2012年度全国职称英语等级考试全真模拟试题卫生类
A+B+C级（含答案）
全国职称英语等级考试全真模拟题卫生类A级（一）
第一部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
1 The union representative put across her argument very effectively.
A explained
B invented
C considered
D accepted
2 He talks tough but has a tender heart.
A heavy
B strong
C kind
D wild
3 It is no use debating the relative merits of this policy.
A making
B taking
C discussing
D expecting
4 Our statistics show that we consume all that we are capable of producing.
A waste
B buy
C use
D sell
5 The fuel tanks had a capacity of 140 liters.
A function
B ability
C power
D volume
6 Our lives are intimately bound up with theirs.
A tensely
B nearly
C carefully
D closely
7 Her faith upheld her in times of sadness.
B excited
C inspired
D directed
8 The book provides a concise analysis of the country's history.
A clean
B perfect
C real
D brief
9 It is laid down in the regulations that all members must carry their membership cards at all times.
A suggested
B warned
C stated
D confirmed
10 The council meeting terminated at 2 o'clock.
A began
B continued
C ended
D resumed
11 A red flag was placed there as a token of danger.
A sign
B substitute
C proof
D target
12 However bad the situation is, the majority is unwilling to risk change.
A reluctant
B eager
C pleased
D angry
13 It has been said that the Acts provided a new course of action and did not merely regulate or enlarge an old one.
A limit
B control
C replace
D offset
14 The secretary is expected to explore ideas for post-war reconstruction of the area.
A deny
B investigate
C stress
D create
15 The steadily rising cost of labor on the waterfront has greatly increased the cost of shipping cargo by water.
A gradually
C excessively
D exceptionally
第二部分：阅读判断（第16~22题，每题1分，共7分）
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑；如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。
Sleep Problems Plague the Older Set
Older Americans often have difficulty getting a good night’S rest.It's a huge quality—of-life problem，experts say，because contrary to popular belief，seniors require about the same amount of sleep as younger adults.
“Sleep problems and sleep disorders are not an inherent(固有的)pa rt of aging，”said Dr.Harrison G.Bloom，an associate clinical professor of geriatrics(老年病学)and medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City.“It’S pretty much of a myth that older people need less sleep than younger people.‖
Yet.in a study published recently in The American Journal of Medicine，researchers found that more than half of older Americans have problems getting the sleep they need.
older people tend to have“sleep fragmentation，”meaning they wake up more often during the night，said study author Dr.Julie Gammck，an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Geriatric Medicine at St.Louis University.
They also seem to get less“REM”sleep，the type of sleep during which rapid eye movement occurs，Bloom added.
It’s unclear what role these naturally occurring changes in sleep patterns have on person’s quality of life，Bloom said.“What is important，though，is that older people often have actual sleep disorders and problems with sleep，”he said.
And，experts say，there is usually more than one cause.
“Sleep trouble in older adults is typically associated with acute and chronic illnesses，including specific sleep disorders like sleep apnea(呼吸暂停)and restless leg syndrome that appear with greater frequency in older populations，”said Michael V.Vitiello , a professor of psychiatry and behavioral scie nces and associate director of the University of Washington‘S Northwest Geriatric Education Center.
Taking multiple medications，as many older people do，can also lead t0 fatigue a “hypersomnia ，”or being tired all the time，Bloom added.
Another big problem，he noted，IS depression and anxiety.“Those are very commonly associated with sleep problems.”
Despite the prevalence(流行)of sleep difficulties in older adults，many patients Aren’t getting the help they need。As a result，problems like insomnia(失眠)，restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea are underdiagnosed and undertreated，Bloom said.
16. Sleep problems can seriously affect one’s quality of life
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
17. it is true that older people need less sleep than younger people
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
18 Younger people in America seldom complain of sleep disorders.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
19. The number of older Americans with sleep problems is not small.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
20. “SIeep fragmentation”refers to a marked lack of “REM”sleep
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
21. The causes of sleep problems in older people remain unidentified.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
22. Actions will soon be taken in America to better help people with sleep problems
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
第三部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23~30题，每题1分，共8分）
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2，3，5，6段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Owls and Larks(猫头鹰与云雀)
1. In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning, Most healthy adults need eight of more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place? We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If sleep is cut short by the alarm clock, how damaging is it? The truth is that it‘s difficult to predict, as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
2. The popular belief that people are naturally either larks (early risers) or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle, age, and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit, for example, parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
3. The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie, or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand, larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is
better for learning-an owl‘s or a lark‘s lifestyle? The simple truth is that it its more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
4. As for naps, experts on insomnia (失眠) argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night, it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, taking nicotine (尼古丁), do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log, whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening, and if you drink coffee before a nap, remember you are likely to awake soon as soon as the caffeine starting kicking in.
23．Paragraph 1________.
24．Paragraph 2________.
25．Paragraph 3________.
26．Paragraph 4________.
27．Sleep helps brain to________.
28．Parents with very young children tend to________.．
29．A good lifestyle means one can________.
30．It is good advice for most people to________.
第四部分：阅读理解（第31~45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
第一篇Attitudes to AIDS now
Most people say that the USA is making progress in fighting AIDS.but they don't know
there's no cure and strongly disagree that "the AIDS epidemic is over."a new survey finds.
The findings,released Thursday by the Kaiser Family Foundation,reassure activists who have worried that public concern about AIDS might disappear in light of recent news about advances in treatment and declines in deaths.
"While people are very optimistic about the advances.they're still realistic about the fact that there is no cure",says Sophia Chang,director of HIV programs at the foundation.
The Kaiser survey,like a recent USA TODAY Gallup Poll,does find that the number of people ranking AIDS as the country's top health problem has fallen.In the Kaiser poll,38% say it's the top concern,down from 44% in a 1996 poll;in the Gallup Poll,29% say AIDS is No.1,down from 41%in 1992 and 67%in 1987.
Other findings from Kalser,which polled more than 1,200 adults in September and 0ctober and asked additional questions of another 1.000 adults in November：
52% say the country is making progress against AIDS, up from 32%in 1995.
51% say the government spends too little on AIDS.
86% correctly say AIDS drugs can now lengthen lives;an equal number correctly say that the drugs are not cures.
67% incorrectly say that AIDS deaths increased or stayed the same in the past year;24% know deaths fell.
Daniel Zingale,director of AIDS Action Council,says,"I'm encouraged that the American people are getting the message that the AIDS epidemic isn't over.I hope the decision-makers in Washington are getting the same message…We have seen signs of complacency.''
31.What do activists worry about?
A)Recent news about AIDS is not true.
B)People may stop worrying about AIDS.
C)Deaths caused by AIDS may not decline.
D)Advances in AIDS treatment are too slow
32.According to the passage,people's attitude toward the cure of AIDS is
A)optimistic.
B)realistic.
C)pessimistic.
D)hopeless.
33.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people
A)who suffer from the worst disease—AIDS has fallen.
B)who think AIDS threatens the countryside has fallen.
C)who worry about AIDS and health problems has fallen.
D)who think AIDS is the country's top health killer has fallen.
34.According to the Kaiser Poll,which of the following is NOT correct?
A)The country is making progress against AIDS.
B)AIDS drugs still cannot save people's lives.
C)AIDS drugs can now make people live longer.
D)More and more people die of AIDS now.
35.The word "message'' in the last paragraph means
A)printed news.
B)contact.
C)meaning.
D)central idea.
第二篇Mental Retardation(智力迟钝)
Mental retardation is a condition in which people have lower than normal intelligence and are unable to function at the level expected for their age。People with mental retardation are usually born with it。or it develops early in their life.They may also have some difficulty with daily living skills such as learning to read and write and caring for them selves.
Doctors and other professionals determine that a person has mental retardation based on their intelligence and how well they can do everyday activities.
Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand.Levels of intelligence are measured by special tests called intelligence tests.The score a person gets on one of these tests gives a numerical(数字的)measure of a person’s intelligence.This is called an intelligence quotient(智商)Or IQ.
An average score on an IQ test is about 90 to 110.A person with mental retardation will usually score below 75 on an IQ test.
The IQ test alone does not determine whether someone is mentally retarded.A person must also have trouble with everyday activities such as geeing dressed，eating，washing，or learning basic reading，writing，and arithmetic skills.
Mental retardation is not a disease itself.1t cannot be cured and it’s not contagious(传染的).This condition can be caused by several things that injure the brain or don’t allow the brain to develop normally.Many times we don’t know why a person has mental retardation.
Sometimes it may be caused by genes.Genes are chemical units found in every cell They carry the instructions telling , cells what to do.Sometimes。children receive abnormal genes from their parents.
A defective gene may also develop spontaneously.Neither parent would have passed on the gene，but the gene changes before the baby develops.
Some other problems that can cause mental retardation also happen before a child is born.It is important for the brain to develop properly if a child is to have normal intelligence.“Planning a pregnancy is the most important decision most of us will make in our lifetime.A healthy lifestyle and good medical care should begin before a woman becomes pregnant and continue throughout the pregnancy，”says Jodi Rucquoi，a genetic counselor from Connecticut.If a woman abuses alcohol or drugs or doesn’t eat well，there is a risk to the developing baby.Also，a premature birth or problems during childbirth can sometimes harm the baby’s developing brain.while premature babies are generally fine，there is a greater chance that they may have mental retardation.
1n some cases.a young child can develop mental retardation after being sick with a serious infection or other illness.or after suffering a bad head injury.
36. A child can be taken as mentally retarded.f he or she.
A. was born prematurely.
B. has lower than normal intelligence.
C. has low intelligence and low daily living skills.
D. has normal intelligence but difficulties in learning.
37.A person of high intelligence will probably score.
A. above 110 on an IQ test.
B. 110 on an IQ test.
C. 90 on an IQ test.
D. below 75 on an IQ test.
38. Which Of the following is NOT true of mental retardation?
A. It is not curable.
B. Its victims are usually born with it.
C. Its causes are not fully identified yet.
D. It can spread among family members.
39. Which is NOT a possible cause of mental retardation?
A. Alcohol or drug abuse.
B. Abnormal genes from the parents.
C. A well-?planned pregnancy.
D. Problems during childbirth.
40 .The word “While”in Line 4 from the bottom can best be replaced by.
A .Unless.
B. Because.
C. Since.
D. Although.
第三篇Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication—having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c16721482.html,
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, these has been a serious debates about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.
On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning（扫描）equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn’t remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer’s doctor didn’t agree.
What is it that make mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amount of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it’s best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it’s wise not to use your mobile phone too often.
41．People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that
A．they‘re popular．
B．they‘re useful．
C．they‘re convenient．
D．they‘re cheap．
42. The word―detected‖in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by
A．cured．
B．removed．
C．discovered
D．caused
43．The salesman retired young because
A．he couldn‘t remember simple tasks．
B．he disliked using mobile phones．
C．he was tired of talking on his mobile phone．
D．his employer‘s doctor persuaded him to．
44．On the safety issue of mobile phones，the manufacturing companies
A．hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about．
B．deny the existence of mobile phone radiation．
C．develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation．
D．try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health．
45．The writer‘s purpose of writing this article is to advise people
A．to buy mobile phones．
B．to use mobile phones less often．
C．to update regular phones．
D．to stop using mobile phones．
第五部分：补全短文（第46~50题，每题2分，共10分）
阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind
Body language is the quiet，secret and most powerful language of all! It is said that our body movements communicate about 50 per cent of what we really mean while words themselves only
express 7 per cent.So，while your mouth is closed，just what is your bo dy saying…
Alms. _1_ If you keep your arms to the sides of your body or behind your back，this suggests you are not afraid of taking on whatever comes your way. _2_ If someone upsets you，just cross your arms to show you’re unhappy!
Head.When you want to appear confident，keep your head level.If you are monitor in class，you cart also take on this position when you want your words to be taken seriously. _3_ Legs.Your legs tend to move around a lot more than normal when you are nervous or telling lies.If you are at interviews，try to keep them still!
Posture.A good posture makes you feel beRer about yourself. _4_ This makes breathing more difficult，which in turn can make you feel nervous or uncomfortable.
Mouth.When you are thinking，you often purse your lips.You might also use this position to hoId back all angry comment you don’t wish to show. _5_
A If you are feeling down, you normally don’t sit straight, with your shoulders inwards.
B If you are pleased, you usually open your eyes wide and people can notice this.
C Outgoing people generally use their arms with big movements, while quieter people keep them close to their bodies.
D How you hold your arms shows how open and receptive you are to people you meet.
E However, it will probably still be noticed, and people will know you’re not pleased.
F However, to be friendly in listening or speaking, you must move your head a little to one side.
第六部分：完形填空（第51~65题，每题1分，共15分）
阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
A health Profile
A health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health. To draw your health profile, you will need to know what diseases51your family, what health hazards you may be exposed to52work, how your53 diet compares to the recommended standards, how much time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you54in, how stressful your work and family environments are, what kinds of illnesses you get55, and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. 56this portrait, your should have a checkup to determine how your blood, heart, and lungs are functioning. This checkup will57as a baseline, to which you can then compare later tests.Once this profile is thoroughly drawn. you can begin to think about58health priorities based on your particular portrait. For example, 59you drink two martinis every evening, have a high stress job, are overweight, smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, and use marijuana occasionally60weekends, you should quit smoking first, followed by losing the excess weight, reducing the stress of your job, 61your marihuana habit, and then finally giving some62to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer, and then heart disease. Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life, who is63excellent health, a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may64changes that will65him in the future.
51Aappear BhappenCworkDrun
52Awith BinConDat
53AdailyB usualCordinary Dregular
54AtakeBcontributeCengageDdevote
55Aoccasionally BregularlyCfrequently Dconstantly
56A To complete BCompletingCCompletion DTo be completed
57Aserve BtakeCmakeDappear
58AsettingBputting Clisting Draising
59Awhen Bif CasDafter
60AinBatCduring Don
61Agiving inBgiving away Cgiving upDgiving off
62Athought BideaCthinkingDtalk
63AforBinCwithDon
64AgiveBsuggestCtakeDleave
65AreapBharvest CbenefitDlead
参考答案：
一。词汇选项：ACCCD DADCC AABBA
二。阅读判断：ABCAB BC
三。概完：DECA FDAB
四。阅读理解：BBDDD CADCD DCAAB
五。补全短文：DCFAE
六。完形填空：DDACB AAABD CABBC
全国职称英语等级考试全真模拟题卫生类A级（二）
第一部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
1. So far no one has been able to account for the cause of the accident.
A) assess
B) explain
C) describe
D) investigate
2. All those present noticed the minute change in his look.
A) big
B) timely
C) dramatic
D) slight
3. The war was over, but the whole country was in a state of disorder.
A) confusion
B) disagreement
C) disappearance
D) disaster
4. The young man was accused of theft in the supermarket.
A) arrested for
B) charged with
C) praised for
D) described as
5. The cause of the fire is being investigated.
A) looked after
B) looked through
C) looked forward to
D) looked into
6. Numerous attempts have been made to hide the truth.
A) Many
B) Successful
C) Effective
D) Unsuccessful
7. It is obvious that there is difference in the way they view the matter.
A) natural
B) certain
C) inevitable
D) clear
8. It is odd that so little is known about the talented painter.
A) surprising
B) unreasonable
C) strange
D) unbelievable
9. Everyone in the class participated in the farewell party.
A) contributed to
B) took pleasure in
C) took part in
D) enjoyed
10. Since ancient times people have found various ways to preserve meat.
A) carve
B) cook
C) freeze
D) keep
11. To understand what we are going to talk about today, you have to rely on what you have read previously.
A) beforehand
B) carefully
C) before
D) in advance
12. At the policeman's signal, the vehicle pulled up.
A) stopped
B) slowed down
C) sped up
D) turned up
13. Not everyone can perceive the gradual change in the writer's style.
A) appreciate
B) notice
C) describe
D) discover
14. It was said that after his father's death, he possessed nearly half of his father's wealth.
A) wasted
B) owned
C) purchased
D) sold
15. They all agreed that the changes that have taken place are substantial.
A) significant
B) superficial
C) inadequate
D) inevitable
第二部分：阅读判断（第16~22题，每题1分，共7分）
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请在答题卡上把A涂黑；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请在答题卡上把B涂黑；如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请在答题卡上把C涂黑。
Relieving the Pain
"Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain, "say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain."People with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more, and start exercising." The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain, after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.
Lumbar(腰部) pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary(久坐不动的) lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of the pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins(内啡肽), the body’s “feel-good” chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.
Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs. “It’s crazy，”says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. “Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors I’ve just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names.”
A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.
In some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day muscle contraction and relaxation exercises followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day, they practice t'ai chi（太极）,self-defense, and deep thought. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours physiotherapy(理疗) a week in a traditional hospital program. "The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy, flexibility, and confidence." explains Bill Wiles, A consultant pain doctor in Liverpool."Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment."
16．To treat pain，patients should stop moving around．
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
17．Headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise．
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
18．Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain．
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
19．Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients．
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
20．Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain．
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
21．Exercise helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment．A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
22．New pain clinics ask patients to give up drugs completely．
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
第三部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23~30题，每题1分，共8分）
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2，3，5，6段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Depression and the Elderly
1 We all feel sad at times.However，clinical depression is a serious matter.Clinical depression, sometimes called major depression，is a biologically based brain disorder that affects one’s thoughts，feelings，behavior，and physical health.When people complain that they feel terrible，they have no interest or take no pleasure in things，have trouble sleeping，lack energy，have poor appetite，or cannot concentrate，depression is a definite possibility.
2 Depression in its many forms affects more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans who are 65 years or older.Most older people with depression have been suffering from episodes(发作)of the illness during much of their lives。For others.depression has a first onset(起病)in late life—even for those in their 80s and 90s. Depression in older persons is closely associated with dependency and disability and causes great suffering for the individual and the family
3 Many older people and their families don’t-recognize the symptoms of depression，aren’t aware that it is a medical illness，and don’t know how it is treated Others may mistake the symptoms of depression as sighs of dementia(痴呆).Also，many older people think that depression is a character flaw(缺陷)and are worried about being stigmatized(给…带来耻辱)，SO they blame themselves for their illness and are too ashamed(羞耻的)to get help，Others worry that treatment would be too costly.
4 Older persons with depression rarely seek treatment for the illness。Unrecognized and untreated depression has fatal consequences in terms of both suicide and non-suicide mortality(死亡率).The highest rate of suicide in the US is among older white men?Depression IS the single most significant risk factor for suicide in that population。Tragically，many of those people who go on to commit suicide have reached out for help -20%see a doctor the day they die，40%the week they die，and 70%in the month they die. Yet depression is frequently missed.
23. Paragraph 1----------------
24. Paragraph 2----------------
25. Paragraph 3----------------
26. Paragraph 4----------------
A How common is depression in later life?
B What is depression?
C What relieves depression in older people?
D Why does depression in older people often go untreated?
E Can depression in older people be treated?
F What are the consequences of untreated depression in older people?
27. Clinical depression is different from-------------
28. Depression in older people is strongly linked with--------------
29. Depression is regarded by many older people as--------------
30. Many older people commit suicide as a result of----------------
A a character flaw
B normal sadness and grief
C a definite possibility
D dependency and disability
E a significant risk factor
F unrecognized and untreated depression
第四部分：阅读理解（第31~45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据
短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
第一篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others
Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences1 food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.
Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator? on the study.
Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are Working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.
The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks5. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.
"Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food," said Hayes. "Supertasters, people who experience tastes more mtensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. "
However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. "For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented, milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6.
Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as
normal as variations in eye and hair color.
"Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, called nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weary bitter," he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting7 is not limited to bitterness.
31. In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out that
A. it is good to health to eat food without salt.
B. many people reject low-salt food completely.
C. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly
D. food with reduced salt tastes better.
32. The fourth paragraph describes briefly
A. how to select subjects and what to do in the research.
B. how to identify supertasters and nontasters.
C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons.
D. why to select more male subjects than female ones.
33. The article argues that supertasters
A. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.
B. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.
C. consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes.
D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters.
34. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?
A. They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness.
B. They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste.
C. They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter.
D. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health.
35. What message do the last two paragraphs carry'?
A. Taste acuity is genetically determined.
B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth.
C. Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color.
D. Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science.
第二篇Who Wants to Live Forever?
If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long, would you take it?
The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date. Scientists have already extended the lives of flies, worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years.
This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams, spending time with our loved ones, watching our families grow and have families of their own.
"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."
Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war, poverty, all sorts of issues around, and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan. "The question is ?What will we get as a society?' I suspect it won't be a better society."
It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? 'And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?
Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents, or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart1. We think of an elder sibling as someone, who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.
Working life would also be affected, especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age - skill, wisdom and good judgment.
On the other hand, more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals, making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a
25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?
Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people, and more on making life comfortable for the old.
And society would feel, very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom, but less energy: Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience .different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact, they are less enthusiastic about everything.
The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances, we need to think about these changes now.
"If this could ever happen, then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get," says Daniel Callahan. "'We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."
36. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?
A. Spending more time with his family.
B. Having more education.
C. Realizing more dreams.
D. Working longer.
37. Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?
A. Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.
B.More and more people in the US today want to get married.
C. Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.
D. If people live longer~ they would stay in marriage longer.
38. All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT
A. Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult.
B. More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.
C. The job market Would be more competitive.
D. It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions.
39. An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that
A. it places more emphasis on educating the young.
B. it is both wise and energetic.
C. it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new
D. it welcomes changes.
40. Which of the following best describes Callahan's attitude to anti-ageing technology ?
A. Optimistic.
B. Pessimistic.
C. Reserved.
D. Negative.
第三篇Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance
The ability of micro--organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue．Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy．They constitute a growing and global public health problem．WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics．reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article punished in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics．The article “has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)。and，in particular，has raised awareness of infections caused by multi．drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control．
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments，the pharmaceutical industry．and international agencies．
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including , education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription；and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures，including the use of hand-washing measures．particularly in healthcare facilities．
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented．WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance．Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO’s World Health Day 2011．
41．Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health issue because
A．there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria．
B．new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries．
C．infections caused by multi—drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people．
D．scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria．
42．The word ―prudent‘‘ in paragraph I is closest in meaning to
A．unwise
B．wasteful
C．widespread
D．careful
43．The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that
A．some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics．
B．a new multi—drug resistant bacterium has appeared．
C．some infections are caused by antibiotics．
D．some countries are successful in controlling multi—trug resistant microorganisms．44．WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT A．keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use．
B．education on the use of antibiotics．
C．control of antibiotic use．
D．introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics．
45．We learn from the passage that
A．antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010．
B．further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi—drug resistant bacteria．
C．without WHO，no country will be safe in the war against antimicrobial resistance．
D．WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries．
第五部分：补全短文（第46~50题，每题2分，共10分）
阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Reduce Packaging
Pressure increased recently on British supermarkets and retailers to reduce packaging as part of an anti-waste campaign. ________________(46). Britain generates 4.6 million tons of household waste every year by packaging.
Dozens of people have expressed anger at the excess of plastic wrapping. Campaigners has