All petroleum reservoirs experience pressure declines, and most wells require artificial lift at some point, most commonly where reservoir pressure is insufficient for natural flow. Artificial lift systems may also be used to enhance production from flowing wells with a reservoir pressure that is insufficient to produce a require amount of fluid. 所有的油气储层都要经历压力降低的过程，大多数井在某些阶段需要人工举升，通常是在储层的压力不足以自流自喷。人工举升系统也可以用于自喷井和储层压力不足以生产所需量时的增产。
Extensive research and field studies have been conducted on a range of artificial-lift systems that have been developed and applied extensively to meet industry needs. These systems include beam pumping, gas lift, electrical submersible pumps, progressive cavity pumps, and hydraulic.为满足行业的需求，广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了，人工举升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。这些系统包括游梁抽油机，气举，电潜泵（ESP），螺杆泵（PCP的），和液压泵。
Gas lift lightens the fluid gravity to increase the flow and correspondingly lower the sand-face pressure.气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并相应地降低砂表面压力。
One definition of lift system efficiency is found by dividing the power added to the fluid stream by the amount of power needed from external sources such as motors or compressors.升降系统效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以外加能量，例如电机或压缩机所需的功率量。
Beam pumping systems actuate a downhole plunger pump with traveling and standing valves. PCP pump rotate from rods or a downhole motor that spins a metal rotor inside a rubber stator and moves a cavity of fluid upward as the pump spins. 游梁式抽油系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井下柱塞泵。螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡胶
定子内的金属转子，使一腔流体向上移动，由于泵的旋转。
ESP systems include a motor powered though a three-phase cable from the surface to rotate a stack of impellers inside a stack of diffusers.The hydraulic reciprocating pump is a rapidly reciprocating plunger pump with ball-and-seat check vavles.
电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器和里面的一堆分离器。液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速往复式柱塞泵。
In intermittent lift, the well is produced and is periodically shut in until sufficient pressure builds in the casing to lift liquids and to produce the well for a brief time before shutting the well in again. The same downhole equipment that was used for continuous lift may be adapted to perform equally well intermittently.在间歇气举时，油井生产和定期关闭，直到有足够的压力建立在套管上来举升
流体，并在一个短暂的时间里生产，在再次关井之前。相同的井下设备用于连续气举，同样也适用于间歇气举。
Tubing pressure-sensitive valves are used in annulus flow situations and when a particular tubing pressure is required, such as in an intermittent lift application where the valve is designed to remain closed until a sufficient fluid load is present in the tubing. The pressure-sensitive valves use either a dome charge or a spring to provide the closing force. Normally a bellows is used to contain the dome charge or to otherwise provide the operating area. All of the valves will include a reverse-flow check valve which prevents backflow. Tubing pressure valves may be used in places where casing pressure is limited. However, fluctuations in tubing pressure can cause periodic movement of the injection point up and down between lower valves, leading to inefficient lift or multi-point injection in some cases. 油管压力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况下，以及当一个特定的油管的压力是必需的，如
在间歇气举的应用，控制阀保持关闭，直到有足够的流体负载存在于油管，压力控制阀使用一个圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。波纹管通常被用来包含穹顶压力包或以其他方式提供的区域。所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀，防止了回流。油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有限的。然而，油管压力波动会导致注入点在较低的阀之间上下周期性运动，从而导致低效的举升或在某些情况下，多点注入。
Hydraulic pumps provide another efficient artificial-lift option.Well candidates that lack the bottomhole pressure to sustain acceptable flowrates and have low GLRS,but which still have acceptable productivity capacity,are ideal candidates for hydraulic pumps .Two basic pump types are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both pump types requir similar surface ,offer good lift efficiencies ,and are serviceable with slickline well servicing operations.液压泵提供了另一种供选择的有效的人工举升方式。缺乏井底压力来维持足够的流速和低气液比，但仍有可接受的生产能力的井，是理想的使用液压泵的候选井。两种基本
类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。两种泵要求类似的地面装置提供良好的举升效率，便利的带绳索式的井下维修作业。
PCPs are generally the preferred method for lifting cold viscous, sand laden fluids. PCPs are a positive displacement pump with a helical metal rotor which rotates in an elastomeric stator. The elastomeric stator is attached to metal tubing.螺杆泵一般都是举升冷粘性，含砂流体的首选方法。螺杆泵是一个正排量泵，带有在橡胶定子里旋转的螺旋形金属转子。橡胶定子连接到金属油管。
Many challenges still in the design of artificial-lift systems. Modern well geometries differ significantly from the vertical wellbores where artificial lift has historically been applied. Horizontal wells, multilateral wells, high-temperature wells, wells with sand-laden production, wells with corrosive fluids, and other
conditions all contribute problems which must be considered when using artificial lift requirements may be for production of several thousands of barrels per day or may be for a very few barrels of water per day to be lifted from a gas well so that gas can produce efficiently.
Unique challenges also exist in applying lift systems in subsea wells. Subsea well requirements do not significantly change the artificial-lift system but do emphasize the need for reliability more than in other applications.
Even more complexity can be introduced if artificial-lift systems are considered in combination as ESPs in combination discussed as an alternative to increasing compression capabilities for the gas-lift system.
These and other design issues will provide the future advances in the application of artificial-lift systems in well completions.此处跟以上内容相似故略去翻译。
Methods for Sand Exclusion
Four broad groups of sand exclusion methods are
available: (1) production restriction methods, (2) mechanical methods (3) in-situ chemical consolidation methods, and (4) combination methods. With the exception of production restriction methods, the remaining methods provide some means of mechanical support for the formation and help prevent formation movement during stressed that result from fluid flow or pressure drop in the reservoir.四个应用广泛的防砂方法是可用的：（1）生产的限制的方法，（2）机械的方法（3）就地化学胶结方法，及（4）相结合的方法。与生产限制的方法不同，其余的方法提供了一些装置，用于形成机械支撑，并有助于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下降引起的应力下运移的方法
Production Restriction
In a sandstone formation, stresses resulting from fluid production or pressure drop act on the minerals that bond the sand grains together, resulting in sand production. One means of reducing this sand production is to restrict the production rate. This method has the lowest initial
cost and in some cases, may be a successful alternative to other available methods. However, in most cases, it is not a durable or economical solution to formation sand production.在砂岩地层中，源于流体的生产或压力下降的应力作用在胶结了砂子颗粒的矿物上，导致了出砂。一种减少这种出砂的方法是限制产量，这种方法成本最低，有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法，然而，大多数情况下它也不是一个持久的经济的方法。Mechanical Methods
Mechanical methods are the most common well treatments for excluding sand production. Mechanical sand-control methods are diverse, but they always include some type of device installed downhole that bridges or filters the sand out of the produced fluids or gases. These devices include a wide array of slotted liners, wire-wrapped screens, and prepacked screens, which are generally uses with gravel-pack procedures机械方法是最为普通的井下防砂措施。机械防砂法是多样的，但它们总包含一些固定在井下的装置桥堵或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。这些装置包
含割缝衬管，绕丝筛管，预充填筛管（广泛用于砾石充填工艺）。
Screens and slotted liners encompass a broad range of downhole filtration devices. These devices (1) filter out the formation sand, (2) retain any particular materials, graded sand, or other proppants placed against the formation to support it, and (3) stain out the naturally loose component grains. Variations in screen designs, which will be discussed later, are affected by cost, durability, and flow- through characteristics.筛管和割缝衬管包括一系列的井下过滤设备，这些设备（1）过滤出地层的砂子（2）保留一些特殊的矿物，分级的砂子，或其他支撑剂充填支撑地层（3）过滤出天然松散的组成颗粒。不同的筛管设计后面将要讨论，受成本，耐用性，和流过流体的特性的影响。
Selecting the Appropriate Sand Exclusion Method Once a well is identified as requiring sand exclusion, the appropriate exclusion method must be
determined based on the following criteria: (1) economics—the initial cost of the treatment and its effect on production, (2) historical success, (3) applicability—degree of difficulty to perform treatment, and (4) length of service—estimations of sand-free production and need frequency rates for repetition of the treatment.选择适当的防砂方法
一旦油井被确定为需要防砂，适当的防砂方法，必须根据以下标准确定：（1）经济能力和其对生产的初始成本，（2）过往的成功（3）适用性实施的难易程度，及（4）服务周期，估计无砂产量，和重复该措施的频率。
Choosing the appropriate technique for sand exclusion requires an in-depth understanding of each sand exclusion method and its many modifications and variations. There are merits and limitations of every type mechanical and chemical consolidation methods.选择合适的防砂技术，需要深入了解每个防砂方法和它的许多改进和变化。每一种类型的机械方法和化学胶结的方法都
存在其优点和局限性。
Liners and Screens
Slotted liners and screens are downhole filters that provide differing mechanisms and levels of sand retention or pack-support. Before a liner or screen is chosen, the well must be carefully evaluated so that the most applicable products can be selected. Screen construction and shape can influence: (1) how well sand becomes packed in the annulus, (2) the flow capacity of the covered zone, and (3) how long the composite pack might last.割缝衬管和筛管是井下过滤器提供不同机理和精度的砂子保留或砾石充填。在选择衬管和筛管之前，必须对仔细的评估，以至于最为合适的产品被选择。筛管的结构和形状受到下列因素的影响（！）井中砂子如何充填环空（2）充填井段的流动能力(3)混合充填能持续多长。
The simplest slotted liner is made of oilfield pipe that has been slotted with a precision saw or mill. These slots must be cut circumferentially, otherwise the tubing would become weak under
tension. The individual slots can be as small as 1/5 in. or as large as required for the gravel size that will be used.最简单的割缝衬管由油田油管被精密的锯和铣割缝而成的，这些缝必须是圆周切向的，否则油管在张力作用下变得很脆弱。这些独立的缝可以小到1/5英寸或大如所需的将要使用的砾石尺寸。
It is recommended to use tracers when one or more of the following conditions exist. (1) Thick intervals of reservoir to be stimulated (>45 ft). (2) Stress contrast between the zone of interest and adjacent barriers is less than 700 psi. (3) Limited entry stimulation technique is planned.
(4)Specialty proppants will be used or tail-in at the end of the treatment. (5) Fluid leak-off is expected to be higher than usual or is unknown.推荐使用的示踪剂时，存在下列条件中的一个或多个。（1）被刺激储层厚间隔（45英尺）。（2）感兴趣的区域和相邻的盖层应力小于700磅。（3）限流压裂增产技术被计划。（4），特殊的支撑剂将被使用或尾追在该措施结束时。（5）预期流体滤失比平时高或者是未知的。
Temperature logging can determine post-treatment hydraulic fracture height and fluid distribution at the wellbore but is not indicative of propants placement or distribution. Cold fluid injected into the formation can be detected readily by a change in the temperature profile within a wellbore. A series of logging passes usually is sufficient to determine the total treated height. Intervals that received a large volume of injected fluids and/or propants will require a much longer time to return to thermal equilibibrium.温度测井可以决定水力压裂的深度和流体在井筒的分布，但并不表示支撑剂的位置和分布。容易地通过在井眼内的剖面温度分布的变化检测到冷流体注入到地层中。通常通过一系列的测井曲线足以确定总的压裂裂缝的高度。收到一个大量注入的流体或支撑剂的井段，将需要更长的时间以返回到热平衡。
Matrix Stimulation
Matrix stimulation can remove the damage in a
localized region around the wellbore, and, in some cases, it can even create a high-permeability network to bypass the damage.基岩激励可以去除井眼周围的地层伤害，以及在一些情况下，它可以创造出一个高渗透率的工作环境
Acidizing treatments, the most common matrix stimulation treatments, are often categorized by formation rock type and acid type. Any acidizing treatment, regardless of formation type or acid, is performed through the naturally existing flow channels in the rock. Acid injection into the formation is carried out so that the pressures achieved during the treatment do not exceed the fracture pressure of the formation.酸化措施，是最普通的基岩激励的措施，通常根据地层岩石种类和酸的种类分类。任何酸化措施，不管是地层种类或酸类的酸化措施，都是通过自然存在于岩石中的流动通道来执行的。酸液注入地层中执行因此在这个措施中获得的压力不超过地层裂缝破裂压力。
Matrix acidizing in sandstone reservoirs removes near-wellbore skin damage caused by drilling,
completions, fines migration, or clay swelling. Small concentrations of HCL-HF acid react within 1 to 6 in. of the wellbore to dissolve damaging materials within the rock matrix.在砂岩储层的酸化激励去除井筒附近的由于钻井，完井，颗粒运移，或粘土膨胀引起的表皮伤害。低浓度的盐酸氢氟酸在一到六英寸的井筒内反应，溶解破坏岩石基质中材料。
Diversion methods help place the acid effectively in the formation, while reducing injection into clean zones. Both chemical and mechanical diversion tools are available to direct fluid flow at the perforations.屏蔽暂堵方法帮助酸液有效地进入地层，同时减少其注入到干净层位中去。化学和机械暂堵工具可以将流体导入到射好的孔中去。
In fracture acidizing, acid is injected at a rate high enough to generate the pressure required to fracture the formation. Differential etching occurs as the acid chemically reacts with the formation face，Areas where the rock has been removed are highly conductive to hydrocarbon fracturing fluids
usually are not chemically reactive and proppants is placed in the fracture to keep the fracture open and provide conductivity.在压裂酸化时，酸以足够高的速度注入产生破裂地层所需要的压力。不同的腐蚀发生在酸与井壁的发生化学反应的地方。岩石已被去除的区域是高导电性的烃类压裂液，通常是不发生化学反应的支撑剂被放置在裂缝中，来保持裂缝的打开状态，并提供导电性。
As a general guideline, fracture acidizing is used on formations with >98% hydrochloric acid solubility. Low-permeability carbonates are the best candidates for these treatments. Fluid loss to the matrix and natural fractures can also be better controlled in lower-permeability formation.作为共识，地层压裂酸化一般用于> 98％能被盐酸溶解的地层。低渗透率的碳酸盐是这些措施的最佳选择。流体滤失到基质和天然裂缝中，在低渗透的地层也可以被更好地控制。
支撑剂通常需要在井封闭强调大于5000磅。压裂酸化所造成的差分蚀刻不能支持如此高的应力。由于借款增加和额外的闭合压力，蚀刻区往
往挤压或折叠，严重制约流井地带。尾巴阶段支撑剂压裂酸化处理后可以形成提供电导率地层应力增加。
A conventional fracture acidizing treatment involves pumping an acid system after fracturing. It may be preceded by a nonacid preflush and usually is overflushed with a nonacid fluid.传统的压裂酸化措施包括在压裂之后的泵酸系统。其可能先注入一段非酸性前置液高粘度或低滤失，通常还尾追一段非酸性冲刷液。
Proppants usually are required in wells with closure stresses greater than 5000 psi. Differential etching caused by fracture acidizing cannot support such high stresses. As the drawdown increases and additional closure pressure is applied, the etched regions tend to crush or collapse, severely restricting flow in the wellbore area. A tail-in stage of proppant following a fracture acidizing treatment allows the formation to provide conductivity as formation stresses increase.支撑剂通常需要在井封闭强度大于5000磅。压
裂酸化所造成的不同腐蚀不能支持如此高的应力。当压降增加和额外的闭合应力产生时，腐蚀的区往往趋于压碎或坍塌，严重的限制井筒区域的流动。尾追支撑剂段赛紧随压裂酸化处理之后，在地应力增加的情况下使得地层仍具有导流性。
后记
感谢张创力同志的英文录入
翻译不足的地方蛮多，将就着看看，求及格。石工1009 324宿舍翻译
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
工业设计专业英语资料 设计的分类与方法学（英语） 1 设计Design 2 现代设计Modern Design 3 工艺美术设计Craft Design 4 工业设计Industrial Design 5 广义工业设计Genealized Industrial Design 6 狭义工业设计Narrow Industrial Design 7 产品设计Product Design 8 传播设计Communication Design 8 环境设计Environmental Design 9 商业设计Comercial Design 10 建筑设计Architectural 11 一维设计One-dimension Design 12 二维设计Tow-dimension Design 13 三维设计Three-dimension Design 14 四维设计Four-dimension Design 15 装饰、装潢Decoration 16 家具设计Furniture Design 17 玩具设计Toy Design 18 室内设计Interior Design 19 服装设计Costume Design 20 包装设计ackaging Design 21 展示设计Display Design 22 城市规划Urban Desgin 23 生活环境Living Environment 24 都市景观Townscape 25 田园都市Gardon City 26 办公室风致Office Landscape 27 设计方法论Design Methodology 28 设计语言Design Language 29 设计条件Design Condition 30 结构设计Structure Design 31 形式设计Form Design 32 设计过程Design Process 33 构思设计Concept Design 34 量产设计，工艺设计Technological Design 35 改型设计Model Change 36 设计调查Design Survey 37 事前调查Prior Survey
机械专业英文翻译 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
启动轴 starting axle 启动齿轮starting gear 启动棘轮 starting ratchet wheel 复位弹簧 restoring, pull back spring 弹簧座 spring seating 摩擦簧friction spring 推力垫圈 thrust washer 轴挡圈axle bumper ring 下料 filling 切断 cut 滚齿机 gear-hobbing machine 剪料机 material-shearing machine 车床 lathe 拉床 broaching machine 垂直度 verticality, vertical extent 平行度 parallelism同 心度 homocentricity 位置度 position 拉伤 pulling damage 碰伤 bumping damage 缺陷 deficiency 严重缺陷 severe deficiency 摩擦力 friction 扭距 twist 滑动 glide 滚动 roll 打滑 skid 脱不开 can’t seperate 不复位 can’t restore 直径 diameter M值 = 跨棒距 test rod span 公法线 common normal line 弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error 响应 response 定位 allocation 机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic 静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 机床 machine tool 刀具 cutter 摩擦 friction 联结 link 传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor 几何形状 geometrical 精度 precision 正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit 机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force 变形 deformation 电路 circuit 半导体元件 semiconductor element 拉孔 broaching 装配 assembling 加工 machining 液压 hydraulic pressure 切线 tangent 机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 稳定性 stability 介质 medium 液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve 失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress 安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin 滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring 制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain 皮带 strap 精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust 氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear 耐用度 durability 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking 技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams 反馈 feedback 发生器 generator
Fashion,which is as old as time and as new as tomorrow,is one of the most powerful forces in our lives .It influences what we wear,the way we talk,the foods we eat,the way we live,how and where we travel,what we travel,what we look at,and what we listen to.Fashion is what lead us todiscard a product that is still useful but is no longer ―in‖.It is also what makes us sometimes wear more clothes than we may actually need,and sometimes less than is needed to product us from the ccold or the sun. 流行是这样一种事物，是我们抛弃了还可以使用，但不再时髦的产品。有时候使我们穿比我们真正穿的衣服多，有时候比我们穿抵御严寒酷暑的少。 If there is one absolute constant pertaining to fashion,it is the fact that it is always changing-sometimes rapidly,sometimes slowly,but it is never static or dormant.This element of change is recognized in the definitions of fashion itself cited earlier,by the use of such words as ―prevailing‖or ―a given period of time.‖To ignore the element of change is like looking at a still photograph in place of a motion picture.The still tells you what is happening here and now ;the motion picture shows you what came before and what may lie ahead. 如果存在着一种符合流行的绝对永恒，那就是流行是永远变化着的这一事实，（这种变化）时快时慢，但绝不会固定下来或呈休止状态。 “Fashion is a social phenomenon which reflects the same continuing change that rides through any given age .‖Change in fashion ,he emphasized,‘correspond with the subtle and often hidden network of forces that operate on society……’ “流行是一种社会现象，它反映了任何特定年代同样都要经历的持续变化。‖他强调说：“流行变迁与那些作用于社会的影响力量所具有的微妙，而又常常是暗藏着的系统是一致的。”It is only in restrospect that fashion changes seem marked or sudden .Autually ,they come about as a result of a series of gradual shifts from one season to the next.For example ,when women’s skirts began inching up from midcalf in the 1960s,this gradual shortening was not particularly noticeable at first .It was only when skirts moved thigh-high,in the form of minis and micro-minis ,that people took notice of the approaching extreme.Similarly,when men begin to abandon ultrannarrow ties and suit lapels in favor of more and more width,the changs are not noticed at first. 只有当追溯过去的时候，流行的变迁才显得特别引人注目或突然，实际上，这些变迁的发生是从一个季节到另一个季节的一系列逐渐变化的结果。例如，女裙的逐渐变短的时候并没有被注意到，。 ………………………………………………………… Color can be the basis for a whole group or line .It is the first element to which consumers respond .People relate personally to color,usually either selecting or rejecting a garment beccause of its ccolor appeal.Therefore,designers must cconsider their customers and provide colors that are both appealing and flattering. 色彩是整个款式系列中的基本要素，它是能够引起顾客回应的第一要素。人们把色彩和个人联系起来，他们往往根据颜色来选择或拒绝一件衣服，因此设计师必须考虑他们的顾客，并且提供出令他们喜爱和满意的色彩，消费群体。 In clothing,neutrals such as beige,tan,brown,white ,gray,and black are even more popular than the ccolors just mentioned.The reason is probably that they present a pleasing background for the wearer without completing for attention. Neutrals are part of every season‖s fashion picture ,as either a strong fashion statement or a way to round out a color story. 在服装中，中色调例如灰中色，深褐，褐色，白灰和黑色，甚至还有比刚刚提到的更多的
艺术装饰风格 被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”，艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术，但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料，塑料和玻璃而发展迅速，找到了便宜，短期利用，并可以大批生产的装饰用品，如香烟盒，香水瓶，家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃，流行纺织品及各种装饰物，还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰，因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。 就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样，艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化，例如，立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义，但是相对其他文化而言，艺术装饰风格取长补短，装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素，大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。但这些是远远不够的，更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。在那段经济萧条的时期，豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行，艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格，除此之外，艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上，使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外，艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域，许多新场所也运用了这种风格，美化建筑的外表，那些新商业的
娱乐楼房，例如商场电影院，工厂，甚至于新的豪华游轮，它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念，这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望，艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。 艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。但是，从不好的方而来看，艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法，来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商，他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。 但是，这些地毯制造商也很注意他们消费群里的保守心理，因此，即使是在一块地毯里的花紋也会出现那些很传统的1案象是老式的叶子造型和较灰暗的颜色。这种设计的消费市场不同于那些要不就是现代型或是完全传统的设计方案。1920年代到30年代，英国都铎王室的一些新居住者和新建筑的到来，使工艺美术运动和现代风格可以较为自由的发展和合理的被采用.这些各异的艺术风格也被按照使用者的喜好不同加入到地毯的设计之中。在20世纪30年代的中期，改良过的艺术装饰风格在数不清的家居装饰里都可以看到"在花园门饰上，无线电机的面板装饰上，阿芝台克寺庙的壁炉上和那些扶手椅和沙发的几何形体上。"
2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。
Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次，对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概，可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣，再也不说话了，而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候，他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但他却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause.