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企业管理专业论企业经营业绩评价系统的构建大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

企业管理专业论企业经营业绩评价系统的构建大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
企业管理专业论企业经营业绩评价系统的构建大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文

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文献、资料中文题目:论企业经营业绩评价系统的构建

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翻译日期: 2017.02.14

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论企业经营业绩评价系统的构建企业作为盈利性组织,其目标是追求经济效益,企业的经济效益集中体现在经营业绩上。业绩,也称为效绩,绩效、成效等,反映的是人们从事某一活动所取得的成绩或成果,经营业绩是企业在一定时期内利用其有限的资源从事经营活动取得的成果,表现为企业经营效益和经营者业绩两方面。《辞海》中对“评价”的解释是:“评定货物的价格、还价。今也指衡量人物或事物的价值。”价格是价值的货币表现,评价实际上是一个判定价值的过程,就如《现代汉语词典》中的解释:“评价”是“评定价值高低、评定的价值”,管理活动中的评价是指根据确定的目标来测定对象系统的属性,并将这种属性变为客观定量的价值或者主观效用的行为。评价作为判定人或事物价值的一种观念性活动,包括确定评价目的、选定评价标准(或评价参照系统),获取评价信息,形成价值判断四个环节。

企业经营业绩评价是指运用科学,规范的评价方法,采用特定的指标体系,对照统一的评价标准,按照一定的程序,进行定量及定性分析,对企业一定经营期间的经营效益和经营者业绩作出真实、客观、公正的综合评判。它是评价理论方法在经济领域的具体应用,它是在会计学和财务管理的基础上,运用计量经济学原理和现代分析技术而建立起来的剖析企业经营过程,真实反映企业现实经济状况,预测企业未来发展前景的一门科学。建立和推行企业经营业绩评价制度,科学的评判企业经营成果,有助于正确引导企业经营行为,帮助企业寻找经营差距及产生的原因,提高经济效益。同时,也为各有关部门对企业实施间接管理,加强宏观调控、制定经济政策和考核企业经营管理者业绩提供依据。企业经营业绩评价系统的构建与实施必须建立在一定的理论基础之上,符合一定的原则,才能发挥其良好的功能,从而使业绩评价“客观”、“公平”、“合理”。

1企业经营业绩评价系统的理论基础

(1) 资本保全理论

在市场经济条件下,企业是出资者的企业,是一个资本集合体,所有者是惟一的剩余风险承担者和剩余权益享受者,出资者利益是企业最高利益。企业追求利益最大化直接表现为资本增值最大化,要求用尽可能小的垫支资本去获取尽可能大的资本利益。企业经营

业绩评价的一个基本前提是企业资本增值最大化。因此,资本保全观念的选择就构成了业绩评价的重要理论基础。资本保值增值的实质是实现资本收益最大化,是在资本经营状态下所得与所费关系的具体体现,即用尽可能小的垫支资本去获取尽可能大的资本利益。因此,所得与所费之间的对比成为企业经营业绩评价的基本表达形式。

(2) 委托代理理论

委托代理理论认为,企业本质是若干人之间的一组相互重叠“代理关系的综合”,随着所有权与经营权的分离,所有者与经营者的关系是委托代理关系。在信息不对称的情况下,委托人和代理人之间的契约是不完全的,代理人在其从事的业务范围内拥有比别人更全面,更准确的知识和信息,委托人很难准确判断代理人的努力程度,代理人是否存在机会主义行为。由于代理人是一个具有独立利益和行为目标的“经济人”,他们的行为目标与委托人的利益目标不可能完全一致,在代理过程中可能产生职务怠慢、损害和侵蚀委托人利益的“道德风险”和“逆向选择”问题,这些决定了企业业绩评价制度存在的逻辑基础。

(3) 系统理论

根据系统论的观念,企业是一个人造的开放系统,其经营既受外部因素影响,又受内部环境条件的制约,因此企业经营业绩的评价也要受外部经营环境(包括客户、竞争者,供货者等)的重大影响。构建企业经营业绩评价体系,就要从系统的观念出发,借助系统分析及运筹学、控制论等其他方法,通过对企业经营管理系统的分析和评价指标、评价标准、评价方法等相关要素的分析,对系统内整体与局部之间、系统与外部环境之间的相互联系、相互作用、相互制约关系进行综合考察,设计出满足实践需要的企业经营业绩评价系统。系统理论主要指导企业经营业绩评价约束和行为理论的建立和发展,其具体影响主要体现在:首先,它可以为业绩评价系统的建立提供一种观念上的指导,有助于评价主体从全面、系统、完整的角度去分析和研究业绩评价系统及其相互关系;其次,它可以帮助评价主体在研究业绩评价系统各个具体问题时注重研究它们之间的关系及其相互的影响。因此,在建立业绩评价系统时,应强调整个系统的最优化而不是系统要素的最优化,应设置非财务指标全面地考虑所有利益相关者的评价目标。

(4) 权变管理理论

权变管理理论考虑到有关环境的变数同相应的管理观念和技术之间的关系,使采用的管理观念和技术能有效地达到目标。环境变量与管理变量之间的函数关系是权变关系,这是权变管理理论的核心内容。业绩评价系统的建立,应有权变的观念,建立一种权变的业

绩评价的方法结构。其设计必须建立在对企业内、外环境进行分析的基础上,综合考虑社会变量、环境因素、组织特性,用户特征的影响,并随着环境变化进行调整。企业应将制定权变计划作为业绩评价系统的组成部分,当业绩评价结果显示企业需要立即采取重大变革时,适当的权变战略可以快速地被实施。随着权变战略的实施,业绩评价系统也应作相应的调整,以保持与战略实施计划的一致性。

2 企业经营业绩评价系统的构建原则

(1) 定量评价与定性评价相结合原则

定量评价是衡量企业经营业绩的一个重要方面,其最大的优势是形式的直观性和结果的可比性。但是定量评价所依赖的数据主要来源于企业会计报表提供的历史性静态文件,这本质上属于一种短期业绩的计量,容易助长企业经营者的急功近利思想和短期投机行为,影响企业的长远发展。知识经济时代的企业管理重心正由实物资本转向技术、知识、人才等无形资本,因此在评价企业经营业绩时应该关注企业市场价值、品牌价值、新产品开发等反映创新能力的非财务指标。将传统的财务指标定量评价与非财务指标的定性评价相结合是企业经营业绩评价的必然趋势。

(2) 科学性与全面性相结合原则

业绩评价作为主观反映客观的工具,要遵循“实事求是”的原则,正确理解有关经济范畴,并正确分析客观对象的数量特征,据以将经济发展的规律反映到评价系统设计中。科学性原则要通过业绩评价内涵的正确性、指标体系设计的完备性、数学处理方法的逻辑严密性等方面体现出来。同时由于经营活动和业绩评价本身又受多种因素的影响,要真实反映企业的业绩水准,就必须建立一个全面反映各有关要素和各有关环节的、能综合揭示企业业绩的评价系统,分别设计相应的评价指标客观评价企业盈利能力、营运能力、偿债能力、收益质量、发展能力和社会贡献能力等方面状况,全面实现企业经营业绩评价的目的。

(3) 可操作性原则

可操作性原则,要求评价过程中所使用的数据均可从现有的会计核算、统计核算和业务核算数据中获得,以这些可验证的资料为基础,才能使评价结论不偏不倚。鉴于我国评价结果使用者的素质普遍较低,评价过程和结果的表述形式应符合中国人的思维习惯、文化特征与价值观念。可操作性应是设计业绩评价系统必须考虑的一项重要因素,离开了可操作性,再科学、合理、系统、全面的评价系统也是枉然。因此,评价系统设计要本着定

义明确、简明扼要、结构合理的原则,在现有条件下,便于评价人员理解和填报,正确使用评价结论。

(4) 对比性原则

评价企业经营业绩,数字是相对最佳的衡量工具,但缺乏对比的基准数字资料没有任何意义。企业业绩的大小,只有与其过去记录、预算目标及同业水准等加以比较,才能显示出业绩的优劣。所以,在评价与考核企业业绩时,将其实际经营结果所产生的数值与一定的基准资料进行比较分析才有意义。

(5) 成本效益原则

评价系统的数据收集、计算与利用不是没有代价的,在设计评价指标体系与指标项目的过程中应充分考虑成本效益原则。某些指标固然很有用,如果为取得该项指标数据所花费的成本大于其所能带来的利益,一般应考虑其必要性或放弃该指标而采用其他成本较低的替代指标。当然,在现有的计量理论与技术条件下,要准确计算评价系统的成本与效益是不现实的。尽管如此,人们在构建评价系统时,仍需要对成本与效益因素进行衡量和判断。

(6) 业绩评价与业绩管理相结合原则

业绩管理是通过业绩指标的设计、衡量和差异分析来促进业绩提高的管理系统,它可以和业绩评价相结合,形成全员、全过程的管理系统。业绩评价的考核是以人为对象的,目的是要激励经营者和广大员工。但促进人的积极性发挥的根本目的仍然是业绩提高,并且业绩提高的最终途径和方式仍然要具体到过程和技术因素,所以,业绩评价和业绩管理的根本目的相同,其功能也是相辅相成的。

3企业经营业绩评价系统的构成要素

(1) 评价主体

企业经营业绩评价都是由特定主体进行的、有特定目的的评价活动,这是经营业绩评价的原动力问题,它是以对企业及其相关利益主体的认识为基础的。在知识经济时代,人力资本是企业价值增值的重要源泉,职工也与股东一样承担了与企业经营效益相关的风险,使企业成为财务资本和知识资本共有的企业。同时,随着股权分散和流动增加,大型企业的经营状况对国民经济的影响,龙头企业对上下游企业的影响和控制,企业之间战略合作关系的发展,使企业呈现出“社会的企业”的特征。这样,企业经营业绩评价就不仅仅是所有者的责任与权利,而是成了职工、政府、社会共同关注的焦点。按照业绩评价的

主体和目的的不同,业绩评价可以细分为以下四个方面:资源提供者(包括投资者、债权人和职工等)对于经营业绩的评价;潜在投资者对作为投资对象的企业的价值分析;政府管理部门进行的以企业所提供的税金、环保等为主要内容的社会贡献评价;经营者进行的内部管理业绩评价。由此构成企业经营业绩评价主体的四个层面。

(2) 评价客体

经营业绩评价体系有两个评价客体:即企业和经营管理者,两者既有联系又有区别。评价的结果对评价客体必然会产生影响,关系到其未来的发展方向与利益大小。对企业的评价关系到企业是扩张、维持、重组、收缩或退出;对经营者的评价关系其薪酬、奖惩、升降等问题。评价的客体是由评价主体根据需要确定的,如2002年2月22日财政部五部委修订的《企业效绩评价操作细则》将工商类竞争性企业总体上作为评价客体,但具体的评价对象视实际情况而定;国务院国有资产监督管理委员会颁布于2004年1月1日施行的《中央企业负责人经营业绩考核暂行办法》将国资委履行出资人职责的国有及国有控股企业的负责人列为评价对象。

(3) 评价目标

企业经营业绩评价系统的目标是整个系统运行的指南和目的,没有明确的目标,整个业绩评价系统将处于无序状态。通过评价判断企业总体经营状况,总结经验和优劣势,发现不足与差距,对企业进行诊断,提出改进的措施和建议;同时,业绩评价可以在过去的基础上对企业经营的可持续性和增长性进行预测,为制定、实施企业的战略目标服务。在企业经营者业绩评价的基础上,制定合理的报酬计划,提高企业经营者的收入,有利于激发其工作积极性。

( 4) 评价指标体系

评价指标体系的设计是企业经营业绩评价系统的核心问题,系统的指标是指对评价客体的某些方面进行评价,指标的选择要依据客体的特性和系统目标的内在要求进行。评价客体本身具有多方面的特性,我们不可能,更没有必要了解它的全部信息。作为一个有用的工具,系统关心的是评价客体与评价目标相关的方面。既有财务方面的,又有非财务方面的;既可以定量指标反映,又可以定性指标反映。指标是实施业绩评价的基础和客观依据。在进行评价指标研究时,应注意区分对企业评价和对企业管理者的评价,因为对两类评价客体的评价目的是不同的,因此应设计适合两类不同评价客体的指标体系。

(5) 评价标准

评价标准是指判断评价对象业绩优劣的基准。评价标准是在一定前提下产生的,随着

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Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

外文文献及翻译

文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to

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