2009年9月上海高级口译真题和答案

早产儿低血糖性脑损伤早产儿低血糖是早产儿管理中的常见问题，其严重后果可以导致脑损伤。

足月新生儿延迟喂养3—6小时有10%会发生低血糖，早产儿特别是出生时窒息、低出生体重、小于胎龄儿或大于胎龄儿的早产儿风险更大。

早产儿由于糖原储备少，出生早期参与糖异生和糖原分解的葡萄糖6磷酸酶活性差，对各种升血糖的激素不敏感，使得早产儿比足月儿更容易发生低血糖。

虽然低血糖脑损伤与缺血缺氧性脑病的发病机理相似。

但在代谢特点、脑组织影像学、脑电图和组织病理学上有其特点。

由于早产儿低血糖经常与围产期其他导致脑损伤的因素同时发生，如出生时重度窒息时，更关注缺氧缺血造成的脑损害而忽略了低血糖性的脑损伤。

一、早产儿低血糖的定义20世纪70年代初期，曾经认为早产儿未成熟的脑组织比成熟的脑组织对低血糖有较好的耐受性，而且低血糖的早产儿一般临床上表现无症状，所以将早产儿低血糖的标准定为20mg/L。

但当时这种标准的确定缺乏详细的临床检查和追踪随诊。

近些年来，有人经腹脐带穿刺测定胎儿脐静脉的血糖水平，资料显示健康正常的胎儿脐静脉的血糖浓度在72--90mg/ml（4—5mmol/L）。

妊娠早期母亲—胎儿间血糖的梯度较小，妊娠晚期胎儿血糖水平是母体血糖水平的80%--90%。

基于上述资料，建议理想的早产儿血糖水平应维持在72--90 mg/ml（4—5mmol/L），这也是我们治疗的目标。

当然治疗的目标不应和诊断标准混淆。

传统上，希望用一个阈值来定义早产儿的低血糖，一般的定义是在健康人群统计数值中，小于两个标准差以下定义为低值。

但值得注意的是虽然当血糖降低时，可能增加了机能损害的风险，但没有一个阈值能适合所有的早产儿。

健康足月新生儿的阈值低于儿童和成年人。

早产儿低血糖的阈值与胎龄有关，胎龄越大的对低血糖的适应能力越好。

其它影响因素包括生后日龄，生理状况（如进食等），母乳或人工喂养，技术因素包括血糖测定是用全血还是血浆，试纸的可靠性等，以往的研究中采用不同的方法有不同的结果。

2009年秋季的口试真题及答案汉译英：（此题摘自江总书记于一九九九年十月二十二日在英国剑桥大学的演讲）Passage 1:中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。

还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯人为贵”，社会的发展和进步，取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。

今天中国所焕发出来的巨大活力，是中国人民拥有广泛自由、民主的生动写照。

中国确保十三亿多人的生存权和发展权，是对世界人权事业的重大贡献。

集体人权与个人人权、经济文化权利与公民政治权利紧密结合和协调发展，这适合中国国情，是中国人权事业发展的必然道路。

The Chinese nation has always respected human dignity and value. Even in the anci ent days, our ancestors came up with the idea of “people being the most importan t,” believe that “man is the most valuable among all the t hings that heaven foster s.” The progress and development of a society hinge on human progress and devel opment and depend on how well human dignity is maintained and how much huma n value is realized. The immense vitality displayed by China today is a vivid reflecti on of the broad freedoms and democtatic rights enjoyed by the Chinese people.Chins has a population of over 1.3 billion, and to ensure our people the rights to s ubsistence and development is in itself a major contribution to the progress of the world human rights cause. Collective and individual human rights should be consider ed together and their coordinated development should be pursued, and the same co nsiderations should be given to the development of economic and cultural rights on the one hand and of civil and political rights on the other. This is dictated by Chin a’s specific national conditions and therefore, is the only way to progress in human rights cause in Chins.英译汉：Passage 2:On behalf of all the membership of the United Nations, I hereby reaffirm the r ole of this international organization. When ti was created more than 60 years ago, the United Nations reflected humanity’s greatest hopes for a just and peaceful glob al community. It still embodies that dream. We remain the only world institution wit h the legitinacy and scope that derive from global membership, and a mandate that encompasses development, secutiry and human rights as well as the envoronment.I restate that we are an organization without independent military capability, and we dispose of relatively modest resources in the economic realm. Yet our influence and impact on the world is far greater than many believe to be the case, and of ten more than we ourselves realize. This influence derives not from any exercise of power, but from the force of the values we represent. Among these values are th e maintenance of the world order and the establishment of world harmony.（参考答案）我谨代表联合国所有成员国，在此重申这个国际组织的作用。

9月高级口译翻译答案(下半场汉译英)2011年秋季上海中高级口译考试将于9月18日开考，为了帮助考生朋友第一时间得知自己的考试情况，考试大口译笔译站点将会在考后第一时间为您发布9月18日上海中高级口译考试真题及答案，敬请关注！本文为考试大高级口译翻译答案（下半场汉译英）。

西塘是一个具有一千多年历史的水乡古镇，保存完好的明清时期建筑群是其他旅游景点所无法相比的。

徜徉古镇街头，使人们仿佛置身于一副美丽的水墨画之中。

河两岸高耸的粉墙和水中清晰的瓦房倒影，还有那在微风里婆娑摇曳的杨柳，似乎都在为这个古镇增添着异彩和生机。

在这个宁静的水镇里，生活的脚步似乎完全听命于那淌着潺潺流水的河流。

西塘可以说是水的同义词。

这里的河流是那样的蜿蜒曲折、波光粼粼，映射出一派宁静祥和的街景。

夜幕降临，河岸边数千盏灯笼与晚霞一并点燃，把整个小镇映衬得灯火通明，为镇民们照亮了回家的路。

Xitang, a river-side town with a history of more than 1,000 years, boasts a group of well-preserved buildings from Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty that are unmatched by any other resorts. Take a free walk in its streets, and you will feel as if you were in a picturesque Chinese ink painting. The high-standing white wall on both sides of the river and the clear reflection of tile-roofed houses in the water as well as the willows waving and dancing in the breeze all vividly bring life and vigor to the town.In this tranquility, the pace of life seems to be harmoniously subject to the gurgling streams. The name of the town, Xitang, is a synonym of water. The winding rivers with sparkling ripples give away the tranquility it has acquired. As the fall of night ignites thousands of lanterns along the riverbanks and set off the sunset glow, the whole town become ablaze with light and illuminates the way home for its residents.。

9 月英语高级口译真题+ 答案(4)SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.A proposal to change long-standing federal policy and deny citizenship to babies born to illegal immigrants on U.S. soil ran aground this month in Congress, but it is sure to resurface-kindling bitter debate even if it fails to become law.At issue is “ birthright citizenship -pr〞ovided for since the Constitutio n' s14th Amendment was ratified in 1868. Section 1 of that amendment, drafted with freed slaves in mind, says: “ All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subj to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States. 〞Some conservatives in Congress, as well as advocacy groups seeking to crack down on illegal immigration, say the amendment has been misapplied over the years, that it was never intended to grant citizenship automatically to babies of illegal immigrants. Thus they contend that federal legislation, rather than a difficult-to-achieve constitutional amendment, would be sufficient to end birthright citizenship.“ MostAmericans feel it doesn 'mt ake any sense for people to come into the country illegally, give birth an d have a new U.S. citizen, 〞said the spokesman of th federation of American immigration reform. “ But the advocates for illegal immi will make a fuss; they ' lcllaim you ' repunishing the children, and I suspect the leadership doesn ' t want to deatlhwaitt.h 〞SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Part A: Note-taking and Gap-fillingDirections: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the importa nt points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your TEST BOOK and ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.The doctor-patient relationship is one of the __________ 〔1〕relationships in life, but many people say this relationship is beyond _____________ 〔2〕. Can this relationship be saved? The answer is __________ 〔3〕yes, because it must. And if that is lost, medicine becomes a technology and is _________ 〔4〕. In part the crisisin medicine began with doctors __________ 〔5〕themselves from patients.The more critical work of a doctor happens in the taking of the human 〔6〕. 〔7〕is the most important and most difficult single transaction. The studies show that 〔8〕of all the valuable informationthat leads to correct diagnosis comes from the history. Another __________ 〔9〕comes from the physical examination, 10% comes from simple __________ 〔10〕tests, and 5% comes from all the complex __________ 〔11〕. So listening is vital, because listening is not merely listening, but to establish a _________ 〔12〕.But some doctors think listening is _________ 〔13〕. They like to use complex and costly __________ 〔14〕, and use ___________ 〔15〕that create adversereactions and require _________ 〔16〕. They don 't like to listen. Because there premium on listening and that there 's no __〔__1_7_〕___fo_r_listening.Even so, the doctor-patient relationship is not _________ 〔18〕saving. Because people may ask, what is good health? And good health begins first and foremost with 〔19〕. If you don 't care for a _______ 〔__2_0_〕, be somebody else,but don ' t be a doctor!Part B: Listening and Translation1. Sentence TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.〔1〕〔2〕〔3〕〔4〕〔5〕2. Passage TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.〔1〕。

9月上海英语翻译资格高级口译听力真题完整版Part A: Spot DictationWas it envisioned for the euro to eventually become such a strong currency that it could compete with the dollar on a global level? Or was that a dream then and is it still a dream now?I think it was an attainable dream, and it is becoming actually, in some ways, less attainable right now.You may ask why?Well, the dream to give credit where credit is due was not only advocated by some European officials but by some American economists, including our Institute’s director, Fred Bergsten, who was way out in the front with that. Richard Portes, who teaches at London Business School, also was way out in front with that. And they were very much against the tide of people like Martin Feldstein and others in London and the United States who were very skeptical towards the euro.At face value, the euro area is the same size in GDP as the United States, roughly speaking. The euro area does have very large and deep financial markets, although the more you look in detail, there are still some things there that differentiate it from the United States. And the euro area has delivered price stability. They have a very low rate of inflation pretty consistently. So you put those three things together, on paper it looks like the euro should be at least a very clear second to the dollar in investor’s portfolios, in government reserve holdings, in how much you invoice trade like oil or planes or things like that.But what our research finds in this book -- in particular in good chapters by Kristin Forbes and Linda Goldberg -- is the fact that if you look under the hood a bit, there is ahuge shortfall between what you would expect just based on size and how much the euro is used. So there’s an awful lot of trade that’s still invoiced in dollars, not in euros, even between countries that are not dollar countries. There are huge amounts of financial flows that come to the United States, and the depth of European assets and financial flows is not commensurate with the size.【解析】本文节选自Growing Pains for the Euro。

2021年9月上海高级口译笔试真题答案与听力原文2021年9月上海高级口译笔试听力原文Spot DictationFor more than two centuries, American's colleges and universities have been the backbone of the country's progress. They have educated their technical, managerial and professional work force, and provided generation after generation of national leaders.Today, educators from around the country are up to find many reasons for the excellence of the American universities.But four historic acts stand out as watersheds.First, education for the mass. In 1862, congress enacted the Land-Grand College Act, which essentially extended the opportunity of higher education to all Americans, including women and minorities.Each state was permitted to sell large tracts of federal land, and use the proceeds to endow at least one public college.Second, competition breeds success. Over the years, the decentralization and diversity of the America's colleges and universities have promoted competition for students and resources.Competitive pressure first arose during the Civil War, when President Lincoln created the National Academy of Science, to advice congress on any subject of science and art.The academy's impact really grew after World War 2, when alandmark report commissioned by the then president, argue that it was the Federal government's responsibility to provide adequate funds for basic research.Instead of been centralized in government's laboratories, scientific researches became decentralized in the American universities, and generated increasing investment.It also gave graduate students research opportunities, and help spread scientific discoveries far and wide, to the benefit of industry, medicine, and society as a whole.Thirdly, investing in the future. The end of World War 2, saw the passage of Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.The law, which provided for college or vocational education for returning veterans, made the higher education system accessible in ways that were inconceivable in Europe, opening the door of the best universities to men and women who had never dreamed of going to college.Finally, promoting diversity. The creation of federal loan and subsidy programs, as well as outright grand for college students, brought much needed diversity to higher education, and further help to democratize access.Since it's funded in 1965, Federal Family Education Loan Program has funded more than 74 million student loans, worth more than 180billion dollars.Listening ComprehensionQuestions 1-5A: Grace, what's interesting to you about living in the city? Why do you like it?B: Well, I'm just a city girl. One time I bought a house in the country to escape from the urban ills, and then found myself totally bored with country life. Because you have to drive everywhere, and there's not much to do. I'm used to the fast pace of the city. There's a whole variety of museums, movies, coffee shops, and places to interact with people. But sitting alone in the country, you know, unless you like to grow a garden, or patter around and build things with your hands.A: Okay, but what about your vacation? I mean, a lot of city people rent vacation houses in the country.B: But to me, going to the country for a vacation makes no sense at all. There's so much work to do. First you have to get there, and then, I don't know. I think I can relax better in the city. Besides, the country has bugs. There you are supposedly enjoying yourself in the fresh country air, but you are been eaten alive by a variety of different bugs. You can't enjoy yourself. You are been stung and eaten to death. You can't relax. Let's putit this way. If you like boredom, you'll like the country. People who like a lot of stimulation, you know, can't hack it. And then there's the transportation thing, I mean, to get a carton of milk, you have to drive three miles. So the whole car culture thing kicks in. Gives me the city any time.A: Well, what would you say is the one thing you like most about the city?B: The interactive social life. People get together. I like it when you call up and people say "come on over", and you hang out together. And it's just fun.A: Yah, and what about the suburbs?B: Well, that's even more hateful than the country to me.A: Why?B: Well, the suburbs don't even have any of the good country air. There's nothing to do. You just stuck there. And for young people, there are all sorts of problems, alcohol, drugs, you have to drive everywhere... Look, I go to my friend's house in the suburbs. Do you ever see anyone walking in the street? No, it's totally zero. There's nothing going on. What can I say?! You know, it's not for me. I do have one or two suburban friends who like it, because they make a barbeque and the birds are chirping, but not me. And then there's another thing I really hate, in the city, you can make mistakes but you always get a second chance; But in the countryand the suburbs, you are labeled. You feel like "wow, that's it!" you are labeled. And that label doesn't come off easily.A: Well, do you think the city is lonely, or dangerous?B: NO! In the city, people live in little communities, they have interactive social lives. And I don't think the city is particularly dangerous.Q1 There are several reasons why the woman likes living in the city, which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?Q2 What does the woman think of vacation in the country?Q3 What does the woman like most about the city?Q4 Which of the following is true about living in the suburbs according to the woman?Q5 How does the woman describe the city life?Questions 6-10London, the United KingdomThe Left-Leaning Think Tank, the institute for public policy research (IPPR), has warned UK chancellor not to use green taxes to plug the hole in government finances. Its new research shows that the government could gain 3.5 billion pounds a year through a carbon tax on homes and vehicles. But IPPR says this would harm the poor, unless ministers give back all the cash in the form of benefits, tax breaks and home insulation. IPPR has developed a computer model to assess the benefits and drawbacks of environmental taxes. The preliminary findings suggest thattaxes can prove a useful tool and achieving environmental objectives. But IPPR says it would be a mistake to use them to raise money because unless they are counter-balanced, they inevitably hit the poorest hardest and are mistrusted by the public.Munich, GermanyGerman business confidence rose less than expected in May, as sluggish demand weighed on construction and manufacturing. Go out look for the six-month ahead improved, a closely watched survey showed.The Munich-based IFO institute's business climate index increased to 84.2 points in May from 83.7 points in April. That’s a steady increase from 82.2 points in March, the lowest level in 26 years. IFO said in a release that manufacturers reported a poorer business situation this month than in April, but expecting improvement in the next 6 months. Germany’s economy went into recession last fall as the global economic crisis sapped demand for its exports.Washington, the United StatesPresident Obama’s tougher new fuel efficiency standards bring industry, environmentalists and states together to start cutting green house gas emissions from cards. But the reductions would represent only a drop in the bucket of what’s needed to address global warming. White House officials say the proposal would cut green house gas emissions by about9oo million metro tons, as the total reduction of pollution from the 5 model years of cars and trucks covered by the proposal. Environmental protection agency chief Lisa Jackson notes that even though the pollution reductions are big, they are dwarfed by the massive challenge of global warming, "This action alone, I don’t want to mislead anyone, is not going to change global temperatures. " Obviously, it is one step on the long road.OPEC, AsiaAlthough it adds lower last week, oil price rose to 61 dollars a barrel Monday in Asia, as investors add an OPEC meeting this week and wait evidence of a global economic recovery. Trading was light because US markets are closed Monday for Memorial Day. Benchmark crude for July delivery was 61 dollars 32 cents a barrel by midday on the New York Mercantile exchange. On Friday, the contract rose to settle at 61 dollars 67 cents. Oil has rallied on investor optimism that the worst of the global economic downturn is over. In Asia, there are signs that the drop in exports has bottomed, although the outlook remains murky.L‘Aquila, ItalyScores of people were killed and tens of thousands left homeless in central Italy today after a powerful earthquake shook a mountain region, severely damaging a historic city ad leaving hundreds feared trapped in rubble. At least 92 people were known to have died, and more than 1,500people had been injured, the Italian Prime Minister, Silvio Berlusconi, told a press conference in L’aquila, the badly damaged capital of the Abruzzo region, close to the epicenter. The 6.3-magnitude tremor was the country’s deadliest since the Irpinia quake in the south in November 1980, which killed more than 2,500 people.Q6 Why has the left-leaning IPPR warned the government not to use green taxes to raise money?Q7 Which of the following best describes Germany’s current economy? Q8 Which of the following statement is true about President Obama’s proposal about new fuel efficiency standards?Q9 What price was oil on Monday in Asia?Q10 At least how many people were known to have died in the recent earthquake in central Italy?Questions 11-15A: BMW, STARBUCKS and NOKIA, they are all brands easily recognizable around the world and getting even more so, according to a new survey of the top 100 global brands. Of all, Tech. company seem to beginning dominants. Coca Cola still holds the No.1 spot. Microsoft is No. 2. And IBM comes in at No. 3. Business week and Inter-brands team up annually to determine these rankings. And joining us now to discuss them is Inter-brand's chief executive John Albert. John, thanks for being here. Very briefly, what is the criteria?B: The criteria is that we need brands that have strong franchise with consumers, but importantly, businesses underline those brands that have very large amounts of revenue.A: Large amounts of revenue, so basically you look at the matter numerically?B: Well, it's a combination of numerical factors, and more soft marketing factors. So we look at the degree of resilience that the consumers have with a particular brand proposition, and that allows us to actually discount from an entire group of earnings. How many of those earnings are attributable to the brand?A: Let's take a look at some of these. Coca Cola, for instance, because it's more than just a brand, I think for a lot of people, it almost has certain nostalgia.B: Yeah, look, Coke is obviously famous for a proposition around refreshment. What Coke's been able to do cleverly is to take that through generations, but also take it through different ethnographies, and through different market demographics. So people around the world buy into the Coke proposition.A: Microsoft. A lot of people hate Microsoft, you know? Because they feel that it's monopolistic, and so on and so forth. Yeah, it runs most of the software for computers, or has the software that runs most of computers.B: Microsoft is a good lesson. And I'm not sure whether people hate Microsoft. I mean Microsoft is great.A: Well, a percentage of people do. I mean, you know, a lot of anti-competitive practices and so forth. I'm not expressing an opinion here. But you know, talk to somebody who has an APPLE computer, for instance.B: Sure, as I have had. Microsoft actually has a fantastic product underneath its brand. And of course, without a fantastic product, you can't build a valuable brand. And we've seen that, through some of the great rises in the table this year, with the likes of E-bay, which has a fantastic product; the likes of Google, which has a fantastic product.A: It really does come down to the functionality of the product.B: Well, it's not just a functionality. It's about delivering on the promise and brands obviously are promoted to build a promise to consumers. And if they continuously deliver on that promise, people will go back again and again, and build loyalty with those brands.A: Why do you think some companies have been so successful at building a brand while some aren't able to do it?B: Well, I guess the product is critical, but a number of these brand market has been around for a long time.A: Let me just go back. You say the product is critical. Now Starbucks would say their coffee is certainly different than what you'll get from one of the competitors, but the basic coffee is not that different. So there's some atmosphere that's also created that makes people want to buy this brand.B: Sure, what I mean is product is an entry level criteria. If you don't have a good product, you can't build a strong brand. So in the case of Starbucks, what they have been able to do is to build a motional place on top of that product that people have bought into, and understand that Starbucks has been something more than just functional coffee.Q11 According to the new survey, at the top of 100 global brands, which of the following brands holds the number 1 spot?Q12 There are several factors involved in ranking the brands. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?Q13 According to the woman, why do a lot of people hate Microsoft?Q14 Which of the following best explains the huge success of Starbucks? Q15 What do top global brands have in common according to the interview?Questions 16-20Today I'd like to talk about the work of Pedal Power, a small charity based mainly in the UK. I'll be giving our contact details at the end, if anyone would like to find out more about how to support us. The first,how the charity began. I got the idea of exporting bicycles to developing countries while I was in Ecuador. I went there in 2001, just after graduating from university. After three years of studying, I wanted adventure. I love travelling, so I decided to join a voluntary organisation and we were sent to Ecuador to carry out land service. The project came to an end after 5 years and when I returned to the UK in 2006, I started planning Pedal Power. Where I lived in Ecuador was a very rural area. My neighbour had the only bicycle in the village. Whereas anyone else walked to anywhere, my neighbour's business was usually successful. And for years I couldn't understand why. Then I realised having a bike meant he could get wherever he wanted to go without much trouble. Other local carpenters could only accept jobs in a three-kilometre radius. So no matter how skilled they were, they could never do as many jobs as my neighbour. At Pedal Power, we collect second hand bikes in the UK and send them to some of the poorest regions of the world. When we distribute bikes overseas, we don't give them away for free. We'd like to. But long term that doesn't help the local ecomony. The demand for bikes is enomours, which makes them very expensive locally. So we sell them for 5% of the normal price. But in order to continue operating, we need to have a constant supply of bikes which we send out very six months. One example of a town that perceived bicycles from Pedal Power is Rivers. It was the first place I sent a full container of bicycles to. Most people therenow own a bicycle. The local economy has developed so much, you wouldn't recognise it as the same place. In fact, there are more bikes than on the streets of Amsterdam, if you've ever been there. But Pedal Power still needs your help. You may have read about some of our recent problems in the British media. In August 2007, we simply run out of money. We have containers of bikes ready to sent, but no money to pay the bills. It was a terrible situation. We managed to ensure the bikes went out on time, but the other problems carried on for several months. Fortunately in October 2007, we won an enterprise award which helped us enormously. We invested 15 of the 75,000-pound-prize money to help secure our future. Winning the award helped rise our profile, and the money enabled us to pay all our shipping cost which represent our greatest expense. Pedal Power changes lives when someone gets a bicycle from us. They see a 14% increase in their income. We are currently looking to investing computers so that our office staff can do an even better job. Because of our work, people in a number of countries now have a better standard of living. So far we have provided 46,000 people with bikes. But we'd like to send more, at least 50,000 by the end of the year. Now there are many ways in which you can support the work of Pedal Power, not just by taking a bike to a collection in your area. I should also like to say, if you do have a bike to donate, it doesn't matter what condition it's in. If we can't repair it, we'll strip it down for spareparts. Of course to do that we also need tools which are expensive to buy. So we welcome any that you can give. Also, you could organise to bring in funds for us. People do all kinds of things, including of course sponsored bike rides. Also, we are always interested to hear of other places that would benefit from receiving a consignment of bikes. And welcome suggestions from people who've been to developing regions on their travels. We hope by talking on radio programmes like this, we will be able to raise public awareness, which will lead to government organisations also giving us regular financial support, something that we really need.Q16 What type of institution is Pedal Power?Q17 What's the work of Pedal Power?Q18 How does Pedal Power distribute the bikes they collect in the UK? Q19 How many people has Pedal Power provided with bicycles so far?Q20 The speaker mentions several ways people can support the work of Pedal Power, which of the following is not one of these ways?Note-taking & Gap-fillingMany employees complain that they are being watched while they work during the day. The majority of US companies keep watch on their workers with video cameras, tape recorders, computer surveillance. If you send personal e-mail on your office computer, there's a good chance theboss is keeping an eye on you.In a new survey of more than 900 major US companies, nearly 2/3 of them acknowledged using a range of surveillance methods to monitor their employees. Some employers issue that warning, but others do not. In the most worrisome findings of the survey, up to a quarter of the companies that monitor their work force do it secretly, and the practice is on the rise. According to the ACLU workplace rights project, the number of employees been monitored has doubled in the last five years.What's driving this increase? Partly it’s competition. If everyone else in an industry is keeping tags on their workers, there's pressure to join in. But to a large extend, companies have stepped up monitoring, simply because it could be done cheaply and efficiently. Most employers insist that these are legitimate and even necessary business practices. According to these employers, even as surveillance becomes more wide spread, there's nothing sinister about the practice itself.They claim that these practices we are talking about for the most part are very legitimate forms of performance monitoring. They say employers have a right to know how equipment they provide is been used on the job, if rules are being obeyed, if employees are getting the job done.That helps explain why banks routinely take customer service calls, and why the US postal service is testing a satellite system to track howlong it takes to get the mail delivered.The National Association of Manufactures says companies are using technology to accomplish other important goals. Video cameras were recently installed in his building to deter theft. And the association keeps a log of all phone calls, so employees can pay the company for their personal calls. According to the association, monitoring can be used for the worker's own protection. If an employee is sending pornography from an employer's computer, obviously the employer will be expected to go through there.If somebody complains about sexual harassment, that somebody sending out visual slurs over the e-mail, the employer has a right to take action. In fact, the Chevron cooperation which sued by female employees who said they were sexually harassed through company e-mail. But many attorneys are arguing that employees do not give up their privacy rights when they show up for work. Rebecca Lock, the legal director of the ACLU’s work place rights project doesn't agree.She concedes there are legitimate uses of monitoring programs. But too often surveillance practices demean workers for no good reason. Lock argues that employee should not have to leave their human dignity at the work place door. And she says they’re entitled to a few safe guards in this area. Employees should always been informed when they are monitored. Some employees even emphasize that there should be no monitoringwhatsoever in purely private areas.Yet so far, there's only one state—Connecticut—that forbids surveillance in areas such as locker rooms, or the employee lounge. In other states, employers do secretly video tape private places if faces theft or criminal activities such as drug dealing.There's only one federal statute, in 1986, Electronic Communication's Privacy Act that safeguard employee privacy. But according to the National Association of Manufacturers, the scope of the Act is limited to eavesdropping on private telephone calls.Employee rights' attorney Penny Nathan Keen isn't involved in the case over this very issue. She says as the companies continue to expand employee monitoring, workers are turning to the court to protect their rights. There may even be good business reasons for companies to think twice about increase surveillance.Studies link electronic monitoring to higher levels of worker stress which can lead to lower productivity.Sentence Translation1. We have limited our production to certain medicines which are prescribed in large quantities. At the same time, we have been expanding our marketing activities abroad, including Asia, North America, and Australia.2. I really must insist that it’s impossible to view the performance of the company solely from the point of view of Europe. We have nearly 2/3 of our workforce and subsidiaries and associated companies overseas.3. Every business, no matter how large or small, depends on advertising to attract and keep customers, advertisements are everywhere because the media are everywhere, we cannot escape their influence, they effect us everyday of our lives.4. We have a message for divers traveling south, and accident on a southbound carriage way of the M6 in Lancashire is causing congestion and delays. The road should be clear in about an hour’s time.5. As rescue work continues in wide areas of southern Mexico, it is becoming increasingly more likely that the present toll of 650 dead will rise much higher. The worst damage appears to be in small isolated towns and villages.Passage Translation1. How to write a good news story? Unless the correspondent is an eye witness, it is rare to trust any single source. Rumor and gossip can confuse the situation. So you have to check information as much as possible. Using commonsense and experience as final checks to help establish just what is likely to be the truth or close to it. Once the information is avalable, it has to be written in an interesting and easilyunderstood way. Particularly for a radio, since while a newspaper reader can turn back and reread a sentence or two, the radio listener has only one chance. So there should be an element of repetition.2. V olvo, Sweden’s largest car-making group, has announced plans to make 500 staff redundant at its U.K. –based subsidiary in Scotland. The redundancies are part of a move by V olvo to improve productivity. But the news of redundancy has been badly received here in Scotland. I spoke to some of the workers at a V olvo subsidiary factory. They say these are unnecessary job losses. It’s devastating. It will destroy entire communities. V olvo strongly denies that communities will collapse as the result of the job losses. They say they will improve investment and business. The group’s cost-cutting measure also extends to Spain, where they will make job cuts at its other subsidiary factory, which employed 30.000 people.。

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1.本试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页）两部分。

全卷共13页。

满分150分。

考试时间120分钟。

2.答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必在答题卡和答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号、校验码，并用铅笔在答题卡上正确涂写准考证号和校验码。

3.第Ⅰ卷（1-16小题，25-84小题）由机器阅卷，答案必须全部涂写在答题卡上。

考生应将代表正确的小方格用铅笔涂黑。

注意试题题号和答题卡编号一一对应，不能错位。

答案需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。

答案不能涂写在试卷上，涂写在试卷上一律不给分。

第Ⅰ卷中的第17-24小题和第Ⅱ卷的试题，其答案用钢笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸上，如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上也一律不给分。

第Ⅰ卷（共105分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Go to the office B. Keep calling C. Try online booking D. See a doctor2. A. A reporter B. An athlete C. A fisherman D. An organizer3. A. At a post office B. At a fast-food restaurantC. At a booking officeD. At a check-in desk4. A. He already has plans. B. The woman should decide where to eat.C. He will make a reservation.D. The woman can ask her brother for advice.5. A. He got wet in the rain. B. The shower was out of order.C. He didn’t hear the phone ringing.D. He got out of the shower to answer thephone.6. A. Reasonable B. Bright C. Serious D. Ridiculous7. A. Send leaflets B. Go sightseeing C. Do some gardening D. Visit a lawyer8. A. Her doorbell doesn’t need repair. B. She didn’t expect him to come so earlyC. The man has just arrived on time.D. It is not the right time for her.9.A. She won’t go to the beach if it rains. B. She would like the man to go to the beach.C. It will clear up tomorrow.D. It was pouring when she was at the beach.10. A. What to take up as a hobby. B. How to keep fit.C. How to handle pressure.D. What to play with.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Her school was in a small village. B. She was outstanding at school.C. She was the only Asian girl there.D. Her parents were in London.12. A. London B. Bath C. Swindon D. Oxford13. A. Coming across a radio producer. B. Taking an earlier train.C. Meeting a professional artist.D. Wearing two odd shoes.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following speech.14. A. Educating children. B. Saving rare animals.C. Recreating an environment.D. Making a profit.15. A. Animals make visitors stressful. B. Animals must live their lives in cages.C. Animals can feel bored and sad.D. Animals are in danger of extinction.16. A. They are still useful and necessary.B. They have more disadvantages than advantages.C. They are a perfect environment for animals.D. They are recreative places for animals. Section CDirections: In Section C, you will bear two longer conversations. The conversations will beread twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer. Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and V ocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B. CName:Length of time:Location to leave the car:License:Insurance:Amy Toms __ days __ office AN International Driver’s License personal__ accident insuranceand D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.单项选择解题锦囊：解答单选试题时应该注意全面审题,一定要培养上下文兼顾，同时还要考虑句子结构以及英美习俗和中国习俗的差异，关键之处还应考虑情景内涵，这是近几年高考常考、易考得方向充分利用题干中所有信息，目的在于寻找和答案有牵连的重要信息，特别注意以下方面：主从句、插入语、动词的时态及语态、名词的单复数、形容词及副词的转化、倒装及省略等特殊结构、标点符号等等。

答案：1.managerial and professional2.excellence of American universitiescation for the mass4.women and minorities5.one public college6.decentralization and diversitypetition for students and resources8.the National Academy of Sciencemissioned by10.provide adequate funds11.scientific research became decentralized12.gave graduate students research opportunities13.to the benefit of industry14.investing in the future15.for returning veterans16.were inconceivable in Europe17.never dreamed of going to college18.loan and subsidy programs19.helped to democratize access20.more than 180 billion dollarsSecion 2CADBA DABCB CACBD BDCCB09年9月上海高级口译英译中原文及答案Amid the hubbub over a few less-bad-than-expected statistics, America’s economic debate has turned to the nature of the recovery. Optimists expect a vigorous rebound as confidence returns, pent-up demand is unleashed and massive government stimulus takes effect. Most observers are bracing for a long slog, as debt-laden consumers rebuilt their savings, output growth remains weak and unemployment continues to rise. There is, however, something that eventually will have a much bigger impact on Americans’ prosperity than the slope of the recovery. That is the effect of the crisis on America’s potential rate of growth itself.An economy’s long-term speed limit （its “trend ”or “potential” rate of growth ）is the pace at which GDP can expand without affecting unemployment and, hence, inflation. It is determined by growth in the supply of labor along with the speed with which productivity improves. The pace of potential growth helps determine the sustainability of everything from public debt to the prices of shares. Unfortunately, the outlook for America’s potential growth rate was darkening long before the financial crisis hit. The IT-induced productivity revolution, which sent potential output soaring at the end of the 1990s, has waned. More important, America’s labor supply is growing more slowly as the population ages, the share of women working has leveled off and that of students who work has fallen.由于一小部分经济数据显示当前经济状况并没有预期的那样坏，一些人就骚动起来，开始讨论起美国经济的复苏之路。

2009年9月高级口译真题SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Directions:In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.Part A: Spot DictationFor more than two centuries, America!ˉs collegesand universities have been the backbone of the country's progress. They have educated the technical, _______ (1) work force and provided generation after generation of national leaders. Today, educators from around the country are apt to find many reasons for the _______ (2). But four historic acts stand out as watersheds:First,_______ (3): In 1862, Congress enacted the Land-Grant College Act, which essentially extended the opportunity of higher education to all Americans, including _______ (4). Each state was permitted to sell large tracts of federal land, and use the proceeds to endow at least _______ (5). Second, competition breeds success. Over the years, the _______ (6) of the America!ˉs colleges and universities have promoted _______ (7). Competitive pressure first arose during the Civil War when President Lincoln created _______ (8) to advise Congress on any subject of science and art. The Academy's impact really grew after World War when a landmark report _______ (9) the then president argued that it was the federal government!ˉ responsibility to _______ (10) for basic research. Instead of being centralized in government laboratories,_______ (11) in American universities and generated increasing investment. It also _______ (12) and helped spread scientific discoveries far and wide, _______ (13), medicine and society as a whole. Thirdly, _______ (14): The end of World War saw the passage of the Servicemen!ˉs Readjustment Act of 1944. The law, which provided for a college or vocational education _______ (15), made the higher-education system accessible in ways that _______ (16), opening the doors of best universities to men and women who had _______ (17). Finally, promoting diversity: The creation of federal______(18) as well as outright grants for college students brought much needed diversity to higher education and further_______ (19).Since its founding in 1965, the Federal Family Education Loan Program has funded more than 74 million student loans worth _______ (20).Part B: Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.1. ( A) She‟s just a city girl and i used to the fast pace of the city.(B) She doesn't haveto drive everywhere to buy things.(C) She likes to garden and putter around in the house she bought.(D) She can go to a whole variety of places to interact with people.2. (A) Going to the country for a vacation makes no sense at all.(B) Renting a vacation house in the country is cheap.(C) People can enjoy the fresh air in the country.(D) People can relax better in the country than in the city.3. (A) The convenient transportation.(B) The interactive social life.(C) The whole car culture.(D) The nice neighborhood.4. (A) You may have fun making barbecues in the garden.(B) You won‟t feel stuk and labeled as you do in the city.(C) It‟s more tolrable than living in the city.(D) It‟s more hatful than living in the country.5. (A) Quite lonely.(B) Very safe.(C) Not very convenient.(D) Not particularly dangerous.6. (A) Because they might harm the poor people.(B) Because their drawbacks outweigh benefits.(C) Because they counterbalance other environmental policies.7.(A) German business confidence index has risen as much as expected recently.(B) The outlook for manufacturing is worsening in foreseeable future.(C) Global economic recession will sap demand for German exports next year.(D) German business situation is expected to get better in the next few months.8. (A) The proposal can cut greenhouse gas emissions from cars to a very low level.(B) This action is obviously going to change global temperatures in the long run.(C) The reduction in gas emissions is insignificant for addressing global warming.(D) The proposal represents a big step in solving the problem of global warming.9.(A) $ 60.5 a barrel.(B) $ 61 a barrel.(C) $ 61.32 a barrel.(D) $ 61.67 a barrel.10. (A) 92. (B) 250.(C) 1,500.(D) 2,500.11. (A) Microsoft. (B) Coca Cola.(C) IBM.(D) Nokia.12. (A) Amounts of revenue underlying the brands.(B) Strong franchise with consumers.(C) Whether or not the brand is a product of a tech company.(D) The degree of resonance consumers have with a brand proposition.13. (A) Because it is monopolistic.(B) Because it is competitive.(C) Because it takes its brand through generations.(D) Because its products fetch high prices.14. (A) The functionality of its product.(B) The emotional appeal of its product.(C) Its basic product being so different.(D) Its highly effective publicity.15. (A) A fantastic corporate culture.(B) A long company history.(C) An excellent product.(D) A sophisticated technology.16. (A) A power station.(B) An importer of bicycles.(C) An association of volunteers.(D) A charity organization.17. (A) To provide help to local villagers.(B) To export bicycles to developing countries.(C) To organize overseas trips.(D) To carry out land surveys.18. (A) They sell them at a very low price.(B) They charge half price.(C) They give them away for free.(D) They trade them for local products.19. (A) 14,000.(B) 46,000.(C) 50,000.(D) 56,000.20. (A) Donating bicycles.(B) Bringing in funds.(C) Taking part in bike rides.(D) Making suggestions about where to send bicycles.SECTION 2: READING TEST (30 minutes)Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1--5Talk about timing. Your question arrived in our in-box the same day that we received a note from an acquaintance who had just been let go from his job in publishing, certainly one of the industries that is facing, as you put it, “extreme changes.” He des cribed his layoff as a practically Orwellian experience in which he was ushered into a conference room to meet with an outplacement consultant who, after dispensing with logistics, informed him that she would call him at home that evening to make sure everything was all right.“I assured her I had friends and loved ones and a dog,” he wrote, “and since my relationship wither could be measured in terms of seconds, they could take care of that end of things.” “Memo to HR: Instead of saddling dismissed emp loyees with solicitous outplacement reps,” he noted wryly,“put them in a room with some crockery for a few therapeutic minutes of smashing things against a wall.”While we enjoy our friend‟s sense of humor, we‟d suggest a different memo to HR. “Layoffs a re your moment of truth,” it would say, “when yo company must show departing employees the same kind of attentiveness and dignity that was showered upon them when they entered. Layoffs are when HR proves its mettle and its worth, demonstrating whether a company really cares about its people.Look, we‟ve written before about HR and te game-changing role we believe it can and would play as the engine of an organization‟hiring, appraisal, and development processes. We‟ve asserted that too many comanies relegate HR to the mundane busy-work of newsletters, picnics, and benefits, and we‟ve made the case tat every CEO should elevate his head of HR to the same stature as the CFO. But if there was ever a time to underscore the importance of HR, it has arrived. And, sadly, if there was ever a time to see how few companies get HR right, it has arrived, too, as our acquaintance‟s experience shows.So, to your question: What is HR‟s correc role now‟daespecially in terms of layoffsFirst, HR has to make sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers. Being fired is dehumanizing in any event, but to get the news from a “hired gun” only makes matters worse That‟s why HR must ensure that managers accpt their duty, which is to be in on the one conversation at work that must be personal. Pink slips should be delivered face-to-face, eyeball-to-eyeball.Second, HR‟s role is to serve a the company‟s arbiter of equiy. Nothing raises hackles moreduring a layoff than the sense that some people‟danamely the loudmouths and the litigious‟s getting better deals than others. HR can mitigate that dynamic by making sure across units and divisions that severance arrangements, if they exist, are appropriate and evenhanded. You simply don‟t wa nt people to leave feelingas if they got you-know-what. They need to walk out saying: “At least I know i was treated fairly. Finally, HR‟s role is to absorbpain. In the hours and days after being let go, people need to vent, and it is HR‟s job to be comple tely availableto console. At some point, all outplacement consultant can come into the mix to assist with a transition, but HR can never let “the departed‟s feel as if they‟ve been sentto a leper colony. Someone connected to each let-go employee‟s a either a colleague or HR staffer‟dashould check in regularly. And not just to ask, “Is everything O.K.? but to listen to the answer with an open heart, and when appropriate, offer to serve as a reference to prospective employers.Three years ago, we wrote a column called, “o Many CEOs Get This Wrong,” and while many letters supported our stance that too many companies undervalue HR, a significant minority pooh-poohed HR as irrelevant to the “real work‟s of business. Given the sta te of things, we wonder how those same HR-minimalists feel now. If their company is in crisis‟daor their own career‟daperhaps at last they‟vseen the light. HR matters enormously in good times. It defines you in the bad.1. Why does the author say that his friend‟s note displayed a “sense of humor”(A) Because his layoff experience showed vividly the process of “extreme change”(B) Because he gave a vivid description of the outplacement reps‟ work style(C) Because he suggested to HR how to treat dismissed employees while he himself was fired.(D) Because he was optimistic with the support and understanding from his friends and loved family members after being dismissed.2. The expression “moment of truth” in thsentence “Layoffs are yourmome nt of truth ...when they entered.” (para. 3) most probably means ________(A) critical moment of proving one‟s worth(B) time of dismissing the employees(C) important moment of telling the truth(D) time of losing one‟s dignit3. Which of the following does NOT support the author‟s statement that “HR has to make sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers.”(para. 6)(A) In that case the let-go employee would feel less dehumanized.(B) By doing so the managers treat the employees with respect.(C) HR has thus played the positive role in terms of layoffs.(D) In doing so strangers will only play the role of a “hired gun‟4. The expression “pink slips” in the sentce “Pink slips should bedelivered face-to-face, eyeball-to-e yeball.”(pra. 6) can best be paraphrased as ________.(A) a letter of invitation (B) a notice of dismissal(C) a card of condolences (D) a message of greetings5. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) The time to underscore the importance of HR has arrived.(B) Severance arrangements should be the focus of HR‟s job(C) Employees should be treated with equal respect whether hired or fired.(D) Managers must leave their duty to HR when employees are dismissed.Questions 6-10Senator Barbara Boxer (D) of California announced this month she intends to move ahead with legislation designed to lower the emission of greenhouse gases that are linked by many scientists t o climate change. But the approach she‟s takingis flawed, and the current financial crisis can help us understand why.The centerpiece of this approach is the creation of a market for trading carbon emission credits. These credits would be either distributed free of charge or auctioned to major emitters of greenhouse gases. The firms could then buy and sell permits under federally mandated emissions caps. If a company is able to cut emissions, it can sell excess credits for a profit. If it needs to emit m ore, it can buy permits on the market from other firnls.“Cap and trade,” as it is called, is advocat by several policymakers, industry leaders, and activists who want to fight global warming. But it‟ds based on the trade of highly volatile financial instru ments: risky at best. The better approach to climate change? A direct tax placed on emissions of greenhouse gases. The tax would create a market price for carbon emissions and lead to emissions reductions or new technologies that cut greenhouse gases. This is an approach favored by many economists as the financially sensible way to go. And it is getting a closer look by some industry professionals and lawmakers.At first blush, it might seem crazy to advocate a tax increase during a major recession. But there are several virtues of a tax on carbon emissions relative to a cap-and-trade program. For starters, the country already has a mechanism in place to deal with taxes. Tax collection issomething the government has abundant experience with. A carbon trading scheme, on the other hand, requires the creation of elaborate new markets, institutions, and regulations to oversee and enforce it.Another relative advantage of the tax is its flexibility. It is easier to adjust the tax to adapt to changing economic, scientific, or other circumstances. If the tax is too low to be effective, it can be raised easily. If it is too burdensome it can be relaxed temporarily. In contrast, a cap-and-trade program creates emissions permits that provide substantial economic value to firms and industries.These assets limit the program‟s flexibility one under way, since market actors then have an interest in maintaining the status quo to preserve the value of the assets. What‟s more, they can be a recipe for trouble. As my American Enterprise Institute colleagues Ken Green, Steve Hayward, and Kevin Hassett pointed out two years ago, “sdden changes in economic conditions could lead to significant price volatility in a cap-and-trade program that would be less likely under a carbon-tax regime. Recent experience bears this out. Europe has in place a cap-and-trade program that today looks a little like the American mortgage-backed securities market‟dait‟s total mess. The price of carbon recently fell‟daplummeting from over $30 to around $12 per ton‟daas European firms unloadetheir permits on the market in an effort to shore up deteriorating balance sheets during the credit crunch. It is this shaky experience with cap-and-trade that might explain an unlikely advocate of a carbon tax. Earlier this year, ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson pointed in a speech to the problems with Europe‟s cap-and-trade program‟dasuch the program‟s volaility and lack of transparency‟daas reasons he prefers a carbon tax. That said, new taxes are a tough sell in Washington, which helps explain the current preference for a cap-and-trade scheme. Despite this, there are ways to make a carbon tax more politically appealing.The first is to insist that it be “revenue nutral.” This means that any revenues collected from the tax are used to reduce taxes elsewhere, such as payroll taxes.The advantage of this approach is that it places a burden on something that is believed by many to be undesirable (greenhouse-gas emissions) while relieving a burden on something that is desirable (work). Another selling point is that the tax can justify the removal of an assortment of burdensome and costly regulations such as CAFE standards for car. These regulations become largely redundant in an era of carbon taxes. But it may be that a carbon tax doesn‟t need an elaborate sales pith today when the alternative is trading carbon permits. The nation‟s recent experence with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the mortgage-backed securities market should prompt Congress to think twice when a member proposes the creation of a highly politicized market for innovative financial instruments, no matter how well intentioned the program may be.6. The author introduces Senator Barbara Boxer in the passage because she ________.(A) has made suggestions to ease the current financial crisis(B) is a pioneer in the reduction of greenhouse gases emission(C) is well-known for her proposal on legislation reform(D) plans to propose the legislation of cap-and-trade program7. Which of the following CANNOT be true about the carbon emission credits system?(A) The use of carbon credits would show clearly emitters‟ efforts in carbon cutting(B) The credits might be distributed free or auctioned to the emitters.(C) The price of carbon credits could fluctuate with changing economic conditions.(D) The credits can be bought and sold between emitters for profits.8. According to the passage, the cap-and-trade program ________.(A) will be much more useful in fighting global warming(B) will not be as effective as a tax on carbon emissions(C) is being examined by industry professionals and lawmakers(D) is supported by many policymakers, industry leaders and activists9. The expression “to shore up” in the sentce “as European firms unloaded their permits on the market in an effort to shore up deteriorating balance sheets during the credit crunch”(para.6)can best paraphrased as ________.(A) to eliminate (B) to revise and regulate(C) to give support to (D) to correct and restructure10. In the last paragraph, the author mentions Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities to tell the Congress that ________.(A) the experience with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities will be useful for the creation of a highly politicized market(B) the lessons from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities should not be neglected(C) the argument over cap-and-trade program and direct tax on carbon emissions should be stopped(D) the legislation for a cap-and-trade scheme will prove to be the solution to greenhouse gases emissionQuestions 11--15The gap between what companies might be expected to pay in tax and what they actually pay amounts to billions of pounds‟daon that much, everyon can agree. The surprising truth is that no one can agree how many billio ns are missing, or even how to define “tax gap”. Estimates rang from anything between …dê3bn to nearly …dê14bn, depenng on who is doing the calculations. Even the people in charge of colleting the taxes‟daHer Majesty‟s Revenue and Custom (HMRC)‟daadmit the y have only thevaguest idea of how many further billions of pounds they could be getting...and it took a freedom of information request before they would admit the extent of their lack of knowledge.Any media organization or MP attempting to pursue the subject will find themselves hampered by the same difficulties faced by the tax collectors‟dasecrecy and complexity. The Guardian‟investigation, which we publish over the co ming two weeks, is no different.The difficulty starts with an inability of anyone to agree a definition of “tax avoidance”. I continues through the limited amount of information in the public domain. And it is further hampered by the extraordinary complexity of modern global corporations.International companies based in the UK may have hundreds of subsidiary companies, which many use to take advantage of differing tax regimes as they move goods, services and intellectual property around the world. It is estimated that more than half of world trade consists of such movements (known as transfer-pricing) within corporations.Companies are legally required publicly to declare these subsidiaries. But they generally tell shareholders of only the main subsidiaries. The Guardian‟s investiation found five major UK-based corporations which had ignored the requirements of the Companies Act by failing to identify offshore subsidiaries. This is just one example of the atmosphere of secrecy and non-disclosure in Britain which has allowed tax avoidance to flourish. The result is that fewoutside of the lucrative industries of banking, accountancy and tax law have understood the scale of the capital flight that is now taking place.British tax inspectors privately describe as formidable the mountain outsiders have to climb in order to comb through the accounts of international companies based in London. “The companies old all the cards,” said one senior former tx inspector. “It‟s v ery difficult because you don‟d always know what you are looking for...You are confronted with delay, obstruction and a lot of whingeing from companies who complain about …d(R)unreasonable requests‟. Sometimes you are juspiecing together a jigsaw. Anoth er former senior tax inspector said: “On of the problems the Revenue has is that the company doesn‟t have to disclose the amount oftax actually paid in any year and the accounts won‟t reveal the liability. Each company hasits own method of accounting for t ax: there‟s no uniform way of declaring it all.”For journalists trying to probe these murky waters, the problems are so substantial that few media organizations attempt it.A trawl through the published accounts of even a single major group of companies can involve hunting around in the registers of several different countries. It takes a lot of time and a lot of money. Companies‟dawith some far-sighted Britih exceptions‟da simply refuse to disclose any more than what appears in the published figures. The legal fiction that a public company is a “legal person”, entitled to total tax secrecand even to “human rights”, makes it normall impossible for a journalist to penetrate the tax strategies of big business. HMRC refuse, far example, to identify the 12 major companies who used tax avoidance schemes to avoid paying any corporation tax whatever.It is difficult to access experts to guide the media or MPs through this semantic jungle. The “Big Four” accountants and tax QCs who make a livingout of tax avoidance, have no interest in helping outsiders understand their world. Few others have the necessary knowledge, and those that do, do not come cheap or may be conflicted. “Secrecy is the offshore world‟s grea protector,” writes William Brittan-Caitlin, Londonbased former Kroll investigator in his book, Offshore. “Government and states ae generally at a loss to diagnose in detail what is really going on inside corporate internal markets. Corporations are extremely ecretive about the special tax advantages these structures give them.11. According to the passage, the “tax gap” is _______(A) a well-defined term included in both British taxation system and the Companies Act(B) an accepted practice adopted by most international companies based in the UK(C) a practice difficult to define and discover but common with companies in Britain(D) the target which has been attacked by British tax inspectors over the past decades12. It can be concluded that many international companies “move goods, services and intellectual property around the world” (para.4) within corpoations mainly in order ________.(A) to make use of different tax systems to avoid taxation(B) to give equal support to all the subsidiaries around the world(C) to expand the import and export trade with other countries(D) to raise their productivity and to maximize the profitability13. When one former senior tax inspector comments that “Sometime s you are just piecing together a jigsaw “(para. 6), h most probably means that ________.(A) investigating a company‟s acounts is the same as playing a children‟s gam(B) the Revenue should reform its regulation to fight illegal “tax avoidance(C) i t‟s a complicated matter t investigate an international company‟s account(D) it‟s a diffident task toovercome the obstruction from the company‟s sid14. By using the expression “legal fction”(para. 8) to dscribe today‟s status of a public company,the author is trying to imply that such a definition ________.(A) is a humanitarian and legitimate definition protecting the rights of companies(B) is ridiculous, absurd and hinders the investigation of tax strategies of big companies(C) is an incorrect and inexact concept to reveal the nature of modem businesses(D) is a reflection of the reality of companies and corporations and should not be altered15. In writing this article, the author is planning to tell all of the following to the readers EXCEPT that ________.(A) the gap between what companies are expected to pay in tax and what they actually pay is too enormous to be neglected(B) secrecy and complexity are the two major protectors of international corporations in tax avoidance(C) there are loopholes in the legislation concerning companies which obstruct the practice of taxation(D) the government plans to investigate the “tax gap” and “taxoidance” of international companiesQuestions 16--20One of the many upsetting aspects to being in your forties, is hearing people your own age grumbling about “young people” the way we we grumbled about ourselves. Old friends will complain, “Youngsters today have no respect lik we did”, and I‟ll think: “Hang on. I rememb the night you set a pu ma loose in the soft furnishings section of Pricerite‟s.There‟s also a “radicals” versiof this attitude, a strand within the middle-aged who lament how today‟s youngsters, “Don‟t demonstrate like wed”, because “we were always marching agains apartheid or f or the miners but students these days don‟t seem bothered”. It would seem natural i they went on: “The bloody youth of today; the‟ve no disrespect for authority. In my day you started chanting and if a copper gave you any lip you gave him a clip round the ear, and he didn‟t do it again. We‟ve lost those values somehow.You feel that even if they did come across a mass student protest they‟d sneer. “That isn‟t proper rebellion, they‟ve used the internet. …dou wouldn‟t have caught Spartacus rounding up his forces by putting a message on Facebook saying …d(R)Hi Cm 2 Rome 4 gr8 fite 2 liber8 slaves lets kill emprer lol‟‟d It doesn‟t help that many of the student leaers from the sixties and seventies ended up as ministers or journalists, who try to deny they‟ve reneged on theirprinciples by making statements such as: “It‟s t rue I used to run the Campaigto Abolish the British Army, but my recent speech in favour of invading every country in the world in alphabetical order merely places those ideals in a modern setting.Also it‟s become a tougher prospectto rebel as a student, as tuition fees force them to work while they‟re studying. But over thelast two weeks students have organized occupations in 29 universities, creating the biggest student revolt for 20 years. In Edinburgh, for example, the demands were that free scholarships should be provided for Palestinian students, and the university should immediately cancel its investments with arms companies.So the first question to arise from these demands must be: what are universities doing having links with arms companies in the first place? How does that help education? Do the lecturers make。

2009.9.13中口真题答案及解析Spot-Dictation1. two sides2. letting everybody trade freely3. makes it harder4. partly right5. the life of people6. did not trade7. likely to get8. 70 billon dollar9. energy use10. more expensive11. feel the same12. export13. only within14. domestic students15. cutting off16. strong effects17. American-made goods18. anger19. endanger20. give preference to本次Spot-Dictation中较难的空格都出现在了偏前，尤其第二格就出现了填4个单词的情况，这在历年是从未有过的，给了考生一个下马威。

我在考前3小时的时候，还在新东方口译现场视频中提醒过考生，考场中总有艰难的时刻，沉着冷静方见英雄本色！只要熬过了前几个空格，后面应该是越做越得心应手。

第三格和第十格比较级的记录，我们在课堂上强调过，就在两星期前的模考里还在反复提醒。

唯一的数字700亿，只需轻松记下70b即可。

需要当心的是，第十五格的off，决不能漏写一个f；第一格的sides中s不能漏，第十六格的effects同理；第十七格的定语American-made中，需要加上“-”；第十九个的前缀en不能写成in。

首发：新东方Stella发布9.13中口Statements原文与评析新东方口译研究中心听力课题组 Stella1. Are you looking for someone who can translate this contract into Portuguese? What about our new secretary, I hear she had stayed in Brazil for several years.2. Finding employment is not easy these days even in big cities. If Iwere you, I would be delighted wih such a job offer.3. Also present at the conference is Dr. Madison, who will join ourdiscussion this afternoon to give an expert view on the currentsituation of global economy.4. If you intend to try bungee jumping, most countries require that you be over the age of 18, and join a bungee jumping club, or be properlyinstructed for the sport.5. Keeping a business firm running is far more difficult than starting it. According to current statistics, two thirds of new business firmswill fail in the first five years.6. Scientists report that hunting or eating wild animals not only destroy the balance of nature, but also run the risk of being infectedby virus from animals.7. We can never learn a foreign language in the same way as we acquire our first. For even a 3-year-old child can have thousands of hours ofcontact with his mother tongue.8. Once you enroll in full or part-time courses at this college, our services are all free of charge, except that you pay 30 pence a copyfor any photo copying made here.9. If you have yet to appoint a new sales manager in charge of our L.A.office, Mrs. Coleman was born there and has good connections.10. Suppose the gasoline tank of your car holds 20 gallons and you average 16 miles to the gallon, how far can you drive on a tank tull ofgasoline?本次Statements题并没有特别的难句，都是新东方课堂上分类详述过的，比如第二句的虚拟语气、第四和第九句的条件句型、第十句的数字计算等。

上海高级口译考试（2009年春季）Part 1: English-Chinese InterpretingPassage 1Today, I shall make a direct give-and-take with everyone present, who is among the elite group in IT industry. First, mutually beneficial economic cooperation of China and America pushes forward the IT industry to a win-win situation for both countries. Secondly the Sino-US trade cooperation is highly complementary. The entry of US capital and technology into China brought along the investment of international capital. And China’s rapid development brings abundant returns for foreign-invested enterprises. //Enjoying general common ground and solid foundation of cooperation, under the five principles of Sino-American fair trade and economic cooperation, China is willing to deepen and widen our cooperation to push forward the rapid development of IT industry in both countries. We welcome more American companies to set up joint ventures in China, and Chinese government will devote itself to creating a favorable investment environment for bilateral cooperation.Passage 2This is a defining moment in our history. We face the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression - 760,000 workers have lost their jobs these years. Businesses and families can’t get credit. Home values are falling, and pensions are disappearing. Wages are lower than they’ve been in a decade. At a moment like this, we can’t afford four more years of spending increases, poorly designed tax cuts, or the complete lack of regulatory oversight of financial mechanism that even former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan now believes was a mistake. //If there’s one thing we’ve learned from this economic crisis, it’s that we are all in this together. From CEOs to shareholders, from financiers to factory workers, we all have a stake in each other’s success because the more Americans prosper, the more America prospers. So will create two million new jobs by rebuilding our infrastructure. We’ll invest in renewable energy, creating five million new, green jobs that pay well, and can help end our dependence on Middle East Oil. //Part 2: Chinese-English InterpretingPassage 1欢迎各位参观我国东部最大的博物馆——华东博物馆。

上海高级口译试题及答案一、听力理解1. 请根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。

A. 会议将在下午三点开始。

B. 会议将在下午四点开始。

C. 会议将在下午五点开始。

D. 会议将在下午六点开始。

答案：B2. 根据对话内容，下列哪项是正确的？A. 他们计划去看电影。

B. 他们计划去购物。

C. 他们计划去公园。

D. 他们计划去餐厅。

答案：A二、口语表达1. 请用英语描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。

答案：My favorite season is autumn. The weather is cool and crisp, and the leaves change into beautiful colors.2. 请用英语讲述一次你在国外旅行的经历。

答案：During my trip to Paris, I visited the Eiffel Tower and enjoyed the stunning view of the city from the top.三、阅读理解1. 阅读以下段落，并回答问题：What is the main idea of the passage?答案：The main idea of the passage is the importance of environmental conservation.2. 根据文章内容，下列哪项是作者的观点？A. 人们应该减少使用塑料。

B. 人们应该增加使用塑料。

C. 塑料对环境没有影响。

D. 塑料是不可替代的。

答案：A四、翻译1. 将下列句子从英语翻译成中文："In order to achieve success, one must be willing to work hard and persevere."答案：为了取得成功，一个人必须愿意努力工作并坚持不懈。

2. 将下列句子从中文翻译成英语：“随着科技的发展，我们的生活变得越来越便利。

上海市中级口译第二阶段口试真题2009年9月(总分：5.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、口语题Directions:Talk on the following topic for at least 3 minutes. Be sure to make your points clear and supporting details adequate. You should also be ready to answer any questions raised by the examiners during your talk. You need to have your name and registration number recorded. Start your talk with "My name is... ", "My registration number is... /(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Topic: Can shopping vouchers increase consumption.'?Questions for Reference:1. To stimulate consumption, which is more effective, tax reduction or shopping vouchers?2. What are the major purposes of issuing shopping vouchers?3. In what way can the shopping vouchers best be distributed? Shall every citizen be given the same amount of shopping vouchers or should the vouchers be limited to the lower-income people only?（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(略)解析：二、口译题(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part ADirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. After you have heard each paragraph, interpret it into Chinese. Start interpreting at the signal... and stop it at the singal...You may take notes while you are listening. Remember you will hear the passages only once. Now let's begin Part A with the first passage.(总题数：1，分数：2.00)1.Passage 11.Passage 1（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(全世界的注意力都集中在中国这个对许多西方人士来说依然十分神秘的国家。

2009年高考上海英语试卷 2009年高考上海各学科试卷及答案（word版）2009年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the endof each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and thequestions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversationand the question about it, readthe four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questionyou have heard.1. A. Go to the office B. Keep calling C. Try online booking D. Seea doctor 2. A. A reporter B. An athlete C. A fisherman D. An organizer 3.A. At a post officeB. At a fast-food restaurantC. At a booking officeD. At a check-in desk 4. A. He already has plans. B. The woman should decide where to eat.C. He will make a reservation.D. The woman can ask her brother for advice. 5. A. He got wet in the rain. B. The shower was out of order.C. He didn‘t hear the phone ringing.D. He got out of the shower to answer the phone. 6. A. Reasonable B. Bright C. Serious D. Ridiculous 7.A. Send leafletsB. Go sightseeingC. Do some gardeningD. Visit a lawyer 8. A. Her doorbell doesn‘t need repair. B. She didn‘t expect him to come so earlyC. The man has just arrived on time.D. It is not the right time for her. 9. A. She won‘t go to the beach if it rains. B. She would like the man to go to the beach.C. It will clear up tomorrow.D. It was pouring when she was at the beach. 10. A. What to take up as a hobby. B. How to keep fit.C. How to handle pressure.D. What to play with.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questionson each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken onlyonce. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide whichone would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Her school was in a small village. B. She was outstanding at school.C. She was the only Asian girl there.D. Her parents were in London.12. A. London B. Bath C. Swindon D. Oxford 13. A. Coming across a radio producer. B. Taking an earlier train.C. Meeting a professional artist.D. Wearing two odd shoes.1Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following speech. 14. A. Educating children. B. Saving rare animals.C. Recreating an environment.D. Making a profit. 15. A. Animals make visitors stressful. B. Animals must live their lives in cages.C. Animals can feel bored and sad.D. Animals are in danger of extinction.16. A. They are still useful and necessary.B. They have more disadvantages than advantages.C. They are a perfect environment for animals.D. They are recreative places for animals.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be readtwice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with theinformation you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Car Rental InformationName: Amy TomsLength of time: __17__ daysLocation to leave the car: The __18__ officeLicense: AN I nternational Driver‘s LicenseInsurance: A __19__ accident insurance Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer. Means of payment: __20__Blanks 21 through 24 arc based on the following conversation.What happened to schools in England in the Many schools became__21__. 1970s?Why do girls do better at single-sex They learn to be __22__ and less worriedschools? about their appearance. Why do boys‘ parents prefer to send their They think girls will be __23__ on boys. sons to mixed schools?In what aspect do girls perform better than In __24__.boys?Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B. C andD. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World2Supermodel Competition.A. amongB. betweenC. alongD. beside 26. –Wow! You‘ve got so many clothes.--But _____ of them are in fashion now.A. allB. bothC. neitherD. none 27. It ______ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.A. mayB. canC. mustD. should 28. The Great Wall is _______tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.A. so a well-knownB. a so well-knownC. such well-known aD. such a well-known 29. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets ______ out.A. would sellB. had soldC. have soldD. was selling 30. Sally‘s never seen a play in the Shanghai Grand Theatre, ______?A. hasn‘t sheB. has sheC. isn‘t sheD. is she 31. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____ all four people on board.A. killedB. killingC. killsD. to ki ll 32. You can‘t borrow books from the school library _______ you get your student card.A. beforeB. ifC. whileD. as 33. With the government‘s aid, those ______ by the earthquake have moved to the newsettlements.A. affectB. affectingC. affectedD. were affected 34. Mozart‘s birthplace and the house ______ he composed ―The Magic Flute‖ are both museums now.A. whereB. whenC. thereD. which 35. Bill suggested ______ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A. having heldB. to holdC. holdingD. hold 36. During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _______ not to touch any unattendedbag.A. had always been warnedB. were always being warnedC. are always warningD. always warned37. It is not immediately clear _______ the financial crisis will soon be over.A. sinceB. whatC. whenD. whether 38. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away ______.A. fleeing the thiefB. was fleeing the thiefC. the thief was fleeingD. fled the thief39. David threatened ______ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.A. to be reportedB. reportingC. to reportD. having reported 40. As a new diplomat. he often thinks of ______ he can react more appropriately on suchoccasions.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. howSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can onlybe used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.3A. contentsB. takingC. carefullyD. plasticE. packagingF. declinedG. freelyH. typicalI. contractsJ. registeredhe package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertisingexecutive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of anexpensive bottle of wine.Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900 ____41_____ presented plastic boxes of rubbish fromthe street of the Big Apple at between $50 and $100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid forthe souvenirs(纪念品). The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it aroundthe world.It all began when Mr. Gignac was at a summer workshop. ―We had a discussion about heimportance of ____42___,‖ he recalls. ―Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed.The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody would ever want.‖He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical ___43___ include broken glass, subwaytickets, Starbucks cups and used ___44____ forks. ―Specialeditions‖ are offered at a high price.He charged $100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees‘ stadium.Mr. Gignac denies ____45___ his customers for fools: ―They knowwhat they‘re getting.They appreciate the fact that they‘re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty init.‖Some _____46___ customers include people who used to live in thecity and want adown-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors.Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr. Gignac has ___47___ acompany and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He___48___ to discuss his profitmargins: ―It‘s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together—but yet, garbage is free.‖Mr. Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed___49___ with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrasethat best fits thecontext.Most people believe they don‘t have much imagination. They are__50__. Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to __51__ it. Creativity isn‘talways __52__ with great works of art or ideas. People at work andin their free time __53__ thinkof creative ways to solve problems. Maybe you have a goal to achieve, a tricky question to answeror you just want to expand your mind! Here are three techniques to help you.Making connections This technique involves taking __54__ ideas and trying to find linksbetween them. First, think about the problem you have to solve orthe job you need to do. Thenfind an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. Write down all the ideas/words __55__with candles: light, fire, matches, wax, night, silence, etc. Thinkof as many as you can. The nextstage is to relate the __56__ to the job you have to do. So imagine you want to buy a friend anoriginal __57__; you could buy him tickets to a match or take himout for the night.4No limits! Imagine that normal limitations don‘t __58__. You haveas muchtime/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new __59__. If your goal is tolearn to ski, __60__, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have thetime and the money). Now __61__ this to reality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day inDecember, or every Monday in January.Be someone else! Look at the situation from a __62__ point of view. Good businessmenuse this technique in trade, and so do writers. Fiction writersoften imagine they are the __63__ intheir books. They ask questions: What does this character want? Why can‘t she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wan ts? If your goal involves other people, put yourself intheir __64__. The best fishermen think like fish!50. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. reasonable D. realistic 51. A. putup with B. catch up with C. make use of D. keep track of 52. A. equipped B. compared C. covered D. connected 53. A. skillfully B. routinely C. vividly D. deeply 54. A. familiar B. unrelated C. creative D. imaginary55. A. presented B. marked C. lit D. associated 56. A. ideas B. ambitious C. achievement D. technique 57. A. experience B. service C. present D. object 58. A. work B. last C. exist D. change 59. A. possibilities B. limitations C. tendency D. practice 60. A. in fact B. in particular C. as a whole D. for example 61 A. devote B. adapt C. lead D. keep 62. A. private B. global C. different D. practical 63. A. features B. themes C. creatures D. characters 64 A. positions B. dreams C. images D. directionsSection BDirections:Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed byseveral questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard.―I‘ll be the first millionaire in Coleford!‖ Richard used to boast.―And you‘ll be sorry you knew me,‖ George would reply ―becauseI‘ll be the best lawyer in the town!‖George never did become a lawyer and Richard never made any money. Instead both menopened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street. It was hard to make money frombooks, which made the competition between them worse.Then Richard married a mysterious girl. The couple spent their honeymoon on the coast—but Richard never came back. The police found his wallet on a deserted beach but the body was neverfound. He must have drowned.Now with only one bookshop in town, business was better for George. But sometimes he satin his narrow, old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his formal rival(竞争5对手). Perhaps he missed him?George was very interested in old dictionaries. He‘d recently found a collector in Australia who was selling a rare first edition. When the parcel arrived, the book was in perfect condition andGeorge was delighted. But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in thenewspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished—the smiling face was older than he remembered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading.―Bookends have bought ten bookstores from their rivals Dylans. The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pike, is now the largest bookseller in Australia.‖65. George and Richard were ______ at school.A. roommatesB. good friendsC. competitorsD. booksellers66. How did George feel about Richard after his disappearance?A. He envied Richard‘s marriage.B. He thought of Richard from time to time.C. He felt lucky with no rival in town.D. He was guilty of Richard‘s death.67. George got information about Richard from ______.A. a dictionary collector in AustraliaB. the latter‘s rivals DylansC. a rare first edition of a dictionaryD. the wrapping paper of a book 68. What happened to George and Richard in the end?A. Both George and Richard became millionaires.B. Both of them realized their original ambitions.C. George established a successful business while Richard was missing.D. Richard became a millionaire while George had no great success.(B)Horse-drawn sleigh rides Dogsledding SnowmobilingWelcome to Banff, Canada‘s first, most famous and arguably most fascinating national park. Ifyou‘ve come to ski or snowboard, we‘ll see you on the slopes. Skiing is a locals‘ favorite too.While you‘re here, try other recreational activities available in our mountains. Popularchoices include a Banff Gondola ride up Sulphur Mountain, bathe in the natural mineral waters atthe Upper Hot Spring, horse-drawn sleigh ride, drive-your-own-team dog sled excursion, andsnowmobile tour to the highland (but not in the national park).We also recommend you make time to enjoy simple pleasure. After looking around BanffAve shops, walk a couple of blocks west or south to the scenic Bow River.6Try ice skating on frozen Lake Louise where Ice Magic International Ice SculptureCompetition works are displayed after Jan 25. You can rent skates in Banff or at the sport shop inthe Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise hotel.Banff‘s backcountry paths access a wilderness world of silence and matchless beauty—crosscountry skis and snowshoes provide the means. Banff sport shops rent equipment and clothes, orjoin an organized tour. Although we‘ve been many times, we still find the cliffs and icefalls of ourfrozen canyons worth visiting.Wildlife watching also creates satisfying memories. We have seen hundreds of the elk andbighorn sheep that attract visitors, yet they still arouse a sense of wonder. And the rare spotting ofa cougar, wolf or woodland caribou takes our breath away.See if simple pleasures work for you. Fight in the snow with your kids, walk beside a streamor climb to a high place and admire the view.—Banff Resort Guide Editors69. According to the passage, Banff‘s backcountry is accessible by _____.A. cross country skiingB. horse-drawn sleigh ridingC. snowmobilingD. dogsledding 70. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Dogsledding is the most popular sport among local people.B. Watching wildlife is a memorable experience.C. Travellers should bring their own sports equipment.D. Shopping is too simple a pleasure to enjoy.71. The purpose of the writing is to ______.A. promote scenic spots in CanadaB. advertise for the sports in BanffC. introduce tourist activities in BanffD. describe breathtaking views in Banff(C)―Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,‖ the laptop, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.The program allows users to display alerts on the missingcomputer‘s screen and even to set aspoken message. Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, butthis is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mind.Owners must report their laptop missing by logging on to a website, which sends a messageto the model: a red and yellow ―lost or stolen‖ banner pops up on its screen when it is started.Under the latest version(版本) of the software, users can also send a spoken message.The message can be set to reappear every 30 seconds, no matter how many times the thiefcloses it. ―One customer sent a message saying, ?You are being tracked. I am right at your door‘,‖said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retriever.In the latest version, people can add a spoken message. The default through the computer‘sspeakers is: ―Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen. If you are not my owner, please report menow.‖7The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95 (￡21) but has a free trial period, has thefunctions of many security software programs. Owners can remotely switch to an alternativepassword prompt if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details.If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on theinternet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location.Thousands of laptops are stolen every year from homes and offices, but with the use oflaptops increasing, the number stolen while their owners are out and about has been rising sharply.Other security software allows users to erase data remotely or lock down the computer.72. The expression ―to give the thief a piece of their mind‖ can be understood as ―_______‖.A. to give the thief an alert mindB. to express the owners‘ anger to the thiefC. to remind the thief of his conscienceD. to make the thief give up his mind73. Different from other security software, Retriever can ______.A. record the stealing processB. help recognize the lost laptopC. lock down the computer remotelyD. send a spoken message74. One function of the program is that it allows the owner to______ at a distance.A. change some access details for switching on the laptopB. turn on the laptop by using the original passwordC. operate the laptop by means of an alternative passwordD. erase the information kept in the stolen laptop75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen every year.B. A new software provides a means to reduce laptop theft.C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost computers.D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief.(D)The latest research suggests a more prosaic, democratic, even puritanical view of the world.The key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not a divine spark. It‘s notI.Q., a generally bad predictor of success, even in realms like chess. Instead, it‘s deliberate practice. Top performers spend more hours (many more hours) rigorously practicing their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you‘d take a girl who possessed aslightly above average verbal ability. It wouldn‘t have to be a big talent, just enough so that shemight gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, whocoincidentally shared some similar biographical traits. Maybe the writer was from the same town,had the same ethnic background, or, shared the same birthday.This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of afascinating circle she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when shewas 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armedwith this ambition, she would read novels and life stories ofwriters without end. This would giveher a primary knowledge of her field. She‘d be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly perceive its inner workings.8Then she would practice writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused.By practicing in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious,newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practicing slowly, bybreaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a betterpattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream offeedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her totake on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems—how do I get characters into aroom—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon inorder to understand or solve future problems.The primary trait she possesses is not some mysterious genius. It‘s the ability to develop apurposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic outof great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affectedby genetics and what we‘re ―hard-wired‖ to do. And it‘s truethat genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior.76. The passage mainly deals with _____.A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writerB. the relationship between genius and successC. the decisive factor in making a geniusD. the way of gaining some sense of distinction77. By reading novels and writers‘ stories, the girl could ______.A. come to understand the inner structure of writingB. join a fascinating circle of writers somedayC. share with a novelist her likes and dislikesD. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security78. In the girl‘s long painstaking training process, _____.A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her successB. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performanceC. she acquires the magic of some great achievementsD. she comes to realize she is ―hard-wired‖ to write 79. What can be concluded from the passage?A. A fuelling ambition play s a leading role in one‘s success.B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.C. As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn‘t matter, but justhis/her efforts. D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.Section CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for eachparagraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.A. Varieties of college dictionariesB. Accessing dictionaries electronicallyC. Elements under a word itemD. Complete editions of dictionariesE. Using dictionaries for particular fieldsF. Features of college dictionaries980.You‘re probably most familiar with college dictionaries, often called abridged dictionaries.Although abridged mea ns ―shortened‖, these dictionaries contain more than 150,000 entries and provide detailed definitions that are sufficient for most college students and general users. College dictionaries also contain separate lists of abbreviations, biographical and geographical names,foreign words and phrases, and tables of measures. Webster’s II New Riverside UniversityDictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language are collegedictionaries.81.Unabridged dictionaries contain as many as 500,000 entries and provide detailed definitionsand extensive word histories(etymologies). These dictionaries, possibly in several volumes andmostly found in libraries, are excellent sources for scholarly inquiries. Unabridged dictionariesinclude the Oxford English Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary of the English Language.82.A dictionary entry has many elements: multiple definitions, syllabication, preferred spellingand pronunciation (some words have more than one acceptable spelling and pronunciation), andpart-of-speech labels. Some entries also include plurals and capitalized forms, synonyms,antonyms, and derivatives. Americanisms and etymologies may be provided along with usagenotes, cross-references, and idioms.83.If you prefer using the dictionary on a computer, you can obtain CD-ROM versions of manymajor dictionaries. In addition, you can access numerous dictionaries, such as WWWebster’sDictionary, on the Internet. Online dictionaries allow yo0u to enter a search word (you even gethelp with spelling) to see a definition, and sometimes even an illustration. Online dictionaries alsooffer additional features, such as word games, language tips, and amusing facts about words.Some online dictionary services allow you to access numerous dictionaries, both general andspecialized, in one search.84.Specialized dictionaries provide in-depth information about acertain field. For example,there are dictionaries for the specialized vocabularies of law, computer technology, and medicine.In addition, there are dictionaries of synonyms, clichés, slang, and even regional expressions, suchas the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE). There are also dictionaries of foreignlanguages, famous people‘s names, literary characters‘ names and place names.10I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in thebrackets.1. 网球运动在上海越来越流行了。

2009年9月上海市高级口译第二阶段口试真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.3 billion，and to ensure our people the rights to subsistence and development is in itself a major contribution to the progress of the world human rights cause．Collective and individual human rights should be considered together and their coordinated development should be pursued，and the Saltle considerations should be given to the development of economic and cultural right son the one hand and of civil and political rights on the other．This is dietated by China’s specific national conditions and therefore，is the only way to progress in human rights cause in China 听力原文：中国人民崇尚“安居乐业”。

大自然是慷慨的，它为人类的生存和发展提供了适宜的条件。

大自然也是无情的，它对无情的掠夺予以报复。

中国许多城市在工业化和都市化过程中面临着生态环境问题。

所以，我们在发展经济的同时，要把环境保护作为首要任务之一。

// 多年来，我们一直致力于控制空气污染、垃圾污染、噪音污染和人口爆炸。

我们试图减少城市供水、能源、住房、交通方面的问题，扩大绿化面积，提高环境质量。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit r ules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill of f old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, howe ver, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This br eaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Know ing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses t hat offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 year s ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested fut ure. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall b e my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergymanlearned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, m ore advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originatedin ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009考研英语试题答案1—5 BADBC6—10 ADCBD11—15 DBCDA16—20 CBAAC21—25 ABCAA26—30 ACDAB31—35 DBBAC36—40 BBDAC41—45 CEABG46．It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive 尽管人们可以这样说，对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初（原来）动机的一部分。

中⾼级⼝译考试在上海已⾛过了⼗⼆年的历程。

⼗⼆年中，考⽣⼈数逐年递增，从最初的数千⼈发展到今天的数万⼈；考试地区也逐年扩⼤，从上海辐射到周边的省市，甚⾄落根到遥远的南昌。

随着⼝译考试受到越来越多的关注，⼝译学习⽇益蓬勃兴起，众多机构纷纷参与，上海新东⽅⼝译研究中⼼更是独领风骚，培养出许多热爱英语、精通翻译和⼝译的⼈才，推动了上海这个国际⼤都市的发展。

⾼级⼝译考试中，翻译是权重较⼤的部分。

翻译既是⼀门科学，⼜是⼀门艺术。

它的⽞妙之处在于，它既受⼀些原则和技巧的约束，⼜体现出译者的综合语⾔能⼒，译者对于两种语⾔⽂字的颖悟⼒，天马⾏空的创造⼒。

⼀篇好的译作，往往使⼈拍案叫绝、赞叹不已。

⽆论是翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准，鲁迅先⽣提出要“忠实、通顺、美”，傅雷先⽣提出要“神似”，钱钟书先⽣提出要“化境”，还是西⽅翻译家奈达提出的“动态对等”理论，有两条标准已经成为共识：忠实和通顺。

翻译既要准确如实地传达原⽂的内容，再现原⽂的风格，⼜要使译⽂的语⾔通顺易懂，符合汉语表达规范。

要做好翻译⼯作，前提是要熟练⾃如地运⽤两种语⾔，尤其是对两种语⾔的差异有深刻的认识，在翻译时适时地调整译⽂、弥补差异，达到良好的翻译效果。

⼀.前后贯通整体把握 词语和结构的理解失误是英译汉中的问题。

2005年的考题是美国前任总统克林顿的⾃传《我的⽣活》前⾔中的部分段落，其中提及克林顿年幼丧⽗，继⽗abusive，许多考⽣的译⽂中，克林顿的继⽗“有暴⼒倾向”、“施虐成性”，克林顿⾃⼩实在是⽣活在⽔深⽕热之中，受尽⾮⼈待遇。

事实果真如此吗？⾮也。

英语中⼀词多义的词语⽐⽐皆是，美军虐待伊拉克囚犯可以⽤the abuse of prisoners，滥⽤权⼒可以⽤the abuse of power，漫骂辱骂也可以⽤abusive，克林顿的继⽗也并⾮虐待狂，否则克林顿也不会和他相处甚好，甚⾄从他的姓。

所以，词语的意义决定于上下⽂，上下⽂是理解的关键，脱离了上下⽂，词语就失却了其存在的意义。