第一章词汇V ocabulary
本章复习建议
本章学习主要掌握形态相似词语的词义辨析；词义相近词语的词义辨析；英语固定搭配、动词词组以及理解语境对词义的选择。
本章重要知识点讲解
（一）辨析形态相似而意义不同的词汇
1. award和reward
二者即可做名词也可做动词。award用作名词时，意为“奖品”、“奖金”；用作动词时，常用于award sth to sb，即把奖品/奖金授予某人。
Reward做名词时，意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”；用作动词时，常用于reward sb for sth，如：The film awards are presented annually.
电影奖每年颁发一次。
A reward was offered for the return of the passport.
为找回护照（他）提供了一笔酬金。
How can I reward you for your help?
我怎样才能报答你的帮助？
They awarded scholarship to the best students.
他们把奖学金授予最好的学生。
【单选题】70. The police have offered a large ______ for information leading to the robber’s arrest. (P20)
award
compensation
prize
reward
【答案】D
【解析】警方提供了一大笔酬金为提供信息来逮捕抢劫犯的人。
2. refrain和restrain
refrain和restrain 都有抑制、控制不让做某事的意思。refrain为不及物动词，后面要加上from。refrain from 不再做某事，后面紧跟的宾语为“一个行动，而不是一个人”。例句：You must refrain from smoking too much. 你必须克制不要抽这么多烟。You must refrain from speculation. 你必须克制不要再投机了。restrain是指停止或者防止某人做某事。restrain是个及物动词，后面可以跟人和事作为它的宾语。例句：You must restrain him from making any foolish remarks. 你必须阻止他做出任何愚蠢的评论。Try to restrain (=to control) your
anger, will you? 尽量克制你的愤怒，可以吗？
所以，我们把refrain翻译成“克制”；把restrain翻译成“阻止”。
constrain 指强制性抑制或制止他人的行为
He constrained his daughter from going out to date with boys during the night.
（他禁止他的女儿夜晚外出与男孩约会。）
The policemen had difficulty in constraining the crowd from rushing onto the
football pitch.
（警察难以制止人群冲进足球场地。）
【单选题】7. Please ______ from smoking until the airplane is airborne. (P15)
refrain
prevent
resist
restrain
【答案】A
【解析】在飞机降落前请勿吸烟。
3. glance, glare, stare, glimpse, gleam
glance, glare, stare, glimpse
作动词时glimpse 后边不搭配at，而glance，glare，
stare 都配at表示看。
stare at盯着看
glare at 瞪着看（生气）
glance at有意识地，故意地一瞥，瞥看
glimpse 不经意地一瞥The policeman glimpsed the thief as he drove past. He glanced at her and left hurriedly. The girl likes lying on her back and staring at the stars above. They glared at each other for a long time, after the quarrel.It's impolite to stare at foreign guests in the street
glimpse作名词
There was a glimpse of truth in what he said. “少许”
他的话中微露了一点事实真相。
gleam闪光
His black hair gleamed in the sun.
【单选题】10. The novel contains some marvelously revealing ______ of rural life in the 19th century. (P15) glances
glimpses
glares
gleams
【答案】B
【解析】这部小说中有几处非常精彩、发人深省的有关十九世纪乡村生活的描述。
4. substantial, spontaneous, simultaneous, synthetic substantial实质的，可观的
New economic development policies led to substantial and rapid growth.新的经济发展政策带来了快速和大量的增长。
Spontaneous 自发的，自然地
He is spontaneous to offer help.他主动提供帮助。
It is a spontaneous cheer from the crowd.那是群众自发的喝彩。
Simultaneous同时的
This event was almost simultaneous with that one.
这件事几乎是与那件事同时发生的。
Synthetic人工的，合成的
It's the synthetic diamond.
这是人造钻石。
【单选题】17.Obviously, the chairman’s remarks at the conference were ______ and not planned. (P16) substantial
spontaneous
simultaneous
synthetic
【答案】B
【解析】显然，主席在会议上的那一席话都是即兴演说，没有事先准备的。
5. disfavor, dispel, disqualify, dismiss
disfavor表示“不赞成”、“疏远”。
He regarded my suggestions with disfavor.
他不赞成我的建议。
dispel表示“驱散(云、雾等)”、“消除(疑虑等)”。
We hope the programme will dispel certain misconceptions about the disease.
我们希望这个节目能消除对这种疾病的一些误解。disqualify表示“使不合资格”(后与for搭配)、“取消……的资格”
Her criminal record disqualifies her from serving on a jury.她有犯罪前科，所以不能当陪审员。
注意：disqualify的主语一般不是指人，而是指让某人失去资格的原因。
dismiss表示“让……离开”、“解散”、“遣走”，主语一般指人。
In consequence of your bad work I am forced to dismiss you.
由于你的工作很糟，我不得不把你解雇。
【单选题】19. Failure to follow the club rules ______Peter from the volleyball team. (P16) disfavored
dispelled
disqualified
dismissed
【答案】C
【解析】由于未能遵守俱乐部条例，他被取消了排球队队员的资格。
6. skate, skid, slide, slip
Skate 滑冰
In winter, many people skate on the lake.冬天时，许多人在湖上溜冰。
Skid打滑刹车
skid 表示“打滑”。如汽车在结冰的道路上行驶有时会出现车轮不转动而车体向一侧滑动的现象。又如：高速行驶的汽车在急转弯时，车身向一侧的滑动。
The car skidded on the ice.
汽车在冰上打滑了.
I tried to brake and we skid into the ditch.我试图煞车,结果我们向一侧滑到沟里。
Slide滑动；下滑；滑入；悄悄地溜走
slide所表示的“滑动”含有这样几层意思：光滑的面接触，通常为加速运动。用于比喻时，表示不自主地陷入某种习惯等
The book slid off my knee.书从我膝上滑落。
Slip滑倒
I was unlucky to slip on a banana skin and fall over.我真倒霉，踩在香蕉皮上滑倒了。
【单选题】45. In winter drivers have troubles stopping their cars from ______ on icy roads. (P18)
skating
skidding
sliding
slipping
【答案】B
【解析】在冬天，司机很难避免汽车在结了冰的路面上打滑。
7. insist, persist, consist, assist
Insist on
Persist in
Consist of 由……组成
Assist帮助
【单选题】74. Mary ______ in doing it again though she had failed more than a dozen times. (P21)
insisted
persisted
consisted
assisted
【答案】B
【解析】虽然玛丽已经失败十多次了，但是她坚持再做一次。
8. regretful, regrettable
这两个词都是形容词，都有遗憾惋惜之意，但词意有差异。
Regretful的意义是“遗憾的”、“惋惜的”(feeling or showing regret)，有时亦表“懊悔的”意义。例：
We were deeply regretful to hear that you could not come and spend the vacation with us.
听说你们不能来和我们共度假期，深感遗憾。
She is regretful of what she has done.
她对于自己所做的事感到后悔。
After upsetting the plate of food, the child showed a regretful smile.
打翻了那碟食物后，小孩抱歉地一笑。
Regrettable的意义是“可悔恨的”、“可惋惜的”(causing regret)。例：
He has committed a regrettable mistake.
他犯了一个令人遗憾的错误。
It is regrettable that you should make such a remark.
很可惜你竟然说这些话。
下面将regretful和regrettable用在一个句子中，以便区别：
He made a regrettable mistake sometime ago and still feels regretful now.
不久之前他犯了一个令人遗憾的错误，现在他心里依然感到懊悔。
【单选题】76. We feel it is deeply_______ that the local government refuses to listen to our ideas on road safety.(P21)
regretful
regrettable
regretting
regretted
【答案】B
【解析】我们认为当地政府拒绝听从我们对于道路安全的意见的行为是令人遗憾的。
9. remind, remember, regard, recall
Remind sb of sth提醒
Remember sb to sb代某人向某人问好
Regard 把……看作
I regard creativity both as a gift and as a skill.
我认为创造力既是一种天赋也是一种技巧。
Regard做“问候”讲时是名词
Give my regards to your family.
请代我向你家人问好。
Recall 回忆，回想
I can recall stories that my mother told me years ago.
母亲多年前给我讲的故事，我仍能记得。
【单选题】87. Linda asked to be ______ to you. (P22) reminded
remembered
regarded
recalled
【答案】B
【解析】Linda让（说话人代替Linda）向你问好。10. respectable, respectful, respective
Respectable值得尊敬的
He came from a perfectly respectable middle-class family...
他出身于一个非常正派的中产阶级家庭。Respectful尊敬人的
She received guests with a respectful attitude.
她恭恭敬敬地接待了客人。
Respective各自的
He and I are each going to visit our respective teachers. 我和他分别要去拜访各自的老师。
【单选题】98. ______ people are contemptuous of those who make obscene calls. (P23)
Respectable
Respectful
Respective
Respected
【答案】A
【解析】体面人士蔑视那些打下流电话的人。
11. restore和regain
restore, to repair a building, work of art, piece of furniture, etc. so that it looks as good as it did originally 修复（建筑，艺术品等），恢复，重新建立
The military government promised to restore democracy within one year.军人政府答应在一年内重新建立民主体制。
Drastic measures will have to be taken to restore order.为恢复秩序必须采取严厉措施。
regain to get back sth you no longer have, especially an ability or a quality重新获得
He is making a bid to regain his World No. 1 ranking.
他正为重登世界排名第一位而努力。
【单选题】101. The team practiced hard so that it could ______ the trophy. (P23)
regain
return
restore
replace
【答案】A
【解析】全队在努力地训练希望能重获奖杯。
12. enhance, enlarge, heighten, expand
Enhance 提高，增强
Proper nutrition may also enhance brainpower.
适当的营养也可能增强脑力。
Enlarge 扩大，增大
I have to enlarge my vocabulary.我必须扩大自己的词汇量。
Heighten加深
As she waited, her fears heightened.她在等待时，越发感到恐惧。
Expand 张开，扩张
The eagle expanded its wings. 老鹰展开翅膀。
He is thinking of expanding his business. 他正考虑扩展他的生意。
【单选题】118. His latest novel has ______ his already considerable reputation. (P24)
enhanced
enlarged
heightened
expanded
【答案】A
【解析】他最新的小说巩固了他已经很高的知名度。（二）辨析词义相似而用法不同的词汇
1. avoid, prohibit, reject, repel
avoid 避免
You should avoid unnecessary repetition.你应避免不必要的重复。
prohibit
prohibit vt."禁止,不准"(=forbid by authority)，指通过法律、法令、警告等作出禁止命令的正式规定或规则,通常搭配形式:prohibit sb. from sth/doing sth.
We should prohibit the sale of pornographic literature.我们应该禁止出售淫秽文学。
reject
He rejected their offer of a job.他拒绝了他们给他的工作。
repel 排斥
The positive poles of two magnets repel each other.两块磁铁的正极互相排斥。
【单选题】2. Picking flowers in the park is absolutely ______. (P15)
avoided
prohibited
rejected
repelled
【答案】B
【解析】公园里禁止摘花。
2. annoyance, offence, resentment, irritation annoyance烦恼
You'd better get the annoyance off your chest.你最好把心里的烦恼说出来。
offence冒犯
The new shopping centre is an offence to the eye.新购物中心很不顺眼。
resentment憎恨，怨恨
A feeling of resentment urged him to abandon them.一种怨恨的心情促使他离开了她们。
irritation 激怒anger
【单选题】8. Reporters and photographers alike took great ______ at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview. (P15)
annoyance
offence
resentment
irritation
【答案】B
【解析】记者和摄影师对这个演员在采访期间所表现的粗鲁行为感到反感讨厌。
3. exchange, transfer, convey, convert
exchange交换
May I exchange seats with you?我和你调一个座位好吗?
transfer转移
She has been transferred to another department.她已被调往另一个部门。
convey表达
I find it hard to convey my feelings in word.我觉得难以用言语表达我的感情。
convert转换
The solar cell can convert the energy of sunlight into electric energy.太阳能电池能把阳光的能量转化为电能。
【单选题】31. More often than not, it is difficult to the exact meaning of a Chinese idiom ______in English. (P17)
exchange
transfer
convey
convert
【答案】C
【解析】通常，很难用英语来表达中国习语的确切含义。
4. urgent, instant, prompt, hasty
urgent紧急的，急迫的
They've made an urgent request for international aid.他们紧急请求国际援助。
instant立即的
I took an instant dislike to him.我一见他就不喜欢。prompt迅速的，敏捷的
Their prompt actions prevented the fire from spreading.他们敏捷的行动阻止了火势的蔓延。
hasty匆匆的，轻率的
Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
【单选题】35. We should always bear in mind that ______ decision often result in serious consequences. (P17)
urgent
instant
prompt
hasty
【答案】D
【解析】我们要时刻牢记轻率的决定会导致严重的后果。
5. allergic, sensible, infected
allergic 过敏的
I like cats but unfortunately I'm allergic to them.我很喜欢猫，但遗憾的是我对猫过敏。
sensible合情理的，明智的
To wink at rudeness in children is not sensible.对小孩粗鲁的行为视若无睹是不明智的。
infected被感染的，受污染的
The open wound soon became infected.裸露的伤口很快就受到了感染。
【单选题】42. Many people are ______ to insect bites, and some even have to go to hospital. (P18) insensitive
allergic
sensible
infected
【答案】B
【解析】很多人对昆虫叮咬过敏，有些人甚至需要去医院。
6. alter, alternate, change
change
alter
Change 是改变、变更的意思，而alter是修改的意思，往往用于法律条文、合同等的修改，机器设备的改装、衣服的改长改短也使用alter这个词。
This clause of the contract may be altered by mutual negotiation.
合同这项条文可以通过双方商讨来修改。
Please alter this pair of trousers to fit me.
请把这裤子改得适合我。
The engine of this yacht is not allowed to be altered unless a permit is obtained.
这艘游艇的发动机不允许改装，除非事先获得许可证。alternate 轮流，交替
Sunny weather alternated with rain.天气晴雨相间。One should alternate work and relaxation.工作和休息应交替进行。
【单选题】51. Professor Smith and Professor Brown will ______ in giving the class lectures. (P19)
alter
重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简
Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不
2014年4月自考英语二00015试题及答案 第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortabl e clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you d on’t need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But d on’t be fool ed into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscl es. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you d on’t get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more cl early. How d o you get engaged in the sport if you d on’t know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simpl e Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you’ll see peopl e cheering for all the runners. Running isn’t always about how fast you are running or how far you’re going. It’s about getting out there and d oing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you’re looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It’s hard to find a safe environment for running.
自考行政法与行政诉讼法（一）串讲笔记 第一编绪论 第1章行政法的基本概念 第一节行政 一、行政的涵义 1。行政的概念 (名词解释）行政在行政法上的意义,通常指国家行政机关执行国家法律、政策，管理国家内政、外交的活动。 2。行政的分类考察 1 / 241
(1）公行政与国家行政. （名词解释）狭义的行政仅包括公行政，指公共组织，主要指国家行政机关为实现公共目的、任务而行使的执行、管理职能. （单选）国家行政属于公行政，但公行政并不等于国家行政. (2）静态行政和动态行政。 （单选）静态行政的涵义是被赋予相应职能的组织单位和个人，指行政机关、行政机构、行政人员；动态行政的涵义是相应组织职能的运作，指行政活动、行政行为。 (3）形式行政和实质行政。 （单选）行政执法属于实质行政。形式行政是根据主体的性质界定的行政，即只有国家行政机关进行的活动为行政;实质行政是根据主体活动的性质界定的行政，即不论主体为何公权力机关，只要其活动具有执行、管理的性质，即为行政. 2 / 241
二、行政与行政国 （单选)行政法作为一个独立的法律部门,是伴随着“行政国”的产生而产生的。 三、行政与法治国 （单选）“行政国”产生是行政法产生和发展的基本原因,而行政法产生和发展是法治国形成的基本条件。 第二节行政法 一、行政法的涵义 （名词解释)（05-4)（02—4)行政法是指调整行政关系，规范和控制行政权的法律规范系统。 (多选）(05—4）(02-4）行政法的内容是由行政法的调整对象决定的。行政法的调整对 3 / 241
象是行政管理关系；行政法制监督关系;行政救济关系；内部行政关系。 （多选）（06—4)（03-4）属于行政管理关系的有劳动局实施行政处罚与被处罚人之间形成的关系、劳动局登记检查企业用工情况与企业之间形成的关系。 （单选)海关系统的内部关系，属于垂直领导关系。 二、行政法与行政权 （多选)行政权从其权力内容考察，包括国防权、外交权、治安权、经济管理权、社会文化管理权等. 三、行政法的形式 4 / 241
自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit22） -自考串讲笔记 Unit 22 Text A 当今人们对健身的态度 最近一位学生对我们说，抽出时间来增进身体健康完全是在浪费学习时间。他要我们相信，对他来说，健身运动一点也不比学打桥牌更有用。上大学和为将来的职业做准备才是他的当务之急。 这个学生把身体健康看成是一种目的，而不是我们所认为的手段。人们对于个人参加体育锻炼所持意见很多，赞成的或反对的都有，他的观点只是其中的一种。 很多人，包括不同年龄的大学生，用在健身活动上的时间很少。当然这里有些人可能受到身体条件的限制，运动起来非常困难，而另一些人从事的活动很费时间，只有完成之后才有机会去休闲娱乐。然而，那些能更多参加健身活动而实际上却参加得很少的大多数人又如何呢下面的哪句话更符合你说的 “我知道这很重要，但我只是现在没有时间。” “我已经很健康，而且按我的计划，保持下去没有困难。” “我应该参加得比现在多，但我没有健身器材，别人也不太支持我。”
“锻炼使我感觉糟透了，即使淋浴之后，我去上下一节课时还是浑身是汗，闻起来大概有些更衣室的味道。” 你与那些没有做出承诺的人不同，也许已承诺投入一项健身计划，但你这项活动的范围可能是比较狭隘的。如果下列某一议论和你一致，那么也许你还没有看到保持高水平的身体健康所具有的更广泛的价值。 “宿舍中每个人都在晚上跑步，所以我也跑。” “锻炼时间每消耗3500卡热量，我就可以减少一磅指肪。圣诞节之前我只需要再减十磅。” “这个周末天气凉爽宜人。星期六看起来是创造个人纪录的好日子。” “有些人可能会说我怕死。见鬼，我只是想长寿。” 如果你看到这些议论中有一条正好代表了你的态度，那么你衡量健身价值的理由不是有点近视吗我们建议你重新审视自己对健身的态度和健身对你生活其它方面的积极影响。你应该问问自己，“如果我真的处于身体最佳状态，我会取得什么成就”因为身体强健的程度很容易观察和测出，你可以很快开始看到你有能力成为的那个正在脱颖而出的人。几乎每天你都能看到进步和成就，不过请记住，人各不同，有些人会比别人进步得快。归根结底，我们认为虽然健身不能保证你活得更长，但却有助于你享受你的人生。 Unit 22
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although
<<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 试题及答案000154月自考英语二2014年第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't always about how fast you are running or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you're looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It's hard to find a safe environment for running. 》》》》精品资料》<<<<<< <<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 A.True B. False C. Not Given 4.Running is good to people's body and mind. A.True B. False C. Not Given 5.A long-distance run is good in many ways. A.True B. False C. Not Given 6.You can find running programs online. A.True B. False C. Not Given 7.Running programs set goals for you.
自考英语重点语法 动名词在句子中的作用 动名词是一种非限定动词，其构成同现在分词一样，即在动词原形后加-ing，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。动名词的用法并不算很复杂，但出现的频率却非常高，是考试常考语法项目，因此应该格外引起学生的注意。动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约，但不能做谓语。 1.作主语 动名词及其短语可以用来作主语，跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样，有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等，组成完整的句子。 如：Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health. （吸烟对人体非常有害。） Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. （阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。） 但是，动名词作主语有两种特殊句型，那就是由"it"作形式主语和"there"作先行主语的两种句型。这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。因此，必须给予足够的重视。 （1）“it”作形式主语的句型。这种句型常常表现在下列结构中： It is no good... It is not much good... It is no use... It is hardly any use... It is useless... It is not any use... It is little use... It is hardly worth... It is worth... It is worthwhile... It is a waste of time... It is difficult... It is a waste of time arguing with him. （跟他辩论是在浪费时间。） It was no use talking without taking any action. （只说不做是没有用的。） （2）“there”作先行主语的句型。这种句型通常用在否定句中，其基本形式是there is/was+动名词。 There is no denying the fact. （事实不容否认。） There is no joking over this matter. （这种事开不得玩笑。） There is no telling what she will be after she grows up. （说不准她长大后会干什么。）动名词在句子中的作用 2.动名词作表语 动名词作表语形式上同进行时态一样，由be+动词-ing形式构成，但它所表达的是主语“是什么”，而不是主语“正在干什么”。 The only thing that Smith likes to do after his dinner is watching TV. （史密斯饭后唯一喜欢做的事就是看电视。） The most important thing is finding the most suitable person for this job. （最重要的事情是找到这个工作最适合的人选。） Seeing is believing. （眼见为实。） 我们知道，不定式也同样可以作句子的主语和表语，所表达的意义也非常接近，但两者也有一定的区别：一般说来，动名词多表示一般行为和状态，而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。 动名词在句子中的作用 3.动名词作同位语 同位语是用来说明所修饰的名词，是对该名词的进一步解释，起一个补充说明作用。动名词作同位语也起同样的作用。 His hard habit, smoking one cigarette after each meal, remains unchanged for fifty years. （他饭后一支烟这个恶习五十年没有改变。） That's my pride, speaking five languages.
Unit 11 Cyber World I. New words and expressions New words 1. chatline n. （消遣性的）热线电话交谈服务 2. variety n. （同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 vary vary from…to… 比较：range / shift from…to… various 3. romance n. 恋爱；爱情 romantic 4. bizarre adj. 极其怪诞的；异乎寻常的 5. potential adj. 潜在的；可能的 6. script n. 剧本；广播（或讲话等）稿 7. intimacy n . 亲密；关系密切 intimate 8. initial adj. 最初的；开始的 9. perceive v. 将…视为；认为 10. avalanche n. 雪崩；山崩 11. literary adj. 文学的；文学上的 literature literal literary
literate liberal 12. verse n. 诗；韵文 13. animated adj. 栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 14. inclination n. 倾向；意愿 incline inclined 15. sweaty adj. 满是汗的；汗津津的 16. palm n. 手掌；手心 17. vary v. 相异；不同 18. convey v. 表达，传递（思想、感情等） 19. polish v. 修改；润饰；润色 20. intellect n. （尤稻高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 21. personality n. 性格；个性；人格 22. sequence n. 顺序；次序 23. reverse v. 颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反 24. veil v. 掩饰；掩盖 unveil 揭露，揭开 25. intellectual adj. 智力的；脑力的；理智的 26. familiarity n. 熟悉；通晓 familiar familiarize
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
英语二内容串讲 阅读三重境界 ＊彻底糊涂：细节 ＊彻底明白：细节+主旨 ＊似懂非懂：翻译 阅读四项能力 词能、句能、篇能、考能 词能第一 一、五个猜词绝招 1.利用上下文确定词义 例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy. 例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society. 例3：A first year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and 'sophomore', 'junior' and 'senior' designate the second—third—and fourth—year student. 例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep. 2.利用构词法确定词义 例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy. 例2：They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked too many difficult questions. 例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught. 3.利用语法知识确定词义 例1：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person. 例2：A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely. 例3：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. 例4：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient's heartbeat and breathing. 4.根据同义、反义关系确定词义 表示反义的信号词：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to…… 例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen. 例2：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying. 例3：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others. 5. 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义 例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen. 例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater. 二、词的构成：常见的前缀和后缀
4、解题思路及答题技巧 两大原则： （1）先做主观题，再做客观题。 （2）按分值合理分配时间。 1.完型填空： （1）上看下看，左看右看，充分利用上下文。 （2）熟记固定搭配。 For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate _________11 by the fact that most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets. Japan’s _________12 has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large，so that _________13 to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides，Japan’s work force was disciplined，so it was capable _________14 applying the information it acquired. Finally，American and European companies，who were _________15 licensers，felt that the Japanese companies might take a large share of the world market _________16 they were not limited by licensing agreement.