新TOEFL阅读
题型及解题方法
新托福（托福iBT）
● 2005 年9 月，美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）在全球推出新托福考试，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。
● TOEFL iBT能够反映学生在一流大专院校的教学和校园生活中的语言应用能力。
Task Number of Questions Time Score Reading 3-5 passages / 12-14 questions each 60-100 minutes 30
Listening 4-6 lecture / 6 questions each
2-3 conversation / 5 questions each
60-90 minutes 30
Speaking independent – 2 questions
integrated – 4 questions
20 minutes 30
Writing integrated – 1 question
independent – 1 question
20 minutes
30 minutes
30
Total Score 120
加试
●出现在听力或阅读部分，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。
●加试部分不算分，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试。
●阅读和听力考试之后有10 分钟休息时间。
新TOEFL阅读部分
In TOEFL test, there are usually 13 to 14 questions for each passage and the question types can be summarized as the following.
1.Factual questions(3-6 questions per set)
2.Negative Factual questions(0-2 questions per set)
3.Inference Questions(0-2 questions per set)
4.Rhetorical Purpose Questions(0-2 questions per set)
5.Sentence Insertion Questions(1 question per set)
6.Sentence Reference Questions(0-2 questions per set)
7.Sentence Restatement Questions(1 question per set)
8.Prose Summary Questions(1 question per set)
9.Fill in a Table Questions(1 question per set)
10.Vocabulary Questions(0-3 questions per set)
1. FQ (Factual questions)
Definition: FQ ask about explicit facts and details in the passage. They often contain: who, what, when, where, why. For FQ, the information needed for an answer is directly stated s omewhere in the passage.
Characteristics: FQ often begin with the following
1.According to the passage,
2.According to the information in paragraph 2
3.What does the author say about
Tips for FQ:
1.Focus on one or two key words from the question, they might be DATE, NAME
and other nouns so on
2.Scan the passage and look only for these words as you scroll down
3.The questions usually follow the order of the passage, therefore, usually scroll
down form the last questions you answered, you do not need to read the entire passage again
4.Underline the sentences where contain the key words, read preceding and
following sentences as well.
2. Negative Factual Questions (NFQ)
Definitions: NFQ ask you to determine which of the four answer choices is not given in the passage. It often contains words, NOT, EXCEPT, LEAST. They always appear in Uppercases.
Characteristics: NFQ often begin with the following structures
1.According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT
2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
3.Which of the following is LEAST likely?
Tips for NFQ
1.Read the questions first, locate key words.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2d15306426.html,e Key Words technique to look for the information in the passage related with
each answer
3.Identify the answer that is not mentioned in the passages
Exercise I: Locate the key words for the following sentences:
1.What story is told about the first dentist in the North American colonies?
2.People in which of the following occupations probably did NOT practice
emergency dentistry?
3.What materials did Paul Revere use to make artificial teeth?
4.How many students graduated in the first class to study dentistry in the United
States?
5.How is the building that housed the first dental school in the United States at
present?
6.According to the passage, what were ”Negative spray” and “Vitalized Air”？
7.In what year did William Morton demonstrated ether?
8.Which of the following is NOT one of the problems that X rays can indicate?
9.What were ,dental engines??
10.How did the dental drills that were developed in the 1950?s reduce heat and pain?
III. Inference questions
Definition: These questions require you to make inferences according to the
information provided in the passages. The answers to these questions are not directly
stated anywhere in the passage, but it can be inferred.
Characteristics: The questions usually contain the words infer or imply
1.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
2.In paragraph..., the author implies that…？
3.It can be concluded from the information in paragraph…that…
4.The author suggests that:
Types of Inference:
Infer in reverse direction
1.Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, sprouts
of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.
Which of the following can be inferred about the gushers?
A.They make bringing the oil to the surface easier
B.They signal the presence of huge oil reserves
C.They waste more oil in the past
D.They are unlikely to occur nowadays
2.The story of the western movement of population in the United States is, in the
main, the story of the expansion of agriculture- of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life enter a national market economy
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815
1.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.
2.They were able to sell their products at high prices.
3.They had not been successful in raising cattle
4.They did not operate in a national market
3.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?
A.Canals were built primarily in the in the south of England rather than in other
regions
B.Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
C.Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged
in the process
D.Canal builders hired surveyors like smith to examine exposed rock strata
4.Sediments above and below the gypsum layers contained tiny marine fossils,
indicating open-ocean conditions.
Which of the following can be inferred about solid gypsum layers?
A.It did not contain any marine fossil
B.It had formed in open-ocean conditions
C.It had once been soft, deep-sea mud
D.It contained sediment from nearby deserts
Infer according to the key words
In all probabilities, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latin who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration and a land-based society. Which of the following can be inferred about the people of Latium?
A.Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.
B.They held different values than the people of Rome
C.Agriculture played a significant role in the society
D.They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinct
Exercises I: Identify the correct inferences based on the sentence or short
passage:
1. If a metalworker from 3,000 years ago could somehow travel forward in time, he
would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process that today is used to cast
titanium for jet engines.
A: Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.
B: The lost-wax methods of casting metal is very old
C: Metalworking has changed very little in 3,000 years.
2. When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples. They don?t mean
something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade.
A: Apple growers have not developed any new varieties of apples in recent decades.
B: Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long
time.
C: New varieties of apples take a long time to develop.
3. High level of serum cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults.
A: High level of serum cholesterol are no longer a problem for adults.
B: Only children have a problem with high levels of serum cholesterol.
C: High serum cholesterol affects both adults and children.
4. Alpha Centauri, one of the closest stars to Earth, is just 4.3 light years away. It can
be seen only from the southern Hemisphere. However, the closest star(other than our
own Sun, of course) is a tiny red star, Proxima Centauri, which is not visible without a
telescope.
A: ProximaCentauri, is the closest star to Earth.
B: Alpha Centauri, is invisible from earth without a telescope.
C: Proxima Centauri is closer than 4.3 light years from the earth.
5. Compared with the rest of its brain, the visual area of a turtle?s brain is quite small,
since turtles, like all other reptiles, depend mainly on senses other than sight.
A: No reptile uses sight as its primary sense.
B: Animals that depend on sight all have larger visual areas in their brain than turtles
do.
C: The visual area of other reptiles? brain is smaller than that of turtles.
6. An old but still useful proverb says,” beware of oak, it draws the stroke.”trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract more lightning than do trees
with shallow, dry roots. Oak are fifty times more likely to be struck than beeches. Pines are not safe as beeches but are still much safer than oaks.
A: The roots of oak are fifty times deeper than those of beeches.
B: Pines? roots are deeper than beeches, but not as deep as those of oaks.
C: the deeper the root, the safer the tree.
7. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the penmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt or John E. Kennedy reveals
A: Roosevelt and Kennedy both had handwriting that was difficult to read.
B: Roosevelt?s handwriting was more illegible than that of Kennedy.
C: The author believe both Roosevelt and Kennedy had weak characters.
8. Jack London spent only a year prospecting for gold in Alaska. However, nearly half of his forty books are set there.
A: London was successful in his search for gold in Alaska.
B: Although London worked in Alaska for only a short time, he wrote almost twenty books while he lived there.
C: London?s experiences in Alaska had a strong influence on his writing.
9. Most fish take on the coloration of their natural surroundings to a certain degree.
It?s not surprising, therefore, that fish inhabiting the warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are colored all the brilliant hues of the rainbow.
A: Tropical fish are unlike other fish because t hey take on the coloration of their environment.
B. Tropical reefs are brightly colored environment.
C: Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.
10. Although sheep herding is an older and more beloved occupation, shepherds never caught the attention of filmmakers the way cowboys did.
A: There have been more films about cowboys than about shepherds.
B: Films about shepherds are older and more beloved than films about cowboys.
C: Cowboys are generally younger than shepherds.
11. The Okefenokee Swamp is a fascinating realm that both confirms and contradicts popular notions of a swamp. Along with huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, and dim waterways, the Okefenokee has sandy pine islands, sunlit prairies, and clear lakes.
A. Although most swamps are not very interesting, the Okefenokee is an exception. B: The Okefenokee has features that are not commonly associated with swamps.
C: Unlike most swamps, the Okefenokee does not have huge cypresses, d angerous quagmires, or dim waterways.
12. Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman Style of architecture, as seen in the buildings at the University of Virginia, to the English style favored by Charles
Bullfinch.
A: The architecture of the University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style.
B: Bullfinch was an English architect.
C: Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.
13. In all cultures, gestures are used as a form of communication, but the same
gestures may have very different meanings in different cultures.
A: No two cultures use the same gestures.
B: one gesture almost never has the same meaning in two cultures.
C: A person from one culture may misunderstand the gestures used by a person from
another.
14. Even spiders that do not build webs from silk use it for a variety of purposes. such
as constructing egg sacs and nursery tents.
A: All spiders build webs.
B: Spiders that build webs don?t builds egg sacs or nursery tents.
C: Silks is used by all spiders.
15. In theory, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it seldom does, usually
because it is used as a substitute for other tools.
A: Using a screwdriver for purpose other than those for which it was intended can
shorten its life.
B: All screwdrivers, if they are really good, last a lifetime.
C: If you want a screwdriver to last a lifetime, use other tools to substitute for it.
Exercise II: Choose correct inferences for the questions according to the information
in the passage
The Titus-Bode law predicted that there would be a fifth planet between Mars and
was
Jupiter. In 1800, a group of astronomers nicknamed the “celestial police”
organized to search for the missing planet. Before the plan could be put in effect,
another astronomer, G.Piazzi, discovered 1 Ceres, the largest asteroids, in this position
in space on New year?s Day, 1801. While trying t o locate Ceres again, the astronomer
H.Olbers discovered 2 Pallas in 1802. J.Harding discovered 3 Juno in 1804. H.Olbers
also discovered 4 Vesta, the brightest asteroid, in 1807. It was not until 1836 that a
fifth asteroid, 5 Asterea, was added to the list. At first, many nineteenth-century
astronomers did not find asteroids of much interest. One even called them” the ve of the sky”. In 1891, Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect
asteroids. Then Wolf went on to discover 248 asteroids, beginning with 323 Bruscia.
At present, around 150,000 asteroids have been discovered. Most are spotted today by
automated systems that pair telescopes with computers.
Asteroids vary in size from Ceres, with a diameter of 570 miles, to tiny bodies that are
only the size of pebbles. Only the four largest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,and Juno-are
GREVerbal阅读题型介绍 GRE Reading Comprehension 阅读理解部分的题型主要包括三种： (1)选择题(Multiple-choice，选择五个选项中唯一正确的答案) (2)不定项选择题(Multiple-choice，选择三个选项中所有正确的答案) (3)句子点选题(Select-in-Passage，在文章中选择符合题目要求的句子) 阅读部分考察的能力如下 ▲understanding the meaning of individual words and sentences ▲understanding the meaning of paragraphs and larger bodies of text ▲distinguishing between minor and major points ▲summarizing a passage ▲drawing conclusions from the information provided ▲reasoning from incomplete data to infer missing information ▲understanding the structure of a text in terms of how the parts relate to one another ▲identifying the authors assumptions and perspective ▲analyzing a text and reaching conclusions about it
新托福各类阅读题型解读方法 综述： 文章数量：3-5篇 字数：700 要求：快速阅读+精确理解 题目数量：每篇文章12-14题 单题分值：1-4分 文体：说明, 论述, 记叙 速度要求：100 words/min 各类题型特征及解题方法： 1 词汇题 问法：The word/phrase XXX is closest in meaning to____ 技巧： (1)首先看是否认识, 如果在认识, 在选项中找同义或近义词, 并代入原文检验 (2)如果不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理 (3)看原词所在句子前后2句, 找重复对应 (4)如果悬想中有2个悬想都在上下文中合理,选择在含义上与原词沾边的词 (5)选项中不认识的词不轻易去选 做题顺序： 看单词，看选项，原文验证 注意： (1)不可能所有单词都认识 (2)注意熟词僻义, 一定看完所有选项,并代回原文验证 2 指代题 问法：The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to 技巧： (1)单复数 it找单数名词或名词性词组 they找复数名词或名词性词组 (2)在主从复合句, 并列句中, 后半句的代词主语优先指代前半句主语的核心词(有例外, 要从意义判断) (3)简单句中,代词优先指代主语核心词, 次之制代宾语核心词. (4)代词所在句子找不到合适的指代, 优先指代前一句主语, 次之指代后一句宾语 (5)一句话中, 相同的代词指代相同 3 直接事实题 问法：According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when? 技巧：定位原文, 细读
TOEFL iBT阅读技巧—关键词法解题 关键词在阅读理解中的重要作用： key words—结构（structure） —推断（inference） 1.key words—结构（structure） 针对题型：大意概括题 解题步骤：1.找结构关键词（but, and, as ,while, so, to……）; 2.分析句子结构; (并列，递进，从属，因果……) 3.结合文本大意选出正确选项。 例1 TPO34 Islamic Art and the Book Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art. B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art. C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries. D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain. [解析] 关键词：but, because of. But 连接的是两个句子的转折，而because of 是
Part Reading Comprehension （15 minutes） Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passages followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general. The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition(营养不良) and heat-related health problems. But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions. Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would double by 2030. Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the Forum’s report was “a methodological embarrassment” because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development in vulnerable(易受伤害的) regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our utmost attention.” But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both climate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed(有瑕疵的).” However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty. In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡上作答。 1. What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum? A) Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming. B) Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development. C) Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries. D) Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters. 2. What do we learn about the Forum’s report from the passage? A) It caused a big stir in developing countries.
对于目标明确，清晰认识自己薄弱的考生一定很想知道托福阅读summary题型该怎么解。接下来上海环球托福为考生解答。 首先，做阅读就要了解掌握文章的主旨是什么，新托福阅读SUMMARY题作为文章最后一种题型，考察的是对文章主要段落的主旨概括能力，而非全篇文章主旨。直白一点说，就是只需要关注文章局部段落，而不需要在意全局。这不同于老托福阅读里面每篇文章都有一道“What is the passage mainly about”这样的全文主旨题。 接着，考生要如何掌握主旨，来完成summary的题目。阅读英语段落的时候，应该是“匀速阅读”还是“变速阅读”呢？当然是“变速阅读”！这样考生才能做到阅读时的详略得当。但是，“变速阅读”是“先快后慢”还是“先慢后快”呢？这就要从英语的思维方式说起。 汉语族人的思维方式是“螺旋式”的，喜欢画龙点睛，我们称之为“Save the best for the last”。而英语族人的思维方式是“直线式”的，喜欢直入主题，我们称之为“Say what you want to say, then say why”。阅读英语段落的要领：变速阅读，先慢后快，精读首句，浏览全段。据统计，70%-80%的英语段落都是首句是主题句。所以，以后阅读英语段落，应该先精读首句（把握首句的“主题”和“方向”），再浏览全段（把握全段的“关系词”），才能实现快速阅读。而很多同学以前阅读的时候，要么就是倾向于到段落结尾找主题句（这主要是受了汉语思维方式的影响），要么就干脆把有限的精力平均分配到一段话内部的每个单词。 说了那么多，上海环球托福为你提出掌握主旨的方法： 1、常用法——分析段落结构找主题句 通过段落结构来概括主旨，常见的段落结构有如下六大类：（1）总分；（2）总分总（由总分演变而成）；（3）分总；（4）分总分（由分总演变而成）；（5）对比；（6）并列。其中，前四种段落结构都存在主题句和支持句之分。而后两种结构中可能不存在主题句，其段落内部会分成若干个势均力敌的部分，只不过对比结构段落的两部分之间方向相反，而并列结构段落的各部分之间方向相同。一、总分结构 总分结构的主题句一般为首句（如果首句结束后，第二句话存在转折关系，那么主题句就是第二句）。最常见的总分段落的标志就是第二句话前面出现“for example/instance”等举例关系词。如果总分结构段落最后再加一个总结句，就是总分总结构。这种段落结构约占70%。这个方法最大好处是大部分段落都存在主题句，所以能够广泛应用该方法概括段落主旨。这就是“常用法”的由来。但是，该方法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。 2、简易法——重复出现是主旨 之所以有第二个方法是因为第一个方法有缺点，常用法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。如果一段话在不断重复某一概念，就说明这段话在围绕这个概念展开，这个概念就是这段话的主旨。这就为我们快速把握主旨提供了极大的方便。因此，这种方法称为“简易法”。 在一段话内部重复出现可以分为三种类型。第一种是“原词”重复，但是这也是作者极力避
汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高 频难题 汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题,这些针对性解题技巧赶紧学起来，下面就和大家分享汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题,希望能够帮助到大家，快来学习一下吧。 汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题 托福阅读高频难点题型：主旨题 主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、*标题;C、*的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解*的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对*个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。 托福阅读高频难点题型：列举题 列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归*找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归*发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：*列
举。选项内容涉及整个*。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。*列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。 托福阅读高频难点题型：*结论题 *结论题即根据*可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为*第一道题时，相当于*主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对*最后部分，也有可能针对整篇*，但不大可能涉及*其他部分的细节。所以*结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个*。 托福阅读高频难点题型：作者态度题 作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。*最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇*，要根据整个*数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对*中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回*某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一） 托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下： ①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象； ②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置； ③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。 接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。 案例： Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. 11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
《奕喻》阅读附答案以及翻译 《弈喻》附答案，欢迎大家参考！ 弈喻 予观弈于友人所。一客数败，嗤其失算，辄欲易置之，以为不逮己也。顷之，客请与予对局，予颇易之。甫下数子，客已得先手。局将半，予思益苦，而客之智尚有余。竟局数之，客胜予十三子。予郝甚，不能出一言。后有招予观弈者，整天默坐而已。 今之学者读古人书，多訾古人之失；与今人居，亦乐称人失。人固不能无失，然试易地以处，平心而度之，吾果无一失乎？吾能知人之失而不能见吾之失，吾能指人之小失而不能见吾之大失，吾求吾失且不暇，何暇论人哉！ 1. 解释文中加点的词。 （1）予思益苦（） （2）然试易地以处（） 2. 用现代汉语解释文中的画线句。 客请与予对局，予颇易之 3. 概括这两个段落的大意。第一段：第二段： 4、本文表达了作者怎么的观点？ 【参考答案】 1、（1）愁苦 （2）换 2、客人要求和我下棋，我很是歧视他 3、第一段：一次弈棋所得到的教训；第二段：联络现实谈弈棋后的感想
4、人贵有自知之明，也贵有知人之明；不要妄自尊大，也不要歧视他人 全文翻译 我在朋友家里看下棋。一名客人多次输掉，我讥笑他计算失误，老是想替他改放棋子，认为他赶不上自己。过一会儿，客人要求和我下棋，我很是歧视他。刚刚下了几个棋子，客人已获得主动的情势。 棋局快到中盘的时候，我思考得更为艰难，而客人却轻松有余。结局计算双方棋子，客人赢我十三子。我很愧疚，不能说出一句话。之后有人约请我观看下棋，我只是整天默默地坐着看而已。 现在求学的人读古人的书，往往非议古人的错误；和现在的人相处，也喜欢说他人的错误。人原本就不可能没有错误，然而试试彼此交流位置来相处，心平气和地估量一下，自己真的没有一点错误吗？
[※]新托福阅读的10种题型: 详解+经验+方法论 iBT毕竟是一个考试 考试就有他的思路和方法，以及题型的设计 在这里，我们首先熟悉一下新托福阅读出题的基本思路，和10种基本题型，以及应对10种题型的技巧 要点： an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试 reading---a variety of different subjects passages---3 different categories based on author purpose: 1. Exposition 2. Argumentation 3. Historical 你需要了解general organization of the passage * classification * comparison/contrast * cause/effect * problem/solution 每篇阅读的平均字数是700，当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少 iBT的阅读有10种题型，下面我们一种一种的来回顾： 经验：第1，第5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不大，要保证一个也不错 第9种和第10种题目，难度最大，想取得高分，必须要多做综合练习 剩下的题型也很重要，想取得高分，一个都不能少 1. Factual Information Questions 这样的题目，一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句
话中 技巧：你不可能在第一遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题目以后，回头再找 排出那些本身就很矛盾的选项 千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，一定要回答问题 2. Negative Factual Information Questions 做这样的题目，你首先需要对定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage 注意，这种问题你要选择的正确答案，是那个不正确的，问题里面会明确的指出：which one is NOT true 技巧：选项里面的答案，可能叙述了一段的意思，也可能叙述了好几段 正确的那个答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面没有提到的 3. Inference Questions 注意的字眼，是infer, imply, inferred 技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意 4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively. 他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说 技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of 这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系 5. Vocabulary Questions 大家不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思，最重要的是，这个单词在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant 技巧：问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思，再次强调 6. Reference Questions 这样的问题，主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验，代词指代的东西，一般来说就在你这个代词的前面，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...一般来说， XXX不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远] 技巧：代词，pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person 当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义
1.国际地位和影响力。 2.生态文明建设。 3.读书之道。 4.中国武术。 5.中文热词。 6.丝绸之 路。7.民生问题。8.中国梦。 1.近年来，我国国际地位和影响力显著提高。我们在国际事务中发挥重要的建设性作用，有力维护国家主权、安全和发展利益，全方位外交取得重大进展。我们成功举办北京奥运会、上海世博会，实现了中华民族的百年梦想。这些辉煌成就，充分显示了中国特色社会主义的优越性，展现了改革开放的伟大力量，极大增强了全国各族人民的自信心和自豪感，增强了中华民族的凝聚力，激励我们奋勇前进。——选自西南交通大学出版社即将出版的《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》 In recent years, China's international prestige and influence grew significantly. We played an important and constructive role in international affairs; effectively safeguarded our national sovereignty, security and development interests. We made major progress in our all-around diplomacy. We successfully hosted the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo, thus fulfilling dreams the Chinese nation had cherished for a century. These brilliant achievements clearly show the advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great power of reform and opening up. They greatly increased the confidence and pride of our people of all ethnic groups, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and inspired us to forge ahead.
新托福考试题型包括哪些
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智课网TOEFL备考资料
新托福考试题型包括哪些 摘要：新托福考试题型一共有四种分别为：听力，口语，阅读和写作，下面就跟着小编一起来详细的了解下这四种题型吧。 新托福考试题型介绍 新托福考试题型一共有四种分别为：听力，口语，阅读和写作，下面就跟着小编一起来详细的了解下这四种题型吧。 新托福听力 托福听力有4-6演讲，每个6道题;2-3对话，每个5道题，约60-90分钟，每道试题是1-2分，共34-36分。涉及2个或2个以上的说话者。听力部分每个对话是2-3分钟，每个演讲是4-6分钟。 由于是机考，考生在听录音资料之前无法得知试题。在播放录音资料时，电脑屏幕上会显示相应的背景图片。考生可以在听音过程中记笔记。考生不能复查、修改已递交的答案。这个部分持续大约50分钟。 新托福口语 新托福口语部分采用人机对话，模拟正式的上课讲演来考查学生。考试共有6道题目，一三五针对的是校园生活，二四六是相对学术性的题材。2道独立口语题，4道综合口语，时间为20分钟，每个回答得分是0-4分，分数范围是0-25分。
考查综合语言技能的题目评分以回答的质量、完整性和准确性为依据。考生可以在听音过程中记笔记以帮助答题。在准备和答题时，屏幕上会显示倒计时的时钟。 新托福阅读 新托福阅读有3-5篇文章每篇11-13题，考试时间为60-100分钟，除了篇章应用题之外每道题的分值都是1分应用题每题的分值可能是2分，3分，或4分。 新托福写作 新托福写作有两道题：1道综合写作，约20分钟。1道独立写作，约30分钟。每篇作文按5分计算，取平均分，然后折算成30分对应的分数。 其中一篇类似于老托福的写作，要求考生在30分钟内就某一话题阐述自己的观点，字数要求为300字以上。 另一篇则要求考生首先阅读一篇学术演讲，5分…钟以后，文章隐去，播放一段与文章有关、约为1分半钟的课堂演讲。课堂演讲列举了一些论据反驳文章中的论点、论据。 随后要求考生在20分…钟内写一篇作文，总结课堂演讲的论点、论据，并陈述这些论点、论据是如何反驳文章的论点、论据的，字数要求为150字到225字之间。注意：写作时，文章会重新显示在屏幕上。这篇作文不要求考生阐述自己的观点。 以上就是小编为大家整理的“新托福考试题型介绍”部分内容，更多资料请点击托福资料下载频道! 相关推荐: 托福考试备考小常识下载之副词的形式(巩固篇)
阅读方法指导 从书面获得信息的过程叫阅读。阅读是搜集处理信息、认识世界、发展思维、获得审美体验的重要途径。如果你的阅读仅从体会作者蕴含在字里行间的情感出发，那么这样的阅读，将是一种浅层次的阅读。如果你能在阅读时既探究作者的思想感情，又有意识地把自己的感情融入文章，你就能与文章对话，与作者沟通，因为你的阅读不仅是读文字，而是一种思想碰撞。阅读既能扩大知识面、活跃思维。陶冶情操，又能增强听说读写的能力。 词句的阅读 1.理解词义的方法 理解词义的方法很多，其中最基本的有以下两种： （1）借助字典和词典，联系上下文，弄清词语的意思。如：齐国人怎么这么没出息，干这种事？出息一词在现代汉语词典 中有四个义项：○1指发展前途或志气；○2长进；○3培养 使有出息；○4收益。根据具体语言环境这里的出息选第一 个意思. 结合句子或上下文，在语境中理解词义。 理解词义不能脱离语言环境，孤立的就词解词，应结合句子或联系上下文揣摩词义。如:科技人员废寝忘食，夜以继日地实验、攻关，经过两百多次的失败，世界上第一座大型高原制氧站建立了！” 句子的“废寝忘食”，从字面意思可理解为做事勤奋专心。但这样理解还远远不够，我们还应联系上下文来理解这词语。“废寝忘食”
在文中指科技人员夜以继日地为攻克世界级难题勤奋工作。 2.理解句子含义的方法。 所谓句子含义，指的是有些句子除了能够表达出字面所具有的意思之外，还在字里行间表达出更深刻的意思。 理解句子含义，主要包括： ○1体会作者的写作目的及所要表达的思想感情； ○2这句话所要说明和揭示的道理； ○3它与全文思想内容的关系； 这句话对表现中心思想的作用等。 理解句子含义，主要有以下几种方法 （1）结合时代背景。如：1905年，清政府任命詹天佑为总工程师，修筑从北京到张家口的铁路。消息一传出来，全国都轰动了， 大家说这一回咱们可争了一口气。为什么一个中国工程师在 自己国土上修铁路会引起这么大的反响呢？联系当时的时 代背景，就很容易理解了，当时中国饱受外国人的欺压，这 一次清政府敢于任命自己国家的工程师，而詹天佑敢于接受 这项艰巨的任务这就是为中国人争了一口气，所以全国都轰 动了。 （2）抓关键词语，理解句子含义。 有些句子抓住了关键词语，弄清这些词语的意思，句子的含义也就理解了。所谓词不离句，句不离词就是这个意思。如：老师暗示大家先不管他，开始上课。理解时我们抓住“暗示““暂时”
托福阅读十大题型-Artisans and Industrialization 托福阅读中词汇题是重要题型之一。根据托福阅读题型不同来进行专项练习，是短期提高托福阅读能力的有效方法。那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家带来一系列的托福简化题内容汇总希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。 托福阅读句子简化题：Artisans and Industrialization 【Paragraph 2】The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, andmasters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.(Artisans and Industrialization) Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information ○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly. ○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade. ○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and
托福阅读解题有没有技巧怎么办 托福阅读解题有没有技巧?提升硬实力才是高分关键力。今天给大家来托福阅读解题有没有技巧，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读解题有没有技巧?提升硬实力才是高分关键 托福阅读对词汇量要求很严格 从某种意义上来讲，你积累的英语词汇量的多少，影响着你在托福考试中取得的成绩。如果说你具备的词汇量达不到最基本的要求，即使你的语言能力再强也过不了托福难关。想要训练阅读能力首先就要从词汇量上下手，只有掌握足够多的词汇后，你才具备他警告阅读能力的最低标准。 遇到生词，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系，运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次，还可以分析选项，进行对比，往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项，此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。 托福阅读要积累英语*量增加知识面 读书破万卷，下笔如有神，放在托福阅读备考中依然适用。考生利用业余时间丰富自己的知识面，对各国或各地区等相关文
化及常识有一定了解后，在参加托福考试时，当阅读到自己有所了解的东西后，解题试题时就会比较有自信和感觉，不会因为自己的不了解或是不清楚，对*要说的东西特别盲目，答题的准确率自然而然的也就会有所上升。 总而言之，托福阅读虽然也需要一定技巧，但每位同学需要掌握的技巧都是不同的，适合别人的不一定适合自己。比起一味训练解题技巧，提升如词汇量和阅读量方面的硬实力，其实才是真正通往阅读高分的必经之路。 托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Contrary to the arguments... 托福阅读100个长难句实例分析 原句案例： Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. 词汇讲解： maroon作动词，表示“被困于荒无人烟且无法脱身的地方”，比如：The car broke down leaving usmarooned in the middle of
文言翻译训练 1．阅读下面一段文言文，对文中两个划线句子，任选一句进行翻译。(5分) 韩休，京兆长安人。工文辞，举贤良。进至礼部侍郎，知制诰。出为虢州刺史。虢于东、西京为近州，乘舆所至，常税厩刍，休它郡请均赋。中书令张说曰：“免虢而它州，此守臣为私惠耳。”休复执论，吏白恐忤宰相意，休曰：“刺史幸知民之敝而不救，岂为政哉?虽得罪，所甘心焉。”讫如休请。 (1)进至礼部侍郎，知制诰。 (2)刺史幸知民之敝而不救，岂为政哉? 2．将下列语段中划线的句子，翻译为现代汉语（5分） 范乔邑人腊夕盗斫其树，人有告者，①乔阳不闻，②邑人愧而归之。乔往喻曰：“卿节日取柴，③欲与父母相允娱耳，④何以愧为！”⑤其通物善导，皆此类也。 ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ 3．阅读下面一段古文，翻译其中的画线文句。（5分） 臧与谷二人，相与牧羊，而俱亡其羊。问臧奚事?则持策读书；问谷奚事?则博塞(古代的赌博游戏)以游。二人者事业不同，其于亡羊均也。 (《庄子·骈拇》) (1) 问臧奚事?则持策读书； (2) 二人者事业不同，其于亡羊均也。 4.阅读下面的文言文，翻译文中三个划线的句子。（5分） （阳货）谓孔子曰：“来！予与尔言。曰：怀其宝而迷其邦，可谓仁乎？曰：不可，好从事而亟失时，可谓知乎？曰：不可。日月逝矣，岁不我与。”孔子曰：“诺，吾将仕矣。” （《论语·阳货》） （1）好从事而亟失时，可谓知乎？（2分） 译文： （2）日月逝矣，岁不我与。（2分） 译文： （3）诺，吾将仕矣。（1分） 译文：
5．把下段文言文中画线的句子译成现代汉语。（5分） 孟子谓齐宣王曰：“王之臣有托其妻子于其友而之楚游者，①比其反也，则冻馁其妻子，则如之何？”王曰：“弃之。”曰：“士师（司法官）不能治士，则如之何？”王曰：“已之。”②曰：“四境之内不治则如之何？”王顾左右而言他。 ①译文：。（3分） ②译文：。（2分） 6.阅读下列文言文段，翻译画线部分。(5分) 才德全尽谓之圣人，才德全失谓之愚人；德胜才谓之君子，才胜德谓之小人。（1）凡取人之术，苟不得圣人，君子而与之，与其得小人，不若得愚人。何则？君子挟才以为善，小人挟才以为恶，挟才以为善者，善无不至矣；挟才以为恶者，恶亦无不至矣。愚者虽欲为不善，智不能周，力不能胜，譬如乳狗搏人，人得而制之。小人智足以遂其奸，勇足以决其暴，是虎而翼者也，其为害岂不多哉！（2）夫德者人之所严，而才者人之所爱；爱者易亲，严者易疏，是以察者多蔽于才而遗于德。 译文：（1） （2） 7．翻译下列文言文中划线的句子。（5分） 巫马子谓子墨曰：“子兼爱天下，未云利也，我不爱天下，未云贼也，功皆未至，子何独自是而非我哉？” 子墨子曰：“今有燎者于此，一人奉水将灌之，一人掺火将益之。功皆未至，子何贵于二人？” 巫马子曰：“我是彼奉水者之意，而非夫掺火者之意。” 子墨子曰：“吾亦是吾意，而非子之意也。” 翻译：（1）了何贵于二人？ （2）我是彼奉水者之意，而非夫掺火者之意。 8．把下面文言文中划线的句子翻译成现代汉语(5分) 崔枢应进士，客居汴半岁，与海贾同止。其人得疾，既笃，谓崔曰：“荷君见顾，不以外夷见忽。今疾势不起，番人重土殡，脱殁，君能终始之否?” 译文：(1) (3分) 译文：(2) (2分) 9．将下面文言文中划线的部分译成现代汉语（5分） 起拜左司郎中，转司刑少卿。与皇甫文备同按狱，诬有功纵逆党。久之，文备坐事下狱，有功出之，或曰：“彼尝陷君于死，今生之，何也?”对曰：“尔所言者私忿，我所守者公法，不可以私害公。”《新唐书·徐有功传》