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“夏翁,江阴巨族”原文及译文赏析原文及翻译

“夏翁,江阴巨族”原文及译文赏析原文及翻译
“夏翁,江阴巨族”原文及译文赏析原文及翻译

“夏翁,江阴巨族”原文及译文赏析原文

及翻译

夏翁,江阴巨族。尝舟行过市桥,一人担粪,倾入其舟,溅及翁衣。其人旧识也,僮辈怒,欲殴之。翁曰:“此出不知耳,知我宁肯相犯!”因好语遣之。及归,阅债籍,此人乃负三十金无偿,欲因以求死。翁为之折券①。长洲尤翁开钱典②。岁底,闻外哄声,出视,则邻人也。司典者前诉曰:“某将衣质钱,今空手来取,反出詈语③,有是理乎!”其人悍然不逊,翁徐谕之曰:“我知汝意,不过为过新年计耳。此小事,何以争为?”命检原质,得衣帷四五事④,翁指絮衣曰:“此御寒不可少。”又指道袍曰:“与汝为拜年用,他物非所急,自可留也。”其人得二件,默然而去。是夜竟死于他家,涉讼经年。盖此人因负债多已服毒知尤富可诈既不获则移于他家耳。或问尤翁:“何以预知而忍乏?”翁曰:“凡非理相加,其中必有所恃,小不忍则祸立至矣。”人服其识。

(冯梦龙《智囊·知微》)

【注】①折券:撕毁债券,不再索取,即免债的意思。②钱典:当铺。③詈(lì)语:骂人的话。④事:量词。件,样。

16.下列句子中加点词的解释错误的一项是()(3分)

A.尝舟行过市桥(乘船)B.因好语遣之(打发)

C.某将衣质钱(抵押)D.反出詈语(返回)

17.对文中画波浪线的部分断句恰当的一项是()(3分)

A.盖此人因负债多/已服毒/知尤富可诈/既不获/则移于他家耳。

B.盖此人因负债/多已服毒/知尤富/可诈既不获/则移于他家耳。

C.盖此人/因负债多/已服毒知尤富/可诈既不获则移/于他家耳。

D.盖此人因负债/多已服毒知尤/富可诈/既不获则移/于他家耳。

18.用现代汉语写出下列句子的意思。(5分)

①此出不知耳,知我宁肯相犯!(2分)

②凡非理相加,其中必有所恃,小不忍则祸立至矣。(3分)

19.夏翁、尤翁各有哪些方面值得我们学习?请结合其言行分析。(4分)

参考答案

16. D

17. A

18. ①这是出于不知道罢了,(如果)知道是我,怎么会冒犯我呢!

②凡是无理取闹的,其中一定有所依仗,小事不忍让,那么灾祸就会立即到来。

19. 夏翁没有为难将粪倒向自己的人,还主动撕毁他的债券,他

的涵养和大度值得我们学习。尤翁忍受邻人的无理取闹,并无偿还他衣物;从其异常举动中预知潜在的危险,从而避免了灾祸。这种容人的度量和非凡的见识值得我们学习。

参考译文

夏翁是江阴县的大族,曾坐船经过市桥,有一个人挑粪倒入他的船,溅到夏翁的衣服,此人还是旧相识。僮仆很生气,想打他,夏翁说:“这是因为他不知情,如果知道是我,怎会冒犯我呢?”因而用好话把他打发走。

回家后,夏翁翻阅债务帐册查索,原来这个人欠了三十两钱无法偿还,想借此求死。夏翁因此撕毁契券,干脆不要他还。

长洲尤翁开钱庄营生,年末,听到门外有吵闹声,出门一看,原来是邻居。

司典者(管理典当的职员)上前对尤翁诉说:“此人拿衣服来典押借钱,现在却空手前来赎取,而且出口骂人,有这种道理吗?”此人还是一副骠悍不驯的样子。

尤翁慢慢地告诉他说:“我知道你的心意,不过是为新年打算而已,这种小事何必争吵?就命家人检查他原来抵押的物品,共有四、五件衣服。尤翁指着棉衣道:“这件是御寒不可少的。”又指着长袍道:“这件给你拜年用,其他不是急需,自然可以留在这里。”这个人拿了两件衣服,默默地离去。

但是当夜竟然死在别人家,官司打了一年。原来这个人负债太多,已经服毒还没有发作,打算自杀讹诈人钱财,心想尤翁有钱,好做讹

头。既然不成,又转移到别人家的。有人问尤翁为什么事先知道而强忍着,尤翁说:“凡是别人同你发生冲突而不合常理,一定有所仗恃。小事不能忍,灾祸立刻降临。”人人都佩服他的见识。

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荏苒冬春谢,寒暑忽流易。 之子归重泉,重壤永幽隔。 私怀谁克从?淹留亦何益? 僶俛恭朝命,回心反初役。 望庐思其人,入室想所历。 帏屏无仿佛,翰墨有余迹。 流芳未及歇,遗挂犹在壁。 怅恍如或存,回遑忡惊惕。 如彼翰林鸟,双栖一朝只。 如彼游川鱼,比目中路析。 春风缘隙来,晨溜承檐滴。 寝息何时忘?沈忧日盈积。 庶几有时衰,庄缶犹可击。 千百年来,男人值得一夸的最高褒赞就是“才过宋玉,貌赛潘安”——潘安就是潘岳。“掷果盈车”、“傅粉檀郎”等等成语典故皆出于这位倜傥男儿。潘岳与结发妻子杨氏伉俪和谐,始终如一。 四、唐代悼亡诗 遣悲怀三首(选一) 〔唐〕元稹 谢公最小偏怜女,嫁与黔娄百事乖。 顾我无衣搜荩箧,泥他沽酒拔金钗。 野蔬充膳甘长藿,落叶添薪仰古槐。 今日俸钱过十万,与君营奠复营斋。 昔日戏言身后意,今朝都到眼前来。 衣裳已施行看尽,针线犹存未忍开。 尚想旧情怜婢仆,也曾因梦送钱财。 诚知此恨人人有,贫贱夫妻百事哀。 闲坐悲君亦自悲,百年多是几多时。

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

小松原文和翻译

小松原文和翻译 小松 唐代:杜荀鹤 自小刺头深草里,而今渐觉出蓬蒿。 时人不识凌云木,直待凌云始道高。 「译文」 松树小的时候长在很深很深的草中,埋没看不出来, 到现在才发现已经比那些野草(蓬蒿)高出了许多。 那些人当时不识得可以高耸入云的树木, 直到它高耸入云,人们才说它高。 「注释」 ①刺头:指长满松针的小松树。 ②蓬蒿(pénghāo):两种野草。 ③直待:直等到。 ④凌云:高耸入云。 ⑤始道:才说。 鉴赏 《小松》借松写人,托物讽喻,寓意深长。 松,树木中的英雄、勇士。数九寒天,百草枯萎,万木凋零,而它却苍翠凌云,顶风抗雪,泰然自若。然而凌云巨松是由刚出土的小松成长起来的。小松虽小,即已显露出必

将“凌云”的苗头。《小松》前两句,生动地刻画出这一特点。 “自小刺头深草里”——小松刚出土,的确小得可怜,路边野草都比它高,以至被掩没在“深草里”。但它虽小而并不弱,在“深草”的包围中,它不低头,而是“刺头”——那长满松针的头,又直又硬,一个劲地向上冲刺,锐不可当。那些弱不禁风的小草是不能和它相匹敌的。“刺头”的“刺”,一字千钧,不但准确地勾勒出小松外形的特点,而且把小松坚强不屈的性格、勇敢战斗的精神,活脱脱地勾画出来了。一个“刺”字,显示出小松具有强大的生命力;它的“小”,只是暂时的,相对的,随着时间的推进,它必然由小转大。不是么?—— “而今渐觉出蓬蒿。”蓬蒿,即蓬草、蒿草,草类中长得较高者。小松原先被百草踩在脚底下,可现在它已超出蓬蒿的高度;其他的'草当然更不在话下。这个“出”字用得精当,不仅显示了小松由小转大、发展变化的情景,而且在结构上也起了承前启后的作用:“出”是“刺”的必然结果,也是未来“凌云”的先兆。事物发展总是循序渐进,不可能一步登天,故小松从“刺头深草里”到“出蓬蒿”,只能“渐觉”。“渐觉”说得既有分寸,又很含蓄。是谁“渐觉”的呢?只有关心、爱护小松的人,时时观察、比较,才能“渐觉”;至于那些不关心小松成长的人,视而不见,哪能谈得上“渐觉”呢?故作者笔锋一转,发出深深的慨叹:

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

潘安《悼亡诗》原文及赏析

潘安《悼亡诗》原文及赏析 潘安《悼亡诗》原文及赏析 潘安悼亡诗 荏苒冬春谢,寒暑忽流易。 之子归穷泉,重壤永幽隔。 私怀谁克从,淹留亦何益。 黾勉恭朝命,回心返初役。 望庐思其人,入室想所历。 帏屏无芳菲,翰墨有余迹。 流芳未及歇,遗挂犹在壁。 怅恍如或存,回惶忡惊惕。 如彼翰林鸟,双萋一朝只。 如彼游川鱼,比目中路析。 春风缘隙来,晨溜承檐滴。 寝息何时忘,沈忧日盈积。 庶几有时衰,庄缶尤可击。 -------------------------- 曜灵运天机,四节代迁逝。凄凄朝露凝,烈烈夕风厉。 茵帷张故房,朔望临尔祭。悲怀感物来,泣涕应情陨。 驾言陟东阜,望坟思纡轸。徘徊墟墓间,欲去复不忍。 落叶委埏侧,枯荄带坟隅。孤魂独茕茕,安知灵与无? 潘安悼亡诗赏析 这一首《悼亡诗》作于何时?大约是杨氏死后一周年,即晋惠帝永康九年(299)所作。何焯《义门读书记》说:“安仁《悼亡》,盖在终制之后,荏苒冬春,寒暑忽易,是一期已周也。古人未有丧而赋诗者。”结合诗的内容考察,是可以相信的。 “望庐思其人,入室想所历。帏屏无髣髴,翰墨有馀迹。流芳未及歇,遗挂犹在壁。怅恍如或存,回惶忡惊惕。”是第二部分,写诗人就要离家返回任所,临行之前,触景生情,心中有说不出的悲哀和痛苦。看到住宅,自然想起亡妻,她的音容笑貌宛在眼前;进入房间,自然忆起与爱妻共同生活的美好经历,她的一举一动,使诗人永远铭记在心间。可是,在罗帐、屏风之间再也见不到爱妻的形影。见到的是墙上挂的亡妻的笔墨遗迹,婉媚依旧,余香未歇。眼前的'情景,使诗人的神志恍恍忽忽,好像爱妻还活着,忽然想起她离开人世,心中不免有几分惊惧。这一段心理描写,十分细腻的表现了诗人思念亡妻的感情,真挚动人。这是全诗的最精采的部分。 潘岳的悼亡诗赋有一个明显的特点,即富于感情。此诗也不例外。陈祚明说:“安仁情深之子,每一涉笔,淋漓倾注,宛转侧折,旁写曲诉,刺刺不能自休。夫诗以道情,未有情深而语不佳者;所嫌笔端繁冗,不能裁节,有逊乐府古诗含蕴不尽之妙耳。”(《采菽堂古诗选》卷十一)这里肯定潘岳悼亡诗的感情“淋漓倾注”,又批评了他的诗繁冗和缺乏“含蕴不尽之妙”,十分中肯。沈德潜对潘岳诗的评价不高,但是对悼亡诗,也指出“其情自深”(《古诗源》卷七)的特点。的确,潘岳悼亡诗感情深沉,颇为感人。 由于潘岳有《悼亡诗》三首是悼念亡妻的,从此以后,“悼亡诗”成为悼念亡妻的专门诗篇,再不是悼念其他死亡者的诗篇。

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处:Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

【描写雪后的空气的诗句】原文注释、翻译赏析

【描写雪后的空气的诗句】原文注释、翻译赏析 一,描写雪后的图片 二,描写雪后的空气的诗句 1、渺万里层云,千山暮雪,只影向谁去?____元好问《摸鱼儿·雁丘词 / 迈陂塘》 2、梅须逊雪三分白,雪却输梅一段香。____卢梅坡《雪梅·其一》 3、昔去雪如花,今来花似雪。____范云《别诗》 4、忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开。____岑参《白雪歌送武判官归京》 5、孤舟蓑笠翁,独钓寒江雪。____柳宗元《江雪》 6、乱山残雪夜,孤烛异乡人。____崔涂《除夜 / 巴山道中除夜书怀 / 除夜有怀》 7、柴门闻犬吠,风雪夜归人。____刘长卿《逢雪宿芙蓉山主人》 8、有梅无雪不精神,有雪无诗俗了人。____卢梅坡《雪梅·其二》 9、浮生只合尊前老。雪满长安道。____舒亶《虞美人·寄公度》 10、北国风光,千里冰封,万里雪飘。____毛泽东《沁园春·雪》 11、窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。____杜甫《绝句》 12、云横秦岭家何在?雪拥蓝关马不前。____韩愈《左迁至蓝关示侄孙湘》 13、雪消门外千山绿,花发江边二月晴。____欧阳修《春日西湖寄谢法曹歌》 14、欲渡黄河冰塞川,将登太行雪满山。____李白《行路难·其一》 15、欲将轻骑逐,大雪满弓刀。____卢纶《和张仆射塞下曲·其三》 16、雪纷纷,掩重门,不由人不断魂,瘦损江梅韵。____关汉卿《大德歌·冬》 17、千里黄云白日曛,北风吹雁雪纷纷。____高适《别董大二首》 18、今自己来思,雨雪霏霏。____佚名《采薇》 19、惨惨柴门风雪夜,此时有子不如无。____黄景仁《别老母》 20、五月天山雪,无花只有寒。____李白《塞下曲六首·其一》 21、梅雪争春未肯降,骚人搁笔费评章。____卢梅坡《雪梅·其一》 22、不知近水花先发,疑是经冬雪未销。____张谓《早梅》 23、燕山雪花大如席,片片吹落轩辕台。____李白《北风行》

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.doczj.com/doc/303306933.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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