Part one:
Answer: 1—60
A,B,D,D,C/ D,A,B,A,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,B,D,C
D A B D B/ A C B C D/ C D C D A/ B,A,C,A,D
B,C,C,B,A/ D,A,B,D,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,A,D,C
1
1.Hawthorne’s masterpiece, one of the greatest novels of the world is The Scarlet Letter.
2.Emerson’s first startling book is Nature.
3.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the chief spokesman of this spiritual movement of
Transcendentalism.
4.Washington Irving is worth the honor of being “for his literary craftsmanship for his literary
craftsmanship.
5.The colonial influence over American Romanticism made American Romantic writers more
moralize than their English counter-parts.
6.The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the
19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American Naturalism.
7.In the first part of the 20th century, apart from Darwinism, there were two thinkers the
German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud, whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period.
8. In his poetry, Robert Frost made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression.
The theme of returning to nature could be read in Leather-Stocking Tales by Cooper.
10. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is not true? D
A. It's very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin.
B. It's a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism.
C. It's mainly
about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in general.
D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel.
11. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Bai into English.
12. Eli ot’s first major poem (1917 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock , has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English.
13. The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties,The Jazz age andThe Dollar Decade.
14. Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel A Farewell to Arms
15. The Grapes of Wrath tells the Joad family’s life from the time they were evicted from their farm in Oklahoma until their first winter in California.
16. Faulkner wrote about the society in the South by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who laboured for both of them.
17. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called stream of consciousness , in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of four characters.
18. Faulkner’s novel The Sound and the Fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order, told from four different points of view.
19. To Faulkner, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life. Therefore a writer should observe with no judgment whatsoever and reduce authorial intrusion to the lowest minimum.
20. Which of the following is right about American fiction from 1945 onwards?
A group of new writers who survived the war wrote about their ideals within the artistic field.
1. The Beat Generation is a large group including San Francisco writers, the name referred simultaneously_______, through drugs, and alcohol.
? A. to their sense that society was worn out
? B. to their interest in new forms of experience
? C. to the rhythm of jazz
2. In the Depression Age, John Steinbeck is the famous leftist for his sympathetic story about drifting farm laborers and factory workers.
3. The 1940s saw the flourishing of a new contingent of writers, including R. P. Warren, A. Miller, T. Williams, K. A. Porter and E. Welty. All but Miller were from the South
4. The Great God Brown fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life—giving impulses to and destruction of the genuine art.
5. The realistic schools led by Mark Twain and Henry James differ in their understanding of the truth
6. Eliot’s first major poem (1917) has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English.
A. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
B. The Waste Land
C. Four Quartets
D. Preludes
7. Which story is William Dean Howells’ masterpiece on the American spirit of the self-made man?
A. A Modern Instance
B. The Luck of Roaring Camp
C. The Rise of Silas Lapham
D. A Woman’s Reason
8. Which of the following is depicted as the mythical county in William Faulkner's
novels?
A. Cambridge.
B. Yoknapatawpha
C. Mississippi.
D.Tagliamento
9. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.”
This line is the shortest poem written by ______.
A. T. S. Eliot
B. Robert Frost
C. Ezra Pound
D.
E. E. Cummings
10. Which couple of the following are not written by Henry James?
A. The Portrait of A Lady and The Europeans
B. The Wings of the Dove and The Ambassadors
C. What Maisie Knows and The Bostonians
D. The Genius and The Gilded Age
11. __________ is said to be a “historical novel”by Faulkner.
A. Go Down, Moses
B. Light in August
C. Absalom, Absalom
D. The Sound and the Fury
12. Which of the following is said of the American naturalists?
A. They preferred to have their own region and people at the forefront of the
stories.
B. Their characteristic setting is usually an isolated town.
C. Human should be united because they had to adapt themselves to changing
harsh environment.
D. Their characters were conceived more or less complex combinations of
inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.
13. The great sea adventure story Moby-Dick is usually considered______.
A. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the artistic truth and beauty
B. an adventurous exploration into man's relationship with nature
C. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe
D. a simple whaling tale or sea adventure
14. The American 30s lasted from the Crash, through the ensuing Great Depression,
until the outbreak of the 2nd World War 1939. This was a period of _______.
A. a new social consciousness
B. bleakness
C. important social movements
D. All above
15. As to the great American poet Ezra Pound, which of the following statements is not true?
A. His language is usually oblique yet marvelously compressed and his poetry is
dense with personal, literary, and historical allusions.
B. His artistic talents are on full display in the history of the Imagist Movement.
C. From his analysis of the Chinese ideogram Pound learned to anchor his poetic
language in concrete, perceptual reality, and to organize images into larger patterns through juxtaposition.
D. For he was politically controversial and notorious for what he did in the
wartime, his literary achievement and influence are somewhat reduced.
16. Sinclair Lewis’ Babbitt presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited ______.
A. up-class mind
B. middle-class mind
C. proletarian
D. ordinary people
17. In A Rose for Emily, Faulkner makes best use of ______ devices in narration.
A. romantic
B. realistic
C. gothic
D. modernist
18. American diction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different from its
predecessors. It is always referred to as “_______”.
A. Imagism
B. black humor
C. new fiction
D. the Beat Generation
19. As an autobiographical play, O’Neill’s ______ (1951) has gained its status as a
world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.
A.Long Day’s Journey into Night
B. The Hairy Ape
C. Desire under the Elms
D. The Iceman Cometh
20. Tender Is the Night is a ______ by Fitzgerald.
A. short story
B. novella
C. poem
D. novel
1. Which of the following notions is not of literature?
A. local color
B. sub-consciousness
C. stream of consciousness
D. naturalism
2. As Fitzgerald’s writing style is concerned, which of the following is true?
A. The author dropped off the device of having events observed by a “central
consciousness”.
B. His intervening passages of narration leave the tedious process of transition to
the author’s imagination.
C. His diction and metaphors are partially original and details accurate.
D. The scenic methods are employed, each of which consists of one or more
dramatic scenes.
3. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the U. S. refers to the period from
______ to ______.
A. 1861—1914
B. 1863—1918
C. 1865—1914
D. 1865—1945
4. ______ is not the representative writer in the Age of Realism in the literary history
of the U.S.
A. Henry James
B. Emily Dickinson
C. William Dean Howells
D. Mark Twain
5. ______ explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation
and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post
Civil War era.
A. Innocents Abroad
B. The Gilded Age
C. Roughing It
D. The Middle Year s
6. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the
influence of the 19th century French literature and the American men of letters gave rise to another powerful school of realism of American literature: American ______.
A. Romanticism
B. Transcendentalism
C. The Lost Generation
D. Naturalism
7. In the first part of the 20th century, apart from Darwinism, there were two important
thinkers, ______, whose ideas had the greatest impact on the writing of American modernist period.
A. the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud
B. the German Karl Marx and the American Sigmund Freud
C. the Swiss Carl Jung and the American William James
D. the Austrian Karl Marx and the German Sigmund Freud
8. In his poetry, Robert Frost made the colloquial ______ speech into a poetic
expression.
A. England
B. New England
C. Plymouth
D. Boston
9. As the theme of New England Transcendentalism, returning to nature could be read in Walden by ______.
A. Cooper
B. Twain
C. Irving
D. Thoreau
10. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is not true?
A. It’s very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin.
B. It’s a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism.
C. It’s mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in general.
D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel.
11. ________ showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Bai into English.
A. Ezra Pound
B. Robert Frost
C. T. S. Eliot
D.
E. E. Cummings
12.Psychological realists take the psychologist view that _______ shapes up the social life.
A. subconscious instinct
B. intuitive and self-reliant
C. evil in human heart
D. the circumstance of no freedom of choice
13. The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than
Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It is this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as .
A. The Roaring Twenties
B. The Jazz age
C. The Dollar Decade
D. All of above
14. Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in
love with a nurse. They later became the characters of his novel .
A. The Old Man and the Sea
B. For Whom the Bell Tolls
C. The Sun Also Rises
D. A Farewell to Arms
15. ______ tells the Joad family’s life from the time they were evicted from their farm
in Oklahoma until their first winter in California.
A. Of Mice and Men
B. The Grapes of Wrath
C. The Great Gatsby
D. For Whom the Bell Tolls
16. In the first half of the 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering period which is called “_____”.
A. the English Renaissance
B. the Second Renaissance
C. the American Renaissance
D. the Salem Renaissance
17. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called , in
which the whole story was told through the thoughts of four characters.
A. symbolism
B. imagism
C. the stream of consciousness
D. naturalism
18. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ______.
A. nature, man and the universe
B. the relationship between man and woman
C. the development of Romanticism in American literature
D. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism
19. To Faulkner, the primary duty of a writer is to explore and represent the infinite
possibilities inherent in human life. Therefore a writer should ______.
A. observe with no judgment whatsoever
B. reduce authorial intrusion to the lowest minimum
C. observe at a great distance and sometimes participate in the events
D. both A and B
20. Which of the following just depicts the American fiction in the field of literature
from 1945 onwards?
A. Black fiction began to attract critical attention during the 1950s.
B. There appeared a significant group of Jewish-American writers whose works
were set against the Jewish experience and tradition.
C. A group of new writers who survived the war wrote about their ideals, seeking
vitality in more widely popular material.
D. American fiction in the 1950s and 1960s proves to be a harvest which derived
from its predecessors.
Answer: 1—60
A,B,D,D,C/ D,A,B,A,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,B,D,C
D A B D B/ A C B C D/ C D C D A/ B,A,C,A,D
B,C,C,B,A/ D,A,B,D,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,A,D,C
Part Two
1. Leather-stocking Tales F. Cooper frontier literature
2. The Portrait of a Woman H. James psychological realism
3. The Sketch Book W. Irving American short stories
4. The 22 Catch J. Heller fiction of black humour
5. Leaves of Grass W. Whitman free verse
6. The Sound and the Fury W. Faulkner the stream of consciousness
7. The Call of Wild J. London leftist and muckraker
8. Nature R. W. Emerson transcendentalism
9. The Great Gatsby F. S. Fitzgerald T he Jazz Age
10. The Grapes of Wrath J. Steinbeck Depression literature and mild leftist
1. Howl A. Ginsberg the beat generation
2. The Zoo Story E. Albee absurdist theatre
3. The Purloined Letter E. A. Poe detective stories
4. The Native Son R. Wright H arlem Renaissance and black novels
5. The Scarlet Letter N. Hawthorne black vision
6. The Sun also Rises E. Hemingway the lost generation and war novels
7. Autobiography B. Franklin individualism
8. The Waste Land T. S. Eliot imagist poetry
9. Sister Carrie T. Dreiser naturalism
10. Adventures of Huckleberry Fin M. Twain local colorism
Part Three
1. Who are the forerunners of American naturalism?
2. Who is considered the representative of the American literary school of last century: the Lost Generation and what did these men of letters call themselves?
3. Which four fictional schools successively came into being in the 20s, 30s, 40s and 60s of the 20th century?
4. Who is the most outstanding novelist of the 30th decade of last century and what are his earliest best seller and his greatest book?
5. Which names are always associated with the stream-of-consciousness?
6. As the following naturalists’example, which two novels are Stephen Crane’s main works ?
7. What four literary branches consist of the American realism?
8. What skills of literary creation does the 20th century stream-of-consciousness of American literature often include?
文学知识点 （汉语言143班兴丰1250101112） 一、分析吉尔伽美什形象及意义。 1、吉尔伽美什的形象变化而统一 （1）最初是乌鲁克城邦的残暴统治者。 （2）与恩启都苦斗结交后，转变成为民除害的英雄。 （3）恩启都死后，他又成为生死问题的勇敢探求者。 2、吉尔伽美什形象的意义 （1）他对死亡的恐惧昭示了人类精神深层的生命悲剧意识；（2）他对生死奥秘的探索显示了人类在生命意识上的精神自觉；（3）客观上证明了人的生命有限、死亡不可避免，人之生死是自然规律； （4）他的英勇无畏、为民献身精神体现了人的肉体生命虽然有限、但人的精神生命却可以永垂不朽的价值观念。 二、如何理解主人公对死亡的恐惧？ 他对死亡的恐惧昭示了人类精神深层的生命悲剧意识。令人恐惧的不是死亡本身，而是死亡的不断迫近和想象中死后的虚无。这是每一个灵魂的深度痛苦，是潜藏于人之意识深层的本体悲哀。死亡是悬挂于每个人头顶上的一把达摩克利斯之剑。主人公吉尔伽美什对于生死现象不再像早期人类那样自生自灭的被动接受，而是作为生命的主体主动积极地探求生命奥秘，试图扼住必死命运的咽喉。 三、《旧约》的容构成。
1、“经律书”：包括《创世纪》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》、《申命记》五卷，是其古代神话传说和教规法典的汇编。 2、“历史书”：包括《士师记》、《撒母耳记》、《列王记》等十卷，是其民族的兴衰史，特点是历史和文学结合。 3、“先知书”：包括《以赛亚书》、《耶利米书》等十四卷，是思想家和改革家们揭露社会腐败的演说，特点是富于激情的政论、散韵结合的文体、寓言意象式表现手法。 4、“诗文集”：有抒情诗集《诗篇》、《哀歌》、《雅歌》；哲理诗集《箴言》、《传道书》；短篇小说《路得记》、《以斯帖记》、《但以理书》；诗剧《约伯记》等十三卷，都是文学作品。 四、《圣经》的地位和影响。 以《圣经》为代表的希伯来文学和中国文学、印度文学、希腊文学并列为世界四大文学宝库（世界文学的四大传统、世界文学大厦的四块基石）。 1、以《圣经》为代表的希伯来文学与古希腊文化、文学一起，共同构成了西方文化、文学的两大源头，被称为“二希”。（1）《圣经》对中古欧洲蛮族的开化起到了推动作用，推动了西方国家语文的形成和发展； （2）《圣经》成为孕育西方近代文化的母体，具体表现在：它的思想观念渗透到西方社会的各个领域，甚至成为人们日常生活中必须遵循的法规和道德准则。 2、《圣经》成为西方文学艺术的宝库和土壤，哺育了一代又一代作家、诗人和艺术家。
History and Anthology of American Literature Part I The Literature of Colonial America 1.Historical Introduction ·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. ·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. 2.Early New England Literature ·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet. John Smith 1.The first American writer. 2.Works: (1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country (3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles William Bradford & John Winthrop 1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督 ·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》 2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督 ·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》 John Cotton & Roger Williams 1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家 ·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”. 2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害 ·He was interested in the Indian language ·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》 Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor 1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人 ·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》 2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人 ·The best of the Puritan poets Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America. 2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life secular
Part one: Answer: 1—60 A,B,D,D,C/ D,A,B,A,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,B,D,C D A B D B/ A C B C D/ C D C D A/ B,A,C,A,D B,C,C,B,A/ D,A,B,D,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,A,D,C 1 1.Hawthorne’s masterpiece, one of the greatest novels of the world is The Scarlet Letter. 2.Emerson’s first startling book is Nature. 3.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the chief spokesman of this spiritual movement of Transcendentalism. 4.Washington Irving is worth the honor of being “for his literary craftsmanship for his literary craftsmanship. 5.The colonial influence over American Romanticism made American Romantic writers more moralize than their English counter-parts. 6.The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American Naturalism. 7.In the first part of the 20th century, apart from Darwinism, there were two thinkers the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud, whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period. 8. In his poetry, Robert Frost made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. The theme of returning to nature could be read in Leather-Stocking Tales by Cooper. 10. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is not true? D A. It's very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin. B. It's a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism. C. It's mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in general. D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel. 11. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Bai into English. 12. Eli ot’s first major poem (1917 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock , has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English. 13. The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties,The Jazz age andThe Dollar Decade. 14. Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel A Farewell to Arms
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
外国文学史20世纪欧美现实主义文学复习要点 现实主义的新特点？ 思想特点：①十月革命的胜利和国家无产阶级革命运动的蓬勃展开，使他们对现实有了更加深刻的认识。深入再现生活深层的内在方面，表现人的深层意识和微观心理世界；②着重刻画日常生活中真实、具有复杂个性的普通人。借鉴了19世纪现实主义文学的经验，力图全面地反映一个时代的社会生活。③无产阶级的生活和斗争越来越多地成为他们反映的对象。 艺术特点：①频频出现“长河小说”。②适应时代发展与人们的欣赏要求，吸收新的艺术表现手段，提高了艺术表现能力。③越来越淡化情节，越来越淡化塑造典型人物。 代表作品：英国作家劳伦斯的《虹》，美国作家海明威的《老人与海》，美国女作家米切尔的《飘》等。 英国文学 代表作家：劳伦斯，擅长社会批判和心理（主题：性爱和工业文明）成名作：《儿子与情人》；《虹》《恋爱中的妇女》（姐妹篇）。 约翰·高尔斯华绥《福尔赛世家》三部曲（揭露了英国资产阶级的“财产意识”）、《有产业的人》《骑虎》《出租》； 毛姆《人性的枷锁》；戈尔丁《蝇王》；莱辛《金色笔记》 萧伯纳《鳏夫的财产》《华伦夫人的职业》《巴巴拉上校》； 法国文学 马丁·杜伽尔《帝国一家》（《巨仆》《穷人》《首脑》）；莫里亚克（心理分析）《腹蛇结》 罗曼·罗兰成就最高，《约翰·克里斯多夫》开创长河小说先河。 德国文学 曼氏家族：亨利希·曼《帝国三部曲》；托马斯·曼《布登·勃洛克
一家》。 雷马克反战小说《西线无战事》；茨威格《一个陌生女人的来信》 美国文学 德莱塞《美国的悲剧》；塞林格《麦田里的守望者》；菲次吉拉德《了不起的盖茨比》。 什么叫“迷惘的一代”？ 20世纪20年代产生于美国的文学流派，海明威在《太阳照样升起》的题词中引用斯泰因的一句话：你们都是迷惘的一代，该流派因此而得名。特点是痛恨帝国主义战争，关心战后青年一代的命运，反映当时美国青年普遍的迷惘情绪，以此为出发点，表现帝国主义精神危机。代表作家海明威和菲次吉拉德。 什么叫“冰山原则”？ 1932年海明威在《午后之死》中第一次提出文学创作的“冰山原则”，即用简洁的文字塑造鲜明的形象，并且把自己的感受和思想最大限度地藏在形象中，使之情感丰富却含而不露，思想深沉且隐而不晦，让读者通过鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想构成冰山原则的四要素，也是海明威的基本创作风格。 海明威相关知识： 《太阳照样升起》开创“迷惘的一代”的宣言书。 1940年《丧钟为谁而鸣》标志着海明威战争观的转变，支持正义战争，摆脱迷惘。 长篇小说《永别了，武器》：把“迷惘的一代”文学推向了高峰。主人公：亨利·腓特力、英国护士凯瑟琳。 《乞力马扎罗的雪》：最成功的一个短篇。 代表作《老人与海》，思想意义？点警句“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以把它消灭掉，可就是打不败它。”如何理解这句话？ 海明威的作品《老人与海》是一部寓意很深的作品。故事表现了“英雄与环境这个传统的主题。 象征意义：“老人与海”具有很强的象征性与寓意性。小说中的名言：“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”。是我们理解其思想意义的钥匙。老渔夫桑提亚哥实际上是抽象化的人类，作为人的对立面的大海、鲨鱼象征神秘的命运和不可知的自然力。老人在斗争中虽然失败了，但他坚忍不拔、不断抗争、奋力
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复 习笔记和真题 第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 I. Historical Introduction (历史背景) (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. (2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands. (3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements. (4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
绪论 美国文学：世界文学中的奇迹 美国文学的独特气质：多元化、平民化、充满对于生命的热爱、活力四射、充满阳刚之气。 从1492年哥伦布发现新大陆到19世纪前期，北美殖民地的发展建设十分迅速，但文学的发展却十分缓慢。这是因为移民到新大陆的欧洲人在无边无际的美洲大陆上豪情万丈、开疆扩土，现实生活上的需要太强烈，机会太多，使人无暇舞弄文字。不过，从更深层次上看，正是这种社会生活为萌芽中的美国文学奠定了精神基础，即：一望无前的开拓精神，一起皆有可能的乐观，无拘无束的野性，开放和包容的魄力。这种精神特质，一直贯穿在美国文学的历史中，或隐或现。 19世纪浪漫主义 背景：美国独立战争后，全新的民主共和国使人们满怀信心。因而，最初的美国文学具有强烈的浪漫主义色彩，各种不同风格的作家泉涌而出。 最早的代表作家：本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·杰斐逊 特点：他们是《独立宣言》的主要起草者，文风具有强烈的实用性，而文学性偏弱。富兰克林的创作以散文为主，文笔清新幽默集中探讨科学文化、民主精神、自力更生等，其中关于自学、修身、创业的言论，对于美国人的人生观、事业观、道德观产生了深远影响。杰斐逊曾担任美国第三位总统，其创作更具政治色彩，行文朴实无华，却字字击中要害。 美国文学之父：华盛顿·欧文（1783--1859） 美国第一部具有民族色彩的文学作品是欧文1809年发表的《纽约外史》。它御用美国本土题材，文风诙谐幽默。已经出版，就使欧文成为美国文坛的风雨人物。欧文的代表作是《见闻札记》，包括小说、散文、杂感等32篇。行文优雅，清新精致，以幽默风趣的笔调和富于幻想的浪漫色彩，描写了美国和英国的古老风俗习惯，刻画了淳朴善良的人物群像。（《见》中影响最大的是小说《瑞普·凡·温克尔》）这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。《见》最早的中文译本是20世纪林纾翻译的，译名为《拊掌录》，林纾在译序中写到“欧文气量宏广，而思致深邃而敏捷，行文跳踊变化，匪夷所思。”，评价甚高。 美国的孔子：爱默生（1803--1882） 爱默生，美国思想家、散文家、诗人，是确立美国文化精神的代表人物，被林肯尊为“美国的孔子”、“美国文明之父”。1937年的演讲词《美国学者》宣告美国文学已经脱离英国文学而独立，并告诫美国学者拜托学究气，不要盲目追随欧洲传统。这篇演讲被誉为美国文化领域的“独立宣言”。 爱默生是当时美国最受尊崇的演说家之一。他常谈论政治----比如强烈主张废除黑奴制，但他对政治的关心，更多是从思想文化出发，个人主义是他分析很多问题的切入点。他拒绝加入任何政治运动和团体，他希望超越小团体的局限站在普遍人性的角度独立思考。 爱默生的思想，保留在他的《论说文集》里。他的散文，注重思想内容，不讲究辞藻的华丽，说理深入浅出，说服力极强。行文简练，犹如格言，以至于有评论家说“爱默生似乎只写警句”。爱默生的散文综合了多种倾向，既斩钉截铁、不容置疑，又宽容大度，具有民主精神；既有贵族式的高雅，又有平民式的质朴；既简单明了，又隐含神秘主义气息。 侦探推理小说的鼻祖：爱伦·坡（1809--1849） 爱伦·坡，公认的侦探推理小说鼻祖、科幻小说先驱、恐怖小说大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义先驱。他的创作风格庞杂，总的来说，色彩瑰丽，非常奇特，带有一种阴暗而
《东方文学》考试题型说明 陕西师范大学文学院副教授吴舜立 《东方文学》这门课的试题类型根据考核内容、答题要求、思维方式和表达方式的不同，可以设计成多种多样，如：填空题、列举题、选择题（其中又包括单选题和多选题）、判断题（是非题）、配伍体、解释题（名词解释）、问答题（简答题）和论述题（分析题、论析题）等。另外还有如默写(著名作品的精彩句段，英雄人物的豪言壮语、革命导师的精辟论断等)、分析作品中某一篇章的意义、简述某一作品的故事梗概、对作家的简介、简评等等，不一而足。而其中尤以依据思维方式和表达方式不同而出现的“解释题”、“问答题”和“论述题”三种题型比较常用，现将它们的具体形式和答题要求说明如下： 一、解释题（解释或说明） 这类题要求应试者对东方文学史上的一些重要的作家作品、文学流派和名词术语客观地加以解释或说明。 例如：解释下列名词：①迦梨陀娑；②《吉檀迦利》； ③新感觉派；④东学西渐。 我们以《吉檀迦利》为例：《吉檀迦利》是印度近代大诗人泰戈尔的代表性诗集。诗集题名含义“献给神”。
其主要思想内容就是歌颂神、渴望与神合而为一。但泰戈尔笔下的“神”不是宗教偶像，而是象征着无限永恒、自由光明的境界。泰戈尔因此诗集获得了诺贝尔文学奖。 二、问答题（回答或叙述） 这种题型要求应试者抓住要点，用简明扼要的语句来回答问题。回答此类题，只要求准确完整地回答“其然”，不要求回答“其所以然”；也就是说只要求陈述说明，不要求分析论证。 例1：《源氏物语》的思想内容是什么? 《源氏物语》以平安朝的宫廷生活为题材，以皇室贵族同外戚贵族之间的权力之争为中心线索，通过主人公光源氏在情场上的角逐和官场上的沉浮，写出了摄关政治的内幕和一夫多妻制所造成的社会悲剧；真实的反映了当时贵族社会的腐败和堕落；深刻的揭示了贵族阶级不可克服的内部矛盾和必然崩溃的历史命运。小说是为日本贵族阶级谱写的一首挽歌，一部衰亡史。权欲和情欲构成了它的二重奏，而虚无思想则是其精神世界的主调。 例2：简述印度古代文学的历史分期及主要成就。 古代印度文学可以分为三个时期①吠陀时期的主要成就是“吠陀文学”—民间创作四大诗歌总集：《梨俱吠陀》、《娑摩吠陀》、《夜柔吠陀》、《阿闼婆吠陀》。其中成
20世纪的美国文学，堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”，同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。这一时期，现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面，促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。 ==小说== 这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义，但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向： 1、两种现实主义小说。在这方面的主要代表是亨利·詹姆斯，他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统，擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象，始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林·加兰。 2、乡土作家和幽默小说。这方面的代表性作家是欧·亨利。他的短篇小说篇幅不长，以情节取胜，一般以写小市民生活为主，充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。 3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿·辛克莱。从19世纪90年代开始，一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。其中以厄普顿·辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。 4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬·克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。 杰克·伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动，曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。实际上，他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响，这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。他的写作风格粗犷而刚健有力，人物性格常常在激烈的矛盾冲突中得到展示。 西奥多·德莱塞（代表作《嘉莉妹妹》、《美国的悲剧》）运用巴尔扎克写典型、写细节的手法，成功地再现出他那个时代大城市中的社会生活和典型人物，场面比较广阔，含义比较深刻。他虽然揭露了资产阶级社会中尔虞我诈、弱肉强食的现象，但是又塑造了一批随波逐流、任性纵欲的主人公。但是他常常因为写作风格的滞重和句段的冗长而受到批评。 辛克莱·刘易斯是美国第一个获得诺贝尔文学的小说家。他的小说多以讽刺手法揭露美国资产阶级社会中的丑恶现象和矛盾。作为美国中产阶级的代言人，他的视野从未超越中产阶级。他的作品虽然从某些侧面揭露示了资产阶级社会中的矛盾，和社会的黑暗，但总的来说，缺乏一定的深度。
东方文学知识点 （汉语言143班姜兴丰 1250101112） 一、分析吉尔伽美什形象及意义。 1、吉尔伽美什的形象变化而统一 （1）最初是乌鲁克城邦的残暴统治者。 （2）与恩启都苦斗结交后，转变成为民除害的英雄。 （3）恩启都死后，他又成为生死问题的勇敢探求者。 2、吉尔伽美什形象的意义 （1）他对死亡的恐惧昭示了人类精神深层的生命悲剧意识；（2）他对生死奥秘的探索显示了人类在生命意识上的精神自觉；（3）客观上证明了人的生命有限、死亡不可避免，人之生死是 自然规律； （4）他的英勇无畏、为民献身精神体现了人的肉体生命虽然有限、但人的精神生命却可以永垂不朽的价值观念。 二、如何理解主人公对死亡的恐惧？ 他对死亡的恐惧昭示了人类精神深层的生命悲剧意识。令人恐 惧的不是死亡本身，而是死亡的不断迫近和想象中死后的虚无。这是每一个灵魂的深度痛苦，是潜藏于人之意识深层的本体悲哀。死亡是悬挂于每个人头顶上的一把达摩克利斯之剑。主人公吉尔伽美什对于生死现象不再像早期人类那样自生自灭的被动． 接受，而是作为生命的主体主动积极地探求生命奥秘，试图扼住
必死命运的咽喉。 三、《旧约》的内容构成。 1、“经律书”：包括《创世纪》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》、《申命记》五卷，是其古代神话传说和教规法典的汇编。 2、“历史书”：包括《士师记》、《撒母耳记》、《列王记》等十卷，是其民族的兴衰史，特点是历史和文学结合。 3、“先知书”：包括《以赛亚书》、《耶利米书》等十四卷，是思想家和改革家们揭露社会腐败的演说，特点是富于激情的政论、散韵结合的文体、寓言意象式表现手法。 4、“诗文集”：有抒情诗集《诗篇》、《哀歌》、《雅歌》；哲理诗集《箴言》、《传道书》；短篇小说《路得记》、《以斯帖记》、《但以理书》；诗剧《约伯记》等十三卷，都是文学作品。 四、《圣经》的地位和影响。 以《圣经》为代表的希伯来文学和中国文学、印度文学、希腊文学并列为世界四大文学宝库（世界文学的四大传统、世界文学大厦的四块基石）。 1、以《圣经》为代表的希伯来文学与古希腊文化、文学一起，共同构成了西方文化、文学的两大源头，被称为“二希”。． （1）《圣经》对中古欧洲蛮族的开化起到了推动作用，推动了西方国家语文的形成和发展； （2）《圣经》成为孕育西方近代文化的母体，具体表现在：它的思想观念渗透到西方社会的各个领域，甚至成为人们日常生活中
文学史笔记： 一、Early American and colonial period (1607-1765) (religious conflicts Catholism vs.Puritanism) 1.Puritanism: 1.) Simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. 2.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .To some extent it is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 3.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The main features of this period 1).American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.