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外国文学研究托妮・莫里森，１９９３年诺贝尔文学奖的获得者，是美国著名的黑人女作家。
她的作品风格独树一帜，有的带有魔幻现实主义的色彩，有的闪耀着严肃理性的光辉。
她善于用富有诗意的语言表达令人深思感慨的悲剧性主题，表达她对社会与人生的独特理解。
《宠儿》（Ｂｅｌｏｖｅｄ）是她的著名三部曲中的一部（另两部为《爵士乐》和《天堂》），也是她的长篇代表作之一，该作一出版就受到普遍赞誉，并使得她荣获普利策文学奖。
在《宠儿》中，莫里森舒缓地为读者展示出黑人女性塞丝（Ｓｅｔｈｅ）的悲剧命运。
随着迷雾的层层拨开，塞丝杀婴这个血淋林的事件及其原委也逐步被揭示显露出来。
本文对《宠儿》中塞丝的悲剧进行分析探讨。
一、社会历史的悲剧莫里森本身作为一名黑人女性，深刻了解在美国社会中的非裔黑人艰辛痛苦的发展斗争史。
她本人曾在美国蓝登书屋出版公司担任编辑及高级编审，曾编辑《黑人之书》。
由此，她有机会收集整理了有关黑人生活的大量历史资料，她在《宠儿》中描述了塞丝做出非常之举——杀死自己的婴儿（“宠儿”），就根源于一定的历史事件进而产生了灵感，进行了创作。
塞丝的悲剧首先是社会和历史的悲剧。
她的行为背后有着深层的社会历史原因。
故事发生在十九世纪三、四十年代的美国，广大黑人处在社会的最底层。
处于弱势群体的黑人们饱受摧残，他们处于生存的边缘地带，而作为一名黑人女奴的塞丝，她的生存空间更加狭小，受到各方强权的极度挤压。
她不甘心永远处于被欺压被奴役的地位，终于决心逃离。
由于情形异常严峻，为了生存以及为了避免自己的孩子将来再遭受奴役之苦，在激烈的思想斗争之后，她最终将自己的女婴杀死之后逃离了种植园。
塞丝是出于无奈才做出这样的残暴之举，她的这种行为引发了她以后的人生悲剧，而这悲剧的产生，社会历史的原因是最为直接的原因。
莫里森对“黑色”有着最真切的体会与感受，她在作品中淋漓尽致地展现外在的肤色给黑人带来的心灵阴影。
她曾说过：“黑人，只因肤色与众不同，过去，被人看作奴隶，现在，成了贫困的象征。
FOREIGN FILM REVIEW外国电影评论电影《宠儿》（Beloved ）和《绿皮书》（Green Book ）是两部富有寓意的黑人题材电影。
《宠儿》讲述一位奴隶母亲塞丝（Sethe）为避免子女再次为奴，用锯子杀死自己的孩子，被杀女儿宠儿（Beloved）通过闹鬼和还魂人身对塞丝进行报复。
近期的热门电影《绿皮书》讲述了著名黑人钢琴家唐•谢利（Donald Shirley）在意大利裔白人保镖托尼•利普•瓦莱隆加（Tony “Lip” Vallelonga）的护航下前往美国南方腹地进行钢琴巡演，沿途遭遇种族歧视和种族隔离，在托尼的协助下，谢利基本完成演出合同，两人建立了跨越种族和阶层的友谊。
《宠儿》的故事发生在1865年，《绿皮书》的故事则发生在民权运动期间的1962年，两部影片的故事时间跨度近百年，却通过“凝视”为观众展示了美国黑人与白人近百年的种族关系变迁，意义深远。
“凝视”（gaze），也译“注视”“盯视”，是“携带着权力运作或者欲望纠结的观看方法。
”[1]凝视蕴含着观者和被观者的权力博弈。
借用凝视理论，两部电影可解读为美国白人与黑人相互凝视的视觉影像，影片通过“凝视”主、客体的变化折射出美国白人与黑人的种族关系变迁。
两部影片对“凝视”的呈现方式也不尽相同：《宠儿》演绎了白人凝视下黑人（黑奴）的暴力抵抗，控诉了奴隶制的惨无人道，而《绿皮书》则逆写了黑人与白人的关系，通过凝视主、客体角色的反转演绎了黑人精英凝视下黑人与白人的对抗与和解。
电影寓意的“政治正确”考量也成为两部影片票房成败的分水岭。
【作者简介】 刀喊英，女，云南盈江人，厦门理工学院外国语学院副教授，南京大学外国语学院博士生，主要从事英美文学研究。
【基金项目】 本文系福建省社会科学规划项目“权力理论视阈下的托妮·莫里森小说研究”（编号：FJ2016C101）；福建省中青年教师教育科研项目“福柯权力理论视域下的托妮·莫里森小说研究”（编号：JAS160394）的研究成果。
影片《宠儿》中的黑人女性主义透视作者：吴玲来源：《电影评介》2016年第13期1856年美国蓄奴史上发生了第一件黑人奴隶的母亲亲手杀死了自己女儿的事件。
电影《宠儿》就是根据其进行改编的。
电影《宠儿》以塞斯杀害自己的亲生女儿的事件作为故事的引入点，进行黑人生活的讲述，将“宠儿”变成鬼魂不愿离开人世的灵异事件和人们对塞斯的疏远和误解作为故事发展的一个导向，反映出当时社会对这种事件的不满态度，通过艾拉和塞斯母亲事件的讲述和故事的更迭发展，从侧面反映了在当时社会中黑人女性的反抗意识。
电影《宠儿》充满了暴力事件和血腥的场面，借助124号农舍进行故事情节的展开，以塞斯的两个儿子被送走之前的种种预兆作为故事的发展方向，《宠儿》从开始一直到结尾，采用典型的哥特式表现手法，对当时社会上的黑人女性的反抗、渴望自由、渴望平等以及尊重主权的迫切需求表现得淋漓尽致。
一、影片强调了女性主义内涵电影《宠儿》是根据美国蓄奴制时代真实发生的事情进行改编。
电影主题围绕黑人女性主义进行阐述。
美国的女性主义发展可以简单地概括为美国黑人女性主义的发展。
[1]回顾美国的历史不难发现，在黑人女作家艾丽斯·沃克的作品中最先提出黑人女权主义，在大量的文学作品中，黑人女性主义都是极其热爱女性文化的，并且女权主义者之间需要懂得互相帮助，还要积极主动的投身到黑人的民族事业中去，努力维护自己民族的尊严。
莫里森作为黑人女性主义的代表性作家，从自己的角度对美国黑人和美国黑人女性的历史和面临的现实进行考虑，紧密结合自己的亲身经历，深深的意识到过去的黑暗历史和现在的幸福生活有着密不可分的关系。
莫里森一直都非常重视黑人女性的生活经历，并且希望从黑人的生活经历中得到一些启示。
莫里森在这部作品中，塑造了收到种族歧视和性别歧视的黑人女仆对奴隶制度所进行的种种反抗的故事，但也在一定程度上反映了美国当时的残酷社会现状。
电影《宠儿》对塞斯·贝比以及塞斯母亲等事情进行详细的描述，尤其是对塞斯和宠儿一家的纠缠进行详细的描述，反映了当时社会的黑暗和对黑人女仆的压迫以及黑人对奴隶制度的不满等，更为严重的是对当时白人的种种压迫和无穷尽的屈辱的一种强烈反抗。
文学WEN XUE2017.07《宠儿》是美国著名作家托尼·莫里森创作的一部享誉世界的作品。
莫里森以其高超的写作手法，将当时环境下黑人女性受到种族和性别歧视及心灵创伤而导致的扭曲情感表现得淋漓尽致。
莫里森详尽地描写了在社会环境的压迫下黑人女性的内心世界，将这种矛盾、渴求自由的痛苦和艰辛展现得十分透彻。
笔者从女性主义角度对莫里森《宠儿》中黑人女性的刻画展开深刻思考，分析主人公的悲惨遭遇及其受到创伤的内心世界，探索黑人女性心灵世界的重构。
一、《宠儿》的创作背景和主题思想小说《宠儿》取材于历史上一个真实故事。
1873年，在美国俄亥俄州的辛辛那提小镇，一名叫玛格丽特·加纳的女性黑奴带着儿女从位于肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃亡到此，她曾经的主人带着下属跟来抓捕她，为了不再让自己的孩子遭遇与自己相同的悲惨命运，玛格丽特·加纳在极度绝望的痛苦之下杀死了自己的女儿。
莫里森在小说中将玛格丽特·加纳化名为“塞丝”，将她夭折的女儿称为“宠儿”，以其别具一格的写作手法和对生活的敏锐观察，通过黑人文学独特的语言表达形式，使用多种写作手法还原了这个故事，向世人讲述一位美国黑人母亲悲惨的、引人深思的经历。
在这部作品中，莫里森不仅描写了母爱和对自我价值的追寻，也侧面展现出黑人在长期奴隶制度压迫下心灵发生的变化。
《宠儿》这部作品中体现出典型的女性主义思想，以黑人女性在奴隶制度迫害下为追求自由、追寻自我所做的努力，打破了黑人女性在历史中“隐形人”的静默地位。
莫里森以《宠儿》中黑人女性心灵态度的转变昭告世界，即使这段历史带来的只有痛苦和屈辱的记忆，也绝不能遗忘。
二、女性主义的呼吁和宣扬在《宠儿》中，莫里森所刻画的三位黑人女主人公正是十分典型的黑人女性。
托尼·莫里森通过对塞丝、塞丝的婆婆贝比·萨格斯和小女儿丹芙这三位黑人女性的内心描写，展现出了奴隶制度下黑人女性不断追寻自我和社会认同、努力建立属于自身的主体意识的过程。
从《宠儿》看托尼·莫里森的黑人女性身份重建王 妮 西安翻译学院外国语学院 陕西 西安 710105[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A [文章编号]：1002-2139(2011)-06-0199-02在托尼•莫里森于1993年被瑞典文学院授予诺贝尔文学奖时，对她的评论是“以其赋予洞察力和诗情画意的小说把美国现实的一个重要方面写活了。
”事实的确如此。
1987年出版的《宠儿》，就是一部黑人奴隶饱受奴隶制摧残的血泪史，而其中对黑人女性的双压迫更是作了深层次的剖析。
正如莫里森本人所提到的：“身为黑人和女性，我能进入到那些不是黑人、不是女性的人所不能进入的一个感情和感受的宽广领域。
”（鲁亚斯，243）本文拟从身份的角度，解读莫里森在《宠儿》中对黑人女性身份的关注，通过对残酷的奴隶制对黑人女性的压迫，明确奴隶制才是黑人女性身份缺失的根本原因，同时，探讨莫里森站在黑人文化的高度，通过对黑人历史的重忆，黑人女性母性的肯定和尊重，以及小说中黑人社区力量的加入，确定了莫里森对黑人女性身份的重建。
“文化身份认同”是后殖民语境中文化研究的一个热门话题，黑人的文化身份认同的困惑是美国文学与文化中的一个特殊现象。
从经济因素上将，美国黑人与殖民地民族有许多共同之处。
和不发达国家的人民一样，黑人也在不同程度上遭受着饥饿、没有文化和疾病的痛苦。
他们被束缚在耕地上、城市和半城市的贫民窟中，并且忍受着文化的匮乏和异族统治的心理反应。
正因为如此，美国黑人一开始就可以理解为以殖民地被殖民者的形式存在的。
他们被奴役的状况跟欧洲列强的殖民扩张同时发生，也正是美国国内殖民主义的一个前提表现。
从某种程度上说，美国虽然没有在非洲建立一个殖民主义帝国，但却把殖民主义制度带回国，在南方各州实行了起来。
能够区分美国黑人和纯粹的殖民地黑人的唯一因素是，他们的环境仍在“故乡”祖国，看似接近于主要的族群，实则不是。
因而，对于美国的黑人来讲，寻找自身的文化身份就显得非常的艰难，而这，正是莫里森所要解决的首要问题。
再论《宠儿》中的黑人母亲作者：刘媛媛来源：《商情》2009年第29期【摘要】托尼•莫里森的小说《宠儿》中深刻刻画了奴隶制对黑人造成的肉体和心灵的创伤,通过对于一个具有叛逆精神的黑人女性的刻画,讲述了黑人应该如何保护自己和重获新生的途径。
作者想要强调的并非仅仅是苦难和创伤本身,更重要的是如何捍卫自己的母性进而构建自身主体意识。
小说通过对女主人公塞丝的描述,阐释了造成黑人母亲一切令人不解行为的根源,苦难造成的阴影,以及如何重现记忆并最终得到解脱。
【关键词】托尼•莫里森《宠儿》创伤回忆托尼•莫里森的《宠儿》一直被视为一部美国文学经典。
作为诺贝尔文学奖的得主,莫里森属于那个年代最优秀的作家,并且是最受尊重的黑人女作家之一,现代依然如此。
第五部作品《宠儿》把她推向了一个更新的高度。
评论家们也试图用不同方法,从不同角度解读这部作品,但是最为突出的恰恰是对作品中黑人女性的描述。
作为一个黑人作家,作品中揭示了黑人女性在美国中受到的创伤,种族歧视,性别压迫和经济剥削等等。
因此,本部作品中最值得分析的就是这段非洲女黑奴悲惨和充满血腥的记忆。
在奴隶制及美国内战后的重建时期,女主人公黑奴塞丝怀着身孕只身从肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃到俄亥俄的辛辛那提,然后面对着追踪而来的奴隶主她毅然杀死了自己刚刚会爬的幼女,为了避免女儿遭受和她一样的痛境。
然而女儿的鬼魂一直充斥于房子里,对黑奴塞丝肉体和心灵上都造成了一系列的创伤和痛苦,社区对塞丝行为的不解及排斥,也构成了她屈辱的一种见证。
芭芭拉•韦尔特曾经说过,“女人是母亲、女儿、姐妹、妻子的总称。
没有这些身份,名誉、成就和财富就变成了垃圾;有了它们,女人就能获得幸福及力量。
”然而作为奴隶的塞丝,本身连人的基本权利都没有,生来就被当作动物对待,自己的亲人是谁都不清楚,在那个野蛮的年代,女性黑奴仅仅被当作会产生更多奴隶劳力的工具,塞丝在甜蜜之家中遭受到学校老师的侄子抢奶水事件,也恰恰证明了她作为主体人的身份的丧失。
天津外国语大学应用外语教学中心英语双学位英语阅读课学期论文中文题目：《宠儿》中美国黑人奴隶的生存英文题目：The Survival Of African AmericanSlaves in Beloved班级：姓名：学号：摘要《宠儿》（1987）是普利策奖得主托妮·莫里森的小说，一直被视为一部美国文学经典。
《宠儿》说的是一个看似荒唐诡异的残暴故事：黑人女奴塞丝在逃跑的过程中亲手扼杀了自己的女儿，为了不让她继续奴隶悲惨的命运。
十几年后，鬼婴还魂前来阳间索债。
《宠儿》的基调是苦的。
它像黑人音乐一样根植于悲伤。
在《宠儿》中，通过三代人不同的成长经历展现了处于弱势地位的黑人妇女在种族主义和性别主义的双重压迫下艰难的心路历程。
莫里森用她独特的视角讲述黑人妇女真实的处境，使人们可以强烈深刻地感受到黑人妇女的痛苦经历。
关键词：托尼•莫里森；《宠儿》；奴隶制；创伤；反抗；生存AbstractBeloved(1987) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Toni Morrison. It has been regarded as a classic of American literature. Beloved tells a brutal story seems absurd weird. Black woman Sethe throttled his daughter in the way of escape, for not letting her daughter continue the tragic fate of slaves. Ten years later, the ghost of the infant came back to ask for debt. The tone in Beloved is bitter. It is the same as black music which is rooted in sorrow.Through Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the difficult process of growth of three generations of the black women who are in a weak position and in both racist and sexist oppression. Morrison, with her unique perspective, tells about the real situation of black women so that people can feel the painful experiences of black women strongly and deeply.Key Words：Toni Morrison; Beloved; Slavery; Trauma; Resistance; SurvivalIntroductionIn February 18, 1931, Toni Morrison was born in Cleveland, Ohio, near the town of Laurent. She is the second child in her family. She is the editor of The Black Book , which chronicles the history of African Americans of 300 years. From 1989, she worked as a professor at Princeton University and taught literature. Her main achievement is in the novel field. In 1993, the 62-year-old Morrison won the Nobel Prize for Literature.Toni Morrison is the only Afro-American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature. It confirms her renown and makes her one of the most influential writers in America history. She belongs to that era's best writers and is one of the most respected black women writers. She remains the same in modern era too. Her novel is famous for distinctive images, rich feelings and profound ideas. Her work has always represented the black women and filled with tragedy. From The Bluest Eye to Love, each of her fictions has exerted vibrating influence upon the literary world. In the fictions of Toni Morrison, there is a distinct and eternal theme which can be felt and touched clearly: the tragic life of the black people and the conflict between the white culture and the black culture. Swedish Academy‘s evaluation on her: "The novel gives the United States a very important aspect of the real dynamic with rich imagination and poetic expression.Beloved was recognized as Morrison's best work. In 2006, it was regarded as the best American novel in recent 25 years by "New Y ork Times".The novel Beloved is mainly about Sethe. When the black slave was pregnant, she went alone from the slave manor in Kentucky to Cincinnati in Ohio. The master chased her through the track. In order not let her children repeat their tragic fate of slaves, she resolutely killed his young daughter Beloved who could just crawl. 18 years later, Beloved resurrected back to earth and lived with Sethe, Sethe‘s daughter Dan Fu and the lover of Paul • D. She had not only obtained extra love of her mother but also had lured Paul • D. She did anything to disrupt and destroy the mother's life. The book is full of bitter poetry and tense suspense. Low status of blacks had been denied them even the right to bec ome God's subjects. However, they don‘t break anddon‘t t flex with the spirit of noble character who create their own God. Slavery and freedom, confinement and escape, this is all blacks‘ fate since slavery and racial discrimination has began. It is also the eternal theme of black literature. Beloved also reflects this theme.In 1998 the novel was adapted into a film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey. The analyses and studies of Beloved in previous years mainly focus on the analysis of the theme, the analysis of slavery and the study of writing skills. Each generation makes its own opinions concerning what the novel is and what it offers. My paper illustrates Sethe‘s rebellion against the slavery from different aspects in great details. We can see the persecution of slavery on their lives and their struggling life. My paper chiefly makes up of three chapters. Chapter one discusses black slaves‘ low status in American society. Chapter two researches the twisted motherly love. Chapter three analyzes rebellion against the slavery.Chapter One Psychological Impact of SlaveryIn the novel we can see the slaves‘ tragic life. Paul D, one of the slaves from Sweet Home, the plantation where Baby Suggs, Sethe, Halle, he, and many other slaves had worked in and either been freed or run away from, arrives at 124. He tries to bring a sense of reality into the house. He also tries to make the family move forward in time and leave the past behind.Because of the painful nature of the experiences of slavery, most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to leave behind a horrific past. This repression and dissociation from the past causes a fragmentation of the self and a loss of true identity. Sethe, Paul D. and Denver all experience this loss of self, which could only be remedied by the acceptance of the past and the memory of their original identities. In a way Beloved serves to open these characters up to their repressed memories, eventually causing the reintegration of their selves. Slavery splits a person into a fragmented figure. The identity, consisting of painful memories and unspeakable past, denied and kept at bay, becomes a ‗self that is no self.‘ To heal and humani ze, one must constitute it in a language, reorganize the painful events and retell the painfulmemories. As a result of suffering, the ‗self‘, subject to a violent practice of making and unmaking, once acknowledged by an audience becomes real. Sethe, Paul D, and Baby Suggs who all fall short of such realization, are unable to ‗remake‘ their ‗selves‘ by trying to keep their pasts at bay. The 'self' is located in a word, defined by others. The power lies in the audience, or more precisely, in the word - once the word changes, so does the identity. All of the characters in Beloved face the challenge of an unmade 'self', composed of their 'memories' and defined by perceptions and language. The barrier that keeps them from 'remaking' of the 'self' is the desire for an 'uncomplicated past' and the fear that remembering will lead them to 'a place they couldn't get back from'.Chapter Two Twisted Motherly LoveIn Beloved, Sethe has to kill he r daughter, and undoubtedly that‘s a big tragedy. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself. She forces herself to be the murder of her daughter under the slavery although she is painful. Beloved herself is a tragedy. She comes to this world at a wrong time, and is killed by her mother. When she comes back, she is treated as an evil. At the end of the Beloved, Morrison writes:Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name.Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking forher, and even if they were, how can they call her if they know her name? Althoughshe has claim, she id not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl whowaited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for thechewing laughter to swallow her all away. (Morrison 274)In Sethe‘s mind, children are her most precious part of life. She could strongly feel her rights and obligations as a mother. She has a deeper understanding of slaves‘ life with her own painful experiences. In order to protect her children, she alone escaped from Cincinnati. As a mother, she don‘t want her little girl to experience slave life. The only thing she wants to do is to end thebaby‘s life. From beginning to the end, she thinks it‘s right. When Paul D, her boyfriend, knows the truth of the facts about Sethe‘s killing matter, he accuses her ―Your love is too thick‖. But she answers, ―Love is or it ain‘t. Thin love ain‘t love at all.‖ (Morrison 164) Here, a nationality which has lost their words for a long time find its own sounds and characters from a woman.The maternal bonds that connect Sethe to her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own ―best self,‖ a nd the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her ―fantasy of the future,‖ her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denver‘s need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only reaches individuation after Beloved‘s exorc ism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely ―for her,‖ her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of her self that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life. Beloved and Sethe are both very much emotionally impaired as a result of Sethe‘s previous enslavement. Slavery creates a situation where a mother is separated from her child, which has devastating consequences for both parties. Often, mothers do not know themselves to be anything except a mother, so when they are unable to provide maternal care for their children, or their children are taken away from them, they feel a lost sense of self. Similarly, when a child is separated from his or her mother, he or she loses the familial identity associated with mother-child relationships. Sethe was never able to see her mother‘s true face (because her smile was distorted from having spent too much time ―with the bit‖) so she wasn‘t able to connect with her own mother, and therefore does not know how to connect to her own children, even though she longs to. Furthermore, the earliest need a child has is related to the mother: the baby needs milk from the mother. Sethe is traumatized by the experience of having her milk stolen because it means she cannot form the symbolic bond between herself and her daughter.Chapter Three Rebellion Against the SlaveryMorrison chooses the 124 house on Bluestone Road in Cincinnati as the scene of the story. The time is 1873. Although it was 18 years ago when she escaped from the Sweet Home and killed her daughter. It was still a strong memory in Sethe‘s mind. There is a motto of Irish Revolution –―You should sally out by yourself if you want liberty‖ (詹妮特467)—that‘s fit for the black women absolutely. The black women must fight by themselves to win the liberty and rights. And also, people always say that where there is oppression, there is resistance. The black women‘s situation is bad, but they never lose their faith. They are making unremitting efforts to find their ways to a better future. That‘s their strength and growth.Because of the slavery, grandma Baby Suggs was deprived of rights to be the others‘ friend, daughter, wife, mother and so on, and she had seven children, but was allowed only to leave her little son Halle by her side. This is her only chance to be a mother. But at that time, the children of the slave mothers don‘t belong to them; all of them are the private property of the slave owner, and like the tools of workers, they are treated equal to the livestock. Baby Suggs hates the Whites very much and she hopes there is a clear place left for her. But when the Whites break into the yard, she can do nothing, but just accept it, pondering color and waiting for death. Before she has been ransomed, she has no ideas about herself. After she gets freedom, she realizes that if the Blacks want to get liberty, they should know their own value, and learn to love themselves. So, in the woods, she appeals her compatriots for loving themselves:Love your hands! Love them. Raise them up and kiss them. Touch otherswith them, pat them together, stroke them on yours face‘ cause they don‘tlove that either. You got to love it, you! And all your inside parts thatthey‘d just as soon slop for hogs, you got to love them. The dark,dark—love it, love it, and the beat and beating heart, love that too. Morethan eyes or feet. More than lungs that have yet to draw free air. More thanyour life-holding womb and your life-giving private parts, hear me now,love your heart. For this is the prize. (Morrison 89)In fact, the black women are never yield to the outside. When Sethe gets to know that the schoolteacher and his nephews are doing research about black slaves and put Sethe‘s ―human characteristics on the left; her animal ones on the right,‖ (Morrison 193) She is shocked and swears that she would never allow her child‘s characteristics to be put on the animal‘s side. So, when her husband Halle and Sixo‘s first escape plan fails, she resolutely decides to escape alone and then she does it. In this sense, Sethe‘s escape is the demonstration of her strength and self-growth. When she kills her daughter, her intense maternal love is driven to extremes. That means that a slave firstly dominates her own life. Undoubtedly, she uses her courage and strength to challenge the society. When the schoolteacher is coming, Sethe decides to kill her children to exchange their lasting freedom. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself.And for Denver, at the end of the Beloved, she finally realizes the only way to protect her mother is ―She would have to leave the yard, step off the edge of the world, leave the two behind and go ask somebody for help‖ (Morrison 243) ―Know it, and go on out the yard. Go on.‖(Morrison 244) With the encoura gement of her passed grandma, Denver finally has the courage to go out the yard, and found her first job, then the second, and the third. When Paul D wants to express his opinion about Beloved, she stops him, ―I have my own.‖(Morrison 267) Denver goes out of the yard with self-confidence, she knows who she is, and finally she has found her identity.ConclusionThrough Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the process of growth of threegenerations of the black women. The old generation realized their miseries, but they do not know how to change the situation, so they just accept them; the second generation is unwilling to be oppressed, so they try to find a way out. At the end of the fiction, the third generation finally finds their own identity, and then begins to build up a better future.However, they do not and will not stop their resistance if there is still unequal treatment or discrimination. It is safe to say that the revolution of the black women is like a ―glass ceiling‖. They can see their prospect clea rly but they still have a long-time fight and need to make great efforts. Fortunately, they gradually grow up and build very strong strength to make themselves accepted by others. In fact, the black women have great strength and are full of hope, and they are following the way of Baby Suggs, Sethe, and Denver, and making their future more wonderful.When Martin Luther King Jr. said that he had a dream that his children would not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character, it was understood that equal rights for African-Americans would be good for all Americans. Likewise, when the black women have equal rights with others and when laws support the practice of that equality, people will live in a better America, and also in a better world. That is, undoubtedly, the reason why Toni Morrison deliberately demonstrates the tragedy and growth of the black women through the story of Beloved.Works Cited1. ―What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?‖TheNew York Times .May 21, 2006.2.韩昱馨.《宠儿》中塞丝重获自我的实现 [J]. 佳木斯大学社会科学学报，2006.3.屈婉玲. 黑人女性的凝聚力 [J]. 四川外国语学院学报，2005.4.王守仁，吴新云. 性别•种族•文化―托尼•莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1999.。
摘要《宠儿》是托妮·莫里森最震撼人心，最成熟的代表作，这部作品聚焦了美国历史与黑人女性，从莫里森自己独特的角度成功地描绘了奴隶制的残酷和黑人女性自我寻找的心路历程。
小说更是充分展现了女主人公塞丝在奴隶制影响下从迷失自我到自我意识觉醒、探索直至成功构建主体的自我寻找之路，同时莫里森在这部小说中达到了记住过去与忘却过去的和谐统一，指出了团结互助是黑人民族得以生存和强大的关键。
关键词：托妮·莫里森；黑人女性;《宠儿》；塞丝；自我寻找AbstractBeloved is Toni's most representative work which excite people's mind.This work focused on American history and black women, Toni's own unique perspective and the feminist ideas successfully portrayed the mentality of self seeking and the cruelty of slavery.The novel demonstrates respectively Seth suffering to resist until her self-awareness built. At the same time,Morrison in the novel produce harmony of remember the past and forget the past,she stresses the cooperation is the key to survival for black people.Key words : Toni Morrison; black woman; Beloved;Seth ;self - atonement目录一、引言 (1)二、主体的缺失（一）父母之爱的缺席 (1)（二）白人文化的侵蚀 (2)（三）男性的压迫 (3)三、主体的建立（一）内在因素 (4)1.塞丝自我意识的觉醒与探索 (4)2.被动向主动的转变 (5)（二）外在因素 (6)1.民族文化的影响 (7)2.他人的帮助 (7)四、结语 (8)注释 (9)参考文献 (10)附录1文献综述 (11)致谢 (16)引言《宠儿》是托妮·莫里森最震撼人心，最成熟的代表作，现已成为当代文学史上不朽的经典，也是美国文学史上最畅销的作品之一。
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南方时代变迁中的胜利者与失败者——《飘》中主要角色的性格与命运对比33 从违反合作原则看电影语言的会话含义——以《最后的武士》为例 34 从成长小说角度解读《马丁.伊登》 35 浅谈中国古词的色彩美在英语中的重现A Study on Error Correction in JEFC Classroom 37 中英道歉策略对比研究浅析托妮·莫里森《宠儿》中人物的身份建构从中西思维方式的差异看《梦》及其英译本中主语的确定从引进好莱坞大片看中国意识形态转型: 从集体主义到个人主义（开题报告+论）41 如何运用情景教学法进行初中英语词汇教学的探讨英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）“土生子”叛逆精神探源英汉称呼语的对比研究英汉习语对比研究及其对高中英语教学的启示论原声电影对提高大学生英语听说能力的作用An Analysis of the Character of Scarlett in Gone With the Wind 英文商业广告的语言特点英语影视的课堂价值The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors 美国影视剧中的俚语翻译美国梦的开始与破灭—试析菲茨杰拉德的《夜色温柔》从接受美学视角看中式菜肴的英译合作学习在英语口语教学中的应用从中西文化差异对英语口语教学的探讨从“龙”一词的文化内涵看汉英文化的差异《蝴蝶梦》中女主角吕蓓卡的人物形象分析论高中英语写作教学中的文化意识培养How t o Arouse the Students’Interests in English Learning 对《最蓝的眼睛》黑人的悲剧命运的分析对比研究中西家庭观On Michael Moore's Fahrenheit / From the Rhetoric Perspective Nonverbal Communication Used in Different English Teaching Stages 中西饮食文化及其差异探析《愤怒的葡萄》中人性的力量《最蓝的眼睛》的叙述声音和视角大学英语与高中英语教学的过渡与衔接The Artistic Value ofThe Call of the Wild 从“礼貌原则”看中国学习者在跨文化交际中的语用失误——以“please”为例伊丽莎白.班内特和姚木兰的比较研究从目的论的角度谈商标翻译的原则及技巧中英颜色词的比较浅析目的论下宣传标语的英译失误论《傲骨贤妻》字幕翻译中的归化和异化策略从《野性的呼唤》看杰克伦敦自然主义观How to Make Students Participate in Class Activities Actively 从生态女性主义角度解读《苔丝》跨文化背景下的广告翻译技巧商务英语合同的翻译特点及策略研究英汉颜色词隐喻的认知比较与研究论不可译到可译的历史性变化爱伦坡短片小说“美女之死”主题研究《永别了，武器》一书所体现的海明威的写作风格英文电影名汉译中的功能对等英汉典故及文化内涵的比较分析英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）试析英汉颜色习语折射出的中西文化异同 87 凯瑟琳曼斯菲尔德小说中的旅行主题分析 88 国际商务合同的用词特点及翻译 89 论中英情感隐喻的异同点The Racial Stereotypes in American TV Media 91 会话含义在商务谈判中的运用The Darkness in Oscar Wilde’s Fairy TalesAn Analysis of American and Chinese Culture in Kung Fu Panda 94 英语中源于希腊罗马神话主要神祇姓名词汇的认知探索95 论《兔子, 跑吧》中哈利的逃避主义论《看不见的人》的主人公的心理成长历程 97 国际商务函电的礼貌原则研究 98 商标翻译及商标翻译中的文化禁忌 99 论中美日常交际的文化差异 100 论译文质量保证的途径 101 浅谈英语广告的特点及翻译Tradition and Beyond—Reading The Diviners as a Bildungsroman 103 浅析“Warming-up”在初中英语学习中的功能104 从唯美主义角度分析《莎乐美》中邪恶的灵魂 105 哈代的女性观在苔丝中的反映 106 中英文称谓语的比较与翻译 107 人名名词词汇化问题从文化视角看中美家庭教育差异查尔斯.达尔内——《双城记》中一个内心充满矛盾的人物“家有儿女”VS“成长的烦恼”——对比研究中西方家庭教育111 The Influences of the Bible on Some American Movies 112 BBC对华态度变化趋势：扫视年BBC有关中国的若干重要报道 113 房间和风景的象征意义：读福斯特的《看得见风景的房间》The Application of Cohesive Devices in Chinese-English Translation of Chinese Literary Works 115 小说《飘》中斯嘉丽的人物性格分析从性别歧视浅析两位复仇女性之困境——美狄亚及莎乐美从《大卫科波菲尔》的女性人物塑造看现实主义与浪漫主义的结合 118美国牛仔和牛仔文化Living in the Crack: A Study of the Grotesques in Winesburg, Ohio 121 商标翻译的本土化研究从“米兰达”的人物形象看凯瑟琳安波特的女性观123 话语标记词在中英戏剧翻译中的作用与运用General Principles and Features of Legal English Translation 125 输出理论在大学英语教学中的应用现代人对超人的需求－－超人形象演变综述127 试析《珍妮姑娘》中女主人公的悲剧根源 128 中西文化中颜色词的象征意义英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）中西社交礼仪的比较与融合《瓦尔登湖》中寂寞观的超验主义分析 131 浅析《简.爱》的主人公简.爱论功能对等理论视角下的英文化妆品说明书翻译133 谈归化与异化翻译的融合－－以谚语翻译为例《夜莺与玫瑰》和《快乐王子》中奥斯卡.王尔德的唯美主义135 Metaphors in the Themes of Of Mice and Men 136 How to Arouse the Students’Interests in English Learning 137 语法翻译法与交际法的对比研究对当今中国大学英语作为第二外语的教学方法的观察和思考139 《人鼠之间》中两主人公乔治和雷尼的对比分析140 从中西文化差异看英汉数字翻译从《简.爱》的多译本看中国两性关系的变化 142 科技英语的特点和翻译技巧《远离尘嚣》中女主角的情感变迁研究144 模糊限制语的语用功能及在广告中的应用An Analysis of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s View on Christianity in Uncle T om’s Cabin 146 A Study of AP’s News Reports from the Angle of Cooperative Principle 147 简爱和林黛玉的反叛性格对比分析《杀死一只知更鸟》中主人公的成长危机149 塞林格《麦田里的守望者》的逃离与守望An Analysis of the Religious Elements in Robinson Crusoe 151 爱伦坡的分析方法在“厄舍屋的倒塌”中的应用 152 论环境和社会制度对人的行为和品格的影响——以《雾都孤儿》中南希的形象分析为例 153 On Romanticism in Ode to the West Wind 154 分析法律英语的特点155 《老人与海》中的象征主义156 《鲁滨逊漂流记》中‘星期五’的意义 157 欧美电影对英语学习者英语口语的影响 158 On Loss of Fidelity in Translation 159 中英文化差异与英语教学 160 英汉委婉语跨文化对比研究161 论电影翻译中的创造性叛逆——以《肖申克的救赎》为例162 A Brief Study of the Causes of Emily’s Tragedy in A Rose for Emily 163 浅析汉英动物词的文化内涵及其翻译 164 张爱玲与简奥斯汀的讽刺艺术比较 165 语用预设视野下的广告英语分析166 从目的论的角度谈商标翻译的原则及技巧167 On the Aesthetic Connotation of the Death in For Whom the Bell Tolls by Hemingway 168 从《红楼梦》和《简爱》看中西方女性主义169 The Application of Cooperative Learning in Senior High School English Writing Class 170 中英色彩词的文化内涵异同分析171 解读《喜福会》中吴夙愿与吴精美母女之间被误解的爱172 Differences Between English and Chinese Euphemisms and Influences on Cross-cultural 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）Communication 173 灵魂的真实——《达洛卫夫人》意识流剖析 174 跨文化交际中的禁忌习俗175 英语基本味觉词“甜/苦”的隐喻机制 176 对中英语“丑”词的文化和认知解读177 Sense and Sensibili ty in Jane Austen’s Persuasion178 从中美非语言差异看国际商务谈判的影响及其对策179 The Problem of Evil－－-A Universal Issue Seen From Western Perspectives 180 浅析电视口译的特点及其译文质量评价181 论《傲骨贤妻》字幕翻译中的归化和异化策略 182 英语科技文献的句子特点与翻译183 从目的论角度讨论英语电影片名的翻译184 On Carl’s Personality in Titanic185 从关联理论的角度看英语广告中隐喻的翻译 186 《飘》中郝思嘉是现代女性的楷模 187 解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义188 图式理论在高中英语阅读教学中的应用 189 欧亨利《最后一片叶子》解读190 The Pursuit and Disillusionment of the American Dream—On Martin Eden 191 Advertisement translation from the Perspective of Nida’s Functional Equiva lence Theory 192 英语专业本科毕业论文摘要的体裁分析193 文化差异对中美商务谈判的影响194 《坎特伯雷故事集》的现实主义特征 195 英汉习语中的文化差异及翻译研究 196 中西餐桌礼仪文化差异197 汽车广告英语的语言特点及其翻译198 浅析小说《傲慢与偏见》中爱情和婚姻的关系 199 探讨英语翻译教学中的问题及改进200 从《认真的重要性》中的布雷克耐尔夫人看维多利亚时代贵族女性特点第二篇：毕业论文中英语短片主题：翻译1、MAN MARINE DIESEL ENGINE MANThe latest large bore two storke MAN, engine is the KSZ 90/163B series in cylinder number from 6 to 12 and developing2,700kW(3,672HP)/cyl.The engine operates at 122r/min, with an M.E.P of 13bar and a mean piston speed of 6.5m/s.The bedplate is of fabricated design and consists of weo I-shaped longitudinal girders with transverse menbers into which the cast steel bearing housings are welded.The thrust bearing casting is incorporated into the bedplate.Columns have been replaced by frames constructed of box shaped longitudinal girders.Thew fabricated top and bottom sections run the full length of the engine and are mounted on the bedplate.Such an engine frame helps to stiffen the engine and so protect the bearings from the deformation forces transmitted via the ship's double bottom.The cast iron guideways for the crosshead are attached to the top section and seal off the crankcase.The cylinder jackets are individual castings bolted together to form onecontinuous member.The one piece cylinder liners are fitted into the jackets from the top and a cast steel strong back is fittedin way of the combustion space to help absorb gas forces.The scavenge process is the MAN loop system and the scavenge and wxhaust ports are arranged in two tiers and are carried far around the liner.The vertical lands between the ports are cooled by water passing hrough cast in tubes and hence to passages arranged around the liner above the exhaust ports.Each cylinder cover is in two parts, the lower section is of special thin walled forged steel permitting the area in way of the combustion gases to be intensively cooled whilst absorbing thermal stresses and this is held in position by an upper supporting unit of cast iron, which transmits the gas forces to the cylinder jackets via long studs.The joint face between the cylinder cover and the liner is arranged as far from the combustion process as possible.The gas loads on the engine structure are constrained by means of hydraulic preloaded tie rods which connect the bedplate, frame sections and cylinder jackets into a single unit.The crankshaft is of the semi-built tybe, with the journal being shrunk into the forged or cast steel crank throws.With the exception of the six-cylinder engine, it is in two arts joined by fitted bolts.The coupling flange for attachment to the propeller shaft also accommodates the turning gear and is integrally forged with the crankshaft.The aft end section also incorporates a thrust collar.The drive for the camshaft gear train is taken from a spur gear which for a six cylinder engine is the couping end and for 7 to 12 sylinder engines the drive is located in the middleof the engine.The piston crown is of forged steel and is designed for intensive cooling;the central supporting body is of cast steel and is mainly suvjected to compressive stress.The two components are bolted together and connected to the piston rod.A single piece piston skirt fitted with bronze rings guides thepiston in the cylinder liner.The piston ring grooves for a standard engine are flame hardened against wear.The crosshead pin bearings are whte metal lined shells lubricated by means of highpressure pumps.The piston forces are transmitted over the entire length of the crosshead pin then to the connecting rod via the lower half single bearing shell.The principle of hydrostatic lubrication has been applied to the crosshead using high-pressure lubricators.This is achieved by means of high pressure rod,high pressure oil is delivered to the ower part of the crosshead bearing, the pumps press oil film is maintained at all times and on all loads between the journal and the shell.Scavenging of the cylinder liner is on the loop scavenge system and constant pressure of the exhaust gas is used to drive the turbochargers.During running up and in the lower partial load range the turbochargers are assisted by electrically driven auxiliary blowers connected before the compressors of the main blowers.In the upper power range the auxiliary blowers are disconnected.Diffusers are fitted in the exhaust system and facilitate charge removal and scavenging in each cylinder.The diffuser also prevents pressure pulses from one cylinder interfering with another during operation.2、MAN-B&W MC ENGINE MAN-B&W MCMAN-B&W K90 MC-C engine is a large crosshead tybe two-stroke engine with a broe of 900mm, a 2,300mm stroke and an operating speed of 104r/min.It is constructed with between six and twelve cylinders.Developed as one of the extensive range of the manufacturer's MC engines, it is of the power and speed best suited to large, fast container ships.The increase in running speed is obtained by a slight decrease in engine stroke.High thermal efficiency is maintained by an increase in mean effectivepressure(M.E.P.).Construction can be considered generally as typical for the whole range.The engine bedplate is of rigid box form, fabricated from steel plates with main bearing supports of cast steel.Welded 'A' frames are assembled into a frame box which contains the crankcase, the crosshead guides and also supports the wheels for the chain drive of the camshaft.A cast iron cylinder frame accommodates the scavenge space between the cylinder jacket and the diaphragm, both of which are water-cooled.Long pre-stressed tie bolts are fitted between the top of the frame and the underside of the bedplate girders.The cylinder liner is of alloy cast iron, its upper flange lands on top of the frame and has bore cooling.It is secured by a forged steel cylinder cover which is also bore cooled and is shaped internally to accommodate most of the combustion space.Cylinder luvricating oil is injected at one level in the liner.Pistons have a chrome-molybdenum alloy steel crown with hard chrome-surfaced ring grooves in which four compression rings are fitted.In this particular model a protective layer of Inconel is welded to part of the crown surface to prevent high temperature corrosion.The piston is oil cooled, oil being supplied by a telescopic gland to the crosshead and then through the piston rod.It is returned from the crosshead to a slotted pipe in the crankcase.A short cast iron skirt is added.The crown is bolted to the piston rod at an inner support ring.Surface hardening reduces wear on the piston rod at the diaphragm gland.The rod is bolted ata the top of a cylindrical crosshead which is of large diameter and incorporates a full-length bottom half-bearing shell.Floating guide shoes are attached at each end.The crankshaft may be either semi-built up or of welded construcion, with large journals and pins.All crankcase hearings are of white metal.Main bearings have thickshells, crankpin(bottom end)and crosshead(top end)bearing have thin-wall shells.White metal is used for the guide surfaces.The exhaust valves are operated hydraulically under oil pressure from cam-timed actuated pistons.They have air compressed springs which allows them to be rotated by vanes.The valve spindles are usually manufactured by the hot isostatic pressure(HIP)method, a compound Nimonic and austenitic steel part construction.Valve housing is cooling at its seat and spindle guide bush but its upper duct is uncooled to avoid low temperature corrosion.Fuel pumps are cam driven and timed by the plunger helix.An adjustable barrel allows variable ignition timing to maintain combustion efficiency at low speed and can be adjusted to match the ignition quality of fuels.Pump timing is changed for astern operation by a link connected at the cam roller guide which is activated by compressed air.Each pump supplies three identical fuel injectors for thecorresponding unit.Injectors are uncooled but they circulate hot fuel oil directly white their needle valves are in the closed position.The engine operates with a constant pressure system, with uncooled turbochargers.Two auxiliary blowers are fitted to operate at low charge air pressure or at lowengine revolutions.A number of waste heat recovery and power take-off systems can be operated under running conditions.第三篇：英语毕业论文中国式英语初探中国英语初探［摘要］随着中国政治经济的发展，中国英语也日益形成。
5宠儿6))黑人农奴制最后的复仇与解体郝险峰美国当代黑人女作家托尼#莫里森以其作品中浓郁的黑人文化传统和对美国黑人历史、现实和未来命运的关注,使黑人文学获得更广阔、更深厚的内涵。
她的作品把对战争、种族、民主、国家制度的思考融入扣人心弦故事情节中,并大量运用神话传说和魔幻现实主义手法,以及黑人音乐、各种暗示、象征等技巧,使其作品产生震撼人心、发人深思的艺术效果。
她于1993年获得诺贝尔文学奖桂冠,是历史上获此殊荣的惟一黑人女作家。
5宠儿6是托尼#莫里森的代表作,正如瑞典皇家文学院给她的授奖辞中所说,她/以富于洞察力和诗情画意的小说生动地描绘了美国现实社会中的一个基本面0,即蓄奴制的瓦解与消亡。
小说中的故事令人触目惊心:女黑奴塞丝不堪忍受奴隶主的折磨和凌辱,携带子女逃亡,遭到猎奴者追捕,因不愿看到孩子重新沦为奴隶,她毅然将孩子扼杀;奴隶制废除后,塞丝杀死的幼女宠儿的阴魂归来,处心积虑地对母亲当年的行为实施报复,直到母亲奄奄一息,最后在黑人邻居们的帮助下,才将宠儿的鬼魂驱走,塞丝终于从过去的梦魇中解脱,恢复正常的生活。
在整部小说中,宠儿是贯穿始终的线索,为了让她获得自由,塞丝从/甜蜜之家0逃跑;为了不让她成为奴隶主的牺牲品,塞丝横下心来把她扼杀;她的鬼魂使塞丝全家鸡犬不宁,两个哥哥逃离宅子不知所踪,邻居对他们避恐不及,奶奶贝比也因此郁郁而终;为了全心全意地守护她,妹妹丹芙过着与世隔绝的生活;因为她的色相诱惑,深爱塞丝的保罗#D被迫离开;为了求得她的原谅,塞丝耗尽心神直至心力交瘁、命悬一线。
从表面上看宠儿是爱塞丝的,但她的爱是沉重、贪婪、索求无度、摒弃一切的,是由恨而生的,从而是具有复仇性质的。
宠儿其实是农奴制在被消灭后进行复仇的载体,与其说宠儿借尸还魂,不如说是农奴制在借尸还魂。
事实上,宠儿的死不应归咎于塞丝,而是农奴制的残忍和毫无人道造成的。
塞丝从小在农奴制的阴霾下成长,黑人农奴毫无做人的尊严,对奴隶主来说,他们充其量只是工具。
《挣脱双重桎梏，重建精彩人生—后殖民女性主义解读《宠儿》》篇一挣脱双重桎梏，重建精彩人生——后殖民女性主义解读《宠儿》一、引言托妮·莫里森的《宠儿》是一部深入探讨美国南方历史和种族、阶级、性别等社会问题的经典之作。
本文将从后殖民女性主义的视角出发，解读这部作品中的女性形象及其所面临的双重桎梏，并探讨她们如何挣脱束缚，重建精彩人生。
二、双重桎梏：种族与性别的压迫在《宠儿》中，女性角色们面临着种族和性别的双重压迫。
作为黑人女性，她们在社会中处于弱势地位，不仅要承受种族歧视，还要面对性别歧视。
这种双重桎梏使得她们在生存和发展中面临着巨大的困难。
首先，从种族角度来看，黑人女性在当时的美国社会中处于边缘地位，她们的生存状况十分悲惨。
在《宠儿》中，这种种族歧视表现为对黑人女性的侮辱、虐待和剥夺人权。
其次，从性别角度来看，女性在家庭和社会中往往承担着更多的责任和压力。
在《宠儿》中，女性角色们不仅要面对种族歧视，还要承受家庭和社会的期望和压力。
她们在家庭中扮演着母亲、妻子等角色，同时还要面对社会对她们的种种限制和要求。
三、挣脱桎梏：女性自我意识的觉醒然而，尽管面临着种种困难，但《宠儿》中的女性角色们并没有放弃挣扎。
她们通过自我意识的觉醒，开始认识到自己的价值和尊严，并勇敢地挣脱了种族和性别的束缚。
首先，她们开始反思自己的生活和社会地位。
在反思中，她们逐渐认识到自己曾经受到的不公正待遇和歧视。
这种认识使得她们开始勇敢地面对过去，并为自己争取应有的权利和尊严。
其次，她们开始追求自我实现和自我价值。
在追求自我实现的过程中，她们逐渐摆脱了家庭和社会的束缚，开始追求自己的梦想和目标。
这种追求不仅使她们获得了自我价值的实现，也使她们成为了社会的中坚力量。
四、重建精彩人生：后殖民女性主义的启示通过挣脱种族和性别的双重桎梏，女性角色们在《宠儿》中重建了精彩人生。
这种重建不仅是个人的成功，也是后殖民女性主义的重要启示。
＂Beloved＂-- The Slavery in a Black Woman＇ s
Eyes
作者： 王皓
作者机构： 浙江大学外国语言文化与国际交流学院,浙江杭州310058
出版物刊名： 西昌学院学报：社会科学版
页码： 12-16页
年卷期： 2013年 第4期
主题词：�宠儿》 黑人妇女 黑奴制度 根源 影响
摘要：黑奴制度是美国短暂而繁荣的历史上一块永久的疤痕。
它为北美早期的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献，但却让无辜的黑人付出了血和泪的代价。
托尼·莫里森的小说《宠儿》让我们重新回顾了那段历史，将黑人、尤其是黑人妇女在黑奴制度下遭受的摧残再次真实地展现在我们眼前。
小说启发我们再一次去思考黑奴制度的根源和直至今日的影响，对于研究美国黑奴制度和黑人妇女地位都有着特殊而深远的意义。
从女性主义角度解读《宠儿》中的黑人女性摘要：《宠儿》是美国黑人女作家莫里森获得诺贝尔文学奖的力作，是一部描述生活在美国19世纪70年代的“前黑奴”小说。
本论文拟从黑人女性主义角度出发，探讨奴隶制度带给黑人女性巨大的精神创伤，并对三位黑人女性自我意识的觉醒进行分析，以揭示黑人女性实现自我的艰难和痛苦。
关键词：黑人女性主义；精神创伤；觉醒中图分类号：I106 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-6035（2013）10-0000-02一、引言托妮•莫里森是美国文学里一颗闪亮的明星。
她出生在南方奴隶州与北方自由州交界地—洛雷恩镇，从小祖父就给她讲述奴隶制度下的各种暴行，这对莫里森的世界观产生了很大在影响。
长大后，她的生活、教育、以及工作经历都有助于培养她作为美国人以及作为黑人的双重意识，为此她的创作常常关注黑人，尤其是黑人女性屈辱和压抑的命运。
《宠儿》是莫里森1993年获得诺贝尔文学奖的代表作，该作品采用一个独特的视角去回顾奴隶制，将主人公们无数零碎和分散记忆穿成一段悲苦沉重的历史，表现黑人女性努力找寻自我身份的艰辛历程。
该作品深深植根于美国黑人文化和黑人女性的特殊经历和感受，它讲述了一个令人震惊的故事：女黑奴塞丝在携女逃亡途中遭到追捕，为了不使自己的女儿重新沦为奴隶，她毅然扼杀了自己的幼女。
18年后，被她杀死的女婴还魂归来，以自己的出现日夜惩罚母亲当年的行为。
这部作品深刻揭露了那段不堪回首的历史带给黑人女性极重的心灵创伤，这些伤害阻碍了她们寻求个人价值和个人身份的确认。
二、奴隶制度带给黑人女性的精神创伤在奴隶制度下的美国南部，第一代和第二代黑人被杀害、致残、被抓获、被烧死、被投进牢房、被鞭打、被驱赶、被奸污，他们承受着极其悲惨的遭遇。
奴隶的命运正如萨格斯所说：在这个国家里，没有一座房子不是从地板到房梁都塞满了黑人死鬼的悲伤（莫里森，132）。
在《宠儿》中,莫里森塑造三个寻找自我的黑人女性形象：萨格斯、塞丝以及丹芙。
托妮莫里森《宠儿》分析解析
《宠儿》是美国作家托妮莫里森于1977年出版的小说，故事讲述了
一个关于种族歧视和暴力的悲惨故事。
小说以第一人称叙事的方式展开，
通过主人公受害者的视角，深入探讨了种族主义和社会不公的问题。
本文
将从角色塑造、主题和故事结构等方面对《宠儿》进行分析解析。
总之，《宠儿》是一部具有强烈社会意义的小说，通过主人公的视角，深刻揭示了种族歧视和社会不公的问题。
通过席薇亚的艺术性叙述和文学
技巧，读者能够深入了解她所受的苦难和痛苦，感受到她的坚强与勇敢。
本书构思巧妙，情节复杂，既有力地展示了一个个人的悲剧，又揭示了整
个社会中的不公和暴力。
这部小说让人们重新思考种族歧视和社会不公的
问题，并引发了深入的思考和讨论。
XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：由《宠儿》分析美国黑人女性的悲惨命运及原因学院： XXX学院专业：英语教育班级： XXX英语教育X班学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXX 指导教师： XX 职称：XX1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是探讨美国黑人女性的悲惨命运。
其主要任务是通过分析美国飞人女性的悲惨命运来正视美国黑奴制给黑人女性带来的身心上的伤害，分析各方面原因，避免历史重演。
2、论文（设计）的主要内容本论文分为二章，第一章介绍美国黑人女性的悲惨命运，第二章介绍黑人悲惨命运的内部及外部原因。
3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是不同的外国语言文学研究者对《宠儿》中的女性的研究结果。
研究路线是对美国黑人女性的悲惨命运，她们的抗争以及造成她们悲惨命运的原因几方面进行分析，以期达到正视历史，警醒世人的作用。
4、主要参考文献1.Morrison Toni, Beloved (Penguin Putnam Inc.,375 Hudson Street,New York, 1987 )2.陈洁奴隶制下扭曲的母爱——解读《宠儿》中的黑人母亲“塞丝”辽宁：辽宁工业大学学报20093.黄锦莉奴隶制的血泪控诉——评介托尼.莫里森的《宠儿》中国图书评论4.潘岳，雷格《宠儿》中国文学出版社1996教师：年月日教研室主任：年月注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述Literature ReviewIn the nine novels of African-American writer Toni Morrison, Beloved became the favorite of readers because of its thrilling plot and unparalleled narration. Toni Morrison was the first African American woman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. The strong sense of tragic filled her novels from her beginning work The bluest eyes to her latest work A Mercy. In the book Conversations with Toni Morrison,1 Toni Morrison was asked why her books always were so gloomy and so sad. Why didn’t she try to write some positive and healthy relationships? She answered that there was a writing style with happy marriage which was called comedy, but she would never write with it. She was writing something which can be called tragedy which can purify and enlighten. There was a huge difference between these two writing styles, but she tended to tragedy, may be because she was a minor classicalist.”In her eyes, the real life had the nature of tragedy. The present Americans, especially the black people, were and are fighting against their dilemma for a long time. This made her the first African American women to be cited for the prestigious award. She was a predominant writer of the 20th century in studying the black literature. As a female African American writer, Toni Morrison concerned seriously about the life and spiritual world of American blacks, especially the black women. In her fictional world, Toni Morrison reflected miseries, abnormalities and distortions of the black women’s feeling and mind under the oppressions of racism and sexism. Her remarkable achievements represented the recognition of a new kind of literature----the black women literature throughout the world. Toni’s education gave her the access to achieve the previous statement. She attended Howard University where she majored English with a minor in classics. Toni got her bachelor’s degree in English and then attended Cornell University and received a master’s degree in 1955. Toni’s early year s’experience and her knowledge of the history of her family and race made her feel more of the painful effects of racial discrimination. She was exposed to a lot of materials and writers that write about anti-slavery movements during her working time as an editor, which helped her produce an inspiration to figure out the terrible picture of slavery. Thus Beloved was born. And this inspiration was clearly expressed in the preface of Beloved. It was published in 1987 and made a literary sensation. It was considered as a milestone in the history of American literature. Morrison’s other works such as The Bluest Eye(1967), Sula(1973), Song of Solomon(1977), Tar Baby(1981), Paradise(1998), Love(2003), also received high praise in the American Literary World.African American literature, as an up-rising star of American literature, possessed a very important position in American literature. The vulnerable groups especially the African American females got a lot of attention from every aspect of the society. There emerged a large number of writers who studies the African American literature. As an African American female writer, Toni Morrison paid much attention to the description of the psychological world of the African American people. Beloved was the fifth novel of Toni Morrison which was thought highly of. It was regarded as amilestone of American literature. Although it had become a controversial source since its publication, Beloved proved to be an extraordinary success and gained Morrison great reputation. Besides being awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize, Beloved also won her the Robert F. Kennedy Award, the Melcher book Award and the Before Columbus American Book Award. The Elizabeth Cady Stanton Award from the National Organization for women also recognized the contribution the novel made to the history of black women. The American literary world had a high praise for this novel. Nation magazine valued it as Toni Morrison’s finest work and stated it belonged to the highest shelf of our literature. Chicago Sun-Time once valued Beloved as Morr ison’s finest work and stated that nothing she had written so sets her apart, so displays her prodigious, almost shocking talents. Many critics were attracted to its controversial theme study. Elizabeth B. House says that, “Throughout Beloved, Morrison’s theme is that remembering yesterday, while not being consumed by them, gives people the tomorrows with which to make real lives.” "Beloved" was balance and thorough in structure. It had the system of modern mythology. The harsh emphasis on literary skills and the use of the stream of consciousness dominated the novel. After Morrison won the Nobel Prize for Literature, a lot of people, intentionally or unintentionally, dismissed her because of her identity. I thought that black women's identity is precisely the guarantee of her to get into the ranks of the masters of modern Western literature. It was her unique contribution to make the voice of the vulnerable groups (blacks and female) strongly imported into the Western literary tradition. Infanticide might be the most catching plot of the novel which stirred up thousands of studies on the analysis of Sethe’s psychology when she killed her daughter. Thousands of critics criticized this plot from different views. Li Xueqin and Lin Xiaoyong thought that Sethe’s behavior challenged the tradition conception of motherhood. Jane volt thought that Morrison praised Sethe’s determination and courage in sending her children to her mother-in-law, but at the same time, her making choice for her children led to her infanticide. Hu Ying and Li Mengru thought that the infanticide was the inevitable product of the history. Yang Xiaohui thought that Sethe’s behavior was her negative struggle against the slavery. And other scholars thought that Sethe’s behavior is the inevitable product of males’domination of the world. Different people have different opinions about this plot. In my paper, I tend to regard Sethe’ infanticide as her helpless accuse of the bloody and brutal slavery. And I tended to unearth the internal reasons of African American people which caused their miserable sufferings. Things happened under the effects of external and internal reasons. Their fragility in character was the main reason why they were oppressed for so long a time. Meanwhile, their childish, innocent, kindness and obedience were also their reasons for being persecuted. In a word, the miserable history of African American people gave us a lesson. We must learn from their sufferings and treat it correctly. It reminded us to cherish the happy life we have today.本科生毕业论文设计题目：由《宠儿》分析美国黑人女性的悲惨命运作者姓名： XXX指导教师： XX所在学院： XXX学院专业（系）：英语教育班级（届）： XXXX届完成日期 2013 年 5 月 14 日Analysis of the tragic fate of African American women andcause of it in BelovedBYXXXXPro.XXX , TutorA Thesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in PartialFulfillment of theRequirements for the Degree of B.A. in EnglishAt XXXXUniversityMay 14th, 2013内容摘要：非裔美国女作家托尼.莫里森的小说深刻的揭示了美国黑人女性在当时社会环境下的悲惨命运，其代表作《宠儿》是以黑人家庭三代女性的不同命运为题材来揭示黑人女性在当时的社会里所受到的各种压迫和悲惨的命运。
