当前位置：文档之家 › lecture 6-2

lecture 6-2

  • 格式：pdf
  • 大小：179.81 KB
  • 文档页数：71

下载文档原格式

  / 71

合集下载

lecture 6 (2)

lecture 6 (2)

♦ Mediation theories
① external Fire！ internal response the house on fire,every thing is out of order some people are saving the fire some are escaping the sense of danger
stimulus → ↓ Skinner’s operant conditioning ↓ reinforcement
rewards punishment ↓ parents’ mother tongue
(因变量，反映变量) ↓ certain sounds by accident
In summary: From this theory, we can do like this : If we operate the reinforcemnts scientifically,we can get effective responses(output) If we observe the responses(output)and consider them, we can know something inside a child’s mind(blackbox). model: response-stimulus
learning English?
♦ F.de Saussure’s Semantic Triangle
object concept
the shape(s) the color(s) the design(s) the function(s) the history the cultures etc. native language(NL) second language(SL) foreign language(FL) competence/performance

(英文)细胞生物学lecture6-肌动蛋白细胞骨架

(英文)细胞生物学lecture6-肌动蛋白细胞骨架

GTPase activating protein
Guanine exchange factor
10
Rac induced changes in actin organization
11
Actin organization is regulated by small GTPases
12
Movement of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
How does Listeria move inside their host cell?
The bacterial cell surface protein ActA is required for motility.
14
ActA is sufficient for the motility of Listeria
9
The regulation of a small GTPase
• small GTP binding protein • 2 different conformational states (GTP- or GDP-bound) • different nucleotide binding state is regulated by GAPs and GEFs molecular timer • localization of GAPs and GEFs provides spatial regulation of GTPase activity
The bacterial protein ActA is necessary and sufficient for actin-based motility of the bacterium. How does that help the bacterium? 15

lecture 6

lecture 6

⏹Conceptual metaphorTraditionally, metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other, as in “He is a tiger”. It is a property of words, and is used for some artistic and rhetorical propose.In the cognitive linguistic view, metaphor is a property of concepts, and it is a powerful cognitive tool for our conceptualization of abstract categories.According to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain or cognitive domain in terms of another conceptual domain. The conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is called target domain. Metaphor can be diagrammed as follows:CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (A) IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (B)TARGET DOMAIN SOURCE DOMAINHe is a tiger.In cognitive linguistics metaphor is called conceptual metaphor because it is a property of concepts. Some examples of conceptual metaphor are in the following:◆LOVE IS A JOURNEYLook how far we’ve come.We’ll just have to go our separate ways.We can’t turn back now.Our marriage is on the rocks.We’ve gotten off the track.This relationship is foundering.◆IDEAS ARE FOODThere are too many facts here for me to digest them all.I just can’t swallow that claim.That’s food for thought.He devoured the book.◆AN ARGUMENT IS WARY our claims are indefensible.They attacked every weak point in our argument.I’ve never won an argument with him.Y ou disagree? Okay, shoot!If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out.He shot down all of my arguments.⏹Metonymy◆Definition: The word "metonymy" derives from a Greek word meaning"change of name". As a figure of speech, metonymy is very common ineveryday language. Like metaphor, it is a figurative use of language,involving the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. Unlikemetaphor,the ground of the substitution in metonymy is not similarity, but association, i. e., the two unlike things do not have common quality but are closely associated. When we speak of one, the other will come up to our mindMetonymy involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. For example，the name of a referent is substituted by the name of an attribute or entity related in some semantic way or by spatial proximity or by other reasons，✧Crown / sceptre-一king or queen✧bottle--alcoholic drinks✧sword--war and destruction✧the camp---the troops⏹Sources of Metonymy◆Body part◆Name of a person◆Name of a clear sign of an object or a person◆Name of a place◆Instrument or container◆Trade mark or brand◆Location✧The pen is mightier than the sword.✧Gray hairs should be respected.✧He is too fond of the bottles.✧I have never read James Joyce.✧She is far from the cradle.✧What is learned in the cradle is carried into the grave.✧His purse would not allow him that luxury.✧Y esterday I saw a pipe smoking John Bull astride a bicycle.✧We pay Uncle Sam with our taxes.✧That old goat thinks he is a real Romeo.★Differences between metaphor and metonymyMetaphor can be converted into simile，while metonymy can not;Metaphor appeals to the readers’imagination for similarity between the two different objects，while metonymy appeals to the reader's imagination for the association of ideas it provokes.✧All the world is a stage.✧She is a peacock.✧The kettle is boiling.✧He likes to read Hemingway.⏹Conceptual metonymyAccording to the classical definition, metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another on the basis of some material, causal, or conceptual relation. Some typical substitutions include author for work, place for a characteristic product of that place, object for possessor, abstract features for concrete entities, etc. Some examples are:(1)Have you ever read Shakespeare?(2)Wary wants Burgundy (red or white wine from the Burgundy area of France).(3)The crown objects to the proposal.(4)I want my love to be with me all the time.In the cognitive view of figurative language, the role of metaphor is paid attention to but not that of metonymy, in the construction of abstract categories. However, metonymy does play a very important part in the structures of emotion categories. For example, we have a general metonymic principle: THE BODILY SYMPTOMS OF AN EMOTION STAND FOR THE EMOTION. For example: drop in temperature for FEAR, erect posture for PRIDE, and jumping up and down for JOY. Obviously these physiological phenomena help us conceptualize these emotions.★The similarities between metonymy and metaphorboth are regarded as being conceptual in natureboth can be conventionalizedboth are means of extending the resources of a languageboth can be explained as mapping processes★The difference between metonymy and metaphormetaphor involves a mapping across different conceptual or cognitive domains while metonymy is a mapping within one conceptual domain.Metonymy (from a cognitive view) is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model (ICM). The understanding of metonymy can be represented as the following figure:Generally speaking, the most commonly used conceptual metonymies are as follows:◆THE PRODUCER FOR THE PRODUCT (THE AUTHOR FOR THE WORK)✧She loves Picasso.✧Does he have any Hemingway in his collection?✧I’m reading Mark Twain.◆THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT✧America doesn’t want another Pearl Harbor.✧Watergate changed American politics.◆THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION✧Washington is negotiating with Beijing.✧Wall Street is in a panic.✧Hollywood is putting out terrible movies.◆THE CONTROLLER FOR THE CONTROLLED✧Nixon bombed Hanoi.✧Ozawa gave a terrible concert last night.◆AN OBJECT USED FOR THE USER✧The sax has the flu today.✧We need a better glove at the third base.⏹Synecdoche◆Definition: A figure by which a more comprehensive term is used for a lesscomprehensive or vice versa; as whole for part or part for whole，genus forspecies or species for genus，etc.A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole，the whole for a part，the species for the genus，the genus for the species，or the name of the material for the thing made.◆V arious types of Synecdoche:The part for the whole:The whole for the part:The abstract for the concrete，or the concrete for the abstractThe species for the genus，or the genus for the speciesName of the material for the thing made:◆Distinction between Metonymy and SynecdocheWith synecdoche，the relationship between the two things involved is part-and-whole: that is，one thing is a part of the other. whereas，with metonymy, the two things involved are completely different.✧Her heart ruled her head.✧He paid the workers$5 per head.。

lecture 6

lecture 6

6.3 Cohesion in English texts
❖cohesion
❖衔接
❖ Means of cohesion (衔接）:
a. Lexically
(repetition, synonymy, hyponymy--reiteration)
antonymy,
b. Grammatically
Discuss
❖P. 90 No. 1 ❖a. What does “it” refer to? ❖ MONEY ❖b. What is omitted in the sentence? ❖“WORK HARD” is omitted after
“DOESN’T”.
6.4 Turn taking in Engliile the next speaker may opt to interrupt in order to seize the floor, he or she can wait to be nominated by the current speaker, or take the hints from him such as a long pause, a gesture, a gaze, etc.
❖For endophoric reference, further distinction is attempted between anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. The former involves a relation between a preceding referential expression or an antecedent and the current pronominal item (as in “John loves Jane.

新编英语教程 6 unit 2

新编英语教程 6 unit 2

Paraphrase 1.Moses justified his unwillingness to pass Jehovah’s order to Pharaoh, saying that he was “slow in speech”(ll.7-8) 2. Delay leads to problems. However, in many cases, it can often stimulate the creativity in an artist.(ll.17-18) 3. He points out that hastiness may give rise to decisions which turn out to be humiliating or expensive.(ll.38-39)
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
Unit II The
Fine Art of Putting Things Off 1. Cool one’s heels: be forced to wait; be kept waiting 2. Attest to: testify to; serve as an evidence to affirm/to be proof of 3. Apocalyptic; foreboding imminent disaster or final doom 4. Proconsul: an administrator in a colony usually with wide powers 5. Ruminate:go over in mind repeatedly and often slowly
5. …many of my friends have a hard time the moment they attempt to put pen to paper.

lecture 6 翻译技巧五 正说与反说法

lecture 6 翻译技巧五 正说与反说法

当史蒂夫被介绍给这对老年夫妇的时候，他们只是淡淡 地说：“我们看过你的文章，但没想到你这么年轻。” 3. The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.
归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。
C. Affirmation--Negation 4 .That’s a thing that might happen to any man. 原译：这样的事情可能发生在任何人身上。
技巧3/4-省译和增译练习：
1. We can not see sound waves as they travel through air. 2. The dog is stretching itself. 3. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast. 4. I can do it, and so can you. 5. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. 6. Where there is a will, there is a way. 7. A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue. 8. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。 9. 礼拜天我们不上学。 10. 孩子就是孩子。
8. All graduates from the Foreign Languages Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work. [Version]
技巧5-正说反译、反说正译法练习答案：
1. 我没能说服他，让他知道自己的错误。

Lecture 6

The plaintiff hereby claim to be compensated by the defendant with an amount of losses. 申诉人要求被诉人赔偿损失。
next
previous
back index
break
over
Business English Translation
that issues it.
除非推荐书上盖有签发单位的正式印章，否则该推 荐书将被视为无效。 If the credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank, it becomes a confirmed credit. 如果信用证被开证行以外的另一家银行保兑，这个信用 证便成为保兑信用证。
next
previous
back index
break
over
Business English Translation
Claim, if any, must be made within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, after which no claims will be entertained. claims: a demand or request for something which one has a right to have 要求，索赔 entertain:(fml) to be ready and willing to think about or accept; consider 考虑，接受
next previous back index break over

lecture 6 长句的翻译

虽然中性物体本身是不带电的，但对于带电体来说，它 并非中性；当这两个物体彼此接近时，就会产生极 性相反的电荷的作用。这就是中性物体被带电体吸 引的原因。
2) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.
一、长句翻译的步骤（process）
1.理解 （comprehension） (1) Find out the trunk through
condensing the whole sentence. (2) Be sure of the main and
subordinate clauses, modifiers and the elements they modify.
我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得 住在他家，吃他的，喝他的，一直等到下一班船 到来把我带到我要去的港口为止，一想到这儿， 我真有点不好意思了。
(6) Polish words and phrases, having every word carefully weighed in consideration of the style of the original.
二、 长句翻译技巧（techniques）
1. 包含 (embedding) 将定语前置，保留原有的长句“复杂”结构

Lecture6剖析


Mobility and friendship

Perhaps as a consequence of this, people form and end friendships quickly. Students attending two or three universities during their undergraduate and graduate years may change their circles of friends several times.
Instant Friendships

It is easy to be misled by instant friendships which may appear to be deep and personal but are really superficial. Friendship and friendliness are not synonymous. Friendliness characterizes much of American daily interaction but is not always an indication of friendship. Strangers may share life histories without any intention of pursuing a relationship.
Instant Friendships

Characterizing instant friendships is the appearance of two people becoming close but, in reality, there is no strong bond between them. Brief encounters do not always imply desire for further contact. Many people frequently smile or say, “Have a nice day” or “See ya later,” or even extend an invitation as part of a cultural pattern of politeness. Such expressions do not always suggest an offer of continued friendship.

Lecture 6


3. The Trojan Horse木马计；暗藏的 危险；奸细
特洛伊木马的故事是在古希腊传说中，希腊 联军围困特洛伊久攻不下，于是假装撤退， 留下一具巨大的中空木马，特洛伊守军不知 是计，把木马运进城中作为战利品。夜深人 静之际，木马腹中躲藏的希腊士兵打开城门， 特洛伊沦陷。 后人常用“特洛伊木马”这一典故，用来比 喻在敌方营垒里埋下伏兵里应外合的活动。 特洛伊木马也是著名电脑木马程序的名字。
2. 压缩成分 压缩而成的新词基本保持原有习语的意义， 但往往引起词性转换。 Don’t be foolish enough to indulge in namecalling． 不要太傻，总是张口就骂人。 例中name-calling源自于习语call sb. Names (骂人)，在此句中作名词用。
常见英语习语活用现象
1. 扩充成分 在原有习语中加上修饰性成分，以限其内容， 赋其新意。如： Her husband often dined out and kept rather disreputable company． 她丈夫经常外出就餐，与不三不四的人鬼混 在一起。 上例中，keep rather disreputable company 是由习语keep company(结交)扩充而来。表 达了憎恨与厌恶之情。
Lecture 6
英文习语 Lexical bundles
Definition of lexical bundle
习语一词的含义甚广，一般指那些常用在一 起，具有特定形式的词组，其蕴含的意义往 往不能从词组中单个词的意思推测而得。 通常包括成语、俗语、格言、歇后语、谚语、 俚语、行话等。
Features of LB
2、习俗差异 英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫 过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。汉语中与狗 有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、 “狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子” 等，狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化 中。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人 的行为。如You are a lucky dog（你是一个 幸运儿），Every dog has his day（凡人皆 有得意日），Old dog will mot learn mew tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人 “病得厉害”用sick as a dog，“累极了” 是dog-tired。
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2
Learning Objectives
• Be able to compute payback and discounted payback and understand their shortcomings • Be able to compute average accounting return and understand its shortcomings • Be able to compute the internal rate of return (IRR) & Modified IRR and understand the strengths and weaknesses • Be able to compute the net present value (NPV) and understand why it is the best decision criterion
5
Capital Budgeting Example A:
• You are looking at a new project and you have estimated the following cash flows:
Year 0: CF0 = -165,000 Year 1: CF1 = 63,120; NI = 13,620 Year 2: CF2 = 70,800; NI = 3,300 Year 3: CF3 = 91,080; NI = 29,100 Average Book Value = 72,000
11
Evaluating NPV as a Capital Budgeting Decision Criteria
• Does the NPV rule account for the time value of money? • Does the NPV rule account for the risk of the cash flows? • Does the NPV rule provide an indication about the increase in value? • Should we consider the NPV rule for our primary decision criteria?
• Your required return for assets of this ris Making Recipe
1. 2. 3. Estimate the expected future cash flows: • Amount and timing (Use a time-line) Estimate the required return for projects of this risk level • May have to use CAPM Find the present value of the cash flows and subtract the initial investment.
CFt NPV CF0 t 1 r t 1
n
NPV Rule: Accept the project If NPV > 0
7
Net Present Value
• It should be clear then that the difference between the intrinsic value of a project and its cost is the NPV. • How much value is created from undertaking an investment? • If PV(Cash Inflows) > PV(Cash Outflows), this means that taking on the project will the Value of firm • Thus a positive NPV means that the project is expected to add value to the firm and will therefore increase the wealth of the owners. • Since our goal is to increase owners’ wealth, NPV is a direct measure of how well this project will meet our goal.
1
Capital Budgeting
• Recall that current expenditures are short-term in nature and are completely expensed in the year incurred. • Capital expenditures are expenditures on fixed assets that will be used for production over a period of years. As such, in accounting terms these expenditures are capitalized and then depreciated over a period of years. • Capital budgeting refers to the process of deciding how to allocate the firm’s scarce capital resources (land, labor, and capital) to its various investment alternatives. It considers whether a project is worth undertaking (i.e., worth its capital expenditures). • The over-riding rule of capital budgeting is to accept all projects for which the cost is less than, or equal to, the benefit: – Accept if: – Reject if: Cost ≤ Benefit Cost > Benefit
3
Lecture Outline
1. Net Present Value (NPV) 2. The Payback Rule 3. The Discounted Payback 4. Average Accounting Return 5. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) & Modified IRR (MIRR) 6. The Profitability Index 7. The Practice of Capital Budgeting
8
Timeline for Example A
1 63,120 2 70,800 3 91,080
T=0 -165,000
12%
“Cost”
“Benefits”
Value of the Project
9
Computing NPV for Example A
• Draw a time-line and using the formulas:
4
What Are Good Decision Criteria?
• Since value must take into account what cash flow is received, when it is received and the likelihood associated with receiving those cash flows, we need to ask ourselves the following questions when evaluating decision criteria: 1. 2. 3. Does the decision rule adjust for the time value of money? Does the decision rule adjust for risk? Does the decision rule provide information on whether we are creating value for the firm?
10
Using TI BA II Plus Calculator:
• Press <CF> & Use <↓> and <↑> to enter the following values: CF0: 165000 <+/-> <ENTER> CF0 = -165000 <↓> C01: 63120 <ENTER> CF1 = 63120 <↓> F01: 1 Freq. of receiving 63120 is 1. <↓> C02: 70800 <ENTER> CF2 = 70800 <↓> F02: 1 Freq. of receiving 70800 is 1. <↓> C03: 91080 <ENTER> CF3 = 91080 • Press <NPV> to display the current discount rate (I) 12 <ENTER> I = 12 : Enter discount rate 12% <↓> NPV: 0 to reach the NPV function. <CPT> NPV: 12,627.41 NPV = 12,627.41
Example: Capital Budgeting Decision