《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素(一)
AbstractAs one of Shakespeare’s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare’s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists’ hardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human’s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.Key WordsTragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne摘要《哈姆雷特》是
莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。关键词人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争IntroductionIt is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts.
With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force,
is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to pleasant the King.As one of the
four famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: it
described a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainness
and complication in the period of Renaissance. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudius’s schemes to seize
the state power; the ethics between the ghost and his son; the
sincere feelings between Hamlet and Ophelia; friendship’s forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlet’s special artistic charm and literal achievement, which
reveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.I. The General Introduction of the StoryIt is a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark. The King of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was making further education abroad came back to his country. Out of his imagination, his mother married his uncle Claudius just after the old King’s death. A ghost who looked like the old King emerged one night, and told Hamlet that
it was Claudius who killed him, so Hamlet vowed to revenge. He began
to pretend to be mad, and left his lover Ophelia. To spy upon the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play which was drawn by him. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept watch on Hamlet to give letter to the king of England to
have Hamlet died. But Claudius failed; Hamlet came back to his
country again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her father’s death and her lover Hamlet’s drifting apart of her. Her brother Leartes was very angry; he asked to fight with Hamlet. Then Claudius arranged a sword match for them, in which Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen (Hamlet’s mother) died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life.II. Three Simultaneous Plots of RevengeIn
Hamlet, there are three simultaneous plots of revenge, which give more details to help us learn the tragedy aspects in it. There are three characters: Hamlet, Laertes andFortinbius,all of whose father are killed. Based on the concept of the time, all the three persons should revenge for their relatives. As the same task, because of
their own character and outlook of life, there are three different ways. Of the three persons, thereare two groups of comparison: Laertes and Hamlet are both comparatively young men in a court dominated by the Middle Aged; both are described as being popular with the people in Denmark; their common love for Ophelia units them thematically in the fourth act; and the ensuing swordfight which result in both their death makes clear the extent to which they are each other’s opposites; both give themselves the task of revenging the death of a relative; both are spied on by their parents. Young Fortinblas, who has a few similarities to Hamlet: he too is the nephew of a King; he too is any enemy of Claudius; he too is seeking some sort of vengeance following the death of his father.A.
Laertes’s Simple Idea to RevengeOf Laertes’s idea to revenge, it can be described as “simple”. He is noble and dignified in his appearance, while in fact there is nothing in is mind. He is impulsive, narrow minded. Though he realizes his error and reveals the evil plot of the King, he loses his life. As he learns the news that his father Polonius was killed, without asking anyone about the reason, hurriedly he comes back to Denmark and arouses the asses to action. Thinking that the King is the sinner of his father’s death, Laretes leads his masses rush into the court and fight with Claudius. We see Laretes does like that, but in fact, he does not love his father at all. He laughs at his father’s weakness, hates that his father asks someone to keep watch on him. For the reason of his
fat her’s death, he has no interest. Suppose Laertes is willing to learn the reason, he would know that the death of Polonius is caused by himself, for he is so positive to interfere the conflict between Hamlet and the King. What’s more, he supports the King. Hamlet is meaningless to kill Polonius, to which Laertes dose not care about, so he decides to revenge without any doubt. He understands the moral from the point of formalism, according to which he takes action. His principle is measure for measure. What Laertes revenges for is the reputation of his relevant and his family. In the face of such requirement, even the King’s order, it should be delayed. Besides, what Laertes revenges for is his ambitions. When he leads his masses to kill the King, he advocates them support him as the King. It is available that Laertes’s revenge is divorced from the essence, he has ulterior motives.B．Fortinblas’s Abandonment to RevengeFortinblas gives up to revenge. In this drama we do not see
the Norway prince somany times. Jus t because of his uncle’s several words, he abandons to revenge for his father’s death. When the Denmark is frightened to wait for Fortinblas’s attack for his
father’s death and the lost land, Fortinblas attacks Poland. No matter what causes Fortinblas to give up revenge, we can regard that his father once provoked to his enemy (the King of Denmark) and gave no choice to him. If the King of Denmark did not kill Fortinblas’s father, the person who would be in death now is himself. Fortinblas realizes that he has no ability to fight with Denmark, so he gives up. But what if he is willing to try his best? He abandons
absolutely.Leartes and Fortinblas have their own attitude on revenge. One is to obey the requirement of revenge without any conditions, and the other one is to give upabsolutely. Either of them takes hasty action, and also lacks consideration.C. Hamlet’s Hesitation to RevengeSince the ghost of Hamlet’s father tells Hamlet the truth of his death, the task to revenge is engraved on Hamlet’s mind deeply, he vows to revenge. He loves his father so sincerely and deeply. In
his mind, his father symbolizes the top of human virtue. What a base action to keep his father in death! Compared with Leartes and Fortinblas, his motive for revenge is stimulated by his love to his father. While it takes along time for him to complete his task, why? There are three main stages:First of all, he puts off all his action until he has positive proof of Claudius’s guilty, during his process, Hamlet arranges a play to spy upon Claudius’s response to prove the truth of the ghost’s words. Secondly, he passes up the opportunity
to stab Claudius in the back preferring to wait for chance to kill
him in a way more fitting. Because of the religion and superstitious belief, killing the enemy who is repenting is to send the evil person to the heaven. It means that he returns good for evil. Thirdly, however, he gets side-tracked. Forced into confrontation with his mother, he kills the eavesdropping Polonius, thinking that it is Claudius he is stabbing. The fact that Hamlet misfires Polonius has two main effects: it makes Hamlet’s own homicidal campaign lose energy---as if some sort of blood lust had been sated. It also forces Hamlet finally out into the open. Rather than suspects, Hamlet is a threat to Claudius. On the excuse of Polonius’s death, Claudius has opportunity to move against Hamlet, which is sending him off to England to be put in death.III. The Tragedy of CharactersA. The Tragedy of Hamlet1. Three Stages of Hamlet’s TragedyOf th e character of Hamlet in this drama, it is not still, but changeable as the struggles go on. According to the development of the character, Shakespeare shows us the tragedy of Hamlet, which is described in three stages logically.
The first stage is about his happiness time, during which he
studies in Wittenberg. In that period, he has wonderful dream on humanism. To him the world is so bright, charming. In his mind, his father is on behalf perfect man. He also believes that the harmonious relationship between human would come true sooner or later. The second stage of Hamlet is about his dejection and hesitation. Hamlet is so puzzled by the conflict between humanism idea and the gloom reality. When we firstly see the prince, Hamlet appears as a dejected person. He is shrouded by sadness; he does not know where to look for happiness of life. When he realizes all the crimes in the court of Denmark, all his wishes of life have been changed. He decides to change the society, but in action he hesitates. The third stage is about his decision to take activities, which is after the play arranged by Hamlet himself. He can not bear the crime of reality any more. In his own words, he would fill his mind with bloody thoughts. Although Hamlet revenges for his father’s d eath in the end, he does not achieve the purpose to remove the evil force thoroughly, even he loses his life.2. Hamlet’s DeathHamlet’s death is also his tragedy. It is destined for Hamlet to end with his death, which is caused by both internal and external course; it is not comprehensive to emphasize either of them. As one of his challengeable enemy, Claudius is on behalf of the evil force; his crime is collected with all the society’s darkness. Hamlet is eager to wipe out such evil force and revenge for hi s father’s death. But it can not be solved only by having Claudius died, of course to achieve which is not easy. To remove the evil force which is commonly existed in the society and reverses the situation is more difficult. What Hamlet is hesitating “is not what he should do, but how to do it.” Judging from the objective aspect, Hamlet’s enemy is not only Claudius, and also some villains. As a new style of thought of a newly emerging capitalist class, humanism just exists as a power of thought at that time, which is far away to match with the feudal evil force. The bourgeoisie revolution in England happened in 17th century, judging from the feature of the time, Hamlet’s death is destined. Judging from the character of him, Hamlet has the most weakness which dominates his action. Because of his prince social position, there is no communication with people. Although he has sympathy to them, he also learns people are angry to the evil force, and they also keep hope on him, he is unwilling to corporate with people. What he believes is his own ability; what’s more, in his mind he is the only person who can complete such hard task, which is the root of Hamlet’s social tragedy. So Hamlet’s tragedy is of an advanced humanist’s failure to struggle with powerful evil force of him, of the time, which has strong classic meaning.B． he Tragedy of ClaudiusClaudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character
of double-dealer. He is on behalf of the feudal evil force. He kills his older brother, becomes the new King of Denmark, and marries his sister-in-law. What a dissolute gay! He indulges in creature comforts. Although he is so pleased with himself, when he meets Hamlet, who is
in mourning apparel, he is frightened, even it is in his new wedding banquet, he can not conceal the fear which is from his inner
heart.Claudius lies that the old King (Hamlet’s father) died of a poisonous snake, and then he takes the place of Hamlet’s succeeding
to the throne. While on the surface, he pretends to care Hamlet very much, treats Hamlet as his own son. He also promises Hamlet that he would let him inherit in the future. In the reply to Hamlet’s outburst, Claudius uses language which seems to be calculated to take into account both sides of a question. On one hand, He tells Hamlet that it is ‘sweet and commendable’ of him to be so obviously
affected by his father’s death. On the other hand, he continues mourning must end sooner or later, and life must go on. Thus, Claudius’s answer to Hamlet appears at f irst sight to be the epitome of reasonableness, a balanced combination of sensitivity and down-to-earth common sense.
【摘要】《哈姆雷特》作为莎士比亚四大悲剧之首，将主人公哈姆雷特的人物性格通过其语言动作刻画的淋漓尽致，作者莎士比亚通过哈姆雷特的悲剧哀悼了文艺复兴晚期人文主义的衰落。本文主要通过分析主人公哈姆雷特的性格来探讨其悲剧形成的根本原因http://www.【关键词】《哈姆雷特》历史背景莎士比亚性格缺陷 一、历史背景 十六、十七世纪之交，英国正处在封建制度向资本主义制度过渡时期，这个时期是英国历史进程中的一个巨大转折。 《哈姆雷特》是借丹麦八世纪的历史反映十六世纪末和十七世纪初的英国社会现实。当时的英国，如前所述，是一个“颠倒混乱的时代”，而《哈姆雷特》正是“这个时代的缩影”。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳迪斯的斗争，象征着新兴资产阶级人文主义者与反动的封建王权代表的斗争。通过这一斗争，作品反映了人文主义理想同英国黑暗的封建现实之间的矛盾，揭露了英国封建贵族地主阶级与新兴资产阶级之间为了争夺权力而进行的殊死较量，批判了王权与封建邪恶势力的罪恶行径。 文艺复兴运动使欧洲进入了“人”的觉醒的时代，人们对上帝的信仰开始动摇。在“个性解放”的旗帜下“为所欲为”，这是当时的一种时代风尚。这一方面是思想的大解放，从而推动了社会文明的大发展；另一方面，尤其是到了文艺复兴的晚期，随之产生的是私欲的泛滥和社会的混乱。面对这样一个热情而又混乱的时代，人到中年的莎士比亚，已不像早期那样沉湎于人文主义的理想给人带来的乐观与浪漫，而表现出对理想与进步背后的隐患的深入思考，《哈姆雷特》正是他对充满隐患而又混乱的社会的一种审美写照。 二、莎士比亚 莎士比亚（1564―1614）出生在伊丽莎白时期艾文河畔的斯特拉夫小镇上。他的父亲是当地一个小有名气的商人，后来生意中途没落，最终没有步入大资产阶级之列。年轻时的莎士比亚做过屠夫、商人。他所受教育程度不高，但内心始终有一种改变生活状态，进入高级阶层社会的需求与向往，并以此获得超越自我，追求自我价值的实现。莎士比亚离开家乡，来到充满文学、戏剧氛围的伦敦，在此他的文学创作天分得到了充分的施展，最终使他踏上了通向文学的巅峰之路。 处于社会底层的莎士比亚处于一种心理焦虑状态，他渴望同他人在一起，建立友好的关系，尤其渴望被社会接纳，从事一种被欣赏、有尊严的工作。戏剧和诗歌是他最好的选择。他积极接受伊丽莎白时期人们对美的观念，用唯美的方式表达对美的理解和对文学艺术的膜拜。在《第十八首十四行诗》中，他使用伊丽莎白式十四行诗描述了爱人那不可言喻的美，并歌颂了文学能战胜自然，使美永存人世的特殊功能。 三、哈姆雷特的性格分析 （一）忧郁 1.忧郁之根源 一系列残酷的事件突然发生，打破了他关于人生、世界、爱情、友谊、前途等一系列人文主义的幻想。然而父亲的死，母亲的改嫁，朋友的背叛等等让哈姆雷特觉得：人类，并不
The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, or more simply Hamlet, is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601. The play, set in the Kingdom of Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for murdering the old King Hamlet (Claudius's brother and Prince Hamlet's father) and then succeeding to the throne and marrying Gertrude (the King Hamlet's widow and mother of Prince Hamlet). The play vividly portrays real and feigned madness – from overwhelming grief to seething rage – and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. The play's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, of which one example is the centuries-old debate about Hamlet's hesitation to kill his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires, and feminist critics have re-evaluated and rehabilitated the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude. Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in the English language. It has a story capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others." During Shakespeare's lifetime, the play was one of his most popular works,and it still ranks high among his most-performed, topping, for example, what eventually became the Royal Shakespeare Company's list since 1879. It has inspired writers from Goethe and Dickens to Joyce and Murdoch, and has been described as "the world's most filmed story after Cinderella". The title role was almost certainly created for Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time. Critical history From the early 17th century, the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity, leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama。Though it remained popular with mass audiences, late 17th-century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum This view changed drastically in the 18th century, when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero—a pure, brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances. By the mid-18th century, however, the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings, returning madness and the Ghost to the forefront.] Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent. Before then, he was either mad, or not; either a hero, or not; with no in-betweens. These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism, which came to focus more on character and less on plot.] By the 19th century, Romantic critics
The Causes of Hamlet's Tragedy As we know, Hamlet is one of the most powerful and influential tragedies wrote by William Shakespeare. He gives deep impression to almost everyone who have read the story. Every reader has their own idea about Hamlet’s tragedy. This story describes a prince’s of Denmark revenge for his father’s death. The King of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was studying abroad came back to his country only to find out that his mother married his uncle Claudius just a short time after his father’s death. A ghost who looked like the old King appeared at night, and told Hamlet that it was Claudius who killed him, so Hamlet promised to revenge for his father. He began to pretend to be mad, and left Ophelia who was loved by him very much. To spy on the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept an eye on Hamlet and sent a letter to the king of England to have Hamlet died. But Claudius failed. Hamlet came back to Denmark again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her father’s death and Hamlet’s departure. Her brother Laertes asked to fight with Hamlet and Claudius gave a sword to them. In this fight, Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen, Hamlet’s mother, died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life. In my opinion, there are four mainly causes of Hamlet’s tragedy. Firstly, Hamlet was the prince of Denmark, he was noble and simple. So when Hamlet found his father’s death and his mother’s marriage with his uncle, who had become the new king, he was barely to get over of these matters. Filled by sorrows, Hamlet cannot thought about his revenge clearly, which is one of the reason of his filled. Secondly,Hamlet had complex characteristics which made him though a lot about his plan of revenge. H e was struggling with the choice of the cause of his father’s death, suicide as people said or murdered by his uncle. Therefore, he was entangled with the question “To be or not to be”. Besides, his faith in religious hindered his idea of killing his uncle. His struggle of this question made him hesitate to kill his uncle for the revenge of his father. Thirdly, before all of these horrible things, Hamlet lived a happy and bright life as the prince of Denmark. During his study aboard, Hamlet has wonderful dreams and brilliant image of his future. In his mind, the world is peace and prosperous. However, these over-optimistic thoughts gave him a frail will which led him to tragedy. Fourthly, as a prince, hamlet refused to tell his friends about his experiences and ideas. He was unwilling to cooperate with others, because he believed that he was the
论哈姆雷特的悲剧 【摘要】《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的经典悲剧。讲述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特复仇的故事，在整个过程中，主人公的悲剧让读者值得思考，本文将对悲剧根源，悲剧意义进行分析。 【关键词】哈姆雷特；悲剧性格；悲剧根源；悲剧意义 一、引言 《哈姆雷特》作为莎士比亚著名的四大悲剧之一，在西方文学史上占有重要的地位。它主要讲述了主人公哈姆雷特丹麦王国一位年轻有为的王子，他有魄力、好思索、接近人民、对人类抱有美好的希望。他正在德国的威登堡大学学习，国内传来噩耗，父王突然惨死，叔叔克劳斯迪篡夺王位，母亲改嫁克劳斯迪。哈姆雷特回国奔丧，在一天深夜，他在城堡里见到了父亲的鬼魂，父亲的鬼魂告诉了他自己被害的经过。哈姆雷特知道真相后，精神恍惚，他整天穿着黑色的丧服，一心想着复仇。这样的开始演变成一个悲剧的结局。 哈姆雷特是一个处于现实和理想矛盾中的人文主义者，曾经对天地万物、人与社会都充满了美好的希望。但是现实的严酷与丑恶打破了他的美好理想，他的人文主义的信念破灭了。作为一个人文主义者，哈姆雷特在复仇道路上的犹豫，显示了他所代表的人文主义与封建势力的悬殊。渐渐地他的性格也显得悲剧，已然不再是那个快乐的王子。 同时，借此表现了作者对文艺复兴运动的反思与对人的命运与未来社会的忧虑。哈姆雷特是文艺复兴时期人文主义思想者的典型。虽然他在剧中一出场就是一个身著黑衣、一脸肃穆的忧郁王子，但“剧前期”的哈姆雷特可是一个在人文主义思想策源地的威登堡大学学习的快乐王子，他对人类充满了理性的信念：“人类是一件多么了不得的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的能力！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使，在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！”可是他对世界倏然改观：哈姆雷特心目中理想化的君主——老哈姆雷特突然亡故，猥琐而卑鄙的叔父克劳狄斯却登上王位；他的母亲的爱情理想又为改嫁的母亲所玷污；盛大的结婚笙乐使哈姆雷特看到了民族的致命缺陷，而老臣新贵们纷纷向新王献媚邀宠更使哈姆雷特感受到了人情的冷暖、世态的炎凉。仅仅这些生活的不幸、人世的苦难就已经使哈姆雷特深深地陷入悲凉、忧郁中，谁知还有更加残酷的谋杀阴谋，使哈姆雷特的信念受到致命一击，巨大的震惊和愤怒，使忧郁的王子从个人的痛苦中转到了更加深广的范围，使他意识到了“这是一个颠倒混乱的时代”，这一列原因性格，社会环境等等都是这成了悲剧的根源。 悲剧的性格，恶劣的社会环境，悲剧的根源同时也阐释了悲剧的意义。让我们从中认识到了《哈姆雷特》的悲剧意义，同时也阐释了人文主义带来的意义。 二、悲剧根源 （一）悲剧性格 1．多疑 哈姆雷特自幼生活在一帆风顺的环境中：身份尊贵，家庭和睦美满，国家强盛。他所经历过的处境无一不是平顺的。但是在一夜之间，他所拥有的一切都遭到了全盘颠覆：父王猝死，母后改嫁，王权旁落，国外大军压境。对于一个从来不曾遭遇过什么重大挫折与坎坷境遇的年轻王子来说，没有什么比这突如其来的巨变更打击的事了。也正因为如此，哈姆雷特的忧郁本性愈发得明显了，而他性格中多疑的一面也被激发了出来，并愈演愈烈。 2．嫉恶如仇 嫉恶如仇的性格也是推动哈姆雷特人生轨迹的重要动力。在第一幕中，他气愤于母亲的
海头高级中学高二年级语文名著阅读复习资料 《哈姆雷特》 第一幕 1．哈姆雷特的名言：“软弱者, 你的名字就是女人!”是他在什么样的情况下说的？ 答：克劳狄斯与王后结婚大典上，哈姆雷特看不出王后有任何悲伤的表情，并请求他留在王宫后，他发出的感慨，认为他父亲对他母亲真是怜爱的无微不致, 甚至不肯让强风吹抚於她的脸颊。可是, 一月之内，她竟全忘记了，于是他发出这样的感叹。 2．先王的鬼魂出现的时候穿的是什么衣服？有什么样的表情？他为什么要以这样的形象显灵？ 答：他穿着他身披之盔甲，就是昔日他奋战那野心勃勃的挪威王时所穿的，他脸上蹙眉怒目，就和他当年在冰原上大破波兰雪车军时一样。 这个形象一方面表现了先王的威武与赫战功，另一方面表现他的愤怒之情。 3．霍拉旭他们为何竭力劝阻哈姆雷特不要跟鬼魂去？ 答：霍拉旭生怕鬼魂把他勾引至那汪洋大海或岸旁之峭壁边缘时, 再显露其恐怖原形, 令他丧失理智或发狂, 或是露出狞恶的面目吓坏了年轻的王子。表现了朋友之间的关心。 4．老国王在告诫哈姆雷特不要忘记复仇时，告诫他如何对待王后的呢？ 答：老国王说“无论你是怎样的去进行此事, 别让你的脑子萌起报复於你母之念。把她留给天堂裁判, 让她受自己良心的谴责及刺戳。” 第二幕 克劳狄斯虽然不知道老国王鬼魂出现的事，但他心中有鬼。哈姆莱特装疯后，克劳狄斯对此表示怀疑，他派大臣普隆涅斯去试探哈姆雷特。普隆涅斯被哈姆雷特骗过去了。克劳狄斯又派两个奸细---罗森格兰兹和吉尔登斯吞来试探哈姆雷特，奸细也被哈姆雷特当面戳穿。哈姆雷特一方面想复仇，一方面又碍于母亲的面子，同时他也不十分确定父亲鬼魂的话，非常苦恼。哈姆雷特决定要证实克劳狄斯的罪行，正好这时宫中来了一个戏班子，他命戏子排演“捕鼠机”，自己加编新台词，准备试探克劳狄斯。 1．分析“戏中戏”的作用。 2．哈姆莱特是否真的疯？历来解释各异。请谈谈你的看法。 3．分析《哈姆莱特》第二幕所表现的哈姆莱特性格的复杂性。 参考答案： 1．为了证实克劳狄斯的罪行。
摘要：《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。 关键词：人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争 The Tragedy Aspects in Hamlet Abstract：As one of Shakespeare?s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare?s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists? h ardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human?s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists. Key Words：Tragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne Introduction It is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince?s revenge for his father?s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to
哈姆莱特生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！——女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。 朱生豪：生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。
孙大雨：是生存还是消亡，问题的所在。 梁实秋：死后是存在，还是不存在——这是问题。 卞之琳：活下去还是不活，这是问题。 许国璋：是生，是死，这是问题。 王佐良：生或死，这就是问题所在。 方平：活着好，还是死了好，这是个问题。 哈姆雷特赏析 一个人刚睡醒的时候是迷惑的，因为他刚刚被上帝用死亡玩弄。而可怜的哈姆雷特在每一次演出结束时都要带着文艺复兴的回声死去，所以他的每一次出现都带给人清醒着的迷惑，正如同宗教对思想的影响一样。就像对待宗教的态度，一直以来我们不得不放弃某些疑惑以便能够更专注地对被公认的东西进行没完没了地阐述，并将这种阐述作为成就且引以自豪，这种状况在相当长的时期内并没有得到任何改观。人们大都对哈姆雷特给予人类的描述不能释怀，历史则习惯性地记忆了所谓的对人文主义最精彩的论述：那一件了不起的杰作，那么高贵的理性，伟大的理想，优美的仪表和文雅的举动；行为像天使，智慧像天神；宇宙的精华，万物的灵长。而哈姆雷特在这段话里随后对人性的蔑视及他所表现出的对人文主义的完美存在性的深刻怀疑，或者更进一步说成是毫不犹豫的否定，却让我们长久以来幼稚地将他看作一个由理想和现实的矛盾造就的“延宕的王子”。当然人们也将这种文艺复兴时期的矛盾看作是紧随的古典主义的启蒙，然后就深陷于这种“灵与肉”的争斗而不知不觉。等到18世纪，思想者们仿佛给出了一个很具有中庸精神的总结，我想大部分人都难免会很辩证地对这种中国式的折衷表现出潜意识层面上的些许认同。如果再往后看，整个文学史也就这样一直在理智和情欲，道德约束和人本自由这样若干对立的因素间徘徊游戏。我们已经习惯了对立统一，习惯了对文学史进行仿佛哲学例证一样的阐述，习惯了迷失在“作家通过什么表达了对什么的思索和苦闷”之类的主观论断之中，习惯了对一部作品进行分类学一般的研究方式。懒惰的我们甚至可以很轻松地介绍一部作品中对某某主义与某某主义的矛盾的体现、思考乃至反叛，某某细节象征了什么，某种安排暗示了什么，然后将这种看似例证充分的研究成果和条理清晰的自言自语转变为文学史上的定论。然而，伟大的文学作品果真是作者有意无意对哲学的体现
悲剧英雄——哈姆雷特 一、悲剧产生 身为王子的哈姆雷特被莎翁塑造为生命之美的典型，他热爱生命，认为：“人类是一件多么了不起的杰作，多么高贵的理性，多么伟大的力量，多么优美的仪表，多么文雅的举动，在行为上多么像一个天使，在智慧上多么像一个天神，宇宙的精华，万物的灵长!”。他年轻英俊，坚毅勇敢，热爱自己的国家，热爱自己的父王和母后，有着心爱的恋人奥菲利亚，可以说，他的生命正处于人生最美好的时刻。 然而，这美好的生命时光瞬息之间又消失了。宫廷一片混乱，父王奇怪地驾崩，母后改嫁新王，国外敌军压境，国内群情激愤、一触即发，而宫中却在通宵达旦地酗酒取乐，一切的一切，都在哈姆雷特年轻美好的生命中投下了巨大的阴影，从而使他郁郁寡欢，认为人间不过是“一个荒芜不治的花园，长满了恶毒的莠草”，这些，已经为王子年轻的生命注入了悲剧的因素。随着老王鬼魂的出现，宫廷内幕的揭开，谋杀罪行的暴露，王子心中烈火的燃起，悲剧的帷幕拉开了……面对阴险奸诈的新国王，哈姆雷特开始了孤身复仇的行动：为了复仇，他杀死了恋人的父亲；为了复仇，他失去了深爱的情人；为了复仇，他对软弱的母亲冷言相向；为了复仇，他忍受着失去友情的痛苦。最后，在一场血淋淋的宫廷决斗中，他虽然杀死了阴险狡诈的新王，但自己的生命也结束在这“牢狱”般的宫廷中。 二、悲剧根源 （一）悲剧性格 哈姆雷特的性格充满着复杂性，多面性和矛盾性。他拥有世俗的一切光辉的品质，如爱人奥菲利亚的赞誉“一个朝臣的眼睛、学者的辩舌、军人的利剑、国家的娇子；时尚的明镜、人伦的雅范、举世瞩目的中心”。还没有说服力的话，国王和波各涅斯对他的忌惮则可显示民众对这位英武的王子的拥戴；直到变故发生前，他还有一位拥有“太阳神的毛发、天神的前额、阿波罗的身躯”“完善卓越的仪表”的堪称“世间男子汉的典范”的父亲；他还拥有一位美丽贞洁的母亲，父亲的英勇让国人骄傲，让自己自豪；父亲和母亲的爱情在他看来是那么的完美无暇；作为丹麦的王子，他继承的不仅是丹麦的国土和臣民，还有父母的美德和国人的赞颂。这是一个完美的人。然而父亲被害，凶手竟是叔父；母亲变节，元凶还是叔父。只要是一个正常人，就不能夸口自己还能在这样的变故中保留自己一贯的优秀品质，即使他是一个像哈姆雷特这样完美的王子———三十岁的拥有智慧的青年。 1．多疑 哈姆雷特自幼生活在一帆风顺的环境中：身份尊贵，家庭和睦美满，国家强盛。他所经历过的处境无一不是平顺的。但是在一夜之间，他所拥有的一切都遭到了全盘颠覆：父王猝死，母后改嫁，王权旁落，国外大军压境。对于一个从来不曾遭遇过什么重大挫折与坎坷境遇的年轻王子来说，没有什么比这突如其来的巨变更打击的事了。也正因为如此，哈姆雷特的忧郁本性愈发得明显了，而他性格中多疑的一面也被激发了出来，并愈演愈烈。 2．嫉恶如仇 嫉恶如仇的性格也是推动哈姆雷特人生轨迹的重要动力。在第一幕中，他气愤于母亲的朝三暮四，痛斥：“脆弱啊，你的名字就是女人。”在母亲的寝室中，他愤怒地辱骂他的叔叔是“一个杀人犯，一个恶徒，一个庸奴，一个冒充国王的丑角，一个盗国窃位的扒手。”对叔父的奢侈以及国家的陋习，他都表现得痛心疾首。他向往光明，痛恨邪恶，将所有的国仇家恨都绑在自己一个人身上，忍受所有苦难，不断挣扎前进。 3．优柔寡断 哈姆雷特虽然善于思索，但却优柔寡断，这也是他的复仇成为悲剧的原因。面对着父亲被毒杀，母亲被占有，王权被窃取，国家被觊觎的家恨国仇，哈姆雷特有强烈的复仇愿望。
Analyses the reason of Hamlet tragedy Ellision.S.T.Young Summary Shakespeare's Hamlet is one of the famous one of the four great tragedies, it represents the Shakespeare's the highest art achievement. This article through to hero Hamlet words and deeds of the description, analysis of the Hamlet's tragedy character and his tragedy . Key words Hamlet tragedy character reason Hamlet(1601) is a masterpiece of Shakespeare's tragedy, the story of the prince of Denmark revenge for father choose in AD 1200 Danish history. before Shakespeare , the story many times being adapted to popular revenge drama, Shakespeare's Hamlet is the most creative one , both in the content and the form ,which became a spectacle in the history of Europe. Hamlet to the Danish royal a background, through the Hamlet revenge for father , described the Renaissance British and European society true sense, and performance of the Renaissance and profound reflection to the person's destiny and future of deep concern. he is indecisive. although Hamlet good at thinking, but he is indecisive, this also why his revenge become the tragedy. Facing the father were killed, mother be possessed, royalty is stolen, Hamlet have a strong desire for revenge, Hamlet has been firmly express his firm belief of revenge.“Friends, I with full enthusiasm, trust you two; If in Hamlet's weak capacity of less than, can have to you say his friendship place, god, I wouldn't have negative you. Together let us go, Please you remember no matter what time will keep. This is a topsy-turvy chaotic age, alas, shit but I will take reforming qiankun responsibility! Come, we go together. "But several times when he had chanceTo kill the enemy he became hesitate, he was wandering between the value of life and revenge , "To be or not To be, -- that is the question." this is the perfect reflectc of his hesitate character . Though Hamlet is indecisive but he is so detest evil, he yearning light, hate evil, swear to eradicate the evil. this character is the important power to promote Hamlet's life. In the first act, he angry in mother's chop and change, said "fragile ah, thy name is woman." He make crazy revenge on his uncle, regardless of other people's sacrifice, In his mother's bedroom in he verbally abused his uncle, "a murderer, a evil ACTS, without a slave, a pretend to be the king's buffoon, a stolen countries theft " It also showed he detest evil characteristics. To uncle's luxury and the country's abuse, he hate evil, for the light, so that he will be all the hate tied in a person, put up with all suffering, and constantly struggle forward. Hamlet problem-free living environment was holistic subversion make his character become more suspicious, also because of this, Hamlet's melancholy nature have increasingly obvious, and his character suspicious side was also inspired out, and intensified. such as the first act, his appearance and the dialogue with couple of king, King: but now my cousin hamlet and my son Hamlet: a little more than king and less than kind. King: How is it that be clouds still on you? Hamlet: not so ,my lord,i am too much in the sun. Due to environmental change, Hamlet become very suspicious,