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外国文学研究托妮・莫里森，１９９３年诺贝尔文学奖的获得者，是美国著名的黑人女作家。
她的作品风格独树一帜，有的带有魔幻现实主义的色彩，有的闪耀着严肃理性的光辉。
她善于用富有诗意的语言表达令人深思感慨的悲剧性主题，表达她对社会与人生的独特理解。
《宠儿》（Ｂｅｌｏｖｅｄ）是她的著名三部曲中的一部（另两部为《爵士乐》和《天堂》），也是她的长篇代表作之一，该作一出版就受到普遍赞誉，并使得她荣获普利策文学奖。
在《宠儿》中，莫里森舒缓地为读者展示出黑人女性塞丝（Ｓｅｔｈｅ）的悲剧命运。
随着迷雾的层层拨开，塞丝杀婴这个血淋林的事件及其原委也逐步被揭示显露出来。
本文对《宠儿》中塞丝的悲剧进行分析探讨。
一、社会历史的悲剧莫里森本身作为一名黑人女性，深刻了解在美国社会中的非裔黑人艰辛痛苦的发展斗争史。
她本人曾在美国蓝登书屋出版公司担任编辑及高级编审，曾编辑《黑人之书》。
由此，她有机会收集整理了有关黑人生活的大量历史资料，她在《宠儿》中描述了塞丝做出非常之举——杀死自己的婴儿（“宠儿”），就根源于一定的历史事件进而产生了灵感，进行了创作。
塞丝的悲剧首先是社会和历史的悲剧。
她的行为背后有着深层的社会历史原因。
故事发生在十九世纪三、四十年代的美国，广大黑人处在社会的最底层。
处于弱势群体的黑人们饱受摧残，他们处于生存的边缘地带，而作为一名黑人女奴的塞丝，她的生存空间更加狭小，受到各方强权的极度挤压。
她不甘心永远处于被欺压被奴役的地位，终于决心逃离。
由于情形异常严峻，为了生存以及为了避免自己的孩子将来再遭受奴役之苦，在激烈的思想斗争之后，她最终将自己的女婴杀死之后逃离了种植园。
塞丝是出于无奈才做出这样的残暴之举，她的这种行为引发了她以后的人生悲剧，而这悲剧的产生，社会历史的原因是最为直接的原因。
莫里森对“黑色”有着最真切的体会与感受，她在作品中淋漓尽致地展现外在的肤色给黑人带来的心灵阴影。
她曾说过：“黑人，只因肤色与众不同，过去，被人看作奴隶，现在，成了贫困的象征。
FOREIGN FILM REVIEW外国电影评论电影《宠儿》（Beloved ）和《绿皮书》（Green Book ）是两部富有寓意的黑人题材电影。
《宠儿》讲述一位奴隶母亲塞丝（Sethe）为避免子女再次为奴，用锯子杀死自己的孩子，被杀女儿宠儿（Beloved）通过闹鬼和还魂人身对塞丝进行报复。
近期的热门电影《绿皮书》讲述了著名黑人钢琴家唐•谢利（Donald Shirley）在意大利裔白人保镖托尼•利普•瓦莱隆加（Tony “Lip” Vallelonga）的护航下前往美国南方腹地进行钢琴巡演，沿途遭遇种族歧视和种族隔离，在托尼的协助下，谢利基本完成演出合同，两人建立了跨越种族和阶层的友谊。
《宠儿》的故事发生在1865年，《绿皮书》的故事则发生在民权运动期间的1962年，两部影片的故事时间跨度近百年，却通过“凝视”为观众展示了美国黑人与白人近百年的种族关系变迁，意义深远。
“凝视”（gaze），也译“注视”“盯视”，是“携带着权力运作或者欲望纠结的观看方法。
”[1]凝视蕴含着观者和被观者的权力博弈。
借用凝视理论，两部电影可解读为美国白人与黑人相互凝视的视觉影像，影片通过“凝视”主、客体的变化折射出美国白人与黑人的种族关系变迁。
两部影片对“凝视”的呈现方式也不尽相同：《宠儿》演绎了白人凝视下黑人（黑奴）的暴力抵抗，控诉了奴隶制的惨无人道，而《绿皮书》则逆写了黑人与白人的关系，通过凝视主、客体角色的反转演绎了黑人精英凝视下黑人与白人的对抗与和解。
电影寓意的“政治正确”考量也成为两部影片票房成败的分水岭。
【作者简介】 刀喊英，女，云南盈江人，厦门理工学院外国语学院副教授，南京大学外国语学院博士生，主要从事英美文学研究。
【基金项目】 本文系福建省社会科学规划项目“权力理论视阈下的托妮·莫里森小说研究”（编号：FJ2016C101）；福建省中青年教师教育科研项目“福柯权力理论视域下的托妮·莫里森小说研究”（编号：JAS160394）的研究成果。
影片《宠儿》中的黑人女性主义透视作者：吴玲来源：《电影评介》2016年第13期1856年美国蓄奴史上发生了第一件黑人奴隶的母亲亲手杀死了自己女儿的事件。
电影《宠儿》就是根据其进行改编的。
电影《宠儿》以塞斯杀害自己的亲生女儿的事件作为故事的引入点，进行黑人生活的讲述，将“宠儿”变成鬼魂不愿离开人世的灵异事件和人们对塞斯的疏远和误解作为故事发展的一个导向，反映出当时社会对这种事件的不满态度，通过艾拉和塞斯母亲事件的讲述和故事的更迭发展，从侧面反映了在当时社会中黑人女性的反抗意识。
电影《宠儿》充满了暴力事件和血腥的场面，借助124号农舍进行故事情节的展开，以塞斯的两个儿子被送走之前的种种预兆作为故事的发展方向，《宠儿》从开始一直到结尾，采用典型的哥特式表现手法，对当时社会上的黑人女性的反抗、渴望自由、渴望平等以及尊重主权的迫切需求表现得淋漓尽致。
一、影片强调了女性主义内涵电影《宠儿》是根据美国蓄奴制时代真实发生的事情进行改编。
电影主题围绕黑人女性主义进行阐述。
美国的女性主义发展可以简单地概括为美国黑人女性主义的发展。
[1]回顾美国的历史不难发现，在黑人女作家艾丽斯·沃克的作品中最先提出黑人女权主义，在大量的文学作品中，黑人女性主义都是极其热爱女性文化的，并且女权主义者之间需要懂得互相帮助，还要积极主动的投身到黑人的民族事业中去，努力维护自己民族的尊严。
莫里森作为黑人女性主义的代表性作家，从自己的角度对美国黑人和美国黑人女性的历史和面临的现实进行考虑，紧密结合自己的亲身经历，深深的意识到过去的黑暗历史和现在的幸福生活有着密不可分的关系。
莫里森一直都非常重视黑人女性的生活经历，并且希望从黑人的生活经历中得到一些启示。
莫里森在这部作品中，塑造了收到种族歧视和性别歧视的黑人女仆对奴隶制度所进行的种种反抗的故事，但也在一定程度上反映了美国当时的残酷社会现状。
电影《宠儿》对塞斯·贝比以及塞斯母亲等事情进行详细的描述，尤其是对塞斯和宠儿一家的纠缠进行详细的描述，反映了当时社会的黑暗和对黑人女仆的压迫以及黑人对奴隶制度的不满等，更为严重的是对当时白人的种种压迫和无穷尽的屈辱的一种强烈反抗。
文学WEN XUE2017.07《宠儿》是美国著名作家托尼·莫里森创作的一部享誉世界的作品。
莫里森以其高超的写作手法，将当时环境下黑人女性受到种族和性别歧视及心灵创伤而导致的扭曲情感表现得淋漓尽致。
莫里森详尽地描写了在社会环境的压迫下黑人女性的内心世界，将这种矛盾、渴求自由的痛苦和艰辛展现得十分透彻。
笔者从女性主义角度对莫里森《宠儿》中黑人女性的刻画展开深刻思考，分析主人公的悲惨遭遇及其受到创伤的内心世界，探索黑人女性心灵世界的重构。
一、《宠儿》的创作背景和主题思想小说《宠儿》取材于历史上一个真实故事。
1873年，在美国俄亥俄州的辛辛那提小镇，一名叫玛格丽特·加纳的女性黑奴带着儿女从位于肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃亡到此，她曾经的主人带着下属跟来抓捕她，为了不再让自己的孩子遭遇与自己相同的悲惨命运，玛格丽特·加纳在极度绝望的痛苦之下杀死了自己的女儿。
莫里森在小说中将玛格丽特·加纳化名为“塞丝”，将她夭折的女儿称为“宠儿”，以其别具一格的写作手法和对生活的敏锐观察，通过黑人文学独特的语言表达形式，使用多种写作手法还原了这个故事，向世人讲述一位美国黑人母亲悲惨的、引人深思的经历。
在这部作品中，莫里森不仅描写了母爱和对自我价值的追寻，也侧面展现出黑人在长期奴隶制度压迫下心灵发生的变化。
《宠儿》这部作品中体现出典型的女性主义思想，以黑人女性在奴隶制度迫害下为追求自由、追寻自我所做的努力，打破了黑人女性在历史中“隐形人”的静默地位。
莫里森以《宠儿》中黑人女性心灵态度的转变昭告世界，即使这段历史带来的只有痛苦和屈辱的记忆，也绝不能遗忘。
二、女性主义的呼吁和宣扬在《宠儿》中，莫里森所刻画的三位黑人女主人公正是十分典型的黑人女性。
托尼·莫里森通过对塞丝、塞丝的婆婆贝比·萨格斯和小女儿丹芙这三位黑人女性的内心描写，展现出了奴隶制度下黑人女性不断追寻自我和社会认同、努力建立属于自身的主体意识的过程。
从《宠儿》看托尼·莫里森的黑人女性身份重建王 妮 西安翻译学院外国语学院 陕西 西安 710105[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A [文章编号]：1002-2139(2011)-06-0199-02在托尼•莫里森于1993年被瑞典文学院授予诺贝尔文学奖时，对她的评论是“以其赋予洞察力和诗情画意的小说把美国现实的一个重要方面写活了。
”事实的确如此。
1987年出版的《宠儿》，就是一部黑人奴隶饱受奴隶制摧残的血泪史，而其中对黑人女性的双压迫更是作了深层次的剖析。
正如莫里森本人所提到的：“身为黑人和女性，我能进入到那些不是黑人、不是女性的人所不能进入的一个感情和感受的宽广领域。
”（鲁亚斯，243）本文拟从身份的角度，解读莫里森在《宠儿》中对黑人女性身份的关注，通过对残酷的奴隶制对黑人女性的压迫，明确奴隶制才是黑人女性身份缺失的根本原因，同时，探讨莫里森站在黑人文化的高度，通过对黑人历史的重忆，黑人女性母性的肯定和尊重，以及小说中黑人社区力量的加入，确定了莫里森对黑人女性身份的重建。
“文化身份认同”是后殖民语境中文化研究的一个热门话题，黑人的文化身份认同的困惑是美国文学与文化中的一个特殊现象。
从经济因素上将，美国黑人与殖民地民族有许多共同之处。
和不发达国家的人民一样，黑人也在不同程度上遭受着饥饿、没有文化和疾病的痛苦。
他们被束缚在耕地上、城市和半城市的贫民窟中，并且忍受着文化的匮乏和异族统治的心理反应。
正因为如此，美国黑人一开始就可以理解为以殖民地被殖民者的形式存在的。
他们被奴役的状况跟欧洲列强的殖民扩张同时发生，也正是美国国内殖民主义的一个前提表现。
从某种程度上说，美国虽然没有在非洲建立一个殖民主义帝国，但却把殖民主义制度带回国，在南方各州实行了起来。
能够区分美国黑人和纯粹的殖民地黑人的唯一因素是，他们的环境仍在“故乡”祖国，看似接近于主要的族群，实则不是。
因而，对于美国的黑人来讲，寻找自身的文化身份就显得非常的艰难，而这，正是莫里森所要解决的首要问题。
再论《宠儿》中的黑人母亲作者：刘媛媛来源：《商情》2009年第29期【摘要】托尼•莫里森的小说《宠儿》中深刻刻画了奴隶制对黑人造成的肉体和心灵的创伤,通过对于一个具有叛逆精神的黑人女性的刻画,讲述了黑人应该如何保护自己和重获新生的途径。
作者想要强调的并非仅仅是苦难和创伤本身,更重要的是如何捍卫自己的母性进而构建自身主体意识。
小说通过对女主人公塞丝的描述,阐释了造成黑人母亲一切令人不解行为的根源,苦难造成的阴影,以及如何重现记忆并最终得到解脱。
【关键词】托尼•莫里森《宠儿》创伤回忆托尼•莫里森的《宠儿》一直被视为一部美国文学经典。
作为诺贝尔文学奖的得主,莫里森属于那个年代最优秀的作家,并且是最受尊重的黑人女作家之一,现代依然如此。
第五部作品《宠儿》把她推向了一个更新的高度。
评论家们也试图用不同方法,从不同角度解读这部作品,但是最为突出的恰恰是对作品中黑人女性的描述。
作为一个黑人作家,作品中揭示了黑人女性在美国中受到的创伤,种族歧视,性别压迫和经济剥削等等。
因此,本部作品中最值得分析的就是这段非洲女黑奴悲惨和充满血腥的记忆。
在奴隶制及美国内战后的重建时期,女主人公黑奴塞丝怀着身孕只身从肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃到俄亥俄的辛辛那提,然后面对着追踪而来的奴隶主她毅然杀死了自己刚刚会爬的幼女,为了避免女儿遭受和她一样的痛境。
然而女儿的鬼魂一直充斥于房子里,对黑奴塞丝肉体和心灵上都造成了一系列的创伤和痛苦,社区对塞丝行为的不解及排斥,也构成了她屈辱的一种见证。
芭芭拉•韦尔特曾经说过,“女人是母亲、女儿、姐妹、妻子的总称。
没有这些身份,名誉、成就和财富就变成了垃圾;有了它们,女人就能获得幸福及力量。
”然而作为奴隶的塞丝,本身连人的基本权利都没有,生来就被当作动物对待,自己的亲人是谁都不清楚,在那个野蛮的年代,女性黑奴仅仅被当作会产生更多奴隶劳力的工具,塞丝在甜蜜之家中遭受到学校老师的侄子抢奶水事件,也恰恰证明了她作为主体人的身份的丧失。
天津外国语大学应用外语教学中心英语双学位英语阅读课学期论文中文题目：《宠儿》中美国黑人奴隶的生存英文题目：The Survival Of African AmericanSlaves in Beloved班级：姓名：学号：摘要《宠儿》（1987）是普利策奖得主托妮·莫里森的小说，一直被视为一部美国文学经典。
《宠儿》说的是一个看似荒唐诡异的残暴故事：黑人女奴塞丝在逃跑的过程中亲手扼杀了自己的女儿，为了不让她继续奴隶悲惨的命运。
十几年后，鬼婴还魂前来阳间索债。
《宠儿》的基调是苦的。
它像黑人音乐一样根植于悲伤。
在《宠儿》中，通过三代人不同的成长经历展现了处于弱势地位的黑人妇女在种族主义和性别主义的双重压迫下艰难的心路历程。
莫里森用她独特的视角讲述黑人妇女真实的处境，使人们可以强烈深刻地感受到黑人妇女的痛苦经历。
关键词：托尼•莫里森；《宠儿》；奴隶制；创伤；反抗；生存AbstractBeloved(1987) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Toni Morrison. It has been regarded as a classic of American literature. Beloved tells a brutal story seems absurd weird. Black woman Sethe throttled his daughter in the way of escape, for not letting her daughter continue the tragic fate of slaves. Ten years later, the ghost of the infant came back to ask for debt. The tone in Beloved is bitter. It is the same as black music which is rooted in sorrow.Through Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the difficult process of growth of three generations of the black women who are in a weak position and in both racist and sexist oppression. Morrison, with her unique perspective, tells about the real situation of black women so that people can feel the painful experiences of black women strongly and deeply.Key Words：Toni Morrison; Beloved; Slavery; Trauma; Resistance; SurvivalIntroductionIn February 18, 1931, Toni Morrison was born in Cleveland, Ohio, near the town of Laurent. She is the second child in her family. She is the editor of The Black Book , which chronicles the history of African Americans of 300 years. From 1989, she worked as a professor at Princeton University and taught literature. Her main achievement is in the novel field. In 1993, the 62-year-old Morrison won the Nobel Prize for Literature.Toni Morrison is the only Afro-American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature. It confirms her renown and makes her one of the most influential writers in America history. She belongs to that era's best writers and is one of the most respected black women writers. She remains the same in modern era too. Her novel is famous for distinctive images, rich feelings and profound ideas. Her work has always represented the black women and filled with tragedy. From The Bluest Eye to Love, each of her fictions has exerted vibrating influence upon the literary world. In the fictions of Toni Morrison, there is a distinct and eternal theme which can be felt and touched clearly: the tragic life of the black people and the conflict between the white culture and the black culture. Swedish Academy‘s evaluation on her: "The novel gives the United States a very important aspect of the real dynamic with rich imagination and poetic expression.Beloved was recognized as Morrison's best work. In 2006, it was regarded as the best American novel in recent 25 years by "New Y ork Times".The novel Beloved is mainly about Sethe. When the black slave was pregnant, she went alone from the slave manor in Kentucky to Cincinnati in Ohio. The master chased her through the track. In order not let her children repeat their tragic fate of slaves, she resolutely killed his young daughter Beloved who could just crawl. 18 years later, Beloved resurrected back to earth and lived with Sethe, Sethe‘s daughter Dan Fu and the lover of Paul • D. She had not only obtained extra love of her mother but also had lured Paul • D. She did anything to disrupt and destroy the mother's life. The book is full of bitter poetry and tense suspense. Low status of blacks had been denied them even the right to bec ome God's subjects. However, they don‘t break anddon‘t t flex with the spirit of noble character who create their own God. Slavery and freedom, confinement and escape, this is all blacks‘ fate since slavery and racial discrimination has began. It is also the eternal theme of black literature. Beloved also reflects this theme.In 1998 the novel was adapted into a film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey. The analyses and studies of Beloved in previous years mainly focus on the analysis of the theme, the analysis of slavery and the study of writing skills. Each generation makes its own opinions concerning what the novel is and what it offers. My paper illustrates Sethe‘s rebellion against the slavery from different aspects in great details. We can see the persecution of slavery on their lives and their struggling life. My paper chiefly makes up of three chapters. Chapter one discusses black slaves‘ low status in American society. Chapter two researches the twisted motherly love. Chapter three analyzes rebellion against the slavery.Chapter One Psychological Impact of SlaveryIn the novel we can see the slaves‘ tragic life. Paul D, one of the slaves from Sweet Home, the plantation where Baby Suggs, Sethe, Halle, he, and many other slaves had worked in and either been freed or run away from, arrives at 124. He tries to bring a sense of reality into the house. He also tries to make the family move forward in time and leave the past behind.Because of the painful nature of the experiences of slavery, most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to leave behind a horrific past. This repression and dissociation from the past causes a fragmentation of the self and a loss of true identity. Sethe, Paul D. and Denver all experience this loss of self, which could only be remedied by the acceptance of the past and the memory of their original identities. In a way Beloved serves to open these characters up to their repressed memories, eventually causing the reintegration of their selves. Slavery splits a person into a fragmented figure. The identity, consisting of painful memories and unspeakable past, denied and kept at bay, becomes a ‗self that is no self.‘ To heal and humani ze, one must constitute it in a language, reorganize the painful events and retell the painfulmemories. As a result of suffering, the ‗self‘, subject to a violent practice of making and unmaking, once acknowledged by an audience becomes real. Sethe, Paul D, and Baby Suggs who all fall short of such realization, are unable to ‗remake‘ their ‗selves‘ by trying to keep their pasts at bay. The 'self' is located in a word, defined by others. The power lies in the audience, or more precisely, in the word - once the word changes, so does the identity. All of the characters in Beloved face the challenge of an unmade 'self', composed of their 'memories' and defined by perceptions and language. The barrier that keeps them from 'remaking' of the 'self' is the desire for an 'uncomplicated past' and the fear that remembering will lead them to 'a place they couldn't get back from'.Chapter Two Twisted Motherly LoveIn Beloved, Sethe has to kill he r daughter, and undoubtedly that‘s a big tragedy. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself. She forces herself to be the murder of her daughter under the slavery although she is painful. Beloved herself is a tragedy. She comes to this world at a wrong time, and is killed by her mother. When she comes back, she is treated as an evil. At the end of the Beloved, Morrison writes:Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name.Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking forher, and even if they were, how can they call her if they know her name? Althoughshe has claim, she id not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl whowaited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for thechewing laughter to swallow her all away. (Morrison 274)In Sethe‘s mind, children are her most precious part of life. She could strongly feel her rights and obligations as a mother. She has a deeper understanding of slaves‘ life with her own painful experiences. In order to protect her children, she alone escaped from Cincinnati. As a mother, she don‘t want her little girl to experience slave life. The only thing she wants to do is to end thebaby‘s life. From beginning to the end, she thinks it‘s right. When Paul D, her boyfriend, knows the truth of the facts about Sethe‘s killing matter, he accuses her ―Your love is too thick‖. But she answers, ―Love is or it ain‘t. Thin love ain‘t love at all.‖ (Morrison 164) Here, a nationality which has lost their words for a long time find its own sounds and characters from a woman.The maternal bonds that connect Sethe to her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own ―best self,‖ a nd the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her ―fantasy of the future,‖ her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denver‘s need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only reaches individuation after Beloved‘s exorc ism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely ―for her,‖ her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of her self that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life. Beloved and Sethe are both very much emotionally impaired as a result of Sethe‘s previous enslavement. Slavery creates a situation where a mother is separated from her child, which has devastating consequences for both parties. Often, mothers do not know themselves to be anything except a mother, so when they are unable to provide maternal care for their children, or their children are taken away from them, they feel a lost sense of self. Similarly, when a child is separated from his or her mother, he or she loses the familial identity associated with mother-child relationships. Sethe was never able to see her mother‘s true face (because her smile was distorted from having spent too much time ―with the bit‖) so she wasn‘t able to connect with her own mother, and therefore does not know how to connect to her own children, even though she longs to. Furthermore, the earliest need a child has is related to the mother: the baby needs milk from the mother. Sethe is traumatized by the experience of having her milk stolen because it means she cannot form the symbolic bond between herself and her daughter.Chapter Three Rebellion Against the SlaveryMorrison chooses the 124 house on Bluestone Road in Cincinnati as the scene of the story. The time is 1873. Although it was 18 years ago when she escaped from the Sweet Home and killed her daughter. It was still a strong memory in Sethe‘s mind. There is a motto of Irish Revolution –―You should sally out by yourself if you want liberty‖ (詹妮特467)—that‘s fit for the black women absolutely. The black women must fight by themselves to win the liberty and rights. And also, people always say that where there is oppression, there is resistance. The black women‘s situation is bad, but they never lose their faith. They are making unremitting efforts to find their ways to a better future. That‘s their strength and growth.Because of the slavery, grandma Baby Suggs was deprived of rights to be the others‘ friend, daughter, wife, mother and so on, and she had seven children, but was allowed only to leave her little son Halle by her side. This is her only chance to be a mother. But at that time, the children of the slave mothers don‘t belong to them; all of them are the private property of the slave owner, and like the tools of workers, they are treated equal to the livestock. Baby Suggs hates the Whites very much and she hopes there is a clear place left for her. But when the Whites break into the yard, she can do nothing, but just accept it, pondering color and waiting for death. Before she has been ransomed, she has no ideas about herself. After she gets freedom, she realizes that if the Blacks want to get liberty, they should know their own value, and learn to love themselves. So, in the woods, she appeals her compatriots for loving themselves:Love your hands! Love them. Raise them up and kiss them. Touch otherswith them, pat them together, stroke them on yours face‘ cause they don‘tlove that either. You got to love it, you! And all your inside parts thatthey‘d just as soon slop for hogs, you got to love them. The dark,dark—love it, love it, and the beat and beating heart, love that too. Morethan eyes or feet. More than lungs that have yet to draw free air. More thanyour life-holding womb and your life-giving private parts, hear me now,love your heart. For this is the prize. (Morrison 89)In fact, the black women are never yield to the outside. When Sethe gets to know that the schoolteacher and his nephews are doing research about black slaves and put Sethe‘s ―human characteristics on the left; her animal ones on the right,‖ (Morrison 193) She is shocked and swears that she would never allow her child‘s characteristics to be put on the animal‘s side. So, when her husband Halle and Sixo‘s first escape plan fails, she resolutely decides to escape alone and then she does it. In this sense, Sethe‘s escape is the demonstration of her strength and self-growth. When she kills her daughter, her intense maternal love is driven to extremes. That means that a slave firstly dominates her own life. Undoubtedly, she uses her courage and strength to challenge the society. When the schoolteacher is coming, Sethe decides to kill her children to exchange their lasting freedom. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself.And for Denver, at the end of the Beloved, she finally realizes the only way to protect her mother is ―She would have to leave the yard, step off the edge of the world, leave the two behind and go ask somebody for help‖ (Morrison 243) ―Know it, and go on out the yard. Go on.‖(Morrison 244) With the encoura gement of her passed grandma, Denver finally has the courage to go out the yard, and found her first job, then the second, and the third. When Paul D wants to express his opinion about Beloved, she stops him, ―I have my own.‖(Morrison 267) Denver goes out of the yard with self-confidence, she knows who she is, and finally she has found her identity.ConclusionThrough Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the process of growth of threegenerations of the black women. The old generation realized their miseries, but they do not know how to change the situation, so they just accept them; the second generation is unwilling to be oppressed, so they try to find a way out. At the end of the fiction, the third generation finally finds their own identity, and then begins to build up a better future.However, they do not and will not stop their resistance if there is still unequal treatment or discrimination. It is safe to say that the revolution of the black women is like a ―glass ceiling‖. They can see their prospect clea rly but they still have a long-time fight and need to make great efforts. Fortunately, they gradually grow up and build very strong strength to make themselves accepted by others. In fact, the black women have great strength and are full of hope, and they are following the way of Baby Suggs, Sethe, and Denver, and making their future more wonderful.When Martin Luther King Jr. said that he had a dream that his children would not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character, it was understood that equal rights for African-Americans would be good for all Americans. Likewise, when the black women have equal rights with others and when laws support the practice of that equality, people will live in a better America, and also in a better world. That is, undoubtedly, the reason why Toni Morrison deliberately demonstrates the tragedy and growth of the black women through the story of Beloved.Works Cited1. ―What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?‖TheNew York Times .May 21, 2006.2.韩昱馨.《宠儿》中塞丝重获自我的实现 [J]. 佳木斯大学社会科学学报，2006.3.屈婉玲. 黑人女性的凝聚力 [J]. 四川外国语学院学报，2005.4.王守仁，吴新云. 性别•种族•文化―托尼•莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1999.。
摘要《宠儿》是托妮·莫里森最震撼人心，最成熟的代表作，这部作品聚焦了美国历史与黑人女性，从莫里森自己独特的角度成功地描绘了奴隶制的残酷和黑人女性自我寻找的心路历程。
小说更是充分展现了女主人公塞丝在奴隶制影响下从迷失自我到自我意识觉醒、探索直至成功构建主体的自我寻找之路，同时莫里森在这部小说中达到了记住过去与忘却过去的和谐统一，指出了团结互助是黑人民族得以生存和强大的关键。
关键词：托妮·莫里森；黑人女性;《宠儿》；塞丝；自我寻找AbstractBeloved is Toni's most representative work which excite people's mind.This work focused on American history and black women, Toni's own unique perspective and the feminist ideas successfully portrayed the mentality of self seeking and the cruelty of slavery.The novel demonstrates respectively Seth suffering to resist until her self-awareness built. At the same time,Morrison in the novel produce harmony of remember the past and forget the past,she stresses the cooperation is the key to survival for black people.Key words : Toni Morrison; black woman; Beloved;Seth ;self - atonement目录一、引言 (1)二、主体的缺失（一）父母之爱的缺席 (1)（二）白人文化的侵蚀 (2)（三）男性的压迫 (3)三、主体的建立（一）内在因素 (4)1.塞丝自我意识的觉醒与探索 (4)2.被动向主动的转变 (5)（二）外在因素 (6)1.民族文化的影响 (7)2.他人的帮助 (7)四、结语 (8)注释 (9)参考文献 (10)附录1文献综述 (11)致谢 (16)引言《宠儿》是托妮·莫里森最震撼人心，最成熟的代表作，现已成为当代文学史上不朽的经典，也是美国文学史上最畅销的作品之一。
XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：由《宠儿》分析美国黑人女性的悲惨命运及原因学院： XXX学院专业：英语教育班级： XXX英语教育X班学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXX 指导教师： XX 职称：XX1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是探讨美国黑人女性的悲惨命运。
其主要任务是通过分析美国飞人女性的悲惨命运来正视美国黑奴制给黑人女性带来的身心上的伤害，分析各方面原因，避免历史重演。
2、论文（设计）的主要内容本论文分为二章，第一章介绍美国黑人女性的悲惨命运，第二章介绍黑人悲惨命运的内部及外部原因。
3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是不同的外国语言文学研究者对《宠儿》中的女性的研究结果。
研究路线是对美国黑人女性的悲惨命运，她们的抗争以及造成她们悲惨命运的原因几方面进行分析，以期达到正视历史，警醒世人的作用。
4、主要参考文献1.Morrison Toni, Beloved (Penguin Putnam Inc.,375 Hudson Street,New York, 1987 )2.陈洁奴隶制下扭曲的母爱——解读《宠儿》中的黑人母亲“塞丝”辽宁：辽宁工业大学学报20093.黄锦莉奴隶制的血泪控诉——评介托尼.莫里森的《宠儿》中国图书评论4.潘岳，雷格《宠儿》中国文学出版社1996教师：年月日教研室主任：年月注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述Literature ReviewIn the nine novels of African-American writer Toni Morrison, Beloved became the favorite of readers because of its thrilling plot and unparalleled narration. Toni Morrison was the first African American woman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. The strong sense of tragic filled her novels from her beginning work The bluest eyes to her latest work A Mercy. In the book Conversations with Toni Morrison,1 Toni Morrison was asked why her books always were so gloomy and so sad. Why didn’t she try to write some positive and healthy relationships? She answered that there was a writing style with happy marriage which was called comedy, but she would never write with it. She was writing something which can be called tragedy which can purify and enlighten. There was a huge difference between these two writing styles, but she tended to tragedy, may be because she was a minor classicalist.”In her eyes, the real life had the nature of tragedy. The present Americans, especially the black people, were and are fighting against their dilemma for a long time. This made her the first African American women to be cited for the prestigious award. She was a predominant writer of the 20th century in studying the black literature. As a female African American writer, Toni Morrison concerned seriously about the life and spiritual world of American blacks, especially the black women. In her fictional world, Toni Morrison reflected miseries, abnormalities and distortions of the black women’s feeling and mind under the oppressions of racism and sexism. Her remarkable achievements represented the recognition of a new kind of literature----the black women literature throughout the world. Toni’s education gave her the access to achieve the previous statement. She attended Howard University where she majored English with a minor in classics. Toni got her bachelor’s degree in English and then attended Cornell University and received a master’s degree in 1955. Toni’s early year s’experience and her knowledge of the history of her family and race made her feel more of the painful effects of racial discrimination. She was exposed to a lot of materials and writers that write about anti-slavery movements during her working time as an editor, which helped her produce an inspiration to figure out the terrible picture of slavery. Thus Beloved was born. And this inspiration was clearly expressed in the preface of Beloved. It was published in 1987 and made a literary sensation. It was considered as a milestone in the history of American literature. Morrison’s other works such as The Bluest Eye(1967), Sula(1973), Song of Solomon(1977), Tar Baby(1981), Paradise(1998), Love(2003), also received high praise in the American Literary World.African American literature, as an up-rising star of American literature, possessed a very important position in American literature. The vulnerable groups especially the African American females got a lot of attention from every aspect of the society. There emerged a large number of writers who studies the African American literature. As an African American female writer, Toni Morrison paid much attention to the description of the psychological world of the African American people. Beloved was the fifth novel of Toni Morrison which was thought highly of. It was regarded as amilestone of American literature. Although it had become a controversial source since its publication, Beloved proved to be an extraordinary success and gained Morrison great reputation. Besides being awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize, Beloved also won her the Robert F. Kennedy Award, the Melcher book Award and the Before Columbus American Book Award. The Elizabeth Cady Stanton Award from the National Organization for women also recognized the contribution the novel made to the history of black women. The American literary world had a high praise for this novel. Nation magazine valued it as Toni Morrison’s finest work and stated it belonged to the highest shelf of our literature. Chicago Sun-Time once valued Beloved as Morr ison’s finest work and stated that nothing she had written so sets her apart, so displays her prodigious, almost shocking talents. Many critics were attracted to its controversial theme study. Elizabeth B. House says that, “Throughout Beloved, Morrison’s theme is that remembering yesterday, while not being consumed by them, gives people the tomorrows with which to make real lives.” "Beloved" was balance and thorough in structure. It had the system of modern mythology. The harsh emphasis on literary skills and the use of the stream of consciousness dominated the novel. After Morrison won the Nobel Prize for Literature, a lot of people, intentionally or unintentionally, dismissed her because of her identity. I thought that black women's identity is precisely the guarantee of her to get into the ranks of the masters of modern Western literature. It was her unique contribution to make the voice of the vulnerable groups (blacks and female) strongly imported into the Western literary tradition. Infanticide might be the most catching plot of the novel which stirred up thousands of studies on the analysis of Sethe’s psychology when she killed her daughter. Thousands of critics criticized this plot from different views. Li Xueqin and Lin Xiaoyong thought that Sethe’s behavior challenged the tradition conception of motherhood. Jane volt thought that Morrison praised Sethe’s determination and courage in sending her children to her mother-in-law, but at the same time, her making choice for her children led to her infanticide. Hu Ying and Li Mengru thought that the infanticide was the inevitable product of the history. Yang Xiaohui thought that Sethe’s behavior was her negative struggle against the slavery. And other scholars thought that Sethe’s behavior is the inevitable product of males’domination of the world. Different people have different opinions about this plot. In my paper, I tend to regard Sethe’ infanticide as her helpless accuse of the bloody and brutal slavery. And I tended to unearth the internal reasons of African American people which caused their miserable sufferings. Things happened under the effects of external and internal reasons. Their fragility in character was the main reason why they were oppressed for so long a time. Meanwhile, their childish, innocent, kindness and obedience were also their reasons for being persecuted. In a word, the miserable history of African American people gave us a lesson. We must learn from their sufferings and treat it correctly. It reminded us to cherish the happy life we have today.本科生毕业论文设计题目：由《宠儿》分析美国黑人女性的悲惨命运作者姓名： XXX指导教师： XX所在学院： XXX学院专业（系）：英语教育班级（届）： XXXX届完成日期 2013 年 5 月 14 日Analysis of the tragic fate of African American women andcause of it in BelovedBYXXXXPro.XXX , TutorA Thesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in PartialFulfillment of theRequirements for the Degree of B.A. in EnglishAt XXXXUniversityMay 14th, 2013内容摘要：非裔美国女作家托尼.莫里森的小说深刻的揭示了美国黑人女性在当时社会环境下的悲惨命运，其代表作《宠儿》是以黑人家庭三代女性的不同命运为题材来揭示黑人女性在当时的社会里所受到的各种压迫和悲惨的命运。
