Headstock of Engine Lathe
The headstock assembly is permanently fastened to the left end of the lathe. It contains the headstock spindle, which is rotated by gears or by a combination of gear and pulleys. The spindle holds the attachments which, in turn, hold and turn the workpiece. Spindles come in several quality ratings and are supported in headstocks by three to five bearings. Since the accuracy of the work done on a lathe depends on the axis of rotation of the spindle holding the workpiece, the spindle and all its accessories must be built and assemble with the greatest possible care.
A hold extends through the spindle itself. The front end of this hole is tapered for holding tools having a tapered shank. A taper sleeve (a hollow-round part) fits into the taper spindle hole, when holding a headstock, or live center. The headstock center is called a live center because it turns with the work. The center is a tapered metal part with a pointed end. It is used to support the end of a workpiece as it is being turned. All lathe center point have a 60-degree(°) included angle.
Three common types of spindle noses are used to hold attachments on the spindle.
1. The threaded spindle nose has been used on lathes longer than any of the other types. Attachments to be mounted are screwed onto the spindle until they fit firmly against the spindle flange. The major disadvantage of the threaded spindle nose is that turning cannot be done in the reverse position (with the spindle turning clockwise). This is Because certain attachments, a chuck for example, would come loose.
2. The cam lock spindle nose has a very short taper which fits into a tapered recess in the back of a faceplate or chuck. A series of cam lock studs projects from the back of the faceplate or chuck. These cam lock studs fit into the hole in the spindle nose. They are locked into position by turning a series of cams.
3. The long (steep) taper key drive spindle nose has a long taper with a key attached and an internal threaded collar. The faceplate or chuck must have an equal taper and keyway plus an external thread. This positive lock-type of spindle is most popular on medionum-size lathes. It permits cutting with the spindle turning in either
direction.
Power for driving the spindle is provided by an electric motor. There are four common ways of transmitting the power form the electric motor to the spindle. These include:
Flat belt drive. On most belt-driven lathes, direct drive power is delivered through belts to a step pulley attached to the spindle. The spindle speed is changed by moving the belt to different positions on the step pulley. To obtain slower speeds and more powder, back gears are used.
To understand how the back gears operate, study Fig, 2-3 Notice that gear F is fastened securely to the spindle. This gear is often called a bull gear. The small end of the step pulley gas a small gear attached to it called a pinion gear. This gear (E) always turns when the pulley turns. The step pulley and pinion gear are connected with the bull gear by a sliding pin called the bull-gear lock-pir. At the back of the headstock are two gears mounted on the same shaft. They are spaced to line up or mesh with the bull gear (F) and pinion gear (E). These are called back gears. To engage the back gear, the pin in the bull gear is pulled out (when the pin is out, the pulley and pinion gear will turn, but the spindle will not turn). Pull the back gear handle forward to mesh the back gears with bull gear F and pinion gear E. Do this by turning the step pulley by hand-never while the power is on. When engaged, power is delivered directly to the bull gear (F) and spindle by the back gears.
At the left end of the headstock assembly is a feed reverse lever. It is used for reversing, the direction or movement of the lead screw. This lever can be moved to three positions. When it is in the upper position with the automatic feed engaged, the carriage will move to-ward the headstock (to the left) and the cross-feed will move in. When in the center position, the gears are out of mesh and the lead screw will not move. When in the lower position with the automatic feed engaged, the carriage will move toward the tailstock (to the right) and the cross-feed will move out.
V-belt drive. A V-shaped groove is cut around the circumference of each pulley, and a V belt fits accurately into this groove. The V belt does not touch the bottom of the pulley. This type of drive has a back gear arrangement similar to that used on flat
belt machines.
Variable-speed driver. In this arrangement it is possible to change the speed between the driver and driven pulleys without stopping the lathe. In fact, the speed must be changed only when the machine is running. The driving pulley of a variable-speed drive is made with parts having V-shaped sides. One side of the pulley may be opened or spread apart from the other side. As it spreads apart, the belt moves inward toward the smaller diameter, producing a slower speed on the driven pulley. As the sides of the pulley are brought together, the belt is forced outward toward the large diameter which increases the speed of the driven pulley. The speed change may be done either manually or hydraulically. On the hydraulic type, a control dial located on the top of the head stock accurately activates the hydraulic system. Do not turn the control dial unless the motor is running. Speeds are from 300 to 1,600 revolutions per minute (rpm) in direct drive. For slower speeds, the lathe must be stopped and the back gear knob moved. This will provide slower speeds of 43 to 230 rpm.
4. Geared head. This headstock contains gears and changing mechanisms for obtaining many different spindle speeds. The speed index plate attached to the headstock will help the operator select the required speed. Two or three levers or knobs must be moved to adjust the speed.
普通车床的主轴箱
主轴箱组件紧固在车床左端。它由主轴箱主轴组成，经齿轮或齿轮组和皮带轮使主轴旋转。主轴有可装夹并转动工件的附件。主轴有多级转速。主轴箱由3~5个支座支承。由于车床上工件的加工精度取决于夹持工件的主轴旋转轴的精度，故必须十分仔细地制造和安装主轴及其所有附件。
主轴本身有一个通孔，这个孔的前端是一锥孔，可用来安装带锥柄的刀具。安装主轴箱活顶尖时，用一锥套配入主轴的锥孔内。主轴箱顶尖可随工件旋转，故可称活顶尖。它是一个带尖端的锥金属件。工件旋转时可用来支承工件，所有车床顶尖均为60°角。
在主轴上安装附件，常使用三种通用的主轴头：
1. 螺纹主轴头
车床上最常用的是螺纹主轴头。将安装的附件拧到主轴上，直到与主轴法兰盘紧密相配。螺纹主轴头的主要缺点是不能进行反向车削，因有些附件（例如卡盘）反向时会松开。
2. 凸轮锁紧主轴头
凸轮锁紧主轴头有一个非常短的锥体，她可以配入花盘或卡盘背面的锥槽内。从花盘或卡盘背面伸出许多凸轮锁紧短轴，这些短轴可配入主轴头的孔内。转动这些凸轮就可将它们锁紧在规定位置。
3. 长锥键传动主轴头
它有一个很长的锥体。锥体带一附加键和一内螺纹套爪。花盘或卡盘必须与其锥度相同并带有外螺纹键槽。这种正向锁紧型主轴在中型车床中最为普遍。它允许主轴在正向或反向旋转时均能切削。
驱动主轴的动力由一电动机供给，从电动机将动力传递给主轴有四种常用的方法：
平皮带传动
在大多数皮带传动的车床中，直接驱动动力通过皮带传递给附在主轴的塔轮上。把皮带移动到塔轮的不同位置，就可改变主轴速度。为获得较低速和较大动力，可使用背轮。
背轮的工作原理见图2-3。齿轮F紧固在主轴上，常称齿轮F为大齿轮。塔轮的小端有一小齿轮E。塔轮转动时，齿轮E总是转的。塔轮的小齿轮通过一个称作大齿轮锁紧销的滑动销与大齿轮相连。床头箱背面有两个安装在同一轴上的齿轮。它们间隔排开，与大齿轮F和小齿轮E相啮合。这些齿轮叫背轮。为了使背轮啮合，要推出大齿轮销子（此销子推出时，塔轮和小齿轮转动而主轴不转）。向前推背轮手柄，使背轮与大齿轮F和小齿轮E相啮合。接通电源时，决不能用手转动塔轮使其啮合。啮合时，动力直接由背轮传递给大齿轮F和主轴。
床头箱左端有一反向进给杆。它用于丝杠的反向运动。此杆有三个位置。在上自动进给位置时，床鞍将向床头箱方向（即向左）移动，横进给向外运动。
三角皮带传动
每个皮带轮的圆周上都开有一个V型槽。三角皮带将精确地嵌入槽内。三角皮带不能碰到皮带轮的底部。这种传动方式也有一个与平皮带传动相似的背轮装置。
无级变速传动
这种装置不用停车就可以改变主动轮和从动轮间的速度。实际上只有在机床运行时才需变速。无级变速传动的传动皮带轮由二个V型侧面的半轮组成。皮带轮的一侧可以是打开的，即与另一侧脱开。在脱开时，皮带就向里移动到较小直径，使从动轮产生较低速度。当皮带轮两侧合在一起时，就迫使皮带轮向外移动到较大直径，使从动轮速度增大。可以用手动或液压进行变速。采用液压方式时，床头箱顶部的控制盘可使液压系统精确动作。电动机停止时，不要转此控制盘。直接传动的转速范围为300~1600转/分。
4. 齿轮传动变速箱
这种床头箱包括齿轮和变速机构，可获得许多不同的转速。操作者可使用附在床头箱上的速度分度盘来选择所需的速度。移动两个或三个手柄或摇手就可调节速度。
附录A Lathe fixture design and analysis Ma Feiyue (School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022, China) Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points. Keywords: lathe fixture; design; points Lathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle. THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTURE Installed on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixture
Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up
毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 题目：机械加工介绍
机械加工介绍 1.车床 车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。 车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。 床身是车床的基础件。它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。 主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。大多数车床有8~12种转速，一般按等比级数排列。而且在现代机床上只需扳动2~4个手柄，就能得到全部转速。一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。 由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。 尾座组件主要由三部分组成。底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。它是一个直径通常大约在51~76mm之间的钢制空心圆柱体。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系部： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：English For Electromechanical (用外文写) Engineering 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 此翻译文章简单介绍了各机床的加工原理，并详细介绍了各机床的构造，并对方各机床的加工方法法进行了详细的描述， 翻译用词比较准确，文笔也较为通顺，为在以后工作中接触英 文资料打下了基础。 签名： 年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 机床 机床是用于切削金属的机器。工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。 车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。 钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。 攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。 铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。 牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。 磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。 车床 车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。车刀的这种位移称为进给。车
机床加工外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 基本加工工序和切削技术 基本加工的操作 机床是从早期的埃及人的脚踏动力车和约翰·威尔金森的镗床发展而来的。它们为工件和刀具提供刚性支撑并可以精确控制它们的相对位置和相对速度。基本上讲，金属切削是指一个磨尖的锲形工具从有韧性的工件表面上去除一条很窄的金属。切屑是被废弃的产品，与其它工件相比切屑较短，但对于未切削部分的厚度有一定的增加。工件表面的几何形状取决于刀具的形状以及加工操作过程中刀具的路径。 大多数加工工序产生不同几何形状的零件。如果一个粗糙的工件在中心轴上转动并且刀具平行于旋转中心切入工件表面，一个旋转表面就产生了，这种操作称为车削。如果一个空心的管子以同样的方式在内表面加工，这种操作称为镗孔。当均匀地改变直径时便产生了一个圆锥形的外表面，这称为锥度车削。如果刀具接触点以改变半径的方式运动，那么一个外轮廓像球的工件便产生了；或者如果工件足够的短并且支撑是十分刚硬的，那么成型刀具相对于旋转轴正常进给的一个外表面便可产生，短锥形或圆柱形的表面也可形成。
平坦的表面是经常需要的，它们可以由刀具接触点相对于旋转轴的径向车削产生。在刨削时对于较大的工件更容易将刀具固定并将工件置于刀具下面。刀具可以往复地进给。成形面可以通过成型刀具加工产生。 多刃刀具也能使用。使用双刃槽钻钻深度是钻孔直径5-10倍的孔。不管是钻头旋转还是工件旋转，切削刃与工件之间的相对运动是一个重要因数。在铣削时一个带有许多切削刃的旋转刀具与工件接触，工件相对刀具慢慢运动。平的或成形面根据刀具的几何形状和进给方式可能产生。可以产生横向或纵向轴旋转并且可以在任何三个坐标方向上进给。 基本机床 机床通过从塑性材料上去除屑片来产生出具有特别几何形状和精确尺寸的零件。后者是废弃物，是由塑性材料如钢的长而不断的带状物变化而来，从处理的角度来看，那是没有用处的。很容易处理不好由铸铁产生的破裂的屑片。机床执行五种基本的去除金属的过程：车削，刨削，钻孔，铣削。所有其他的去除金属的过程都是由这五个基本程序修改而来的，举例来说，镗孔是内部车削；铰孔，攻丝和扩孔是进一步加工钻过的孔；齿轮加工是基于铣削操作的。抛光和打磨是磨削和去除磨料工序的变形。因此，只有四种基本类型的机床，使用特别可控制几何形状的切削工具1.车床，2.钻床，3.铣床，4.磨床。磨削过程形成了屑片，但磨粒的几何形状是不可控制的。 通过各种加工工序去除材料的数量和速度是巨大的，正如在大型车削加工，或者是极小的如研磨和超精密加工中只有面的高点被除掉。一台机床履行三大职能：1.它支撑工件或夹具和刀具2.它为工件和刀具提供相对运动3.在每一种情况下提供一系列的进给量和一般可达4-32种的速度选择。 加工速度和进给 速度，进给量和切削深度是经济加工的三大变量。其他的量数是攻丝和刀具材料，冷却剂和刀具的几何形状，去除金属的速度和所需要的功率依赖于这些变量。 切削深度，进给量和切削速度是任何一个金属加工工序中必须建立的机械参量。它们都影响去除金属的力，功率和速度。切削速度可以定义为在旋转一周时
第一章概述 1.1设计目的 (2) 1.2主轴箱的概述 (2) 第2章主传动的设计 (2) 2.1驱动源的选择 (2) 2.2转速图的拟定 (2) 2.3传动轴的估算 (4) 2.4齿轮模数的估算 (3) 2.5V带的选择 (4) 第3章主轴箱展开图的设计 (7) 3.1各零件结构尺寸的设计 (7) 3.1.1 设计内容和步骤 (7) 3.1.2有关零件结构和尺寸的设计 (7) 3.1.3各轴结构的设计 (9) 3.1.4主轴组件的刚度和刚度损失的计算 (10) 3.1.5轴承的校核 (13) 3.2装配图的设计的概述 (13) 总结 (19) 参考文献 (20)
第一章概述 1-1设计目的 数控机床的课程设计，是在数控机床设计课程之后进行的实践性教学环节。其目的在于通过数控机床伺服进给系统的结构设计，使我们在拟定进给传动及变速等的结构方案过程中得到设计构思、方案分析、结构工艺性、CAD制图、设计计算、编写技术文件、查阅技术资料等方面的综合训练，建立正确的设计思想，掌握基本的设计方法，培养我们初步的结构设计和计算能力。 1-2 主轴箱的概述 主轴箱为数控机床的主要传动系统它包括电动机、传动系统和主轴部件它与普通车床的主轴箱比较，相对来手比较简单只有两极或三级齿轮变速系统，它主要是用以扩大电动机无级调速的范围，以满足一定恒功率、和转速的问题。 第二章2主传动设计 2-1驱动源的选择 机床上常用的无级变速机构是直流或交流调速电动机，直流电动机从额定转速nd向上至最高转速nmax是调节磁场电流的方法来调速的，属于恒功率，从额定转速nd向下至最低转速nmin时调节电枢电压的方法来调速的属于恒转矩；交流调速电动机是靠调节供电频率的方法调速。由于交流调速电动机的体积小，转动惯量小，动态响应快，没有电刷，能达到的最高转速比同功率的直流调速电动机高，磨损和故障也少，所以在中小功率领域，交流调速电动机占有较大的优势，鉴于此，本设计选用交流调速电动机。 根据主轴要求的最高转速4000r/min，最大切削功率5kw，选择北京数控设备厂的BESK-8型交流主轴电动机，最高转速是4500r/min。 2-2 转速图的拟定 根据交流主轴电动机的最高转速和基本转速可以求得交流主轴电动机的恒功率转速范围Rdp=nmax/nd=3 而主轴要求的恒功率转速范围Rnp=3，远大于交流主轴电动机所能提供的恒功率
中文4285字 附录1 LATHES & MILLING A shop that is equipped with a milling machine and an engine lathe can machine almost any type of product of suitable size. The basic machines that are designed primarily to do turning，facing and boring are called lathes. Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools，and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathe can do boring，facing，drilling，and reaming in addition to turning，their versatility permits several operations to be performed with a single setup of the workpiece. This accounts for the fact that lathes of various types are more widely used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. Lathes in various forms have existed for more than two thousand years. Modern lathes date from about 1797，when Henry Maudsley developed one with a leads crew. It provided controlled，mechanical feed of the tool. This ingenious Englishman also developed a change gear system that could connect the motions of the spindle and leadscrew and thus enable threads to be cut. Lathe Construction.The essential components of a lathe are depicted in the block diagram of picture. These are the bed，headstock assembly，tailstock assembly，carriage assembly，quick-change gearbox，and the leadscrew and feed rod. The bed is the back bone of a lathe. It usually is made of well-normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides a heavy，rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel，longitudinal ways，inner and outer，are contained on the bed，usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways，whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets. Because several other components are mounted and/or move on the ways they must be made with precision to assure accuracy of alignment. Similarly，proper precaution should betaken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The ways on most modern lathes are surface hardened to
2604130359 CNC Cutting Technology Review Numerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology. 1, high-speed CNC machining meaning High speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency. With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas. The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting. In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a
数控车床主轴箱的优化设计和开发，以尽量减少热变形 森精机--Nagoya--日本 数字技术实验室--Sacramento--美国 关键词：热误差，设计方法，精度，主轴箱 本文是以调查的方法来减少和弥补精度数控车床中较大的热位移误差。为此，在这里我们提出了一个高效的设计和优化方法——主轴箱结构设计方法，来尽量减少主轴中心位置的热位移。和现有的那些经验方法相比较，这种方法可以更好的节省开发时间和成本。为了确定最佳的主轴箱结构，我们提出了Taguchi方法和有限元分析方法，这两种方法主要是用来验证和评估主轴中心过渡的主轴箱优化结果。 一：介绍 精度数控车床的精度越高，在加工精度要求方面的需求也越高。而热变形对于加工效果有非常显著的影响。关于这一个问题已经进行了的许多的研究。然而，并没有在实践中取得很多良好的效果。 热变形的主要研究归纳如下，Moriwaki和Shamoto建议使用温度传感器的热位移估计补偿方法，Brecher和Hirsche在延长这项工作的基础上控制部数据，刺激等等，这些主要是用于非金属材料（如碳纤维增强塑料），以抑 页脚.
制热位移。应用轴承的有限元方法（FEM）来分析预紧问题和铸件的形状优化问题，可以尽量减少热位移，Jedrzejewski通过进行补偿，再加上热执行器控制的应变是基于热失真反馈，清水等的原理。开发了一种新的算法，这种算法可以估计装修总机热变形的变形模式，并从涡流型位移传感器处获得所需要的数据。 一些机床制造商通过使用从传感器或部的NC控制器获得温度信息的方法，来估计热位移并进行补偿。对于数控车床来说，热位移通常是受机器的结构，环境的温度，热源的状态（伺服电机或加工热），气流和冷却剂的使用情况等的影响，虽然说理论上是可以进行准确的补偿，但是估计位移要涉及以上这些复杂的相互作用、参数和需要大量的组合实验。比如说，沿每个轴的线性热变形补偿问题，它的变形是伴随着精度显着下降，扭曲或翘曲的。 一种新数控车床的开发涉及到修改现有机器的结构和运行实验，而且，这通常要耗费大量的时间，而且费用也比较昂贵。所以在这里，提出一种新的方法——设计一个主轴箱，数控车床自身随机引起的热变形温度偏差。通过Taguchi方法，CAE分析等，确定数控车床主轴结构和热变形评估，以此证明上面说的方法是一个非常有效率的方法。 二:主轴结构和热位移测量 图1显示了数控车床主轴的部结构、零件以及环境变量的参数。热位移的目标是设计一个主轴箱，让热集中页脚.
附录 英文原文 Industrial Robot and its system’s components There are a variety of definitions of the term robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely. Numerous single purpose muchines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots. These machines are hardwired to perform a single function and can not be reprogrammed to perform a different function. Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted. This definition was developed by the robot Institute ofAmerica: A robot is a reprogrammable muhifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable progranmled motions for the perfommnce of a variety of tasks. Note that this definition cxmtalns the words reprograrnmable and multifunctional. It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various single-purpose machines used in modern manufacturing firms. The term"reprogrammable"implies two things:The robot operates aec~)rding to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to acconlmodatc a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term"multifunctional"means that the robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different cnd-effectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks. Definitions written around these two critical characteristics are becoming the accepted definitions among manufacturing professionals. The fimt articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. In 1954, the first programmable robot was designed by George Devol. It was based on two important technologies: (1) Numerical control (NC) technology. (2) Remote manipulation technology. Numerical control technology provided a foma of machine control ideally suited to robots.It allowed for the control of motion by stored programs. These programs contain data points to which the robot sequentially moves, timing signals to initiate action and to stop movement, and logic statements to allow for decision rfmking. Remote manipulation technology allowed a machine to be more than just another NC machine. It allowed such machines to become robots that can perfoml a variety of manufactuing tasks in both inaccessible an unsafe environmonts. By mering these two technologies, Devol developed the first industrial robot, an unsophistieated programmable materials handling machine. The first conunercially produced robot was developed in 1959. In 1962, the first industrial robot to be used oil a production llne was installed by General Motors Corporation. This robot was produced by Unimation. A major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the T-3 industrial robot by Cincinnati Milaeron. The T-3 robot was the first commercially produced
Development and application of combined machine tool The combination of machine tools based on general parts, workpiece supported by the specific shape and design of special processing of parts and fixtures, the composition semiautomatic or automatic special machine. Combination machine generally adopts multi shaft, knife, more processes, more or multiple locations simultaneously processes, and production efficiency ratio general machine tool high several times to several times. As generic components have been standardized and serialized, may need to be flexible configuration, can shorten design and manufacturing cycle. Therefore, the aggregate machine-tool has the advantages of high efficiency and low cost, the large, mass production to be widely applied, and can be used to compose the automatic production line. Processing, workpiece generally does not rotate, by movement of the rotatable cutter and tool and workpiece relative feed movement, to achieve drilling, reaming, counterboring, reaming, boring, milling, cutting and processing of external thread face and etc.. Some combination machine adopts clamping workpiece machining head to rotate, by the tool for the feed movement, also can achieve some rotating parts ( such as car rear axle flywheel, etc.) of the face and processing. In twentieth Century since the 70's, along with the cutting tool with indexable inserts, dense gear milling cutter, boring size automatic detection and automatic compensation for tool technology development, combination of the machining accuracy of the machine tool is improved. Milling plane plane of up to 0.05mm and1000 mm, the surface roughness can be as low as 2.5to 0.63 microns; boring accuracy up to IT7~6, hole distance precision can reach 0.03~ 0.02 micron. A dedicated machine is along with the automobile industry development. In some parts of special machine tool for repeated use, and gradually developed into a general components, resulting in a combined machine tool. The earliest combination machine is made in the United States in 1911, for the processing of auto parts. Initially, the machine tool manufacturing