England(南部，最大人口稠密的地区) Scotland（北部，有三大自然区北部高低中部低地南部山岭-Edinburgh）Wales(西部-Cardiff)/Northern Ireland(-Belfast)
英联邦：The Commonwealth of notion is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931 and has 50 member countries until 1991.
英国的起源公元前5000年-1066年（The Norman Conquest）
大宪章（the Great Charter）1215年by King John
百年战争（The Hundred Years War）1337-1453
英国被赶出法国后的影响：1. Regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France the superior size and wealth of France would have 2. Hindered the development of a separate English national identity 3.while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.
玫瑰战争（The Wars of Rose）1455-1485
伊丽莎白一世（Elizabeth I）1558-1603
英国内战（The Civil Wars）1642.8.22-1651(the beginning of modern history)
王政复辟（The Restoration）1660
光荣革命（The Glorious Revolution）1688
辉格党人和托利党人（Whigs and Tories）1688
农业革命（Agricultural changes)18世纪末
工业革命（The industrial Revolution）1780-1830
1.John Kay’s flying shuttle(飞梭)1733
2.James Hardgrave' Spinning Jenny(詹幕士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机)1766
3.Richard Ark Wright’s water frame(水力纺织机)1769
4.Shmuel Crampon’s mule(走定纺纱机)1779
5.Edmund Cartwright's power loom(力织机)1784
6.James Watt's steam engine(高效蒸汽机)1765
宪章运动（The Chartist Movement）1836-1848
人民宪章（A people's Charter）1838
英国殖民地扩张（Colonial Expansion）1583
《巴黎和约》（Treaty of Paris）1763
1788把囚犯流放到澳大利亚
1816自由定居
1840不再流放
1851-1892淘金热
1901六个自治区统一为澳大利亚独立联邦
1660东印度公司建立（East India Company）
1840鸦片战争（the Opium War）
第一次世界大战1914-1918
第二次世界大战1939-1945
撒切尔1979-1990
天然气和石油in the North sea（Natural gas1965 and oil 1970 ）
新兴工业的三个地区1985
英国纺织业衰退的原因：1. Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods.2.There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign produces.3poor and outdated management decisions have cause problem.d4.Substitutions of human-made fibers have been made for natural fobers.5.An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.
君主立宪制（Constitutional monarchy）1688
伊丽莎白二世的全称:”Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defended of the Faith”
议会（Parliament):The United Kingdom is a unitary(中央集权国家), not a federal, state(联邦制国家). Parliament consists of the Sovereign(君主), the House of Lords(上议院) and the House of Commons(下议院).
上院（The House of Lords）:The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual is the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yond and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consists of 1. All hereditary peers and peeresses of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland)2. Life peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties; 3. All other life peers, The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.
保守党（the Conservation Party）工党（the Labor Party）1945年开始轮流执政
法典的来源:1. Statues 2. A large amount of “ unwritten” or common law 3. Equity law 4. European Community. Anther common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.
无罪（not guilt）:means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.
英格兰的三种刑事法院：1. the High Court of Justiciary 2. the sheriff court 3. the district court.
高等法院的三个分支：1. The family Division 2. The Chancery Division 3. The Queen’s Bench Division
警察（Police）：Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike.
They do no normally carry firearms.
刑法（the penal system）目的: to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offended.
国教（established churches）:the church of England/the (Presbyterian)church of Scotland
Christmas day/Easter/Whit Sunday