专业知识鉴定细目表（2007年4月）
(重要系数：以1、5、9表示，数字越大，重要程度越高)
实务技能鉴定细目表（2007年4月）
(重要系数：以1、5、9表示，数字越大，重要程度越高)
成功企业业务流程管理文件排版存档编号：[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]
对于21世纪的企业来说，流程将非常关键。优秀的流程将使成功的企业与其 他竞争者区分开来。 —— Michael Hammer 教授 环顾世界范围内的成功企业，它们共同的特点是不断地审视和改进自身的业务流程，不断发展员工的技能和能力，不断将新技术应用到服务或(和)生产的实践中，以便不断提高企业的运营效率，并最终获取持续的竞争优势。 业务流程管理被认为是这些企业的关键成功因素，那么什么是流程管理为什么要流程管理我们的企业需要流程管理吗等等，这些问题将在本章为您解答。 流程管理是什么 1.1.1 关于流程 流程是一组为客户创造价值的相关活动。企业的流程是对业务运作的规范，可以不断地总结和固化优秀的经验。 “流程”的六个要素：输入资源、活动、活动的相互作用(即结构)、输出结果、顾客、价值。如图1-1所示。 图1-1 “流程”的六个要素 按照流程的定义，企业的活动几乎都能看做是大大小小的流程。也就是说，个人难以独自提供增值，起作用的是增值的流程，如图1-2所示。 图1-2 个人难以独自提供增值，起作用的是增值的流程 1. 流程的特点 目标性 有明确的输出(目标或任务)。这个目的可以是一次满意的客户服务；也可以是一次及时的产品送达，等等。 第1章 业务流程管理
内在性包含于任何事物或行为中。所有事物与行为，我们都可以用这样的语式来描述：“输入的是什么资源，输出了什么结果，中间的一系列活动是怎样的，输出为谁创造了怎样的价值。” 整体性至少由两个活动组成。流程，顾名思义，有一个“流转”的意思隐含在里面。至少两个活动才能建立结构或者关系，才能进行流转。 动态性由一个活动到另一个活动。流程不是一个静态的概念，它按照一定的时序关系徐徐展开。 层次性组成流程的活动本身也可以是一个流程。流程是一个嵌套的概念，流程中的若干活动也可以看做是“子流程”，可以继续分解为若干活动。 结构性流程的结构可以有多种表现形式，如串联、并联、反馈等。往往，这些表现形式的不同，给流程的输出效果带来很大的影响。 2. 流程的作用 优秀的流程能够提升企业的核心竞争力。 流程是对业务运作的规范，可以不断地总结和固化优秀的经验。 1.1.2 流程管理是什么 1. 流程管理的定义 业务流程管理(BPM，简称流程管理)，是一种以规范化地构造端到端的卓越业务流程为中心，以持续地提高组织业务绩效为目的的系统化管理方法。与BPR 的定义相似，流程管理的定义中也包含了几个关键词：规范化、流程、持续性和系统化。从定义可以看出，流程管理将原来BPR 定义中的彻底性、根本性融入了规范化、系统化中，指出不一定全是彻底地重新设计业务流程，而应该规范地对流程进行设计，需要进行重新设计的就进行重新设计，不需要重新设计的就进行改进。同时，该定义指出，流程管理是一种系统化的方法，是持续的、不断提升的一种方法，放弃了原来“戏剧性”的提法，现在“持续性”的
all the same 仍然,照样的as regards 关于,至于anything but 根本不as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于as far as ...be concerned 就...而言as far as 远至,到...程度as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还as well as 除...外(也),即...又
aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价at all events 不管怎样,无论如何at all times 随时,总是at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上at home 在家,在国内 at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少at last 终于 at length 最终,终于at most 至多,不超过
at no time 从不,决不by accident 偶然 at one time 曾经,一度;同时at present 目前,现在 at sb’s disposal 任...处理at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面before long 不久以后 beside point 离题的,不相干的beyond question 毫无疑问by air 通过航空途径by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早by chance 偶然,碰巧
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Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours. Five thousand hours, I am told, are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor's degree. In 10,000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently. If it appealed to you, you could be reading Homer in the original Greek or Dostoyevsky in Russian. If it didn't, you could have walked around the world and written a book about it. The trouble with television is that it discourages concentration. Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life requires some constructive, consistently applied effort. The dullest, the least gifted of us can achieve things that seem miraculous to those who never concentrate on anything. But Television encourages us to apply no effort. It sells us instant gratification(满意). It diverts us only to divert, to make the time pass without pain. Television's variety becomes a narcotic(麻醉的), nor a stimulus. Its serial, kaleidoscopic (万花筒般的)exposures force us to follow its lead. The viewer is on a perpetual guided tour: 30 minutes at the museum, 30 at the cathedral, 30 for a drink, then back on the bus to the next attraction—except on television., typically, the spans allotted arc on the order of minutes or seconds, and the chosen delights are more often car crashes and people killing one another. In short, a lot of television usurps(篡夺;侵占) one of the most precious of all human gifts, the ability to focus your attention yourself, rather than just passively surrender it. Capturing your attention—and holding it—is the prime motive of most television programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. Programmers live in constant fear of losing anyone's attention—anyone's. The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief, not to strain the attention of anyone but instead to provide constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. Quite
2016 年12 月大学英语四级考试真题及 答案 【篇一：2016 年12 月大学英语四级翻译作文题目及答 案】 翻译一： 在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋 友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把 它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运与快 乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水写中国人名被看 成是一种冒犯行为。 as a symbol of good luck, longevity and happiness in chinese culture, the color of red can be seen everywhere during springfestive and other festive/ joyous occasions. cash is usually put in red envelopes as gifts for relatives and close/intimate friends. also, red is much-welcomed / fashionable in china because of its association with chinese revolutions and the communist party. however, red does not always represent / equal to good luck and joy. red was previously used to write the names of the deceased so it is seen as an offence to write chinese people ’s names in red ink. 翻译二 随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘 在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在 中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住， 白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病 人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色信封里，而要装在红色信封里。 with the reform and opening-up of china, a great many young people nowadays prefer to hold western-style wedding: the bride wears white wedding gown because the color is considered to symbolize purity/is considered as the symbol of purity. however, in tradition chinese culture, white is often used on funerals. so, do bear in mind that white flowers should never be used as a gift to celebrate someone ’s recovery, especially not for the aged or those who are seriously ill.
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 2．被动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have t o be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
英语四级全套模拟试卷 PartⅠ Writing(答题时间30分钟) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Selecting Courses. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 选修课程在大学很普遍 2. 解释其中的原因 3. 你的看法 PartⅡ listening comprehension Section A (three news reports)略 Section B (two long conversations)略 Section C (three passages)略 PartⅢ reading comprehension(答题时间共40分钟) Section A EI NIno is name given to the masterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the world.This strange __1__ happens every five to eight years.It starts in the PAacific Ocean and is thought to be caused by a
failure in the trade winds(信风)，which affects the ocean currents driven by these winds. As the trade winds lessen in __2__, the ocean comperatures rise causing the Peru current flowing in form the east to warm up by as much as 5°C. The warming of the ocean has far-reaching effects.The hot,humid(潮湿的)air over the ocean causes severe __3__ thunderstorms.The rainfall is increased acrossAounth American __4__ floods to Peru.In the West pacific,there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia.So while some parts of the world perpare for heavy rains and floods,other parts face drought,poor crops and __5__. EI Nino usually lasts for about 18 months The 1982-83 EI Nino brough the most __6__weather in mordern history. Its effect was worldwide and it left more than 2,000 people dead and caused over eight billion pounds __7__ of damage.The 1990 EI Nino will __9__, but they are still not __10__ sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be. [A] estimate [B] strength [C] deliberately [D] notify [E] tropical
2017年6月大学英语四级真题及答案 (第一套) Part I Writing (25 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell a computer you used at college. Your advertisement may include its brand, specifications/features, condition and price, and your contact should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。 Questions 1 to 2 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 1. A) The man in the car was absent-minded. B) The test driver made a wrong judgement. C) The self-driving system was faulty. D) The car was moving at a fast speed. 2. A) They have done better than conventional cars. B) They have caused several severe crashes. C) They have posed a threat to other drivers. D) They have generally done quite well. Questions 3 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 3. A) He works at a national park. B) He is a queen been specialist. C) He removed the beyond from the boot.
业务流程管理（BPM）系统的九?必备特点 当您搜索BPM或BPM系统时，会有很多选项供您选择：有些是基于公有云，有些?持私有化部署；?些按?户定价，?些?次性收费；还有的需要顾问，有的则需要??动?操作······如何在这么样的选项选择优秀BPM系统？下?为您??解答。 什么是业务流程管理系统？ 业务流程管理系统?持跨部?的业务活动以及管理员?的建模、设计、执?和维护流程，旨在帮助企业优化?常业务流程，从?提?企业员?的?作效率和?产?。BPM系统有什么作?？ 1、?持创建跨越不同部?的复杂业务流程 2、监控和维护流程以确保?效率 3、修改现有流程，更加适应企业的发展 业务流程管理系统——九?必备特点 1.可视化流程图解?具 在考虑业务流程管理软件时，最重要的考虑因素是流程图建模。业务流程管理?具中有四类流程建模：
1）?建模?具 - 使?编码作为实现流程的?式。 2）通过UI表单收集的数据 - 通过表单获取有关业务流程的信息。 3）基于活动的可视界? - 此选项覆盖整个流程，包括在每个阶段处理进展。 4）基于业务步骤的可视化界? - 这类似于第三类，但它并没有打扰?户的业务流程进展，相反，它允许?户专注于业务流程的主要路径，并且在操作时软件会?动处理异常情况。 毫?疑问第4种选择是?较好的，它可以发挥?户和系统的优势，?户知道每次进程应该如何运?，系统可以提供构建路径的?法。 2.拖拽设计表单 没有数据的流程就像没有乘客的??，每个业务流程都需要相应?法来承担有效负载。?多数BPM系统使?表单作为流程捕获和编辑数据的?式。 业务流程管理?具必须同时照顾到新??户。新??户需要极其简化的?切，并清楚地阐明业务流程；??户希望能够?定义表单并使其完全按照??的意愿?事。所以，?由拖拽设计表单就是很好的满?新??户的?式。 3.访问权限控制 您需要?个可以保护最重要信息的BPM系统，因为很多时候表单和字段中的数据都?较敏感。 ?如访问某字段的权限，可以设置为隐藏或只读或可修改，以此来限定?部分流程参与者的权限。有时候，您还需仅限某些?访问表单的某个部分，在不输?所有名称的情况下将特定部分的访问权限授予?个团队的所有?等等。 如果想在业务流程的各个阶段或步骤中实现上述所有?标，那么您选择的BPM系统也必须能够轻松处理这些情况。 4.移动?持 您应该?即离开没有?持Android和iOS等移动端的BPM系统。业务流程系统需要?持移动化办公，现在?户是很难容忍只能坐在办公桌前访问应?程序的。 5.强?的管理员功能 即使最好的业务流程管理软件有时也会因为?些奇怪?户的操作被卡住，您需要有?种?法来管理和编辑业务流程系统，这样您不需要每次遇到问题都咨询昂贵的顾问了。优秀的业务管理系统可以?持您的内部管理员重新分配单个任务，批量重新分配，删除项?等。
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚 拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
2016 年 6 月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套） Part I Writing (30 minutes) For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to express your thanks to your parents or any family members upon making memorable achievement. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Directions: 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 1 上作答。 Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
语法大全之目录 1.名词 2.冠词和数词 3.代词 4.形容词和副词 5.动词 6.动名词 7.动词不定式 8.特殊词精讲 9.分词 10.独立主格 11.动词的时态 12.动词的语态 13.句子的种类 14.倒装 15.主谓一致 16.虚拟语气 17.名词性从句 18.定语从句 19.状语从句 20.连词 21.情态动词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：_______________________________________ ||专有名词|| | 名|| 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词||| | 词|| 物质名词||
大学英语四级训练题参考答案
6月大学英语四级训练题参考答案作文【答案】 Living alone or Living with Roommates Nowadays, there has appeared a heated discussion among the college students as to whether they should live alone outside the campus or l ive together with other roommates in the students’ dormitory. Opinions are divided over the matter. Those who are in favor of Living alone maintain that it is very convenient to live by themselves. They can enjoy absolute freedom in a room of their own. They can have their own timetable without disturbing others. They are also free to equip the room with a personal computer so that they can have easy access to the Internet. But others argue that living with roommates has attractions of its own. With sever al students sharing the same room, each person’s experiences can be greatly enriched. They can learn a lot from talking to one another. By learning to tolerate the differences between individuals, they can become more mature. As far as I’m concerned, I pr efer to live with roommates because I love the feeling of belonging. Besides, it is a lot cheaper to live in a dorm than to rent a apartment outside the campus.
四级语法讲义 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生
2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to l earn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do
Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists. Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’t threaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth. Buy $50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we’ll have a way to change its course. Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn’t be cheap. Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk re: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years. Sounds pretty rare—but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. “If we don’t take care of these big asteroids, they’ll take care of us,” says one scientist. “It’s that simple.” The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? “The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them,” said a New York Times article. 21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids? A) They are heavenly bodies different in composition. B) They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.