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大学英语写作1、3、10课

大学英语写作1、3、10课
大学英语写作1、3、10课

Part three

Comma Fault

Declarative sentence

Interrogative sentence

Imperative sentence

Exclamatory sentence

Simple

Compound: two or more independent clauses

Complex: one main clause and one or more dependent clauses.

Compound-Complex: at least two main clauses and one dependent clause

Short sentences: emphatic or important

Long sentences: clear and accurate

Loose: main idea before all supplementary (easier, simpler, direct)

Periodic: main idea at or near the end of the sentence (complex, formal, emphatic) Balanced: similar in structure and contrasted in meaning

Unity: one complete thought

Faulty: ideas not closely related or incomplete thought

Coherence:

a.Not parallel in form: We have faith in and high hopes for her(different prepositions)

b.Pronoun with ambiguous reference: He was knocked down by a bike, it was not serious

He was knocked down by a bike, was not badly hurt

c.Dangling modifier: On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said good morning. On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said good morning.

d.Misplaced modifier: He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed. He gave a reason, which nobody believes, for not attending the meeting.

e.Confusing change: Those who attend the meeting must sign his name on the paper.

Those who attend the meeting must sign their name on the paper.

Concise

Faulty: Wordy, unnecessary repetition

Method: can sometimes be achieved by changing the structure of the sentences.

Emphasis

a.Emphatic sentences:

1.Short sentences

2.Sentence fragments

3.Inverted sentences

4.Parallel constructions and balanced sentences

5.Periodic sentences

6.Imperative and exclamatory sentences

7.Rhetorical sentences

8.Negative-positive sentences [There was so many errors in the play that the result was not a

tragedy, but a comedy.]

9.Sentences with repeated words or phrases.

b.Emphasis within the sentence

1.Placing [the beginning and the end, end especially]

2.Repetition: Bright, very bright, were the stars over the wild, dark the town.

3.The verb and active voice. Active voice stress on action itself, whereas passive focus on the

receiver of the action.

4.Subordination

5.Emphatic words and phrases (very, best)

6.Alliteration. [Busy as a bee]

Part Ten

The Comma (,)

1.Before the conjunction or connective ( and but or so for not yet)

2.Adverbial phrase[When the door bell rang, …]

3.Separate a series of words and phrases having the same function in the sentence[sing, dance

and act]

4.Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas [A lady, smiling and nodding,

invited us in]

5.Parenthetical elements [Your work, I’m sorry to say, is not satisfactory]

6.Date: May 24, 1979 or 24 May 1979

The Period (.)

1.Full stop of a sentence

2.Is used with abbreviations (U.K, Mr.)

3.The ellipsis (…) indicates the omission of one or more words within a quoted passage. Or a

pause in conversation or faltering speech. If used at the end of the sentence, four periods will be used together.

The Semicolon (;)

1.Between two coordinate clauses not linked by a conjunction. Conjunctive verbs (however,

therefore, hence, nevertheless, moreover, thus, otherwise, besides) should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses.

2.When clauses have internal punctuation [Unfortunately, he couldn’t come; and his absence

made things difficult for us]

3.Separate a series of items which contain internal commas[Professor Zhao, Dean of Normal

University; Miss Xu, a famous actress]

4.Join a clause with a word or words omitted.

The Colon (: )

1.Introduce an explanation, a summary or an appositive.

2.Precede a quotation or a statement

3.Hour or scores of games [5:2 10:45]

The Question Mark (?)

1.After direct questions

2.Declarative or imperative sentence that is converted into questions [Pay 10 dollars?]

3.Between parts of a series. [Did she buy milk? egg? butter?]

4.Uncertainty [He was born in 1066(?) and died in 1100].

The Quotation Mark (“,”’,’)

1.Enclose direct quotations

2.The titles of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, songs, and chapters and subdivisions

of books.

3.With special meaning

4.The commas and the periods are placed in the quotation marks.

The colon and semicolon are placed outside the quotation marks

The dash, question mark, and the exclamation mark are placed within quotation marks when they are connected only with the quoted words; and they are placed outside when they are connected with the whole sentence.

The Dash (--)

1.Change in tone or break in thought [He might do many good things for people of the city—if

he was elected][I went through a lot of terrible things during the past years—but who didn’t?]

2.Unfinished or interrupted statement [“My idea is—“][This is really—really—disappointing]

3.Set off a parenthetical element [The three countries—Spain, Italy, and Hungary—abstained.]

4.Introduce a final summarizing clause [Father, Mother, John and Susan—all were surprised by

my announcement.]

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