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qbuttongroup例子在该例子中，我们将展示如何使用qbuttongroup类来创建一个简单的按钮组。
首先，要在PyQt5中使用该类，我们需要导入相应的模块：```pythonfrom PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QDialog, QButtonGroup, QVBoxLayout, QPushButton```然后，我们创建一个继承自QDialog的自定义对话框类：```pythonclass MyDialog(QDialog):def __init__(self):super().__init__()self.initUI()def initUI(self):self.setWindowTitle('按钮组示例')# 创建按钮组button_group = QButtonGroup(self)# 创建按钮button1 = QPushButton('按钮1', self)button2 = QPushButton('按钮2', self)button3 = QPushButton('按钮3', self)# 将按钮添加到按钮组中button_group.addButton(button1)button_group.addButton(button2)button_group.addButton(button3)# 设置按钮组的排列方式layout = QVBoxLayout()layout.addWidget(button1)layout.addWidget(button2)layout.addWidget(button3)self.setLayout(layout)```在initUI方法中，我们首先设置了对话框的标题为“按钮组示例”。
接下来，我们创建了一个按钮组和三个按钮，分别命名为“按钮1”，“按钮2”和“按钮3”。
groupGroupIntroductionIn today's world, working in groups is an integral part of our personal and professional lives. Whether it's in our educational institutions, workplaces, or even social settings, we often find ourselves forming or becoming a part of a group. This document aims to explore the concept of groups, their purpose, benefits, challenges, and strategies for effective group dynamics.Definition of GroupA group can be defined as a collection of individuals who come together for a common purpose or goal. These individuals interact with one another, collaborate, and contribute their skills and knowledge to achieve the desired outcome. Groups can vary in size, ranging from small teams to large organizations, and can be formal or informal in nature.Purpose of GroupsGroups serve various purposes and can be classified into different categories based on their objectives. Some common purposes of groups include:1. Task-oriented groups: These groups are formed to accomplish specific goals or tasks. For example, a project team at a workplace or a study group at a university.2. Social groups: These groups are primarily focused on creating social connections and fostering relationships. They may include groups of friends, hobby clubs, or community organizations.3. Support groups: These groups provide emotional support and assistance to individuals facing similar challenges, such as addiction recovery groups or grief support groups.4. Educational groups: These groups aim to facilitate learning and knowledge sharing. Examples include study groups, workshops, or training sessions.Benefits of Group WorkWorking in a group offers several advantages that may not be achievable when working individually. Some key benefits of group work are:1. Diverse perspectives: Groups bring together individuals with different backgrounds, experiences, and skills. This diversity of perspectives leads to more innovative and creative solutions to problems.2. Increased productivity: With multiple individuals working together, tasks can be divided, and progress can be made simultaneously, thereby improving overall productivity.3. Enhanced learning: In educational settings, group work allows students to learn from one another, gain different insights, and develop valuable communication and teamwork skills.4. Emotional support: Groups provide a sense of belonging and support, especially in challenging situations. Members can share their concerns, seek advice, and receive encouragement from others.5. Motivation and accountability: Being a part of a group can boost motivation as individuals work towards a common goal. Peer pressure and accountability within the group can also drive members to perform at their best.Challenges in Group WorkWhile group work offers numerous advantages, it can also present various challenges that need to be addressed for effective collaboration. Some common challenges include:1. Communication barriers: Differences in communication styles, language barriers, or lack of active listening can hinder effective communication within a group.2. Conflicting personalities: Individuals within a group may have different personalities, values, and opinions, leading to conflicts and differences in decision-making.3. Unequal contribution: Some members may contribute more while others may feel overshadowed or reluctant to share their ideas.4. Time management: Coordination and scheduling can be a challenge, especially when group members have different commitments and availability.5. Groupthink: Groupthink occurs when members prioritize conformity over critical thinking, resulting in the suppression of unique perspectives and potential innovative ideas.Strategies for Effective Group DynamicsTo overcome the challenges and ensure effective group dynamics, the following strategies can be employed:1. Establish clear goals: Define the purpose and objectives of the group from the outset to ensure everyone is on the same page.2. Promote open communication: Encourage active listening, respect for diverse opinions, and constructive feedback within the group.3. Assign roles and responsibilities: Ensure that every member has a defined role and understands their responsibilities, fostering accountability and equal contribution.4. Foster trust and respect: Create an environment of trust, respect, and psychological safety where members feel comfortable expressing their ideas and concerns.5. Set deadlines and milestones: Establish realistic timelines and milestones to keep the group on track and manage time effectively.6. Encourage collaboration: Create opportunities for group members to collaborate, share knowledge, and leverage each other's strengths.7. Address conflicts promptly: Address conflicts or differences of opinion in a timely and respectful manner, allowing for open dialogue and compromise.8. Celebrate achievements: Recognize and appreciate individual and collective achievements to maintain motivation and morale within the group.ConclusionWorking in groups can be both rewarding and challenging. By understanding the purpose, benefits, challenges, and strategies for effective group dynamics, individuals can maximize the potential of group work. Whether it is for academic, professional, or personal pursuits, groups have proven to be a powerful tool for achieving goals, fostering relationships, and driving innovation. By embracing the diversity and utilizing effective group dynamics, we can tap into the collective wisdom and skills of a group, leading to better outcomes and personal growth.。
qaction信号传递参数QAction是Qt框架中的一个重要组件，广泛应用于各种GUI应用程序中。
它主要用于处理用户操作，如点击按钮、选择菜单项等。
QAction不仅能够响应这些操作，还可以将这些操作转化为信号，传递给其他对象进行处理。
本文将详细介绍QAction信号的传递及如何传递参数。
一、QAction的基本概念QAction类继承自QObject，它具有两个重要的子类：QAction和QActionGroup。
QAction用于创建与特定操作相关的信号，如按下按钮或选择菜单项。
而QActionGroup则用于管理一组QAction，当这些QAction中有多个被激活时，QActionGroup可以确保只触发其中一个。
二、QAction信号的传递QAction类具有多个信号，如triggered()、changed()等。
当QAction 被激活或其属性发生变化时，这些信号会被自动发出。
例如，当用户点击一个按钮时，与之关联的QAction会发出triggered()信号。
三、QAction信号传递参数的原理QAction的信号在传递时，可以携带参数。
这些参数可以在信号的连接函数中使用，以便根据不同的参数值执行不同的操作。
QAction信号传递参数的原理与Qt的信号-槽机制相同，都是采用元对象系统来实现。
四、实例演示以下是一个简单的实例，演示如何使用QAction传递参数：```pythonfrom PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QPushButton, QActionclass MainWindow(QWidget):def __init__(self):super().__init__()self.init_ui()def init_ui(self):self.button = QPushButton("点击我", self)self.button.clicked.connect(self.on_button_clicked)self.action = QAction(self)self.action.setObjectName("my_action")self.action.triggered.connect(self.on_action_triggered)self.action.setData(10) # 设置参数self.button.addAction(self.action)def on_button_clicked(self):print("按钮被点击")def on_action_triggered(self):print("动作被触发，参数值为：", self.action.data()) if __name__ == "__main__":app = QApplication([])window = MainWindow()window.show()app.exec_()```在这个实例中，我们创建了一个按钮和一个QAction。
（1）2004年7月，“每天优惠”理念（团购的核心理念）被创造出来。
以一天为周期销售的行为，在英文中通常称“One deal a day”（每天优惠）。
这种理念是在2004年7月由创造出来。
后来也被和所采用。
（2）第一个团购网在美诞生。
2008年11月，一个名叫安德鲁·梅森的美国人，在芝加哥用一百万美金创办了一个网络团购网站Groupon，将“One deal a day”手法进一步发扬广大，创造出了以一天为周期、团体购买的销售模式，并建立了27个国家的版本网站。
Groupon的发音与Coupon相似，是“Group”与“Coupon”的混成词，“Group”是群组、团体的意思，而“Coupon”即优惠券。
网站的模式很简单：每天推出一款价格优惠的产品，包括餐饮商品或服务等，但前提是要有足够多的买家。
而网站的盈利则来自佣金。
[1]后来“One deal a day”这种商业模式亦慢慢演变成团购。
（3）2010年，中国大陆出现了许多使用Groupon模式的网站，使得这种模式在中国大陆流行起来。
第一家在中国开展该模式的团宝网域名和界面均与Groupon高度类似，其他中国团购站点与Groupon相比，或它们之间相比也都很相仿。
[2]团购网站在中国两月便出现了数百家[3]。
Twitter模仿者饭否的创始人王兴也推出了美团网。
中国一些大型IT公司也推出了相应的团购站点，如腾讯的搜搜团购、淘宝推出的“淘江湖·聚划算”、中国电信的天翼团等等。
截止2010年11月，北美也有至少160家类似站点，市场趋于饱和。
[4]Groupon创始人兼CEO安德鲁·梅森对模仿者感到“莫名其妙”，因为有的不仅抄袭其理念、设计、改版，甚至连所犯错误也一并抄袭。
[2]在日文中，团购获得的优惠券会被称之为“共同购入型优惠券”（共同购入型）、“事前购入型优惠券”（事前购入型）等等。
pyqt qbuttongroup用法PyQt的QButtonGroup用法简介PyQt是一个功能强大的Python GUI库，可以快速开发跨平台的图形用户界面应用程序。
在PyQt中，QButtonGroup是一个用于管理一组按钮的类，它可以方便地将一组相关的按钮组织在一起，并处理按钮的选择和切换。
QButtonGroup的用法如下：1. 导入相关模块：```pythonfrom PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QButtonGroup, QPushButton```2. 创建一个按钮组：```pythonbuttonGroup = QButtonGroup()```3. 将按钮添加到按钮组中：```pythonbutton1 = QPushButton("Button 1")buttonGroup.addButton(button1)```4. 给按钮设置唯一的ID：```pythonbuttonGroup.setId(button1, 1)```5. 绑定按钮被点击的信号到一个槽函数：```pythonbuttonGroup.buttonClicked[int].connect(on_button_clicked) ```6. 创建槽函数来处理按钮的点击事件：```pythondef on_button_clicked(button_id):if button_id == 1:# 执行按钮1被点击后的操作elif button_id == 2:# 执行按钮2被点击后的操作# 可以根据按钮的ID进行不同的处理操作```7. 获取当前选中的按钮的ID：```pythonselected_button_id = buttonGroup.checkedId()```QButtonGroup提供了一些其他的功能方法，例如获取按钮的数量、按索引获取按钮、设置按钮的自动排列等等。
Network Measurement1.At relative to 0 dBm output, 50 MHz,23 °C ±5 °C /HP-Agilent-4395A-Spectrum-Network-Analyzer.aspx To buy, sell, rent or trade-in this product please click on the link below:2Network MeasurementcontinuedReceiver CharacteristicsInput characteristicsFrequency range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Hz to 500 MHzInput attenuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 to 50 dB, 10 dB stepFull scale input level (R, A, B)Attenuator setting (dB) Full scale input level0–10 dBm100 dBm20+10 dBm30+20 dBm40+30 dBm50+30 dBmIF bandwidth (IFBW)2, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1 k, 3 k, 10 k, 30 kHzNote: The IFBW should be set to less than 1/5 of the lowest frequency inthe sweep range.Noise level (referenced to full scale input level, 23 °C ±5 °C)at 10 Hz ≤frequency < 100 Hz, IFBW = 2 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–85 dB (SPC)at 100 Hz ≤frequency < 100 kHz, IFBW = 10 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–85 dBat 100 kHz ≤frequency, IFBW = 10 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-–115 dBInput crosstalkfor input R + 10 dBm input, input attenuator: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 dBfor input A, B input attenuator: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 dBat < 100 kHzR through A, B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –100 dBothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –100 dB (SPC)at ≥100 kHzR through A, B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –120 dBothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –120 dB (SPC)Source crosstalk (for input A, B)(typical for input R)at + 10 dBm output, < 100 kHz, input attenuator: 0 dB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –100 dBat + 10 dBm output, ≥100 kHz, input attenuator: 0 dB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –120 dBMultiplexer switching impedance changeat input attenuator 0 dB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< 0.5% (SPC)at input attenuator 10 dB and above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< 0.1% (SPC)Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Type-N femaleImpedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 ΩnominalReturn lossInput attenuator0 dB10 dB20 dB to 50 dB10 Hz ≤frequency < 100 kHz25 dB125 dB125 dB1100 kHz ≤frequency ≤100 MHz25 dB125 dB25 dB1100 MHz < frequency15 dB115 dB15 dB1Maximum input level+30 dBm (at input attenuator: 40 dB or 50 dB)Maximum safe input level+30 dBm or ±7 Vdc (SPC)1.SPC34Absolute amplitude accuracy (R, A, B)at –10 dBm input, input attenuator:10 dB, frequency ≥100 Hz, IFBW ≤3 kHz, 23 °C ±5 °C, . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±1.5 dB Ratio accuracy (A/R, B/R) (typical for A/B)at –10 dBm input, input attenuator:10 dB, IFBW ≤3 kHz, 23 °C ±5 °C, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±2 dB Dynamic accuracy (A/R, B/R) (typical for A/B)Input level Dynamic accuracy 1(relative to full scale input level)frequency ≥100 Hz 0 dB ≥input level > –10 dB ±0.4 dB –10 dB ≥input Level ≥–60 dB ±0.05 dB –60 dB > input level ≥–80 dB ±0.3 dB –80 dB > input level ≥–100 dB ±3 dB Figure 1-1. Magnitude dynamic accuracy Residual responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –80 dB full scale (SPC)Trace noise (A/R, B/R, A/B)at 50 MHz, both inputs: full scale input level –10 dB, IFBW = 300 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< 0.005 dB rms (SPC)Stability (A/R, B/R, A/B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.01 dB/°C (SPC)Phase characteristics Measurements format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard format, expanded phase format Frequency response (deviation from linear phase) (A/R, B/R) (SPC for A/B) at –10 dBm input, input attenuator: 10 dB, IFBW ≤3 kHz, 23 °C ±5 °C . . . . . .< ±12°Dynamic accuracy (A/R, B/R) (SPC for A/B)Input level Dynamic accuracy 1(relative to full scale input level)frequency ≥100 Hz 0 dB ≥input level > –10 dB ±3°–10 dB ≥input Level ≥–60 dB ±0.3°–60 dB > input level ≥–80 dB ±1.8°–80 dB > input level ≥–100 dB ±18°Magnitude Characteristics1.R input level (B input level for A/B) = fullscale input level –10 dB, IFBW = 10 Hz,23 °C ± 5 °CInput level (dB)Magnitude dynamic accuracy D y n a m i c a c c u r a c y (d B )Spec Typical5Figure 1-2. Phase dynamic accuracyTrace noise (A/R, B/R, A/B)at 50 MHz, both inputs:full scale input level –10 dB, IFBW = 300 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< 0.04°rms (SPC)Stability (A/R, B/R, A/B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.1 °/°C (SPC)Group delay characteristicsAperture [Hz] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.25% to 20% of span AccuracyIn general, the following formula can be used to determine the accuracy, in seconds,of a specific group delay measurement: . . . . . . . . . . . .Phase accuracy (degree)Aperture(Hz) x 360 (degree)Sweep characteristicsSweep type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linear frequency, log frequency, power, list frequency Sweep direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Upper direction only Trigger type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hold, single, number of groups, continuous Trigger source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Internal (free run), external, manual, GPIB (bus)Event trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .On point, on sweepInput level (dB)Phase dynamic accuracyD y n a m i c a c c u r a c y (d e g r e e )Spec Typical6Frequency characteristics Frequency range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Hz to 500 MHz Frequency readout accuracy . . . . . . . .±((freq readout [Hz ]) x (freq ref accuracy [1]) + RBW [Hz ] + SPAN [Hz ])) [Hz ]where NOP means number of display points NOP -1Frequency reference (Option 4395A-800)Accuracy at 23 °C ±5 °C, referenced to 23 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±5.5 ppm Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±2.5 ppm/year (SPC) Initial achievable accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±1.0 ppm (SPC) Temperature stability at 23 °C ±5 °C, referenced to 23 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±2 ppm (SPC) Precision frequency reference (Option 4395A-1D5) Accuracy at 0 °C to 40 °C, referenced to 23 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.13 ppm Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.l ppm/year (SPC)Initial achievable accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.02 ppm (SPC)Temperature stability at 0 °C to 40 °C, referenced to 23 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.01 ppm (SPC)Resolution bandwidth (RBW)Range 3 dB RBW at span > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Hz to 1 MHz, 1-3 step 3 dB RBW at span = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .3 k, 5 k, 10 k, 20 k, 40 k, 100 k, 200 k, 400 k, 800 k, 1.5 M, 3 M, 5 MHz Selectivity (60 dB BW/3 dB BW)at span > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< 3Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Auto or manual Accuracy at span > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±10%at span = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±30%Video bandwidth (VBW)Range at span > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 MHz to 3 MHz, 1-3 step, 0.003 ≤VBW/RBW ≤1Noise sidebands Offset from carrier Noise sidebands ≥1 kHz < –95 dBc/Hz ≥100 kHz < –108 dBc/Hz Figure 1-3. Noise sidebandsSpectrum Measurement Frequency offset [Hz]N o i s e s i d e b a n d [d B c /H z ]Spec Typical7Amplitude range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .displayed average noise level to +30 dBm Reference value setting range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–100 dBm to +30 dBm Level accuracy at –20 dBm input, 50 MHz, input attenuator: 10 dB, 23 °C ±5 °C . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.8 dB Frequency response at -20 dBm input, input attenuator: 10 dB, referenced to level at 50 MHz, 23 °C ±5 °C frequency ≥100 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±1.5 dB frequency < 100 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±1.3 dB Amplitude fidelity 1Log scale 2Range Amplitude fidelity (dB to reference input lever [dB][dB]0 to –30±0.05–30 to –40±0.07–40 to –50±0.15–50 to –60±0.35–60 to –70±0.8–70 to –80±1.8Linear scale 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±3%Displayed average noise level at reference value ≤–40 dBm, input attenuator: auto or 0 dB at frequency ≥1 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–120 dBm/Hz at ≥100 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–133 dBm/Hz at ≥10 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(–145 + frequency/100 MHz) dBm/Hz 3Figure 1-4. Typical displayed average noise level Amplitude Characteristics1.Fidelity shows an extent of nonlinearity referenced to the reference input level.2.RBW = 10 Hz, –20 dBm ≤reference value ≤+30 dBm, reference input level = full scale input level –10 dB, 23 ±5 °C3. At start frequency ≥10 MHzNote: Refer to Input attenuator part for the definition of full scale input level.Frequency offset [Hz]A v e r a g e n o i s e l e v e l [d B m /H z ]SpecTypical8Figure 1-5. Typical on-screen dynamic range (center: 100 MHz)Spurious responses Second harmonic distortion at single tone input with full scale input level –10 dB, input signal frequency ≥100 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –70 dBc, < –75 dBc (SPC)Third order inter-modulation distortion at two tones input with full scale input level –16 dB, separation ≥100 kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –75 dBc, < 80 dBc (SPC)Spurious at single tone input with full scale input level –10 dB, input signal frequency ≤500 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< –75 dBc except for the following frequency ranges:5.6 MHz ±1 MHz, 30.6 MHz ±1 MHz, 415.3 MHz ±1 MHz Residual response at reference value setting ≤–40 dBm, input attenuator: auto or 0 dB . . . . .< –110 dBmOn-screen Dynamic Range Offset frequency [Hz]O n -s c r e e n d y n a m i c r a n g e [d B c ]9Figure 1-6. Typical dynamic range at inputs R, A, and B Input attenuator Setting range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 dB to 50 dB, 10 dB step Attenuator setting (dB) Full scale input level 0–20 dBm 10–10 dBm 200 dBm 30+10 dBm 40+20 dBm 50+30 dBm Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Auto or manual (In auto mode, the attenuator is set to 20 dB above the reference value; this ensures that the maximum signal level after the attenuator will not be greater than –20 dBm.)Input attenuator switching uncertainty at attenuator: ≤30 dB, referenced to 10 dB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±1.0 dB at attenuator: ≥40 dB, referenced to 10 dB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±1.5 dB Temperature drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< ±0.05 dB/°C (SPC)Scale Log 0.1 dB/div to 20 dB/div Linear at watt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0 x 10-12W/div at volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0 x 10-9V/div Measurement format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spectrum or noise (/Hz) Display unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dBm (unit of marker: dBm, dBV, dBµV, V, W)Sweep characteristics Sweep type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linear, list Trigger type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hold, single, number of groups, continuous Trigger source . .Internal (free run), external, manual, level gate, edge gate, GPIB (bus)Sweep time (excluding each sweep setup time)RBW SPAN Typical sweep time 1 MHz 500 MHz 190 ms 100 kHz 100 MHz 300 ms 10 kHz 10 MHz 240 ms 1 kHz 1 MHz 190 ms 100 Hz 100 kHz 270 ms 10 Hz 10 kHz 2.0 s 1 Hz 1 kHz 11 s—Zero Span —1Typical Dynamic Range1.See the next item for sweep time at zero span Input level (dB)(Relative to full scale input level)D y n a m i c r a n g e (d B )Sensitivity (1 Hz RBW)Sensitivity ( 100 Hz RBW)2nd harmonic distortion 3rd order inter-modulation distortion Second Third1011Gate lengthRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 µs to 3.2 s ResolutionRange of gate length (T I )Resolution 6 µs ≤T I ≤25 ms 0.4 µs 25 ms < T I ≤64 ms 1 µs 64 ms < T I ≤130 ms 2 µs 130 ms < T I ≤320 ms 5 µs 320 ms < T I ≤1.28 s 20 µs 1.28s < T I ≤3.2 s100 µsGate lengthRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 µs to 3.2 sResolutionRange of gate delay (T d )Resolution 2 µs ≤T d ≤25 ms 0.4 µs 25 ms < T d ≤64 ms 1 µs 64 ms <T d ≤130 ms 2 µs 130 ms < T d ≤320 ms 5 µs 320 ms < T d ≤1.28 s 20 µs 1.28 s < T d ≤3.2 s100 µsAdditional amplitude errorLog scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< 0.3 dB (SPC)Linear scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .< 3% (SPC)Gate control modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Edge (positive/negative) or level Gate trigger input (external trigger input is used)Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC female Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TTL Gate outputConnector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC female Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TTLSpecifications when Option 4395A-1D6 Time-Gated Spectrum Analysis is InstalledAll specifications are identical to the standard Agilent 4395A except the following items.12Measurement functions Measurement parameters Z, Y, L, C, Q, R, X, G, B, θDisplay parameters IZI, 0z , R, X, IYI, θy , G, B, I ΓI, θγ, Γx , Γy , Cp, Cs,Lp, Ls, Rp, Rs, D, QDisplay formats•Vertical lin/log scale •Complex plane•Polar/Smith/admittance chart Sweep parameters•Linear frequency sweep•Logarithmic frequency sweep •List frequency sweep•Power sweep (in dBm unit)IF bandwidth•2,10, 30, 100, 300, 1k, 3k, 10k, 30k [Hz]Calibration•OPEN/SHORT/LOAD 3 term calibration •Fixture compensation •Port extension correction Measurement port type •7-mm Output characteristicsFrequency range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 kHz to 500 MHz Frequency resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 MHz Output impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Ωnominal Output levelwhen the measurement port is terminated by 50 Ω1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–56 to +9 dBm when the measurement port is open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.71 mVrms to 1.26 Vrms Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1 dBm Level accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±(A + B + 6 x F/(1.8 x 109))dB WhereA = 2 dBB = 0 dB (at 0 dBm ≤P ≤+ 15 dBm) or B = 1 dB (at –40 dBm ≤P < 0 dBm) or B = 2 dB (at –50 dBm ≤P < –40 dBm)F is setting frequency [Hz], P is output power settingOption 4395A-010Impedance measurementThe following specifications are applied when the 43961A impedance test kit is connected to the 4395A.1.When the measurement port is terminated with 50 Ω, the signal level at the measure-ment port is 6 dB lower than the signal level at the RF OUT port.13Measurement accuracy is specified at the connecting surface of the 7-mm connector of the Agilent 43961A under the following conditions:Warm up time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .> 30 minutes Ambient temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 °C ±5 °C,within ±1 °C from the temperature at which calibration is performedSignal level (setting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 to +15 dBm Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ON IFBW (for calibration and measurement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .≤300 Hz Averaging factor (for calibration and measurement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .≥8Figure 1-7. Impedance measurement accuracyIZI - θaccuracy IZI accuracy Z a = A + (B /I Z m I + C x I Z m I) x 100 [%]θaccuracy θa = sin -1(Z a /100)Where, I Z m I is I Z I measured. A, B, and C are obtained from Figure 1-7.IYI - θaccuracy IYI accuracy Y a = A + (B x I Y m I + C /I Z m I) x 100 [%]θaccuracy θa = sin -1(Y a /100)Where, I Y m I is I Y I measured. A, B, and C are obtained from Figure 1-7.Measurement Basic Accuracy(Supplemental performancecharacteristics)Test frequency [Hz]14Display LCDSize/type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.4 inch color LCD Number of pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .640 x 480Effective display area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 mm x 115 mm(600 x 430 dots)Number of display channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Format single, dual (split or overwrite)Number of traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .For measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 traces For memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 traces Data math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gain x data – offset,gain x (data - memory) – offset,gain x (data + memory) – offset,gain x (data/memory ) – offsetData hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maximum hold, minimum hold MarkerNumber of markersMain marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l for each channel Sub-marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 for each channel ∆marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 for each channel Hard copyMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dump mode only (including color dump mode)StorageBuilt-in flexible disk driveType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5 inch, 1.44 MByte, or 720 KByte,1.44 MByte format is used for disk initializationMemory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512 KByte, can be backed up by flash memory GPIBInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IEEE 488.1-1987, IEEE 488.2-1987,IEC 625, and JIS C 1901-1987 standards compatible.Interface function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SH1, AH1, T6, TEO, L4, LEO, SR1, RL1,PP0, DC1, DT1, C1, C2, C3, C4, C11, E2Data transfer formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ASCII,32 and 64 bit IEEE 754 floating point format,DOS PC format (32 bit IEEE with byte order reversed)Printer parallel portInterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IEEE 1284 Centronics standard compliant Printer control language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PCL3 printer control language Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-SUB (25-pin)15Common toNetwork/Spectrum/Impedance Measurement16Option 4395A-001 DC voltage/current sourceThe setting of Option 4395A-001 DC voltage/current source is independent of channel 1 and channel 2 settings.VoltageRange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–40 V to +40 V Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 mV Current limitationat voltage setting = –25 V to +25 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±100 mAat voltage setting = –40 V to –25 V, 25 V to 40 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±20 mA CurrentRange–20 µA to -100 mA, 20 µA to 100 mAResolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 µA Voltage limitationat current setting = –20 mA to +20 mA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±40 V at current setting = –100 mA to –20 mA, 20 mA to 100 mA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±25 V AccuracyVoltageat 23 °C ±5 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±(0.1% + 4 mV + I dc1[mA] x 5 [Ω] mV) Currentat 23 °C ±5 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±(0.5% + 30 µA + V dc2[V]/10 [kΩ] mA) Probe powerOutput voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+15 V (300 mA), –12.6 V (160 mA), GND nominal Specifications when instrument BASIC is operatedKeyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PS/2 style 101 English keyboard Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mini-DIN 8 bit I/0 portConnector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-SUB (15-pin) Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TTL Number of input/output bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 bit for input, 8 bit for outputFigure 1-8. 8 bit I/O port pin assignments24-bit I/O interfaceConnector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-SUB (36-pin) Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TTL I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-bit for input or output, 16-bit for output Figure 1-9. 24-bit I/O interface pin assignment1.Current at DC source connector.2.Voltage at DC source connector.Table 1-1. Signal source assignmentPin No. Signal name Signal standard1GND0 V2INPUT1TTL level, pulse input (pulse width: 1 µs or above) 3OUTPUT1TTL level, latch output4OUTPUT2TTL level, latch output5OUTPUT PORT A0TTL level, latch output6OUTPUT PORT A1TTL level, latch output7OUTPUT PORT A2TTL level, latch output8OUTPUT PORT A3TTL level, latch output9OUTPUT PORT A4TTL level, latch output10OUTPUT PORT A5TTL level, latch output11OUTPUT PORT A6TTL level, latch output12OUTPUT PORT A7TTL level, latch output13OUTPUT PORT B0TTL level, latch output14OUTPUT PORT B1TTL level, latch output15OUTPUT PORT B2TTL level, latch output16OUTPUT PORT B3TTL level, latch output17OUTPUT PORT B4TTL level, latch output18OUTPUT PORT B5TTL level, latch output19OUTPUT PORT B6TTL level, latch output20OUTPUT PORT B7TTL level, latch output21I/O PORT C0TTL level, latch output22I/O PORT C1TTL level, latch output23I/O PORT C2TTL level, latch output24I/O PORT C3TTL level, latch output25I/O PORT D0TTL level, latch output26I/O PORT D1TTL level, latch output27I/O PORT D2TTL level, latch output28I/O PORT D3TTL level, latch output29PORT C STATUS TTL level, input mode: LOW, output mode: HIGH 30PORT D STATUS TTL level, input mode: LOW, output mode: HIGH 31WRITE STROBE SIGNAL TTL level, active low, pulse output(width: 10 µs; typical)32+5 V PULLUP33SWEEP END SIGNAL TTL level, active low, pulse output(width: 20 µs; typical)34+5 V+5 V, 100 mA MAX35PASS/FAIL SIGNAL TTL level, PASS: HIGH, FAIL: LOW, latch output36PASS/FAIL WRITE STROBE SIGNALTTL level, active low, pulse output(width: 10 µs; typical)1718Input and output characteristicsExternal reference inputFrequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 MHz ±100 Hz (SPC)Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-5 dBm to +5 dBm (SPC)Input impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Ωnominal Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC female Internal reference outputFrequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 MHz nominal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 dBm (SPC)Output impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Ωnominal Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC female Reference oven output (Option 4395A-1D5)Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 MHz nominal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0 dBm (SPC)Output impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Ωnominal Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC female External trigger inputLevel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TTL Pulse width (Tp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .≥2 µs typically Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .positive/negative selective Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC female External program Run/Cont inputConnector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC female Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TTL Gate output (Option 4395A-1D6)Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TTL Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BNC femaleFigure 1-10. Trigger signal (external trigger input)General CharacteristicsPositive trigger signalNegative trigger signal。
领队英语25篇口语1、At the information Desk 在问讯处 Check-in(C= Clerk of the Airline 航空公司办事人员 Q=Xiao wang,the tour Leader 小王领队)C：Good morning, Miss. Can I help you早上好，小姐。
我能帮你吗Q：Yes, I want to know where I can check in for flights to America 是的，我想知道我在哪里可以办理飞美国的航班吗C： You just go this way, straight ahead. Area G is the place for flights to America.你沿着这条路直走。
G区是办理美国航班的地方。
Q： I see.我看到。
C：And if you don’t have luggage to check in, you can only find Common-use Self-service check-in Kiosks for International Passengers which canSave you much time and is also very convenient.如果你没有行李要托运，你可以直接去国际自助值机停（这样可以为你节省很多时间，也很方便。
）Q：Thank you. But I’m the tour leader. You know…谢谢你。
但我是领队。
你知道的…C：Oh, in that case, you can go to group check-in counter with your group.Usually it is the first counter in the row. By the way, can I know Yourflight No.哦，那样的话，你可以去与你的团队柜台办理登机手续。
1、At the information Desk 在问讯处Check-in(C= Clerk of the Airline 航空公司办事人员 Q=Xiao wang,the tour Leader 小王领队)C：Good morning, Miss. Can I help you?早上好，小姐。
我能帮你吗？Q：Yes, I want to know where I can check in for flights to America?是的，我想知道我在哪里可以办理飞美国的航班吗？C： You just go this way, straight ahead. Area G is the place for flights to America.你沿着这条路直走。
G区是办理美国航班的地方。
Q： I see.我看到。
C： And if you don’t have luggage to check in, you can only find Common-use Self-service check-in Kiosks for International Passengers which canSave you much time and is also very convenient.如果你没有行李要托运，你可以直接去国际自助值机停（这样可以为你节省很多时间，也很方便。
）Q： Thank you. But I’m the tour leader. You know…谢谢你。
但我是领队。
你知道的…C：Oh, in that case, you can go to group check-in counter with your group.Usually it is the first counter in the row. By the way, can I know Yourflight No.?哦，那样的话，你可以去与你的团队柜台办理登机手续。
`QActionGroup` 是Qt 框架中的一个类，用于组合多个动作（`QAction`）并允许一次选择一个动作。
它常用于菜单和工具栏中，以提供一种方式来限制用户只能选择一个选项。
以下是 `QActionGroup` 的基本用法：1. **创建 QActionGroup**```cppQActionGroup *group = new QActionGroup(this);```2. **添加 QAction 到 QActionGroup**```cppQAction *action1 = new QAction("Action 1", group);QAction *action2 = new QAction("Action 2", group);```3. **设置 QActionGroup 的选中状态**```cppaction1->setChecked(true); // 默认选中 action1```4. **连接信号和槽**如果你希望在用户选择或取消选择某个动作时执行某些操作，你可以连接 `triggered` 信号：```cppconnect(group, &QActionGroup::triggered, this, &YourClass::handleTriggered);```5. **将 QActionGroup 添加到菜单或工具栏**你可以将 `QActionGroup` 添加到菜单或工具栏中：```cppQMenu *menu = new QMenu(this);menu->addAction(action1);menu->addAction(action2);```6. **处理动作的选中状态**当用户选择或取消选择一个动作时，`QActionGroup` 会发出`triggered` 信号。
QCell-Pro One-Step qRT-PCR SuperMix KitUser’s Manual and InstructionsProduct: QCell-Pro One-Step qRT-PCR SuperMix KitCatalog Number: K5055200, K5055400IntroductionqRT-PCR is a highly sensitive technique that is widely used for detection and quantification of RNA in tissues and cultured cells. Traditionally, quantitative PCR is performed in two steps: a first-strand cDNA synthesis step using reverse transcriptase, followed by a PCR step using a thermostable DNA polymerase. This Kit combines Reverse Transcriptase (MMLV-RTase) and RNase Inhibitor in a single mixture, with hotstart Taq DNA polymerase in a separate 2x reaction mix optimized for probe based qRT-PCR. Both cDNA synthesis and PCR are performed in a single tube using gene-specific primers and either cell lysate or RNA. A cell lysis buffer is provided in the kit to make cell lysates in less than 5 minutes at room temperature. The cell lysate can be used directly for qRT-PCR, bypassing RNA isolation procedure. The passive reference dye ROX is included in a separate tube to make the QCell-Pro One-Step qRT-PCR SuperMix adaptable for many real-time QPCR platforms.BioChain’s QRT-PCR SuperMix contains BioChain’s Taq polymerase with hot start capability. BioChain’s hot-start Taq polymerase improves PCR amplification reactions by decreasing non-specific amplification and preventing primer-dimer formation. This enzyme is activated after an initial 10 minutes heating at 95°C. And the real-time RT-PCR buffer is specially formulated to provide superior specificity and increase reverse transcription and amplification efficiency.216, 36, 6, 1Y=-3.304Log(x)+31.88, R2=0.999, Efficiency=100.8%Initial Quantity, Cell numberFigure 1. BioChain’s QCell-Pro One-Step QRT-PCR SuperMix provides sensitive detection down to a single cell. K562 cells were lysed according to the cell lysis protocol. 6-fold serial dilution of cell lsyate were prepared from 216 cells to 1 cell. GAPDH gene expression was detected using BioChain’s QCell-Pro qRT-PCR kit on Stratagene’s Mx3005P instrument. Efficiency as measured from standard curve was 100.8%, with a R2 value of 0.999.Features•Flexible and convenient – quantitating gene expression in cells (without isolating RNA) or RNA in one-step format•Save time – quick cell lysis procedure, and ready-to-use supermix reducing setup time and liquid handling steps•High Sensitivity – qRT-PCR from as low as 1 cell or 1 pg total RNA.• Versatile – compatible with a wide variety of cell linesApplications• Real-Time RT-PCR• Gene expression profiling• Gene knockdown verification• Array ValidationDescriptionComponents in this kit are prepared with pure chemicals according to our proprietary technology.QCell-Pro One-Step qRT-PCR SuperMix Kit provides a one-step, simple, robust, inexpensiveassay for detection and quantitative analysis of gene expression directly from cells or RNA withprobe based format.Quality Control1 kit of this lot has been tested for quantitating human GAPDH gene expression in a serial dilutionof cell lysate from 216 cells to 1 cell using Stratagene’s Mx3005P as a real time PCR instrument.Good linearity and great PCR efficiency is observed and consistent with the previous lot.ComponentsCatalog Number: K5055200: Reagents are sufficient for 200 assaysNo. Item AmountPart1. Cell Lysis Buffer 20 ml K5055200-11.25 ml x 2 K5055200-22. Pro qRT-PCR Reaction Mixture, 2x (containingHotstart Taq DNA polymerase)3. Reverse Transcriptase / RNase Inhibitor Mixture 100 µl K5055200-34. ROX Reference Dye 50 µl x 2 K5055200-45. Nuclease-Free PCR Grade Water 3 ml K5055200-5Catalog Number: K5055400: Reagents are sufficient for 400 assaysPartNo. Item Amount1. Cell Lysis Buffer 40 ml K5055400-11.25 ml x 4 K5055400-22. Pro qRT-PCR Reaction Mixture, 2x (containingHotstart Taq DNA Polymerase)3. Reverse Transcriptase / RNase Inhibitor Mixture 100 µl x 2 K5055400-34. ROX Reference Dye 50 µl x 4 K5055400-45. Nuclease-Free PCR Grade Water 3 ml x 2 K5055400-5Reagents and Equipments Required but not Supplied in this Kit:1. PBS (Ca2+, Mg2+ free)2. Spectrofluorometric thermal cyclerStorage and StabilityUpon receipt, store all components at -20 ºC in a constant temperature freezer. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles. When stored under these conditions the supermix is stable for one year after ship date. The ROX reference dye is light sensitive and should be kept away from light whenever possible.ProtocolPrimer and Probe DesignDesign QPCR primers to generate amplicons of ≤150 bp. Since the cell lysate contains genomic DNA, the primers and probe should be designed to amplify cDNA but minimize amplification of genomic DNA. It is useful to choose primers or probe that span an exon-exon boundary in the target mRNA, or choose primers that flank a large intron. If possible, design primers and probe to avoid regions of secondary structure in the mRNA. Since reverse transcription and PCR are performed in one-step, we recommend to use the reverse PCR primer as the gene specific primer for reverse transcription.Recommended Control ReactionsNo Template Control (NTC): no-template control reactions are recommended in each experiment to screen for contamination of reagents or false amplification.No-RT Control: no-RT control reactions are recommended for each experimental sample by omitting reverse transcriptase from the reaction. The no-RT control should generate no signal if the primers are specific for the cDNA and does not amplify genomic DNA.Use of the ROX Reference DyeROX reference dye is included in this kit and may be added to compensate for non-PCR related variations in fluorescence. Addition of the reference dye is optional. Optimizing the ROX dye concentration within the qPCR reaction is an important aspect of setup. Too much ROX in the qPCR reaction will reduce background but also makes a low target signal difficult to distinguish from background. Conversely, too little ROX can increase background, meaning that low or weak target signals can be lost. For instruments that allow excitation at ~584 nm (such as Stratagene’s Mx instrument and ABI 7500), firstly 1:10 dilute the ROX reference dye provided in the kit, then begin optimization using 0.5 µl diluted ROX reference dye in 25 µl qRT-PCR reaction. For instruments that do not allow excitation near 584 nm (such as ABI PRISM®/GENEAmp® 5700 instruments), begin optimization using 0.5 µl undiluted ROX reference dye in 25 µl qRT-PCR reaction.Reagent Preparation and StorageThaw the tube containing 2x qRT-PCR Reaction Mixture on ice and store it on ice while setting up the reactions.1. If the ROX reference dye will be included in the reaction, keep all solutions containing theROX protected from light.2. Due to the sensitivity of quantitative PCR, results can be easily affected by pipettingerrors. Always prepare a master mix of qRT-PCR supermix containing the primers andthe reference dye (if reference dye is used). Individual pipetting of replicate samples isnot recommended.Cell Lysis ProcedureThe lysis buffer can be used to prepare lysates from a variety of mammalian culture cells.Lysates may be prepared with the maximum cell density (104 cells /µl). When used for qRT-PCR,the lysate may be diluted in the cell lysis buffer prior to adding to the qRT-PCR reaction. Highconcentration of either cellular materials or lysis buffer may inhibit qRT-PCR reaction, so the totalamount of cell lysate added to the qRT-PCR reaction should not exceed 1/10 volume of thereaction. And the number of cells added to the 25 µl qRT-PCR reaction should be <= 2,000. Thisis a general guideline. For some cells lines, 2,000 cells may inhibit the qRT-PCR reaction. Prior tothe experiment, perform a pilot standard curve to determine the maximum number of the cellsthat may be added to the qRT-PCR reaction, and determine the cell number range that give linearamplification of the specific target under your specific reaction conditions.1. Harvest cells using the method appropriate to the properties of the cell line. For adherentcells, trypsinize the cells using standard techniques. Count the cell.2. Pelleting the cells by centrifuging at 200 – 300x g for 5 min. Carefully remove thesupernatant by aspiration.3. Wash the pellet once with ice-cold PBS. Pelleting the cells by centrifuging at 200 – 300xg for 5 min. Carefully remove the supernatant by aspiration. Keep the pellet on ice.4. Add appropriate volume of Cell Lysis Buffer to the cell pellet. Vortexing for 1 minute tolyse the cells.5. Analyze the lysate by qRT-PCR. RNAs in the lysate are stable at 4°C for up to 4 hr.QRT-PCR setup and cycling1. Prepare the following RT-PCR reaction mixture. (First make the master mix without thetemplate. After making the master mix, gently mix the reaction without creating bubbles,aliquot and then add 1 – 2.5 µl of template to each experimental reaction)per reaction: 25 µlConcentrationFinal Regents VolumePro QRT-PCR Reaction Mixture (2x) 12.5 µl 1xReverse Transcriptase / RNase0.5 µlInhibitor MixturePCR forward primer X µl 150 – 200 nMPCR reverse primer X µl 150 – 200 nMProbe X µl 150 – 500 nMROX Reference Dye a 0.5 µlTemplate (cell lysate or RNA)b 1 – 2.5 µlNuclease-free PCR grade water Add up to 25 µla See page 4: Use of the ROX Reference Dyeb If cell lysate is used as the template, the volume of cell lysate should not exceed 1/10volume of the qRT-PCR reaction. If RNA is used as the template, it is recommended touse RNA template in less than 1 µg.2. Gently mix the reactions without creating bubbles since bubbles interfere withfluorescence detection. Then centrifuge the reactions briefly.3. Place the reactions in the instrument and run the appropriate RT-PCR program. Try thefollowing protocol first, and optimize the reaction conditions if needed.PCR program for RT-PCR:Cycles Temperature Time Detection Remarkmin OFF1 42°C 151 95°C 10 min. OFF This step inactivates thereverse transcriptase andactivates the hotstart Taq DNApolymerase. 10 minutesincubation is required to fullyactivate hotstart Taq DNApolymerase.sec OFF4095°C 15sec ON50-60°C a 15sec OFF72°C 30a. Set an appropriate annealing temperature for the primer set used.4. Dissociation Program for all PCR productsFollow manufacturer’s guidelines for setting up dissociation depending on theinstrument’s software version.Related ProductsQCell-Eva One-Step qRT-PCR SuperMix Kit (Cat# K5054200, K5054400), Eva QPCR SuperMix (Cat# K5052200, K5052400), Pro QPCR SuperMix (Cat# K5053200, K5053400), dNTP set for PCR (Cat# K6011100), PCR mix (Cat# 5051100), PCR Optimization Kit (K5051100), Taq Polymerase (Cat#7051200), RNA, PCR ready cDNA, and PCR ready genomic DNA.References1. Higuchi R, Dollinger G, Walsh P S and Griffith R (1992): Simultaneous amplification anddetection of specific DNA sequences. BioTechnology 10:413-417.2. Higuchi R, Fockler C, Dollinger G and Watson R (1993): Kinetic PCR analysis: real-timemonitoring of DNA amplification reactions. BioTechnology 11:1026-10303. Bustin, S A (2000): Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction assays. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 25:169-193.。
Group OneGroup Leader:柏靖雯3120103890 Group Member：吴书婷3120103122梁梦驰3120104579吴伦荣3120300211夏天一3120103134张慧3120101456陈仕欣3120100997董昊钰3120000445 2015/3/26Chapter 1 : Multinational Financial ManagementSelf-Test1. What are typical reasons why MNCs expand internationally? Answer:MNCs can capitalize on comparative advantages (such as a technology or cost of labor) that they have relative to firms in other countries, which allows them to penetrate those other countries markets. Given a world of imperfect markets, comparative advantages across countries are not freely transferable. Therefore, MNCs may be able to capitalize on comparative advantages. Many MNCs initially penetrate markets by exporting but ultimately establish a subsidiary in foreign markets and attempt to differentiate their product as other firms enter those markets (product cycle theory).2. Explain why unfavorable economic or political conditions affect the MNCs cash flows, required rate of return, and valuation.Answer:Weak economic conditions or unstable political conditions in a foreign country can reduce cash flows received by the MNC, or they can result in a higher required rate of return for the MNC, either of these effects results in a lower valuation of the MNC.3. Identify the more obvious risks faced by MNCs that expended internationally.Answer:1.First, there is the risk of poor economic conditions in the foreigncountry.2.Second, there is country risk, which reflects the risk of changinggovernment or public attitudes toward the MNC.3.Third, there is exchange rate risk, which can affect the performanceof the MNC in the foreign country.Questions and applicationsQ1. Agency Problems of MNCsa. Explain the agency problem of MNCs.Answer:General speaking, agency problem is a conflict arising when people (the agents) entrusted to look after the interests of others (the principals) use the authority or power for their own benefit instead. The problem rises between managers and shareholders, board and minor shareholder, shareholders and creditors.However, in the text book, agency problem means the conflict of goals between a firm’s managers and shareholders.b. Why might agency costs be larger for an MNC than for a purely domestic firm?Answer:There are four reasons for this question:1.First, monitoring managers of distant subsidiaries in foreign countriesis more difficult, when the subsidiaries scatter around the world.2.Second, foreign subsidiary managers may have a culture shock withthe headquarters, and have different goals.3.Third, the sheer size of the larger MNCs can also create large agencyproblems.4.Fourth, some non-US managers tend to downplay the short-termeffects of decisions, which may result in decisions for foreign subsidiaries of the U.S.-based MNCs that maximize subsidiary values or pursue other goals.Q2. Comparative Advantagea. Explain how the theory of comparative advantage relates to the need for international business.Answer:The theory of comparative advantage is an economic theory about the potential gains from trade for individuals, firms, or nations that arise from differences in their factor endowments or technological progress.Comparative advantages allow firms to penetrate foreign markets, because when a country specializes in some products, it may not produce other products, and focus on certain products, resulting in the international business.b. Explain how the product cycle theory relates to the growth of an MNC. Answer:The product cycle theory suggests that early in a product's life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention.According to the theory, firms become established in the home market as a result of some perceived advantage over existing competitors and foreign markets. Foreign demand for the firm’s product will initially be accommodated by exporting. As time passes, the firm may feel the only way to retain its advantage over competition in foreign countries is to produce the product in foreign markets, thereby reducing its transportation costs. The competition in the foreign markets may increase as other producers become more familiar with the firm’s product. The firm may develop strategies to prolong the foreign demand for its product. A common approach is to attempt to differentiate theproduct so that other competitors cannot offer exactly the same product.Q3. Imperfect Marketsa. Explain how the existence of imperfect markets has led to the establishment of subsidiaries in foreign markets.Answer:The unrestricted mobility of factors would create equality in costs and returns and remove the comparative cost advantage, the rationale for international trade and investment. However, the real world suffers from imperfect market conditions where factors of production are somewhat immobile. There are costs and often restrictions related to the transfer of labor and other resources used for production. There may also be restrictions on transferring funds and other resources among countries. Because markets for the various resources used in production are imperfect, MNCs often capitalize on a foreign country’s resources. Imperfect markets provide an incentive for firms to seek out foreign opportunities, and establish subsidiaries in foreign markets to make use of the resources abroad.b. If perfect markets existed, would wages, prices, and interest rates among countries be more similar or less similar than under conditions of imperfect markets? Why?Answer:If perfect markets existed, resources would be more mobile and could therefore be transferred to those countries where people are willing to pay a higher price for them. So, shortages and need of resources in certain country would be met and the costs of such resources would be similar around the world.Q4. International Opportunitiesa. Do you think the acquisition of a foreign firm or licensing will result in greater growth for an MNC? Which alternative is likely to have more risk?Answer:An acquisition will typically result in greater growth, but it is more risky because it normally requires a larger investment and the decision can’t be easily reversed once the acquisition is made.b. Describe a scenario in which the size of a corporation is not affected by access to international opportunities.Answer:Some firms may avoid opportunities because they lack knowledge about foreign markets or expect that the risks are excessive. Thus, the size of these firms is not affected by the opportunities.c. Explain why MNCs such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, Inc., still have numerous opportunities for international expansion.Answer:Coca-Cola and PepsiCo still have new international opportunities because countries are at various stage of development. Some countries have just recently opened their borders to MNCs. Many of these countries do not offer sufficient food or drink products to their consumers.Q5. International Opportunities Due to the Interneta. What factors cause some firms to become more internationalized than others?Answer:The main factors are listed as follows.1.Whether the products produced or sold by the firm are more popularin the global market and could satisfy different demands of various countries.2.Whether the firm has a good perception of international businessrisks and could deal with unpredictable emergencies.3.Whether the parent firm could appropriately monitor its subsidiariesin distance by information technology, while it could allow subsidiary managers to make the key decisions for their respective operations.4.Several other factors such as access to capital could also be relevanthere. Firms that are labor-intensive could more easily capitalize on low-wage countries while firms that rely on technological advances could not.b. Offer your opinion on why the Internet may result in more international business?Answer:The Internet offers a global trading platform, which reduces the transaction costs. MNC’s network information system helps to improve the efficiency of supply and marketing chain, speed up inventory turnover and provide better customer service.1.First, the Internet improves the condition of asymmetric informationbetween firms and customers overseas. Because the Internet allows importers to easily identify the products the firms sell by searching on their company websites and order the goods online, which could cause more potential sells. And firms could also get abundant selling information of different products from their websites to know the market demands and make quick adjustment of their product lines and prices.2.Second, the Internet is a convenient way to make brand promotion.Some firms with international reputation could use their brand name to advertise products over the Internet. They may use manufacturesin some foreign countries to produce some of their products subject to their specification.Q6. Impact of Exchange Rate MovementsPlak Co. of Chicago has several European subsidiaries that remit earnings to it each year. Explain how appreciation of the euro (the currency used in many European cou ntries) would affect Plak’s valuation.Answer:The appreciation of the euro will increase the dollar value of the cash flows remitted by the European subsidiaries, so Plak’s valuation will increase. The reason is that according to the valuation model of an MNC’s cash flows over multiple periods, when the exchange of rate at which the foreign currency is converted into dollars (S j,t ) increases, the value (V) will increase in response to it.V =∑(∑[E(CF j,t )×E(S j,t )]m j=1(1+k)t)nt=1Q7. Benefits and Risks of International BusinessAs an overall review of this chapter, identify possible reasons for growth in international business. Then, list the various disadvantages that may discourage international business .Answer:Growth in international business can be stimulated by1) access to foreign resources which can reduce costs;2) access to foreign markets which boost revenues;3) economic globalization provides more international investment opportunities and financing opportunities.However, international business is subject to1) exchange rate movements, which affect cash flows and foreign demand;2) changing economic conditions in foreign countries which affect demand;3) political risk, which affects cash flows, such as a possible host government takeover or tax regulations.Q8. Valuation of an MNCHudson Co., a U.S. firm, has a subsidiary in Mexico, where political risk has recently increased. Hudson’s best guess of its future p eso cash flows to be received has not changed. However, its valuation has declined as a result of the increase in political risk. Explain.Answer:According to the formula V =∑(∑[E(CF j,t )×E(S j,t )]m j=1(1+k)t )n t=1 in page 13, although Hudson Co., has not changed its expected cash flows, investors are exposed to uncertainty of political risk and require a higher rate of return(k increases). Moreover, exchange rate is uncertain to decrease(S j,t<E(S j,t)). So the valuation of Hudson Co. decreases.Q9. Centralization and Agency CostsWould the agency problem be more pronounced for Berkely Corp., which has its parent company make most major decisions for its foreign subsidiaries, or Oakland Corp., which uses a decentralized approach? Answer:Agency problem is more pronounced for Oakland Corp., because subsidiary managers may make decisions that do not focus on maximizing the value of the entire MNC (page 6-7). However, parent’s manager may make poor decisions for Berkely Corp., which uses Centralize d approach because parent’s manager do not know exactly the finance condition of Berkely Corp., Decentralized approach is more effective assuming the subsidiary managers act in accordance with the goal to maximize the value of the overall MNC.Q10. Global CompetitionExplain why more standardized product specifications across countries can increase global competition.Answer:According to theory of comparative advantage, imperfect markets theory and product cycle theory, standardized product specifications acrosscountries enable firms to maintain advantages over their competitors, so competition in home market and global market will both increase.Q11. Exposure to Exchange RatesMcCanna Corp., a U.S. firm, has a French subsidiary that produces wine and exports to various European countries. All of the countries where it sells its wine use the euro as their currency, which is the same currency used in France. Is McCanna Corp. exposed to exchange rate risk? Answer:Yes. According to the formula V=∑(∑[E(CF j,t )∗E(S j,t )](1+k )tm j=1)n t=1, the future exchange rate is uncertain. Since the subsidiary in France earns the euro, not the U.S. dollar, so if the euro received by McCanna Corp. weaken against the U.S. dollar, the parent will receive a lower amount of dollar cash flows than what was expected. It means the valuation of the MNC will be reduced as well.Q12. Macro versus Micro TopicsReview the Table of Contents and indicate whether each of the chapters from Chapter2 through Chapter 21 has a macro or micro perspective. Answer:I think the standard of macro or micro perspective is whether the matter is inside MNCs or not. According to this standard, we can indicate thatChapter2 to Chapter10 talk about international finance, exchange rate and so on, so they have the macro perspective.Chapter11 to Chapter21 talk about corporation’s behavior, including FDI, capital management and so on, so they have the micro perspective.Q13. Methods Used to Conduct International BusinessDuve, Inc., desires to penetrate a foreign market with either a licensing agreement with a foreign firm or by acquiring a foreign firm. Explain the differences in potential risk and return between a licensing agreement with a foreign firm and the acquisition of a foreign firm.Answer:1.Potential risk:Generally speaking, the potential risk of licensing is less than that of the acquisition of foreign firms.1)By licensing, companies don’t have to undertake the risk and cost ofdeveloping the foreign market. They don’t have to worry about foreign economic conditions, political risk or exchange rate movements. But it may cause the leak of their own technology, which may reduce their profit.2)By acquiring a foreign firm, the company will be exposed to foreigneconomies risk, foreign political risk and exchange rate risk. Foreign economic conditions affect demand. Political actions affect cashflows. And exchange rate movements affect cash flows and foreign demand. All these can increase the MNC’s risk. In addition, the parent may also face the problem of different companies’ culture and custom. It may affect the cooperation between the foreign firm and the parent.2.Potential return:1)Generally speaking, the potential return of licensing is less than thatof the acquisition of foreign firms. Licensing involves little capital investment but distribute some of the profits to other parties. While the acquisition of foreign firms requires substantial capital investments but offer the potential for large return.2)Licensing allows firms to provide their technology in exchange forfees or some other benefit. So the potential return is quite fixed and stable.3)Acquisitions of foreign countries allow firms to quickly gain controlover foreign operations as well as a share of the foreign market. So the MNCs can completely use their comparative advantage to develop foreign market and ensure that their technology is under control.Q14. International Business MethodsSnyder Golf Co., a U.S. firm that sells high-quality golf clubs in the UnitedState, wants to expand internationally by selling the same golf clubs in Brazil.a. Describe the tradeoffs that are involved for each method (such as exporting, direct foreign investment, ect.) that Snyder could use to achieve its goal?Answer:As for the definition, an indirect export refers to the enterprise through the intermediary of native (both professional foreign trade companies) to engage in the export of products. In this way, the enterprise can use middlemen with existing sales channels, without documents, insurance or transportation business of their own processing exports. At the same time, enterprises in the international market and keep the advance and retreat of the change of international marketing channels of the flexibility of the case, also do not have to bear all the market risk, the first export of small companies are more suitable for the use of the way of indirect export.However, direct export is refers to the enterprise has its own foreign trade departments, or the use of intermediaries target countries to engage in the export of products. Direct export is advantageous for the following aspects. To begin with, the enterprise can get rid of the dependence on middlemen and cultivate their own talents of international business as well as the accumulation of internationalmarketing experience. Meanwhile, because of their volume of business may be relatively small, the processing documents, insurance and shipping that enterprises occupies cannot achieve economies of scale, thus the precaution for the change of enterprise marketing channel is insufficient.Moreover, foreign direct investment also known as an advanced stage to enter the international market. Joint investment and joint venture refers to the national goal of enterprises, management, share ownership and management rights, risks. Joint venture enterprises can use mature marketing network of partners, but also utilize the local enterprises to be accepted by the host country enterprise more easily. But we should also see that for the dispersed ownership and management rights, the coordination of the company operating the sometimes could be difficult. In addition, the company's technical secrets and commercial secrets may be lost into the future competitors. However, if the enterprise control the whole management and sales along with independent income profit, the technical secrets and business secrets are not easy to lose. But the ownership requires large capital investment, and the expansion of its market scale is easy to be restricted. Also, it is likely to face relatively high political and economic risk, such as devaluation, exchange controls, the government confiscated etc...b. Which method would you recommend for this firm? Justify your recommendation.The two ways for Snyder Golf to select can be conclude into exporting and direct foreign investment.Answer：As far as I am concerned, I would recommend the Snyder to direct invest in Brazil instead of just exporting its products. First of all, the product it sells is golf clubs which requires a large group of fans as its customer pools. For in Brazil, people have a different view of golf that is different from t he high level sports, thus the customers’ value need to be converted to adjust to its value. Besides, the product itself is special for it is popular among rich people who care more about the brand that can bring them reputation instead of the real price. Thus, by investing a branch in Brazil, the company could raise its brand image in the rich groups’ mind with advertisement and the widespread of its clubs. In addition, the idea of golf clubs on high level is easily to be duplicated if just exports a few of them into Brazil. Thus, direct investment has the easy cut not only to open up the market but also held its business secrets without being learnt by their competitors.Q15. Impact of Political RiskExplain why political risk may discourage international business.Answer:Political risk is a type of risk faced by investors, corporations, and governments. It is a risk that can be understood and managed with reasoned foresight and investment. Broadly, political risk refers to the complications businesses and governments may face as a result of what are commonly referred to as political decisions—or “any political change that alters the expected outcome and value of a given economic action by changing the probability of achieving business objecti ves”. Political risk faced by firms can be defined as “the risk of a strategic, financial, or personnel loss for a firm because of such nonmarket factors as macroeconomic and social policies (fiscal, monetary, trade, investment, industrial, income, labor, and developmental), or events related to political instability (terrorism, riots, coups, ci vil war, and insurrection).”Portfolio investors may face similar financial losses. Moreover, governments may face complications in their ability to execute diplomatic, military or other initiatives as a result of political risk.A low level of political risk in a given country does not necessarily correspond to a high degree of political freedom. Indeed, some of the more stable states are also the most authoritarian. Long-term assessments of political risk must account for the danger that a politically oppressive environment is only stable as long as top-down control is maintained and citizens prevented from a free exchange of ideas andgoods with the outside world.Example:HUAWEI’s failure of 3COM acquisitionFor instance, HUAWEI’s failure of 3COM acquisition could be views as a low level of political risks.The United States National Security Review of foreign program mainly focus on withdraw of review organ, with its reporting the procedures and afterwards supervision mechanism. based on the original legislation, the Congress established the legal position of CFIUS with clear the informal consultations before submitting into voluntary reporting program, strengthen the compulsory investigation into the program requirementsTherefore, "hazard America government information security" has become the most important reason for the failure of M & A. 3COM company is the United States Department of defense major computer network equipment suppliers, computer network system security the key departments of Tipping Point products are widely applied to The Pentagon and other military departments. HUAWEI's founder and President Ren Zhengfei used to been enrolled in the people's Liberation Army, and HUAWEI has worked in Iraq, Afghanistan and other business. So, in 2007 October, 8 U. S. lawmakers introduced a bill that HUAWEI may be acquired by 3COM Company to theft of US military technology. Just as the western mainstream media hype of a The Pentagon officialsaccused of "Chinese military hackers invaded The Pentagon computer network in April ". Even if in October 4 2007, Bain submitted to the CFIUS application is emphasized in the sale, 3COM Company will not pose a threat to America national security, but in the end did not address CFIUS concerns. As it can be seen, the transaction frustrated is America on the acquisition of Chinese enterprises explicitly rejected the United States sensitive industry assets intention.Moreover, the shareholding ratio of the HUAWEI 16.5% and 44% of the premium rate caused by the competitive threat is the acquisition of merger and acquisition of one of the resistance is not successful. At the end of 2006, the 3COM company a wholly owned acquisition of H3C, on the surface of H3C is out of the HUAWEI system, but has never really left HUAWEI. In terms of personnel, the existing H3C management team and staff of many are from HUAWEI, business critical control are all in the hands of HUAWEI to management team. On the business side, the current HUAWEI is still the largest customer of H3C, 3COM Company sales accounted for about 30% of all. In the aspect of culture.H3C and HUAWEI is come down in one continuous line and a lot of H3C employees have complex ingrained. Although after the merger, HUAWEI holds only 16.5% stake in 3COM, and has the right to a stake in the future 5% of the holdings, but because it involves the technology of this sensitivity of investment and up to 44% of the premium rate, making itsfuture real influence over H3C and 3COM, will be more than the proportion of equity relationship and its result competitive threat to increase the United States regulatory concerns.Q16. Impact of September 11Following the terrorist attack on the United States, the valuations of many MNCs declined by more than 10 percent. Explain why the expected cash flow of MNCs were reduced, even if they were not directly hit by the terrorist attacks.Answer:1.First of all, the export blocked by"9-11" incident not only acceleratesthe U.S. recession, but also may make the recession deepened in the United States the economic cycle time may therefore extend, also caused the credit level of national decline.2.Secondly, the foreign exchange reserve growth may slow. Because ofmultinational companies export trade resistance increases, the trade surplus will accelerate the reduction and affect U.S. foreign exchange reserve growth. At the same time, because of the international oil prices will continue to raise, China's crude oil imports this year will increase, which will also reduce China's trade surplus.3.Thirdly, foreign capital flow conveniently. Because the U.S. economyand the global economy will fall into recession, especially theterrorist attacks that the United States as the world's most secure places to invest ideas challenged the international surplus capital may re adjustment of the investment strategy in some degree.Multi-National Corporation may choose other investment direction, causing the developing countries become beneficiaries of global investment strategy adjustment4.Fourthly, the terrorist attacks of recession of American economy, thedollar is likely to still will decline. Its amplitude is very likely than "is expected to be 9 - 11" before the event, estimated at between 5% and 10%.5.Fifthly, the level of interest rates downward pressure would increase."9 - 11" after incident, the major industrial countries worry about deflation, pledged to further relax monetary policy, in order to reduce the negative impact on the domestic economy event.。
