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctorsthan they do today.20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment.23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.Questions 24-26Complete the vertical axis on the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.READING PASSAGE 3You should ,spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowPLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESSDoes play help develop bigger, better brains?Bryant Furlow investigatesA Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’he adds. There must be a reason.B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs —tail-wagging in dogs, for example —to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest.A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.C Take the exercise theory. If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesn’t work like that.’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.D Then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. But a closer inspectionreveals this interpretation as too simplistic. In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater playfulness. The converse was also found to be true. Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for adulthood. ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’he says.F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going on. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’—a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life. Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults —absorb language. Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its peak.G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amountof the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University. Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults. Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he reasons. Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts —predation, aggression, reproduction,’he says. ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.’H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes. ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’says Bekoff. He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules. He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life. The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College. Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells. He was surprised by the extent of the activation. ‘Play just lights everything up,’he says. By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers. With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likelyto get even less of a look-in. Who knows what the result of that will be?Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 had nine paragraphs labeled A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial28 insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing29 a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play30 a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play31 the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans32 the classes of animals for which play is importantQuestions 33-35Choose THREE letters A-F.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.The list below gives some ways of regarding play.Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?A a rehearsal for later adult activitiesB a method animals use to prove themselves to their peer groupC an activity intended to build up strength for adulthoodD a means of communicating feelingsE a defensive strategyF an activity assisting organ growthQuestions 36-40Look at the following researchers (Questions 36-40) and the list of findings below.Match each researcher with the correct finding.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.36 Robert Barton37 Marc Bekoff38 John Byers39 Sergio Pellis40 Stephen SiviyList of FindingsA There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and playing.B Play provides input concerning physical surroundings.C Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary history.D There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play less.E Play is not a form of fitness training for the future.F Some species of larger-brained birds engage in play.G A wide range of activities are combined during play.H Play is a method of teaching survival techniques.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test2)Passage 1参考译文Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger list语言的消失——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。

四文言文阅读与翻译（三）（时间：50分钟分值：57分）一、阅读下面一段文言文，完成1～4题。

(19分)庞统字士元，襄阳人也。

少时朴钝，未有识者。

颍川司马徽清雅有知人鉴，统弱冠往见徽。

徽采桑于树上，坐统在树下，共语自昼至夜，徽甚异之。

称统当为南州士之冠冕，由是渐显。

后郡命为功曹。

性好人伦，勤于长养。

领南郡太守。

先主见与善谭，大器之，以为治中从事。

遂与亮并为师中郎将。

亮留镇荆州。

统随从入蜀。

益州牧刘璋与先主会涪，统进策曰：“今因此会，便可执之，则将无用兵之劳而坐定一州也。

”先主曰：“初入他国，恩信未著，此不可也。

”璋既还成都，先主当为璋北征汉中，统复说曰：“阴．选精兵，昼夜兼道，径袭成都；璋既不武，又素无预备，大卒．至，一举便定，此上计也。

杨怀、高沛，璋之名将，各仗强兵，据守关头，闻数．有笺谏璋，使发遣将还荆州。

将未至，遣与相闻，说荆州有急，欲还救之，并使装束，外作归形；此二子既服将英名，又喜将之去，计必乘轻骑来见，将因此执之，进取其兵，乃向成都，此中计也。

退还白帝，连引荆州，徐还图之，此下计也。

若沉吟不去，将致大困，不可久矣。

”先主然其中计，即斩怀、沛，还向成都，所过辄克。

于涪大会，置酒作乐，谓统曰：“今日之会，可谓乐矣。

”统曰：“伐人之国而以为欢，非仁者之兵也。

”先主醉，怒曰：“武王伐纣，前歌后舞，非仁者邪？卿言不当，宜速起出！”于是统逡巡引退。

先主寻悔，请还。

统复故位，初不顾谢．，饮食自若。

先主谓曰：“向者之论，阿谁为失？”统对曰：“君臣俱失。

”先主大笑，宴乐如初。

进围雒县，统率众攻城，为流矢所中，卒，时年三十六。

先主痛惜，言则流涕。

拜统父议郎，迁谏议大夫。

追赐统爵关内侯，谥曰靖侯。

(节选自《三国志·蜀书·庞统传》1．对下列句子中加点词的解释，不正确的一项是( )(3分)A．阴．选精兵，昼夜兼道阴：暗地里。

B．大卒．至，一举便定卒：通“猝”，突然。

C．闻数．有笺谏璋数：多次。

课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)Unit 1享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。

这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。

那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。

这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。

我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。

这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。

3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。

而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。

我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。

”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。

一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。

一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。

一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。

这么说是有道理的。

4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。

我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。

通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。

而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。

布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。

外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。

”5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。

第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。

全新版大学英语阅读教程4Unit 1 In the Frozen Waters of Qomolangma,I learned the Value of Humility在结冰的珠穆朗玛峰,我学会了谦虚的价值2007年7月15日,我游过一个开放的补丁的海洋在北极突出的北极冰雪融化的海冰。

Three years later, I remember it as if it were yesterday. 三年后,我记得这件事仿佛就发生在昨天。

I recall walking to the edge of the sea and thinking: I've never seen anything so frightening in my life. 我记得走到的边缘海和思考:我从未见过任何东西这么可怕的在我的生命中。

There were giant chunks of ice in the water, which was –1.7C (29F) and utterly black.,,从看着我的手指。

They had swollen to the size of sausages. 他们已膨胀到香肠的大小。

The majority of the human body is water and when water freezes, it expands. 大多数人的身体是水和水结冰时扩大。

The cells in my fingers had frozen, swollen and burst. 这些细胞在我的手指已经冻结了膨胀和破灭。

I had never felt anything so excruciating. 我感到从未有过的任何痛苦。

My nerve cells were so badly damaged it was four months before I could feel my hands again. 我的神经细胞被严重的损害它是四个月之前,我能感觉到我的手再一次。

剑4T1P1Tropical RainforestsAdults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes - about the duration of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests - what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them - independent of any formal tuition. It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken.Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure' curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous，more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools.The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term "rainforest". Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. The commonest responses were continents or countries：Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator.Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. Fewer students responded chat rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised die idea of rainforest as animal habitats.Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ viewsabout the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life.The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified chat it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as "we are". About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity.One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was chat acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction；A similar proportion said chat pollution is destroying rainforests. Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced. The misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth.In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rain forests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests.Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers.无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。