第29卷 第4期2007年8月
湖州师范学院学报
Journal of Huzhou Teachers College
Vol.29 No.4
Aug.,2007语言测试理论与大学英语测试3
张迎春1,王小潞2
(1.中国计量学院外国语学院,浙江杭州310018;2.浙江大学外语教学研究所,浙江杭州310058)
摘 要:依据Bachman和Palmer的语言测试原则,对浙江大学英语专业学生和非英语专业学生同时进行两份试卷测试。测试结果表明:CET和TEM无论对英语专业学生和非英语专业学生而言都具有区分度;非英语专业的学生并不绝对地比英语专业学生英语能力差。这两套试卷测试相关度很高,表明用统一的考试机制更能客观地反映各类学生的英语实际水平。
关键词:语言测试理论;语言能力;非英语专业4/6级考试;英语专业4/8级考试
中图分类号:H310.4文献标识码:A文章编号:100921734(2007)0420095204
目前,中国的大学英语教育分成两大块:大学公共英语和英语专业英语,它们分别有自己的教学大纲、培养目标、课程设置(学时分配)、教学要求、教学原则、教学方法和手段,因此也就有了一套自己的测试和评估系统。那么究竟该如何认识公共英语和英语专业水平测试呢?都是中国学生学英语,为什么要一分为二呢?从本质上说,中国学生的英语教育都属于EFL(English as Foreign Language)范畴,而不是ESL(English as Second Language),即无论是公共英语的学生还是专业英语的学生,他们都是在非英语国家学习英语,而不是在英语国家内学习英语,他们习得英语的各种环境因素大致相同。根据个案分析,相当一部分公共英语学生的英语能力并不比一般专业英语的学生差,有少数甚至超过英语专业较好的学生。笔者认为,要提高大学英语教学质量,使得英语教学符合社会发展的要求,首先要从改变测试方法和手段入手,因为测试方法和手段直接指挥和影响着英语教学。Heaton指出,“假如这是一个好的测试系统,那它会对教学带来有利的影响;但是假如这是一个不好的测试系统,那它会对教学产生破坏作用。”[1](P6)本文依据Bachman和Palmer语言测试理论,即语言测试的结果应与语言学习者的实际语言应用能力相对应,从中外英语教学专家对合并两种考试体系的论述出发,根据英语专业学生和非英语专业学生对相同英语等级考试试卷的测试分析结果对这些论述的支持,进一步论证建立大学英语统一能力考试体系的优越性。
一、专家对合并两种测试体系的论述
Rod Ellis指出,社会因素对外语的习得熟练程度起主要的影响,这种影响也许不是直接的,而是由一些变量所调控的。[2](P176)例如,学习者的社会经济条件会直接影响到他们受到的语言输入。高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲的培养目标规定:“高等学校英语专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的文化知识并能熟练地运用英语在外事、教育、经贸、文化、科技、军事等部门从事翻译、教学、管理、研究等工作的复合型英语人才。”社会的发展不仅对英语专业学生提出了提高英语水平的较高要求,而且对非英语专业学生也提出了进一步的要求。教育部2004年对非专业英语学生提出的教学目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力,特别是听说能力,使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流,同时增强其自主学习能力,提高综合文化素养,以适应我国社会发展和国际交流的需要。除此之外,教育部还针对不同的学生提出了三个层次,即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求,其中更高要求已接近对英语专业
3收稿日期:2006212217
作者简介:张迎春(1974-),女,浙江桐庐人,中国计量学院外国语学院讲师,硕士,主要从事应用语言学研究。
69湖州师范学院学报 第29卷
学生的要求。英语专业的学生是在提高英语语言能力的基础上学习其他课程,而非英语专业学生是在学习本专业的基础上提高英语语言能力;他们面对相同的语言学习问题,如母语对学习英语正负面的影响等问题;他们的学习条件也基本相同。对此,陆效用一针见血地指出,“英语专业和公共英语同属英语语言文学这一学科,他们的教学目标是一致的:培养学生具有熟练的或较强的英语综合能力。所不同的是,英语专业学生在英语语言或文学方面造诣更高。这两类学生入学时英语基础基本相同,不少系科的公共英语学生的英语基础甚至好于英语专业的学生。英语专业教学和公共英语教学是相同的,其教学理论、教学方法、教学手段和教学经验都可以相互借鉴,取长补短”。[3](P18)然而,现行大学英语水平测试仍存在着CET 和TEM两套测试体系,针对这一现象国内英语教学专家纷纷提出了自己的见解。刘润清指出:“应淡化大学英语与英语专业在基本语言技能方面的区别。过去的大学英语大纲与英语专业基础阶段的大纲有很大的差异,而同样用数字表示等级的大学英语四、六级考试与英语专业四、八级考试往往令用人单位困惑。无论大学英语还是专业英语,要求他们具备的语言技能应该是相通的,只是后者要求更高。两类学生的区别主要是专业方面。大学英语学生以文、理、工、农、医等科为专业,英语专业学生则在学习语言技能的同时学习文学、语言学、国际商务、外贸、教育等专业知识。”[4](P6)韩宝成指出:“从目前社会上对外语人才的需求和要求来看,已没有把这两种考试区分开来的必要。因为语言能力只有高低之分,没有专业之分。而在中国这个大环境之下,无论专业学生和非专业学生,他们都具备相同的学习特征,相同的学习环境和教学环境,知识学习时间的长短和强度不一样,因此对他们能力的衡量,应用同一把尺子。现有的‘四、六’级和‘四、八’级考试是根据学期不同设置的考试,体现不出英语能力等级的含义,而且每所高校具体情况不同,学生入学水平、教师教学水平和学校管理水平不一,用同一个模式去衡量全国大学英语教学水平的做法是不科学的。”[5](P8)
二、测试结果的数据支持
笔者跟以上专家持相同观点。根据语言能力定义及语言能力与测试之间关系理论,笔者认为测试手段一致可达到测试目标一致。为了验证专家的论述,论证合并两种测试体系的优越性,我们采用了两种调查手段:对英语老师(包括教英语专业的老师和教公共英语的老师)我们采用的是问卷调查;对学生(英语专业学生和非英语专业学生)我们进行了CET24和TEM24模拟试卷的实际对比测试。问卷调查结果分析已在《论大学英语水平统一测试的优越性》一文中论述,[6](P1002105)下文是对试卷测试结果的数据分析。
(一)测试对象及测试材料的选择
浙江大学英语专业和非英语专业共217名学生参加了本次测试。测试中,浙江大学2001年入学的英语专业学生48人、非英语专业的二级和三级学生以及竺可桢学院(大学入学考试考分特别高者进入此学院)的学生共169人参加了测试。需要说明的是,这里所指的二级、三级是指入学时根据英语分级考试所定的级别,一级学生相对英语水平较低,三级学生英语水平最高。下文中我们分别将以上各类学生简称为专业学生、二级学生、三级学生和竺院学生。
测试的目的主要在于比较CET和TEM在测试语———英语语言能力上的异同点,以及对大学英语专业和非英语专业学生进行英语能力的比较。一般说来,只有对不同的组群用相同的试卷测试才可保证组群间的可比性。因此,本次测试对不同的学生用了相同CET24和TEM24模拟试卷,下文的数据比较分析中的原始数据取自测试结果。本次测试采纳的是CET24和TEM24模拟测试卷各一份,所有的受试者均参加两次考试,整个测试从2003年5月底延续到6月底。CET24测试包括六个部分:听力理解、阅读理解、词语用法和语法结构、完型填空和短文写作;TEM24测试包括六个部分:写作、听力理解、听写、英语知识运用、完型填空和阅读理解。由于测试是随堂进行的,这样的安排导致了测试时间的限制,因此CET24短文写作没有在此次测试中进行,TEM24中的听写及写作也没有进行,这使得CET24的测试总时间由120分钟减为90分钟,TEM24由140分钟减为80分钟。这样所有的测试项目都为四个选项的多项选择题,保证了整个测试的信度。缺点是没有对受试者的产出性技能(productive skill)之一的写作进行评估。
(二)测试结果分析
1.所有测试对象的CET 24模拟卷测试结果分析
表1 CET 24模拟测试结果描述性数据
测试分项测试对象人数
平均分
标准差
标准误差
最低分
最高分
听力总体情况18211.33 2.5800.240 4.00017.000阅读总体情况18228.71 5.0000.46014.00040.000词汇与语法结构总体情况
1829.259 2.1870.203 3.50014.000完型填空总体情况182 6.552 1.3330.124 1.5009.000总分
总体情况
182
55.845
8.272
0.768
33.000
72.500
表2 CET 24测试结果的方差分析
测试分项比较对象方差和
平均方差
显著性
听力组群之间78.37539.1880.002阅读组群之间150.52375.2620.048词汇与语法结构
组群之间133.74366.8720.000完型填空组群之间35.44117.7210.000总分
组群之间
1314.347
657.173
0.000
表1显示:三组受试样本的总分和单项测试的平均分存在差异;表2方差分析表明,总分以及各测试
单项的分数的平均分(听力理解、阅读理解、词语用法和语法结构、完型填空)的差异性在0.05的水平上有意义。其中,总分、完型填空、听力理解和词汇与语法结构的平均分差异最为明显。这证明了CET 24的总成绩和单项成绩能够区分这三组测试群体(二级学生、竺院学生和专业学生)。
然而,英语专业学生的总分平均分比二级班学生只高了2.676分,最高分比二级班学生高了10.5分,最低分低了3分。这三组学生的测试成绩表明,英语专业学生在CET 24上的表现在总体上成绩比一般非英语专业学生高,但他们并不比非英语专业中英语能力较强的学生好。而且该次测试也证明,CET 24作为一种测试手段既可以用来测试非英语专业的学生也可以用来测试英语专业的学生;也就是说,CET 24不仅对非英语专业学生有区分度,对英语专业的学生也有区分度。
2.所有测试对象的TEM 24模拟卷测试结果分析
表3 TEM 24测试结果描述性统计
测试分项测试对象人数
平均分
标准差
标准误差
最低分
最高分
听力总体情况217 6.960 1.4090.119 3.00011.500完型填空总体情况21711.540 2.0200.170 3.00015.000语法总体情况21711.590 3.1800.270 5.00020.000阅读总体情况2179.750 2.4800.210 3.00015.000快速阅读总体情况217 2.729 1.2870.1090.000 5.000总分
总体情况
217
42.560
6.867
0.580
25.000
60.500
表4 TEM 24测试结果的方差分析
测试分项比较对象方差和
平均方差
显著性
听力组群之间48.44216.1470.000完型填空组群之间82.16927.3900.000语法组群之间193.00664.3350.000阅读组群之间200.55566.8520.000快速阅读组群之间40.60713.5360.000总分
组群之间
2362.685
787.562
0.000
我们对TEM 24测试结果进行方差分析,结果表明受试者在TEM 24测试上的总分和各测试单项分数
的平均分差异的显著性在0.05的水平上有意义,这表明平均分对各个级别学生(二级学生、竺院学生、专业学生和三级学生)都具有区分意义,说明TEM 24是可以用来测试这些类别的学生的。
3.对CET 24和TEM 24这两个测试体系的比较
7
9第4期 张迎春,等:语言测试理论与大学英语测试
(1)CET24和TEM24的信度分析
表5 CET24和TEM24信度分析
信度类别CET24TEM24英语专业信度0.7590.705
非英语专业信度0.7650.745总信度0.7630.756 注:在0.01水平上相关(双尾检验)
表6 CET24和TEM24的皮尔逊相关
类别皮尔逊相关均方差(双尾) CET分数 1.0000.000 TEM分数0.5200.000
表5显示内部一致性信度系数CET24为0.763,TEM24为0.756,非英语专业学生TEM24和英语专业学生CET24的信度也较高,分别为0.745和0.759,可见这两次测试结果都是可信的。
(2)CET24和TEM24的相关性
从表6可以看出:皮尔逊相关系数为0.520,在0.01的水平上有意义。这个结果表明这两套试卷的测试结果是非常相关的。换言之,如果受试者在TEM24测试中表现好,一般情况下在CET24中的表现也同样会好,反之也成立。测试结果还表明,相当一部分比例的非英语专业学生的英语能力要比英语专业的学生强。这就在某种程度上推翻了英语专业学生和非英语专业学生一定要采取两套测试体系的前提,即英语专业学生英语能力比非英语专业学生强的假设。因此,笔者认为,集中人力、物力,精心构建一个统一的大学英语能力测试体系,打造出既符合英语测试理论和规律又具有我国英语教学特色的英语测试品牌,不仅能响应英语测试市场化的要求,而且能促进专业英语和公共英语的教学。
参考文献:
[1]Heaton J B.Writing English Language Test[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
[2]Ellis R.The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].oxford OU P,1994.
[3]陆效用.用语言学理论作指导,探讨大学英语教学中的几个认识问题[J].国外外语教学,2002(4).
[4]刘润清.谈英语能力标准的制定[J].外语教学与研究,2002(6).
[5]韩宝成.高校英语能力测试改革势在必行[J].外语教学与研究,2002(6).
[6]王小潞,张迎春.论大学英语水平统一测试的优越性[J].绍兴文理学院学报,2005(6).
Language T esting Theories and College E nglish T esting System
ZHAN G Y ing2chun1,WAN G Xiao2lu2
(1.Facuty of Foreign Language,China Jiliang College,Hangzhou310018,China;
2.Institute of Foreign Language Teaching,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou310058,China)
Abstract:Based on t he analysis of t he result s of t he two simulated CET24and TEM24test s taken by bot h non2English majors and English majors of Zhejiang University,on t he t heory of Bachman and Palmer t hat language testing result s shall correspond wit h t he act ual language ability of language learn2 ers,and as well as on t he views cited f rom English language teaching and testing aut horites,t his paper has f urt her expounded t he advantages of establishing a uniform College English Proficiency Testing Sys2 tem for all college st udent s.
K ey w ords:language testing t heories;language ability;CET4/6;TEM4/8
[责任编辑 陈义报] 89湖州师范学院学报 第29卷
大学英语口语测试试题 1.Shopping 1)Do you enjoy shopping? Why or why not? I seldom go shopping. It takes too much time. I like to go shopping very much. It is so interesting. 2) What do you usually buy when you go shopping? I only shop for daily necessities, such as toothbrush, toothpaste, toilet paper, cleansing cream, soap, shampoo, washing powder… I like music/books so sometimes I go to campus bookstores to look for my favorite CDs/the recent bestsellers. 3) Where do you usually go shopping, supermarkets or department stores? Downtown or in campus stores ? I usually do my shopping at large supermarkets/campus stores/shops nearby since they often have good buys/it saves time. I enjoy shopping at supermarkets. I love to see shelf on shelf stacked with all kinds of delicious /nice things. Supermarkets are so convenient. You can get almost everything you want in a big supermarket. I hate shopping in a supermarket. It’s always so crowded/the quality of goods is questionable/not so good/ not guaranteed. I like going shopping in big department stores downtown because I think they offer a better service. 4)When you buy a dress or a coat, which do you give first priority to: color, price, quality, style or brand name? I think price/color/style/quality is the most important. I love to buy clothes that are in fashion but they are mostly too expensive for me. I love buying things when they are on sale and I often manage to get a good deal. 5) Do you enjoy bargaining? Are you good at it? I love sales/enjoy bargaining/am good at bargaining with street peddlers. I always/never ask for a discount. 2. Sports 1) Do you like sports? What is your favorite sport? I like swimming/jogging/fishing/tennis, etc. My favorite sport is basket/volleyball/football, etc. 2)Do you like jogging? Why or why not? Jogging is considered a healthy sport for both the young and the old/for people of all ages. Many people begin jogging because they believe it is a very good form of exercise/can make their hearts stronger / can help them lose weight. Jogging against the cold wind is also a test of one’s will power. 3)Why do people need to play sports? Playing sports can help us to relax. Sitting in a chair all day has made me very lazy. I can get my figure back if I play a sport. I can meet some new friends when I play sports.
全国高等教育自学考试 语言与文化试题 课程代码：00838 I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement. (20%) 1. Language is_________. （） A. the product of the human brain B. rule governed C. independent of culture D. the result of social institutions 2.Culture is a social phenomenon because it is a _________ product of human societies. （）A. technical B. cooperative C. new D. language 3.A_________is a small open space symbolically enclosed with very low walls and adjoining a building.（） A. semi house B. balcony C. plot D. yard 4.English is often referred to as a _________ language because it uses frequently connectives to indicate the relation between linguistic elements. （） A. paratactic B. hypotactic C. branching D. linear 5.Decide which of the following words is the word with an inflectional morpheme.（） A. complete B. behavior C. played D. membership 6.When receiving a gift, the English speakers normally say_________.（） A. “Thank you very much. How much is it?” B. “Where did you get it? This is really what I want.” C. “It must have cost you a lot. Thank you very much.” D. “It’s very nice.” 7.Which expression is NOT appropriate for you to use after you receive an apology? （） 1
初中英语语言与文化的关系 学习任何一门外语，都不仅要掌握语音是、语法、词汇和习语，而且还要知道和熟识使用该语种的人如何看待事物，如何观察世界；要了解他们如何用他们的语言来反映他们的思想、习惯和行为；更要了解他们社会的文化，语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用。它们之间互相影响、互相作用；理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。 我们学习应用外语，目的是为了交际，并且是跨文化的交际，故此必然涉及不同的习俗文化、不同的世界观、人生观；不同的思维方式、行为方式和生活方式；以及不同的政治信仰和宗教信仰等。我们所指的文化，并不单纯是狭义上所指的文学、音乐、美术等，而更广义上所指的：一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习俗、制度、目标和技术的总模式。所以在跨文化的交往中，没有这些的深入认识，只局限地以自己母语文化中所形成的各种思维方式、行为方式，习俗观和世界观去和外国人进行交往，必然会形成不同文化观念在某个话题或论点方面的冲突和不快。 在初中阶段的英语教学中，英语教学工作者更多地强调了“听”“说”“读写”四大技能的培养及素质教育在教材的安排和教学时间的分配上，忽略了英语文化的进一步的学习、了解和渗透。同时，作为素质教育，我们在语言教学中，应尽量多地全方位体现该语言范畴的文化现象、文化特征。虽然对事物的理解受到年龄、职业、信仰、思维等影响，但对于初中学生来说，他们应该可以理解在欧美国家最常用的成语、谚语、格言和典故。这些内容在教材中安排得并不多，尽管 有 "A friend in need is a friend indeed" "An apple a day keeps the doctor away","There os a will, there is a way"------ 等等。但我认为仍不足够，英语文化中，常用的谚语还很多，而
大学英语1测试答案 注意：标红为答案 测验一： （AABAA BBACA CBCCA CAAAA，题目顺序随机）题目1：They have a share.
A. each； B. every 题目2：child enjoys Christmas. A. Every； B. Each 题目3：My pen is lost. This one is my A. brother； B. brother's 题目4：Have you the skirt by yourself? A. made； B. built 题目5：My room is than the one next door. A. cleaner； B. cleanner； C. cleanest 题目6：John is the of the three brothers. A. taller； B. tallest； C. tall 题目7：We've entered an agreement. A. for； B. into； C. * 题目8：He entered his son the English examination. A. for； B. into； C. * 题目9：No one saw the thief when he entered the buliding. A. for； B. into； C. * 题目10：Everyone he will win. A. believes； B. believe 题目11：Just then, the telephone rang. It rang____. A. at once； B. immediately； C. again； D. at that moment 题目12：The shop assistant found some curtain material___me.
<大学英语语法>考查试题 一．选择正确答案填入相应的空格处：（70%） forest guards often find campfires thet have not been ______completely. down B. put out C. put away over 2..Of all the economically important plants, palms have been______. least studied the least less and less study the less is a continuous supply of fuel oil. things needed is needed is needed their need 4.The survey indicates that each Chinese family averaged_____of daily television usage in 1994than in 1993. many as 60 minutes B. 60 minutes more C. 60 minutes C. more 60 minutes 5.All evidence the court has collected boils_____to the fact that he is a spy. A. down B. off C. up D. overluggage, the group of tourists hurried to the airport.2009-2010学年第二学期（） A. After packed packed packing was always nervous_____ in city traffic. driving B. driving driving driving 8. I saw Alan skimming over the water and, finally, ____ into it.
Quiz for non-English Majors in Culture Class This quiz is for the students from the English Language & Culture class hosted by Sun Xiaolong. * Vocabulary and Structure 1. There were also famous and very smart masterminds in the history of the western world, as in the sayings like: (Key: B, Points: 2) A: Even Athena sometimes makes mistakes. B: Even Homer sometimes nod. C: Athena even sometimes make mistakes. D: Homer even sometimes nods. 2. Places of the ancient Greek civilization include ___________ (Key: A, Points: 2) A: Crete, Ithaca, Mycenae B: Egypt, Greece, Rome C: Crete, Troy, Egypt D: Egypt, Troy, Asia Minor 3. "_________" is the word we use today to say the world sports games held once in four years. (Key: B, Points: 2) A: Olympus B: Olympiad C: Olympian D: Olympia 4. "________________" is a creative problem solving competition involving students from kindergarten through college. (Key: A, Points: 2) A: Odyssey of the Mind B: Mental Journey C: Mental Way D: Way of the Mind 5. There are two morphemes in the word "Pantheon", "pan-" as also in "________" and "theo-" as also in "____________". (Key: C, Points: 2) A: pants, theory B: Pandora, theology C: pan-America, theology D: pan-Pacific, thermometer 6. He would have made a good pilot but his drinking habit was his _____________. (Key: D, Points: 2) A: Hector's tendon
The Relation between Language and Culture Abstract: Different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. Knowing the language and cultural backgrounds can help our communication. Instead, it will cause many communicative barriers. In this paper, we summarize the relationship between language and culture. And example to explain it’s impact on cross-culture communication. 摘要：不同的国家有不同的语言和文化，语言和文化是相互依赖、相互影响的，语言是文化的重要载体，另一方面，文化对语言也有制约作用。了解语言文化知识有助于我们的交际。相反地，缺乏语言文化背景知识必然会导致交际障碍。本文列举了语言与文化的关系，并举例说明了这种关系对跨文化交际的影响。 key words: language, cultures, relationship, communication 关键词：语言，文化，关系，交际 1. Introduction As we all know that different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. Language plays a very important role in all human activity. It’s one of the indispensable part of the social life of human. You can not imagine the world would be without language. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of human language is so mystical that people do not acquaint it entirely so far. Culture is the product of social life and national spirit. In other words, culture is the genetic code of difference among the various nation, country and region. Every country has its own culture formation and individuality. This special culture is one of the most important source of affinity and cohesion of a country. For this reason, we must protect and develop the culture of the various nation, country and region, keep variety of our global culture. 2. Relationship between language and culture Relationship between language and culture can be summarized as the following: (1). Language is part of culture. Like other cultural phenomenon, language is also a social phenomenon, it occurred with the production of society, and develops with the development of society. The language is with nationality, different nationalities often have different languages; Language is also human creation. It is the most important spiritual wealth of human society .We can say that language has all the attributes of culture, so language is also a kind of culture, one of the many cultural phenomenons. The human language is not only an integral part of culture, and also the most important part. (2).Language is the main carrier of culture. Although language is part of culture, other cultural phenomenon generally can't exist being independent from language. Only through language, culture can be preserved, extended and spread.
精心整理 大学英语（一） 行政班级分级班级姓名学号 C. A measuring system. D. A control system. 2. A. Car prices. B. Car services.
C. The company’s business. D. The company’s culture. 3. A. It’s easy to do. B. It’s challenging. dialogue, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. Conversation 1
6. A. Breakfast. B. Dinner. C. A 5 dollar gift card. D. Bus service to the airport. 10. A. Make an appointment with her. B. Talk with her about a new order.
C. Send her an email about the shipment. D. Call her back when receiving the shipment. Directions: This part is to test your ability to construct grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.
Network Education College, BLCU 《大学英语（一）》模拟试卷一 注意： 1．试卷保密，考生不得将试卷带出考场或撕页，否则成绩作废。请监考老师负责监督。2．请各位考生注意考试纪律，考试作弊全部成绩以零计算。 3．本试卷满分100分，答题时间为90分钟。 4.本试卷试题为客观题，请按要求填涂答题卡，所有答案必须填涂在答题卡上，答在试题卷上不给分。 I.Multiple Choices. (2 points for each, altogether 40 points) Directions:There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word that you think best complete the sentence. Write your answers on the answer sheet. 1. The house isn't big enough for a family of four, and_______, the price is not reasonable. A. even though B. furthermore C. therefore D．in that 2. Now there is no need to worry about the deadline since we are ahead of_______. A. table B. chart C. schedule D．graph 3. Doing all the housework_______ my mother at least three hours a day. A. spends B. affords C. occupies D．spares 4. _______ the form with your name and your address. A. Write B. Fill in C. Take down D．cover 5. The_______ runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes. A. common B. usual C. average D．general 6. Since it is late to change my mind now, I am_______ to carrying out the plan. A. obliged B. committed C. engaged D．resolved 7. By the time you get to New York, I_______ for London. A. would be leaving B. am leaving C. have already left D．shall have left 8. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that_______ disease resistance in neighboring plants. A. contracts B. activates C. maintains D．prescribe 9. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have_______ opportunity to change his mind. A. accurate B. urgent C. excessive D．adequate 10. The article suggests that when a person_______ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diets. A. is B. were C. be D．was 11. If he _______of all the dangers, he should change his mind. A. knows B. be clear C. hears D．be aware 12. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _______both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. A. being B. been C. to be D．having been
Language and Culture I firmly believe that language and culture are familiar with everyone on earth. Nevertheless, I don’t think everyone is clear about the real meaning of language and culture. On this basis, this essay will explain some basic information about language and culture, including what is language, what is culture and the relationship between language and culture. What’s more, quite a number of examples will be cited to help you have a better understanding of language and culture. Let’s begin with the concept of language. When we put a key word “language”into the online Wikipedia(维基百科)，which is a free encyclopedia to people all over the world, we find that language is defined as the human capacity for acquiring and using complex system of communications , and a language is any specific example of such a system. From this definition, we have a clear consciousness towards language. When we look into the Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary, Language is divided into several meanings as follow：1. use of words in an agreed way as a method of human communications 2. system of words of a particular community or country etc. 3. faculty of speech 4. system of symbols and rules for writing computer programs 5. any method of communication.6. professional or specialized vocabulary. Besides, I have also learned the definition of language from my linguistics class. In the book A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English(新编
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/2118568097.html,/wenkxd.htm（报名网址） 综合题，请根据题目给出的内容，来回答下面给出的试题。Part ⅡReading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, Each passage is followed by some questions at unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victim’s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sole sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post. These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,”may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair. The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees, Japanese executives delegate only authority—the responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management, the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable, even in an independently run subsidiary.” Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business. Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame “almost a feudal (封建的) way of purging (清除) the community of dishonor,”and to some in the United States, such resignations look cowardly. However, in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility, many US managers would probably welcome an infusion (灌输) of the Japanese sense of responsibility, If, for instance,
《大学英语》试卷考试时间：90分钟闭卷任课老师： 班级：学号：姓名：成绩：Ⅰ.Match the words in column A with the explanations in column B. (15 points) Column A Column B 1.term a.. easy to get to 2.department b. accept sth.as true 3.overseas c. give great pleasure to 4.charge d. one of several division in a university, etc. 5.worth e. abroad 6.believe f. one of the periods into which the academic year is divided 7.somewhat g.. become less tense; rest 8.convenient h.. good of useful enough to do or have 9.relax i. responsibility, care or control 10.delight j. a little II.Multiple choice questions (15 points) There are five sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one or more that you think are suitable. 11. Take your camera with you. We’d like to take some of the beautiful park. A. paintings B. pictures C. files D. films 12. The is very useful. She can helps me to find many good books. A. employer B. member C. monitor D. librarian 13. Small cars are of fuel, so they have more appeal for consumers. A. free B. short C. typical D. economical 14. Next Sunday is her birthday.I ______her a bicycle as a present. A.allow B.give C.offer D.promise 15. I was in s small countryside in China. A. brought up B. bring up C. raised up D. raise up 16. Miss Yang is likely to be for promotion. A. sent B. recommended C. advised D. reported 17. The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them