毕业论文
On Inter-cultural Conflicts in Sino-America Business Communication Under the
Background of Cultural Globalization
文化全球化背景下中美商务沟通中的跨文化
冲突分析
院（系）名称外国语学院
专业名称英语（教育方向）
学生姓名
指导教师
年月日
Acknowledgements
The thesis is completed although a lot to be desired. While the completion the thesis cannot be separated from the great help of a lot of people. I would like to extend my warmest gratitude and genuine appreciation to those who give me support and assistance directly and indirectly during the process of making the research.
First and foremost, I would like to address my special thanks to my erudite and amiable supervisor, associate professor XXX. She provides me valuable advice and suggestions about thesis as well as many life truth. Her righteous scholarship and upright life attitude influenced me deeply.
Besides, I want to show my gratitude to all the teachers in the XXX College. Their earnest teachings not only gave me a lot of knowledge but also helped me to set up correct outlook on life.
Thirdly, I would like to express my gratefulness to my dearest classmates such as XXX and XXX. They always gave me advice friendly and encouraged me heartily during the time I completing the thesis.
Last but not least, I want to give my thanks to my patents. Their earnest support and patiently care is the wealth of my whole life.
On Inter-cultural Conflicts in Sino-America Business Communication under the Background of Cultural Globalization
Abstract
With the development of globalization, the communication among countries is more and more frequent. A variety of joint ventures and foreign-funded enterprises emerges in China, which facilitate the diversification of Chinese economic forms as well as the prosperity of Chinese economy. Entering 21th century, business communication between China and America increase rapidly. Both China and America attach great importance on the bilateral trade relations. Cultural differences between China and the America is the biggest obstacle to the development of bilateral economic and trade relations, which is reflected in all aspects, including values, beliefs, ways of thinking, communication, etc. It is supposed to be solved in the background of Cultural globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. Cultural globalization is beneficial to the development of the foreign trade between China and America as well as the amalgamation of the world culture and diminish conflicts and obstacles among countries. This paper is supposed to analyze the different cultures between China and America under the background of cultural globalization, finding out the existing conflicts in the business communication, including the conflicts in daily communication and business negotiation, language styles and context as well as different working groups and identities. The cause for the cultural conflicts are also to be discussed from the cultural personality, development and interests. Through the discussion of cultural conflicts, the solutions are to be raised so that improve the efficiency of the business communication between China and America.
Key words:Inter-cultural conflicts, Sino-America business communication, Cultural globalization
文化全球化背景下中美商务沟通中的跨文化冲突分析
摘要
随着全球化的发展，国与国之间的交往日益频繁。大量的中外合资、外资企业在中国如雨后春笋般出现，促进了国内经济形式的多样化和中国经济的繁荣。进入21世纪后，中美之间的商务交流骤增，两国对双边贸易关系都极为看重。而文化的不同则成为两国双边贸易关系发展的最大障碍，这种障碍反映在方方面面，如价值观、信仰、思维方式等方面的不同。而这种不同可以在文化全球化的背景下得以解决。文化全球化是指世界范围内传播思想、意义、价值观等，以扩大和强化社会关系，文化的循环使得个体能够跨越国家和区域的边界来扩展社会关系，对中美商务交流的发展具有重大意义，同时也有利于世界文化的融合以及国与国之间冲突和障碍的消除。本文在文化全球化的背景下，分析中美两国不同的文化，包括日常交流和商务谈判、语言风格和语境、工作团体与身份认同等方面的不同。本文也将从文化性格、发展与利益等方面讨论中美文化差异的根源。通过以上分析，文章会提出解决中美商务交流中跨文化冲突的办法，以提高中美商务沟通效率和质量。
关键词：跨文化冲突，中美商务沟通，文化全球化
Contents
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................I Abstract in English.......................................................................................II Abstract in Chinese ................................................ ................................... IV 1Introduction . (1)
2 Literature Review (3)
2.1 Inter-cultural Communication (3)
2.2 Definition and Features of Culture (3)
2.3 Features of Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication under the Background of Cultural Globalization (5)
2.4 Previous Studies at Home and Abroad (5)
3 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication between China and America Under the Background of Cultural Globalization (6)
3.1 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Occasions (6)
3.1.1 Daily Communication (7)
3.1.2 Business Negotiations (7)
3.2 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Objects (8)
3.2.1 Different Working Groups (8)
3.2.2 Different Identities (9)
3.3 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Language Uses (9)
3.3.1 Language Styles (10)
3.3.2 Language Contexts (10)
3.4 Case Analysis (11)
4 Analysis of the Causes of the Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication (12)
4.1 The Theory of Cross Culture (12)
4.1.1 Six Value Orientation Theory (12)
4.1.2 Cultural Dimension Theory (13)
4.2 Reasons of Cross-cultural Conflicts in Sino America Business Communications under the Background of Cultural Globalization (13)
4.2.1 Differences in Cultural Personality (14)
4.2.2 Different Levels of Cultural Development (14)
4.2.3 The Interests have Changed under the Globalization (15)
5 Analysis of the Countermeasures for Solving Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication (15)
5.1 The Necessities of Solving Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication (15)
5.2 Countermeasures for Solving Cross Cultural Conflicts in Sino American Business Communication under Background of Cultural Globalization (16)
5.2.1 Enhance the sensitivity of cross-cultural ideas (16)
5.2.2 Strengthen communication and establish a global cultural view (17)
5.2.3 Seek common ground and strengthen cross-cultural awareness (17)
6 Conclusion (19)
Notes (20)
Bibliography (21)
On Inter-cultural Conflicts in Sino-America Business Communication Under the
Background Cultural Globalization
1 Introduction
With the development of globalization, business communication among countries are more and more frequent. Cooperation and competition are the main stream in the business communication, which determines the important position of countries’ interaction and communication. China and America are two great powers in the world. There are many connections not only in politics but also in economy. In 1980s, China put forward the policy of reform and opening up, the business relationships with countries in the world are closer, especially with America. After entering WTO, Business communication between China and America became more frequent. It can be seen that the business communication between China and America is an important part for Chinese foreign trade. As the crucial position of Sino-America business communication takes, there are many cultural conflicts among the business interaction between China and America, since the different cultures. The conflicts always pose challenge and instability to business communication between China and American. Hence it is urgent to solve the inter-cultural conflicts in order to advance the business communication.
Entering 21th century, business communication between China and America increase rapidly. Both China and America attach great importance on the bilateral trade relations. Cultural differences between China and the America is the biggest obstacle to the development of bilateral economic and trade relations, which is reflected in all aspects, including values, beliefs, ways of thinking, communication, etc. It is supposed to be solved in the background of Cultural globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to
extend and intensify social relations.The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. Cultural globalization is beneficial to the development of the foreign trade between China and America as well as the amalgamation of the world culture and diminish conflicts and obstacles among countries. This paper is supposed to analyze the different cultures between China and America under the background of cultural globalization, finding out the existing conflicts in the business communication, including the conflicts in daily communication and business negotiation, language styles and context as well as different working groups and identities. The cause for the cultural conflicts are also to be discussed from the cultural personality, development and interests. Through the discussion of cultural conflicts, the solutions are to be raised so that improve the efficiency of the business communication between China and America.
With the situation, it is supposed to solve the inter-cultural conflicts under the background of cultural globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel. This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations that cross national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures.
It can be seen that cultural globalization is supposed to mediate the problems and conflicts in the business communication, which is surely beneficial to the Sino-America business communication. Under the background of cultural communication, Chinese
and American cultures are supposed to be comprehended and mastered by each side, so that reach agreements easier and carry out business activity smoothly, from which way establish a win-win situation in business communication between Chinese and American corporations.
This paper is divided into four parts: the first part is introduction, which introduces the cultural globalization, the business communication between China and America and the significance of the study. The second part is literature review, expounding the definition of culture, inter-cultural communication and the previous study at home and abroad. The third part is the body of the research, including the inter-cultural conflicts in the Sino-America business communication, the cause of the conflicts and the solutions to the inter-cultural conflicts between China and America. The inter-cultural conflicts in Sino-America business communication are mainly discussed from different occasions, objects and language use. The causes of the inter-cultural conflicts are analyzed from the cultural personality, cultural development and interests. The countermeasures to the inter-cultural conflicts are mainly three points: Enhance the sensibility of cultural ideas, establish a global cultural view, seek common ground and strengthen cross culture awareness. The fourth part is the conclusion of the whole research.
2Literature Review
2.1 Inter-cultural Communication
Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication [1]. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. Many people in
intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted [2].
With regard to intercultural communication proper, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses.
The inter-cultural communication discussed here is the business communication between China and America. Because of the different cultural backgrounds, Chinese and American businessmen are supposed to performance in different ways [3]. And the differences will affect the business behavior and style, which will restrict the business activity process. Therefore, the business communication between China and America is not only the economic contacts, but also the cultural collision and communication. Thus, it is of great importance to acquire the knowledge of inter-cultural communication in order to make the business activity carry out smoothly.
2.2 Definition and Features of Culture
Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist Tylor, it is “complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society [4].” Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, “Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common[5]”. The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is “the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.”
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through
social learning in human societies[6]. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups. The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art. Whereas the immaterial culture such as mythology, philosophy, literature and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society [7].
Different cultures acquire different features. As for the business culture, in China, there is authority structure in business world. Although reform and political democratization process have changed the situation in-depth, the trend are corrected gradually, the culture of a nation is the result of long time disposition. Therefore, there is still large gap in business power. Due to many historical reasons, China’s enterprises are characterized by starting late and small scale. The obvious characteristic in commercial activities is local entrepreneurial culture in China. While there is totally different business cultural in America. American enterprises emphasize on individual value, pay attention to the cultivation of staff and respect for customers [8]. They are inclined to d istribute the leadership to company staff and adhere to the company’s values and philosophy. The differences in business cultures between China and America will surely result in the differences in business behavior.
2.3 Features of Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication under the background of Cultural Globalization
Since China and America owns different culture, during the process of business communication, there are inter-cultural conflicts. And there are certain features of the inter-cultural conflicts.
First, the inter-cultural conflicts are originated from the immaterial culture, such as the value, philosophy, function system and so on. And since it is on the mental level, the conflicts are not easy to be solved.
Second, some inter-cultural conflicts in business communication comes from the different beliefs and expectations. This reflect the mental and material requirements of the both sides, which render the formation of bilateral thinking mode.
Third, the inter-cultural conflicts not always exert negative effect on the business activities. Since it is beneficial to the awareness of the differences of culture.
Fourth, the inter-cultural conflicts is uncontrollable. Differences in culture sometimes are unpredictable, which determine the uncontrollability of the inter-cultural conflicts [9].
2.4 Precious Studies at Home and Abroad
With the development of the business communication between China and America, the inter-cultural differences reveals and there are inter-cultural conflicts every now and then. In terms of the Sino-America business communication, many scholars and researchers made researches about the field.
Ronald Applbaum (2006) holds that the solutions to the inter-cultural conflicts in business communication should not only grasp the knowledge of the other culture but also should stand on the other positions to view the business affairs[10]. Thus, it is required for businessman to learn more etiquette and ethical psychology of the other side. Edward Hall (1996) proposes that both sides of the business communication are supposed to respect the others’ culture so that lead the business co mmunication smoothly and healthily. In case of the cultural conflicts, both sides are supposed to prepare for the meeting or the party. While Hofstede Geert (1980) raised out that the inter-cultural conflicts in business communication not just exert negative effect but also provide a possibility for the further communication, hence it is improper to deny all the inter-cultural conflicts. Edgard Schein (1992) considers now that the inter-cultural conflicts are unavoidable, it is expected to regard it calmly and response with positive attitude in case of a further negative effect.
With the wide and in-depth researches abroad, the studies of this field at home is also prosperous. Niu Hongyu (2005) detects the polite expressions in inter-cultural business negotiation, holding that the polite expression the respect for others as well as
the reflection of high quality of Chinese business culture, which should be advocated [11]. Wang Panpan (2009) explores the cultural differences between China and American. Some solutions are also raised out to solve the problems resulting from the cultural differences. Bai Yuan (2002) researches into the case studies of the negotiation between China and America, raising out some concrete solving methods for specific occasions, which is very practical.
With so many researches about the inter-cultural conflicts in business communication, this paper is supposed to take the former research achievements as a reference, take a in-depth and further s into the inter-cultural conflicts in Sino-America business communication under the background of cultural globalization.
3Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication between China and America under the Background of Cultural Globalization
3.1 Inter-cultural Conflicts in Business Communication Occasions
The inter-cultural conflicts are not only reflected on the business negotiations, but also in the daily communication between both sides. In this part, the two aspects of inter-cultural conflicts between China and America are supposed to be discussed in detail.
3.1.1 Daily Communication
In the Sino-America business communications, there is not merely negotiations but also daily communications such as conference calls, internet meetings or regular receptions. For example, when American cooperative partners arrive at the airport, Chinese sides are supposed to receive them, hold a welcome party or meal, make a schedule and other affairs that needed in relation to work and daily lives. In this process, some inter-cultural conflicts may happen. Some complaints and frictions are supposed to be raised in these occasions for the different customs of the reception. Chinese people usually arrange receptions unrelated to the business affair to connect emotions,
while Americans regard it as inefficiency.
There is a example, reflecting the different attitudes between China and America. Two senior American managers stayed in China for several months. During the last days in China, they decided to relax by traveling to some scenic beauties and places of interest. However, the Chinese representatives arrange a mass tourism for them together with the Chinese staffs out of good will and kind hearts. The two American managers felt confused and annoyed about this, since they believed that vocation is their owns and no one has the right to arrange without their consent. The central conflict in this example is the conflicts between Chinese hospitality and American view of primacy. There are many other daily communication conflicts in the inter-cultural business communication.
3.1.2 Business Negotiations
Business negotiations between Chinese staffs and American staffs is a formal business affair, which is also a important part in business communication. Since it is in relation to the sensitive affairs such as bargain of interests and problem-solving. In some occasions, both sides are not familiar with each other, some cultural conflicts are supposed to happen. A professor defined negotiat ion as “the communication that takes place in order to reach agreement about how to handle both common and conflicting interests between two or more parties [12]”. It can be seen that negotiation is a important affair and it is supposed to be dealt well.
Because of the different cultural background, Chinese and Americans acquire different negotiation styles and expectations of the output of the negotiation. There is a practical point that reflect the issue. In business negotiation, Chinese put more attention on cultivating relationship with their American cooperative partners. Hence they are inclined to place the negotiation on banquet, which is also called “culture of drinking”. Chinese negotiators are also inclined to sacrifice some interests to show friendliness in order to be beneficial to a long-term cooperation. While Americans look forward to a more efficient negotiation instead of bargaining on the banquet table. Since as far as they are concerned, fairness should be placed in the first place.
中美文化差异,英语作文 篇一：中西文化差异比较（英文） The difference between chinese and western culture With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows. First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have
Comparison between Chinese and Western family education Family education is an important part of education, and it often plays a role that cannot be replaced by other educational models. It has a huge impact on our growth.I think Chinese and western family education has four different key. First the values of family education are different.For example, Chinese family care more about reputation in educating the child.The education’s goal is for making their living,f or honor.The Western family think the education is not preparation for making their ,but survival.And emphasize”the learned education and happy education.”Second the education method is different.The Chinese family more emphasize mechanical memorizing.If the book is read hundreds of times,its meaning is shown naturally.But the Western family emphasize the child’s “power of understanding.” Seeking the knowledge from life and nature.Third the emotional education and punishment .About all Chinese know one can become a useful person without being beaten and the club helps the child to be loyal son.We emphasize” reserve for everyone.”The Western family using the encourage language and pay great attention to individual quality and the emotional communication.The punishment also offends the law.Forth education in manage money.The Chinese family earn money to support one’s family and manage the wealth are adult’s matter.Try every means to satisfy the children with the money.But,the Western family teach the child to make plans for budget items,learn to spend money reasonably.Encourage the child to work outside to gain income by themselves. In my opinion,there are many differences between China and Western family education and each has its strong points and weak point.We should reject the dross and absorb the cream of them,advance the family educational.
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/2e5334840.html, 英语教学中的文化意识 作者：邱胜尧 来源：《读写算》2014年第05期 在美国有这样一个尽人皆知的句子：“When you’re down，you are not necessarily out.”但是许多English learners却对其含义不甚了了。原因是不了解这句话的文化背景。这原是一句拳击术语，在拳击比赛中拳击手若被对方击倒，裁判数到10还不能起来则被判输。但在很多情况下不等裁判数到10，倒地的拳击手便能爬起来再战。因此，这句话的表层意思是：当你被人击倒，并不意味着输了这场比赛。其寓意为：当你遇到挫折，并不一定丧失了成功的机会。 由此我们可以得到启示：在英语教学中要注重语言和文化的关系，应提高对中西文化差异的敏感性和适应性，应树立文化意识并注重文化知识的传授。 一、语言和文化 语言和文化是密不可分的。语言不仅仅是一套符号系统，人们的言语表现形式更要受语言赖以存在的社会/社团（community）的习俗，生活方式，行为方式，价值观念，思维方式，宗教信仰，民族心理和性格等的制约和影响（参见胡文仲：《文化与交际》，1994）。长期以来，在英语教学中语言和文化的这种关系一直未得到足够的重视。在教学实践中，似乎认为只要进行听，说，读，写的训练，掌握了语音，词汇和语法规则就能理解英语和用英语进行交际。而实际上由于不了解语言的文化背景，不了解中西文化的差异，在英语学习和用英语进行交际中屡屡出现歧义误解频繁，语用失误迭出的现象。如：用How much money can you earn a month？来表示对外国人的关心，殊不知这是一句冒犯的问话，侵犯了别人隐私（privacy），会激起对方的反感。中国人以谦逊为美德，如当外国人称赞中国人某一方面的特长时，中国人通常会用You are overpraising me （“过奖”）来应酬，这往往会让说话者感到你在怀疑他的判断力；抑或是用“Where？ Where？”来回答，弄得外国人莫名其妙，不知所云。美国社会学家G.R.Tucker 和https://www.doczj.com/doc/2e5334840.html,mbet对于外语教学中只教语言不教文化有这样的看法：“我们相信，任何这类企图都会使学生失去兴趣，使他们不仅不想学习语言符号本身，而且也不想了解使用这一符号系统的民族。相反，帮助学生在学习语言时提高对文化的敏感性，就可以利用他们发自内心的想了解其他民族的兴趣和动力……，从而提供了学习该民族的语言的基础”。 二、中西文化的偶合现象与文化差异 不同民族的文化有可能存在某些相同或相似的地方，这被称为文化的偶合现象。这主要是由于不同的民族在与大自然作斗争的过程中会有相同或相似的生活体验和经历。这种相似性必然会反映到语言中来。因而在英语和汉语中，我们不难发现许多相同或相似的表达。例如：“披着羊皮的狼”，英语为wolf in sheep’s clothing；“同舟共济” ，英语为in the same boat；“破土动工”，英语为break earth；“三思而后行”，英语为 think twice before you act；“蓝图”，英语为
中西饮食文化差异的原因分析及其研究意义 摘要：中西方在饮食文化上存在着明显的差异。文章分析了形成中西饮食文化差异的内在原因，其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交际障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误解。 关键词：中西方饮食文化差异；文化差异；跨文化交际 Introduction 文化人类学的最一般的目标，是努力理解所有人类文化以及这些文化的创造进程的相似点及区别，为了实现这个目，就必须进行比较。跨文化比较研究是文化人类学研究的一种基本方法。人类的文化基质是共有的，中西文化的差异性是历史的而不是自然生就的。一个国家、一个地区的饮食文化往往是一个国家、一个地区文化的浓缩。中国与英美等西方国家对于饮食的观点和态度、饮食的内容及特点等方面都存在着显著的差异，揭示这些差异以及内在的原因，有助于跨越文化鸿沟，有助于世界性的文化融合。 在《现代汉语词典》里，饮食的义项有两个：一是名词性的，指“吃的和喝的东西”强调的是名称；一个是动词性的，指“吃东西和喝东西”，强调的是动作。 在英文中，饮食的概念可以有以下表达方法：“food and drink”意即“吃的和喝的东西”；“diet”意即“通常所吃的食物”，也可以指“日常的膳食”；“bite and sup ”则是指“吃东西和喝东西”。些有关“饮食”的解释中，我们可以看出，“饮食”一词的基本语言学含义比较简单，无非就是吃喝的东西或吃喝的动作。但我们深究起来，“饮食”就变得复杂了。饮食如果仅仅是吃饱喝足，为什么在吃饱喝足的同时，有这么多繁文缛节？为什么一种食物对一个地方的人来说是天赐美味，而对另一个地方的人来说则敬而远之，甚至有的地方更是避之不及呢？有人为吃什么而苦恼，而有人却为吃不饱而烦恼。饮食本身是本能的，而吃什么，如何吃，在哪里吃，则体现出不同族群的不同特点，体现出文化性。 一、中西饮食文化差异的表现 文化是人们在长期的社会生活中凝聚起来的生活方式的总称。当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯、饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种亚文化。
A Comparative Study on Family Education in America and China Abstract:In a lifetime , family is the first school , in which parents are the first teachers for the children . Children are the hopes of a nation , and family education is the elementary education for children . There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture . And American family education is the most famous one among them1. There are great differences in the concepts of education , aim of education , methods of education and contents of education between American family education and Chinese family education . This thesis will complete the comparative study from the differences , the reasons and the results of family education between America and China . The author hopes to find a satisfied family education method through comparing the differences between American family education and Chinese family education . At the same time , the author hopes this thesis can provide some helpful suggestions for family education in order to make children grow more healthily and roundly . Keywords: family education childeren differences education for all-around development Main Body: Ⅰ.The differences of family education between America and China: 1.The concepts of family education are different . The different education concepts between America and China lead children to receive differert education . In China , many parents only care about whether the children have a promising future , a good job , a good life or not . Based on these expectations , the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future2. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth . In short , they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help . Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to develop their
中西教育差异英文写作 Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】
The differences between teaching of China and westerns As we know ,our chinese teaching is far away from that of foreign from the students ,in China ,students in the middle school are allowed little time to deal with themselves .That in the foreign countries ,students are always free for almost all the time .and the teacher are very pleased with the children who with questions in foreign countries ,while our chinese students are afraid of asking questions . The education system in China is mainly based on the text book. All of the work to be done is in the text book and requires no additional education system in the west is different. It involves the text book, but many times, the students have to do research to answer some of the problems left by the their exams, the test papers are created as a challenge for every student, no one is supposed to be able to achieve 100 percent. The western education system encourages students to have individual thoughts and opinions. They want the students to learn to be independent in life as well as in their studies. They teach things outside of the books. They try to bring out the students' interests in things rather than just tell them that's what they have to isn't nearly as much homework for the
文化教育中的英语教学 发表时间：2012-01-10T10:17:20.520Z 来源：《当代教育之窗》2011年第12期供稿作者：金占鸾 [导读] 英语和汉语表面上看是两种不同的语言，实际上英语和汉语分别代表两种不同的文化, 是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。 金占鸾（固安县第二中学河北固安065500） 【摘要】英语和汉语表面上看是两种不同的语言，实际上英语和汉语分别代表两种不同的文化, 是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。在英语教学过程中，有必要让学生了解英语和汉语所代表的不同文化内涵，理解英语和汉语在表达上的区别，恰当地用英语表达自己的所思所想，正确地运用英语进行得体有效的沟通。 【关键词】英语教育；文化教育 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展变化受政治、经济、历史背景生活习惯的影响，是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。所以语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言，英语教学是语言教学，当然离不开文化教育。 1．为什么进行文化教育 1．1 文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。然而，文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。 1．2 文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键。语言能力是交际能力的基础，然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人已达成共识，即交际能力应包括五个方面：四种技能（听、说、读、写）加上社会能力。但英语教学中，教师往往比较重视语言的语法结构，而忽视了语言的社会环境，即语言中的文化教育，致使学生难以知道什么场合该说什么话。在此，语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题被提了出来。 2．文化教育的内容 在英语教学实践中，文化差异及其对学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面： 2．1 介绍。在教材中“What＇s your name？”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am..."对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ Your name， please？”或“MayI know your name？”如果使用“What＇s your name？”，他们将有一种被审问的感觉。 2．2 打招呼。民以食为天，中国人以米、面食为主，英国是岛国，以渔业为主，日常生活深受天气影响。所以中国人日常打招呼习惯于问："你吃饭了吗？"（Have you had your dinner？）如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。而英语国家人打招呼通常以天气为话题。 2．3 称呼语。例如“comrade"是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用sir和madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们将会感到莫明其妙。 汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称"叔叔"、"阿姨"；对平辈称"大哥"、"大姐"。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称"Uncle Smith"、"Aunt Brown"，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。 又如学生知道teacher的含义是"老师"，也就相应地把"王老师"称为Teacher Wang。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，"教师"已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师=Teacher Wang。同样还把汉语中习惯上称呼的"张医生"、"王护士"称为Doctor Zhang， Nurse Wang，英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议，Doctor Wang 是王博士之意。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.， Miss， Mrs.等。 2．4 感谢。一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用"谢谢"。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家"thank you."几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声"Thank you."公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声"Thank you."。这是最起码的礼节。 当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答："不用了"、"别麻烦了"等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声"Yes， please."若不想要，只要说"No， thanks."就行了。这也充分体现了中国人和英语国家人士之间的文化差异 2．5 称赞。在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是："Thank you."如， A：Your coat looks nice. B：Thank you. 2．6 隐私。中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的"你去哪儿？"（Where are you going？）和"你在干什么？"（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。 2．7 节日。中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如New Year＇s Day）外，双方还各有自己独特的节日，中国有The Spring Festival， The Dragon Festival， Mid-Autumn Day等；英语国家有Valentine＇s Day（情人节），Easter(复活节)April fool’s Day(愚人节)Ｔhanks Giving Day(感恩节)和Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习俗也很不相同。如：在节日中，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人接受后一般当面不打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。 3．文化教育的方法 文化教育的方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，使他们能主动地、自觉地吸
【关于中美饮食文化差异有哪些】中美饮食文化差异 中美不同的地理环境,使得两国产出不同的农畜产品;中美不同的历史文化,使得两国有不同的餐具和餐桌礼仪。为此，下面小编整理了中美饮食文化差异一以供大家阅读。 关于中美饮食文化差异一、餐饮礼仪的差异 在餐饮氛围方面，中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上，中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时，都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪，不可以失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。 中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国，从古至今大多都以左为尊，在宴请客人时，要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座，然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子，以示对女士的尊重。另外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃很
不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。 礼仪是一种文化，是文化就有纵向的传承和横向的借鉴与融合。随着世界全球化不断加快步伐，经济、文化高速碰撞融合的大背景下，西方文化大量涌进中国，中国传统礼仪也不断受到西方礼仪文化的冲击。如何保护中华民族传统礼仪，并去其糟粕，与西方礼仪进行合理有效的融合，成为人们不断思考和探讨的话题。越来越多的人认识到中西礼仪文化必将会互相渗透，不断发展. 关于中美饮食文化差异二、饮食观念的不同 对比注重味的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。
* * * *大学 课程论文 （20**-20**学年*季学期） 论文题目：A Comparative Study on Family Education in America and China 课程名称：跨文化交际策略与技巧 任课教师：**** 班级：123 学号：123 姓名：123 日期：20**年*2月*0日
A Comparative Study on Family Education in America and China Abstract:In a lifetime , family is the first school , in which parents are the first teachers for the children . Children are the hopes of a nation , and family educatio n is the elementary education for children . There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture . And American family education is the most famous one among them1. There are great differences in the concepts of education , aim of education , methods of education and contents of education between American family education and Chinese family education . This thesis will complete the comparative study from the differences , the reasons and the results of family education between America and China . The author hopes to find a satisfied family education method through comparing the differences between American family education and Chinese family education . At the same time , the author hopes this thesis can provide some helpful suggestions for family education in order to make children grow more healthily and roundly . Keywords: family education childeren differences education for all-around development Main Body: Ⅰ.The differences of family education between America and China: 1.The concepts of family education are different . The different education concepts between America and China lead children to receive differert education . In China , many parents only care about whether the children have a promising future , a good job , a good life or not . Based on these expectations , the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future2. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth . In short , they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help . Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to develop their children’s intellect , except for caring chi ldren’s daily life . In order to make their children have a good performance in study , become outstanding , or even become a famous person in the future ,
The differences between teaching of China and westerns As we know ,our chinese teaching is far away from that of foreign countries.Just from the students ,in China ,students in the middle school are allowed little time to deal with themselves .That in the foreign countries ,students are always free for almost all the time .and the teacher are very pleased with the children who with questions in foreign countries ,while our chinese students are afraid of asking questions . The education system in China is mainly based on the text book. All of the work to be done is in the text book and requires no additional research.The education system in the west is different. It involves the text book, but many times, the students have to do research to answer some of the problems left by the teacher.In their exams, the test papers are created as a challenge for every student, no one is supposed to be able to achieve 100 percent. The western education system encourages students to have individual thoughts and opinions. They want the students to learn to be independent in life as well as in their studies. They teach things outside of the books. They try to bring out the students' interests in things rather than just tell them that's what they have to do.There isn't nearly as much homework for the students so they have time to spend on their hobbies and interests.
英语教学中的文化教育 发表时间：2011-02-13T16:37:18.640Z 来源：《学英语》（初中教师版）2010年第24期供稿作者：马凤岭 [导读] 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。 马凤岭山东单县孙溜镇中学 语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言，英语教学是语言教学，当然离不开文化教育。 一、为什么进行文化教育 1. 文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。然而，文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。一个企业若想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要高超的经济和技术手段，而且需要深入了解对象国的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如在中国，“龙（dragon）”是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼里，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕的怪物。如果某企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲？能否给企业创造高效益？ 2. 文化教育是实现运用语言进行交际的关键。发展交际能力是英语教学的最终目的。语言能力是交际能力的基础，然而具备了语言能力并不意味着具备了交际能力。越来越多的人已达成共识，即交际能力应包括五个方面：四种技能（听、说、读、写）加上社会能力（即和不同文化背景的人们进行合适交际的能力）。但英语教学中教师往往比较重视语言的外在形式和语法结构，即培养学生造出合乎语法规则的句子，而忽视了语言的社会环境，特别是语言的文化差异，致使学生难以知道什么场合该说什么话，从而忽视了学生的交际能力。在此，语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题被提了出来。 二、文化教育的内容 在英语教学实践中，文化差异及其对学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下八个方面。 1. 称呼语。人教社JEFC教材Book 3 Lesson 14 The man upstairs中出现过“I＇m sorry to trouble you, comrade.”的道歉语，“comrade”是社会主义国家所特有的称呼，在英语国家称呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir或Madam。如果我们和英语国家的人以comrade相称，他们会感到莫明其妙。 在JEFC Book 3 Lesson 34 Uncle Wang＇s factory中，学生们称呼一位工人为“Uncle Wang”，这也是中文思维套用英语的现象。汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”、“阿姨”，对平辈称“大哥”、“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”, “Auntie Brown”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓，只带名，如“Uncle Tom”。 2. 感谢和答谢。一般来说，我们中国人在家庭成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you”几乎用于一切场合、所有人之间，即使父母与子女、兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you”；公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you”，这是最起码的礼节。 当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答：“不用了”、“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes, please”；若不想要，只要说“No, thanks”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。 3. 赞美。在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人财物、个人在某方面出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力（打扮）的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。因此，赞美别人发型的很多，赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是：“Thank you.”如： A：Your skirt looks nice. B：Thank you. 4. 隐私。中国人初次见面问及年龄、婚姻、收入表示关心，而英语国家人却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16中有这样的对话：“How old are you, Mrs Read?”“Ah, it＇s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如，中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿？”（Where are you going？）和“你在干什么？”（What are you doing？）在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的话语而不受欢迎。 5. 打招呼。中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗？”（Have you had your dinner？）如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭。英语国家人打招呼通常以天气、健康状况、交通、体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。 6. 介绍。人教社JEFC Book 1中“What＇s your name?”出现的频率相当高，但对于它在何种情况下使用却鲜有解释。实际上，英语国家的人在谈话时一般先介绍自己的名字，如“I am…”，对方自然会即刻说出自己的姓名。即使在填写表格、面谈等场合需要问及姓名时，一般也只说“ You name, please?”或“May I know your name?”如果使用“What＇s your name?”他们将有一种被审问的感觉。 7. 节日。中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如New Year＇s Day）外，双方还各有自己独特的节日，中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Festival, Mid-Autumn Day等；英语国家有Valentine＇s Day（情人节）, Easter （复活节）, April Fool＇s Day（愚人节）, Mother＇s Day（母亲节）, Thanksgiving Day（感恩节）和Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也大不相同，这在人教社JEFC教材中有充分地体现，如JEFC Book 2 Unit 3 Mid-Autumn Day和Book 3 Unit l3 Merry Christmas！在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人和英语国家的人也表现出不同的态度。中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也当面不打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“ 贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。 8. 词汇的文化内涵。英语词汇在长期使用中积累了丰富的文化内涵，所以在教学中要注意对英语词汇文化意义的介绍，以防学生单纯从词汇本身做出主观评价。比如red一词，无论在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关，英语里有“red-letter days”