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特殊句式

特殊句式—宾语前置句

宾语前置句的概念：

在古代汉语里，宾语的位置也和现代汉语一样，一般都在动词（或介词）的后面，但为了强调宾语，在一定条件下，就把它放在动词(或介词)的前面。相对于现代汉语而言，我们把这种句子叫做宾语前置句。

宾语前置句常见的几种类型

一．否定句中代词作宾语，宾语前置。这种句式必须满足两个条件：一是否定句，一是必须有代词（或代人或代物）。

其格式为：主语＋否定词（不、未、莫、无、毋、非、弗）＋宾语（代词余、吾、我、尔、自、之、是）＋动词。如：

⑴古之人不余欺也。

⑵自书典所记，未之有也。然而不王者，未之有也。

⑶忌不自信。

⑷三岁贯汝，莫我肯顾。

同学能否再举例：

①自书典所记，未之有也。

②保民而王，莫之能御。

③每自比管仲乐毅，时人莫之许。

④岁不我与，时不我待。

⑤不吾知其亦已兮。

⑥我无尔诈,尔无虞我

⑦良人未之知也

注意

在这种特定的条件下，如果宾语不是代词,即便是否定句,也不是宾语前置句;有时是否定句,宾语也是代词,但这个句子也不一定是宾语前置句如:

①未绝鼓声.

②朝廷之臣莫不畏王.

③人非生而知之者.

④灭六国者六国也，非秦也；族秦者秦也，非天下也。

⑤六国破灭非兵不利，战不善，

二.疑问句中代词作动词或介词的宾语,宾语前置.

⒈宾语在动词前.

.其格式为:主语＋宾语(代词谁、奚、何、曷、安、胡、恶、焉)＋动词。如：

⑴沛公安在？

⑵大王来何操？

⑶牛何之？

⑷彼且恶乎待哉?

⑸吾谁敢怨？

请同学们思考后再举几例：

①问女何所思?

②彼且奚适也?

③皮之不存，毛将焉存？

④复驾言兮焉求？

⑤之二虫（蜩与学鸠）又何知？

⑥吾实为之，其又何尤？

⑦胡为乎惶惶欲何之？

⑧乐夫天命复奚疑？

２.宾语在介词前即介词宾语前置

其格式为：主语＋宾语（疑问代词）＋介词＋动词。

如：①不然，籍何以至此？

②（）谁为哀者？

③是社稷之臣，（）何以伐为？

④（）何以知之？

⑤长安君何以自托于赵？

⑥国胡以相恤？

请同学们商量后再举几例

①何以战？

②微斯人，吾谁与归？

③子何恃而往？

④奚以知其然也

⑤何以能鼓乐也？何以能田（畋）猎也？

三.用“之”“是”作为宾语前置的标志。即为了强调宾语借助“之”“是”把宾语提前到动词的前面。这时的“之”“是”便成了宾语前置的标志，无其它义。又可分为三种情况。

1.疑问句如：

①夫晋，何厌之有？

②何陋之有？

③譬如一肉投馁虎何功之有？

④何罪之有？

⑤勾践曰：“苟得闻夫子之言，何后之有”

2.否定句如：

①句读之不知，惑之不解。

②一羽之不举，舆薪之不见

3.陈述句中的一些固定句式。其格式为：唯……是……如：

唯命是听（从）唯兄嫂是依唯利是图唯弈秋之为听

唯马首是瞻唯我是尊岂不谷是为（了），先君之好（友好关系）是继

唯你是问

四.陈述句中介词宾语前置

其格式为:宾语＋介词＋动词＋名词(代词)

如:

①余是以记之.

②一言以蔽之.

③夜以继日

④楚之战士,一以当十

⑤全石以为底

请同学们讨论后再找几例

成语中有⑴严以律己

⑵宽以待人

⑶文以载道

⑷将子无怒，秋以为期

五.“相”解释为动作行为的一方的代词（你、我、他、）时，“相”字作宾语放在动词谓语前面，翻译时放在谓语后。

其格式为：……＋相＋动词如：

①于是乘其厉声以呵则噪而相逐

②儿童相见不相识，笑问客从何处来。

同学们从我们学过的课文里再找几例

勤心养公姥，好自相扶将初七及下九，嬉戏莫相忘誓不相隔卿，誓天不相负不久当归还，还必相迎取幸可广问讯，不可便相许便可白公姥，及时相遣归

六.“见”字解释为偏指一方的代词(我)时,看作宾语前置

如: ①兰芝初还时,府吏见丁宁.

②君既若见录,不久望君来

③冀君实或见恕也

④吾有笔在君处多年,可以见还也.

请同学们思考后再举几例

生孩六月,慈父见背 .

平时表客套的话里有:

敬请见恕还望见谅

请莫见怪望见教

课堂练习:

一.下列词语中不全属于宾语前置的一项是

A.唯利是图、何乐之有

B.夜以继日、敬请见谅

C.人莫予毒、时不我待

D.文以载道、非利足也

二.指出下列不属于宾语前置句式的两项

A.臣是以无请也

B.去我三十里,唯命是听

C.残贼公行,莫之或止,

D.五战于秦,二败而三胜

E.一鼓作气,再而衰

F.居则曰:“不我知也”DE

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