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rfc4662.A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Notification Extension for Resource Lists

rfc4662.A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Notification Extension for Resource Lists
rfc4662.A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Notification Extension for Resource Lists

Network Working Group A. B. Roach Request for Comments: 4662 B. Campbell Category: Standards Track Estacado Systems J. Rosenberg Cisco Systems August 2006 A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Notification Extension

for Resource Lists

Status of This Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for

improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet

Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state

and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

Abstract

This document presents an extension to the Session Initiation

Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event Notification mechanism for subscribing to a homogeneous list of resources. Instead of sending a SUBSCRIBE

for each resource individually, the subscriber can subscribe to an

entire list and then receive notifications when the state of any of

the resources in the list changes.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]

Table of Contents

1. Introduction (3)

2. Terminology (4)

3. Overview of Operation (4)

4. Operation of List Subscriptions (5)

4.1. Negotiation of Support for Resource Lists (6)

4.2. Subscription Duration (7)

4.3. NOTIFY Bodies (7)

4.4. RLS Processing of SUBSCRIBE Requests (7)

4.5. RLS Generation of NOTIFY Requests (7)

4.6. Subscriber Processing of NOTIFY Requests (9)

4.7. Handling of Forked Requests (10)

4.8. Rate of Notifications (10)

5. Using multipart/related to Convey Aggregate State (10)

5.1. XML Syntax (11)

5.2. List Attributes (13)

5.3. Resource Attributes (14)

5.4. Name Attributes (14)

5.5. Instance Attributes (14)

5.6. Constructing Coherent Resource State (16)

5.6.1. Processing Full State Notifications (17)

5.6.2. Processing Partial State Notifications (17)

6. Example (18)

7. Security Considerations (31)

7.1. Authentication (31)

7.1.1. RLS and Subscriber in the Same Domain (31)

7.1.2. RLS and Subscriber in Different Domains (32)

7.2. Risks of Improper Aggregation (33)

7.3. Signing and Sealing (33)

7.4. Infinite Loops (34)

8. IANA Considerations (34)

8.1. New SIP Option Tag: eventlist (34)

8.2. New MIME type for Resource List Meta-Information (34)

8.3. URN Sub-Namespace (35)

9. Acknowledgements (36)

10. References (36)

10.1. Normative References (36)

10.2. Informative References (37)

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]

1. Introduction

The SIP-specific event notification mechanism [2] allows a user (the subscriber) to request to be notified of changes in the state of a

particular resource. This is accomplished by the subscriber

generating a SUBSCRIBE request for the resource, which is processed

by a notifier that represents the resource.

In many cases, a subscriber has a list of resources they are

interested in. Without some aggregating mechanism, this will require the subscriber to generate a SUBSCRIBE request for each resource

about which they want information. For environments in which

bandwidth is limited, such as wireless networks, subscribing to each resource individually is problematic. Some specific problems are:

o Doing so generates substantial message traffic, in the form of the initial SUBSCRIBE requests for each resource and the refreshes of each individual subscription.

o The notifier may insist on low refresh intervals, in order to

avoid a long-lived subscription state. This means that the

subscriber may need to generate SUBSCRIBE refreshes faster than it would like to or has the capacity to.

o The notifier may generate NOTIFY requests more rapidly than the

subscriber desires, causing NOTIFY traffic at a greater volume

than is desired by the subscriber.

To solve these problems, this specification defines an extension to

RFC 3265 [2] that allows for requesting and conveying notifications

for lists of resources. A resource list is identified by a URI, and it represents a list of zero or more URIs. Each of these URIs is an identifier for an individual resource for which the subscriber wants to receive information. In many cases, the URI used to identify the resource list will be a SIP URI [1]; however, the use of other

schemes (such as pres: [10]) is also foreseen.

The notifier for the list is called a "resource list server", or RLS. In order to determine the state of the entire list, the RLS will act as if it has generated a subscription to each resource in the list.

The resource list is not restricted to be inside the domain of the

subscriber. Similarly, the resources in the list are not constrained to be in the domain of the resource list server.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",

"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [5].

The following terms are used throughout the remainder of this

document.

Back-End Subscription: Any subscription (SIP or otherwise) that an

RLS creates to learn of the state of a resource. An RLS will

create back-end subscriptions to learn of the state of a resource about which the RLS is not an authority. For back-end

subscriptions, RLSes act as a subscriber.

List Subscription: A subscription to a resource list. In list

subscriptions, RLSes act as the notifier.

Resource: A resource is any logical entity that has a state or

states that can be subscribed to. Resources are identified by

URIs.

Resource List: A list of zero or more resources that can have their individual states subscribed to with a single subscription.

RLMI: Resource List Meta-Information. RLMI is a document that

describes the state of the virtual subscriptions associated with a list subscription.

RLS: Resource List Server. RLSes accept subscriptions to resource

lists and send notifications to update subscribers of the state of the resources in a resource list.

Virtual Subscription: A Virtual Subscription is a logical construct within an RLS that represents subscriptions to the resources in a resource list. For each list subscription it services, an RLS

creates at least one virtual subscription for every resource in

the resource list being subscribed to. In some cases, such as

when the RLS is not the authority for the state of the resource,

this virtual subscription will be associated with a back-end

subscription. In other cases, such as when the RLS is the

authority for the state of the resource, the virtual subscription will not have a corresponding back-end subscription.

3. Overview of Operation

This section provides an overview of the typical mode of operation of this extension. It is not normative.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]

When users wish to subscribe to the resource of a list of resources, they can use the mechanisms described in this specification. The

first step is the creation of a resource list. This resource list is represented by a SIP URI. The list contains a set of URIs, each of

which represents a resource for which the subscriber wants to receive information. The resource list can exist in any domain. The list

could be manipulated through a web page, through a voice response

system, or through some other protocol. The specific means by which the list is created and maintained is outside the scope of this

specification.

To learn the resource state of the set of elements on the list, the

user sends a single SUBSCRIBE request targeted to the URI of the

list. This will be routed to an RLS for that URI. The RLS acts as a notifier, authenticates the subscriber, and accepts the subscription. The RLS may have direct information about some or all of the

resources specified by the list. If it does not, it could subscribe to any non-local resources specified by the list resource.

Note that subscriptions to non-local resources may or may not be SIP subscriptions; any mechanism for determining such information may be employed. This document uses the term "back-end subscription" to

refer to such a subscription, regardless of whether SIP is used to

establish and service it.

As the state of resources in the list change, the RLS generates

notifications to the list subscribers. The RLS can, at its

discretion, buffer notifications of resource changes and send the

resource information to the subscriber in batches, rather than

individually. This allows the RLS to provide rate limiting for the

subscriber.

The list notifications contain a body of type multipart/related. The root section of the multipart/related content is an XML document that provides meta-information about each resource present in the list.

The remaining sections contain the actual state information for each resource.

4. Operation of List Subscriptions

The event list extension acts, in many ways, like an event template

package. In particular, any single list subscription must be

homogeneous with respect to the underlying event package. In other

words, a single list subscription can apply only one event package to all the resources in the resource list.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]

Note that it is perfectly valid for an RLS to allow multiple

subscriptions to the same list to use differing event packages.

The key difference between a list subscription and templates in

general is that support for list subscriptions indicates support for arbitrary nesting of list subscriptions. In other words, elements

within the list may be atomic elements, or they may be lists

themselves.

The consequence of this is that subscription to a URI that represents a list actually results in several virtual subscriptions to a tree of resources. The leaf nodes of this tree are virtual subscriptions of the event type given in the "Event" header field; all other nodes in the tree are list subscriptions that are serviced as described in

this section and its subsections.

Keep in mind that these virtual subscriptions are not literal SIP

subscriptions (although they may result in SIP subscriptions,

depending on the RLS implementation).

4.1. Negotiation of Support for Resource Lists

This specification uses the SIP option tag mechanism for negotiating support for the extension defined herein. Refer to RFC 3261 [1] for the normative description of processing of the "Supported" and

"Require" header fields and the 421 (Extension Required) response

code.

A non-normative description of the implications of the use of

option tags follows.

Any client that supports the event list extension will include an option tag of "eventlist" in a "Supported" header field of every

SUBSCRIBE message for a subscription for which it is willing to

process a list. If the subscription is made to a URI that

represents a list, the RLS will include "eventlist" in a "Require" header field of the response to the SUBSCRIBE, and in all NOTIFY

messages within that subscription.

Use of "Require: eventlist" in NOTIFY messages is applied by the

notifier to satisfy the RFC 3261 requirement that a UAC MUST

insert a Require header field into a request if the UAC wishes to insist that a UAS understand an extension in order to process the request. Because the NOTIFY would not be usable without applying the eventlist option, the notifier is obligated to include it.

Including "eventlist" in a "Require" header field in a SUBSCRIBE

request serves no purpose except to break interoperability in certain cases, and is consequently NOT RECOMMENDED.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]

Sending of "Supported: eventlist" in a NOTIFY message is meaningless and silly. Implementations SHOULD NOT include "Supported: eventlist" in any requests except for SUBSCRIBE.

There is nothing in a SIP URI that indicates whether it represents a list of resources or a single resource. Therefore, if a subscriber

sends a request to a URI that represents a list resource but does not include a Supported header field listing the "eventlist" token, the

notifier will typically return a 421 (Extension Required) response

code. RFC 3261 [1] advises that servers avoid returning a 421 and

instead attempt to process the request without the extension.

However, in this case, the URI fundamentally represents a list

resource, and therefore the subscription cannot proceed without this extension.

4.2. Subscription Duration

Since the primary benefit of the resource list server is to reduce

the overall messaging volume to a subscriber, it is RECOMMENDED that the subscription duration to a list be reasonably long. The default, when no duration is specified, is taken from the underlying event

package. Of course, the standard techniques [2] can be used to

increase or reduce this amount.

4.3. NOTIFY Bodies

An implementation compliant to this specification MUST support the

multipart/related and application/rlmi+xml MIME types. These types

MUST be included in an Accept header sent in a SUBSCRIBE message, in addition to any other types supported by the client (including any

types required by the event package being used).

4.4. RLS Processing of SUBSCRIBE Requests

Once the subscriber is authenticated, the RLS performs authorization per its local policy. In many cases, each resource list is

associated with a particular user (the one who created it and manages the set of elements in it), and only that user will be allowed to

subscribe. Of course, this mode of operation is not inherent in the use of resource lists, and an RLS can use any authorization policy it chooses.

4.5. RLS Generation of NOTIFY Requests

This specification leaves the choice about how and when to generate

NOTIFY requests at the discretion of the implementor. One of the

differentiators between various RLS implementations is the means by

which they aggregate, rate-limit, or optimize the way in which Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]

notifications are generated. As a baseline behavior, the RLS MAY

generate a NOTIFY to the RLS subscriber whenever the state of any

resource on the list changes.

It is important to understand that any given subscription is a

subscription either to a single resource or to a list of resources.

This nature (single resource versus list of resources) cannot change during the duration of a single subscription. In particular, this

means that RLSes MUST NOT send NOTIFY messages that do not contain

RLMI for a subscription if they have previously sent NOTIFY messages in that subscription containing RLMI. Similarly, RLSes MUST NOT send NOTIFY messages that do contain RLMI for a subscription if they have previously sent NOTIFY messages in that subscription which do not.

List representations necessarily contain RLMI documents for two

reasons. Importantly, they identify the resource to which the

event state corresponds. Many state syntaxes do not fully

identify the resource to which the state applies, or they may

identify the resource in a different way than it is represented in the list; for example, PIDF documents may contain resource URIs

that are not identical to the URI used to retrieve them. Further, RLMI documents serve to disambiguate multiple instances of a

single resource.

See Section 5 for a detailed definition of the syntax used to convey the state of resource lists. For the purposes of the following

discussion, it is important to know that the overall list contains

zero or more resources, and that the resources contain zero or more

instances. Each instance has a state associated with it (pending,

active, or terminating) representing the state of the virtual

subscription.

Notifications contain a multipart document, the first part of which

always contains meta-information about the list (e.g., membership,

state of the virtual subscription to the resource). Remaining parts are used to convey the actual state of the resources listed in the

meta-information.

The "state" attribute of each instance of a resource in the

meta-information is set according to the state of the virtual

subscription. The meanings of the "state" attribute are described in RFC 3265 [2].

If an instance of a resource was previously reported to the

subscriber but is no longer available (i.e., the virtual subscription to that instance has been terminated), the resource list server

SHOULD include that resource instance in the meta-information in the first NOTIFY message sent to the subscriber following the instance’s Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]

unavailability. The RLS MAY continue to do so for future

notifications.

When sending information for a terminated resource instance, the RLS indicates a state of "terminated" and an appropriate reason value.

Valid reason values and their meanings are described in RFC 3265 [2]. If the RLS will attempt to recover the resource state again at some

point in the future (e.g., when the reason in the meta-information is "probation"), then the instance of the resource SHOULD remain in the meta-information until the instance state is available, or until the RLS gives up on making such state available.

When the first SUBSCRIBE message for a particular subscription is

received by an RLS, the RLS will often not know state information for all the resources specified by the resource list. For any resource

for which state information is not known, the corresponding "uri"

attribute will be set appropriately, and no elements will be present for the resource.

For an initial notification, sections corresponding to resources for which the RLS does have state will be populated with appropriate data (subject, of course, to local policy decisions). This will often

occur if the resource list server is co-located with the server for

one or more of the resources specified on the list.

Immediate notifications triggered as a result of subsequent SUBSCRIBE messages SHOULD include an RLMI document in which the full state is

indicated. The RLS SHOULD also include state information for all

resources in the list for which the RLS has state, subject to policy restrictions. This allows the subscriber to refresh their state, and to recover from lost notifications.

4.6. Subscriber Processing of NOTIFY Requests

Notifications for a resource list can convey information about a

subset of the list elements. This means that an explicit algorithm

needs to be defined in order to construct coherent and consistent

state.

The XML document present in the root of the multipart/related

document contains a element for some or all of the

resources in the list. Each element contains a URI that

uniquely identifies the resource to which that section corresponds.

When a NOTIFY arrives, it can contain full or partial state (as

indicated by the "fullState" attribute of the top-level

element). If full state is indicated, then the recipient replaces

all state associated with the list with the entities in the NOTIFY

body. If full state is not indicated, the recipient of the NOTIFY Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]

updates information for each identified resource. Information for

any resources that are not identified in the NOTIFY is not changed,

even if they were indicated in previous NOTIFY messages. See

Section 5.6 for more information.

When full state is indicated, note that it applies only to the

RLMI document in which it occurs. In particular, one of the

elements in the document may in turn refer to another

list of resources. Any such sub-lists will be detailed in their

own RLMI documents, which may or may not have full state

indicated.

Further note that the underlying event package may have its own

rules for compositing partial state notification. When processing data related to those packages, their rules apply (i.e., the fact that they were reported as part of a list does not change their

partial notification semantics).

Finally, note that as a consequence of the way in which resource

list subscriptions work, polling of resource state may not be

particularly useful. While such polls will retrieve the resource list, they will not necessarily contain state for some or all of

the resources on the list.

4.7. Handling of Forked Requests

Forking makes little sense with subscriptions to event lists, since

the whole idea is a centralization of the source of notifications.

Therefore, a subscriber to a list MUST NOT install multiple

subscriptions when the initial request is forked. If multiple

responses are received, they are handled using the techniques

described in Section 4.4.9 of RFC 3265 [2].

4.8. Rate of Notifications

One potential role of the RLS is to perform rate limitations on

behalf of the subscriber. As such, this specification does not

mandate any particular rate limitation, and rather leaves that to the discretion of the implementation.

5. Using multipart/related to Convey Aggregate State

In order to convey the state of multiple resources, the list

extension uses the "multipart/related" mime type. The syntax for

multipart/related is defined in "The MIME Multipart/Related Content- type" [4].

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]

5.1. XML Syntax

The root document of the multipart/related body MUST be a Resource

List Meta-Information (RLMI) document. It is of the type

"application/rlmi+xml". This document contains the meta-information for the resources contained in the notification. The schema for this XML document is given below.

elementFormDefault="qualified"

xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:rlmi"

xmlns:xs="https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,/2001/XMLSchema">

schemaLocation="https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,/2001/xml.xsd"/>

maxOccurs="unbounded" />

maxOccurs="unbounded" />

use="required" />

use="required" />

maxOccurs="unbounded" />

maxOccurs="unbounded" />

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]

processContents="lax" />

use="optional" />

An example of a document formatted using this schema follows.

uri="sip:adam-friends@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,"

version="7" fullState="true">

Buddy List

Liste d’amis

Bob Smith

cid="12345.aaa@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,"/>

Dave Jones

cid="12345.aab@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,"/>

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]

Jim

reason="rejected" />

Ed

5.2. List Attributes

The element present in a list notification MUST contain three attributes.

The first mandatory attribute is "uri", which contains the uri that corresponds to the list. Typically, this is the URI to which

the SUBSCRIBE request was sent.

The second mandatory attribute is "version", which contains a number from 0 to 2^32-1. This version number MUST be 0 for the first NOTIFY message sent within a subscription, and MUST increase by

exactly one for each subsequent NOTIFY sent within a subscription.

The third mandatory attribute is "fullState". The "fullState"

attribute indicates whether the NOTIFY message contains information

for every resource in the list. If it does, the value of the

attribute is "true" (or "1"); otherwise, it is "false" (or "0"). The first NOTIFY sent in a subscription MUST contain full state, as must the first NOTIFY sent after receipt of a SUBSCRIBE request for the

subscription.

Finally, elements MAY contain a "cid" attribute. If present, the "cid" attribute identifies a section within the multipart/related body that contains aggregate state information for the resources

contained in the list. The definition of such aggregate information is outside the scope of this document and will be defined on a per-

package basis, as needed. The cid attribute is the Content-ID for

the corresponding section in the multipart body.

The cid attribute MUST refer only to top-level parts of the

multipart/related document for which the RLMI document in which it

appears is the root. See Section 5.5 for an example.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]

5.3. Resource Attributes

The resource list contains one element for each resource

being reported in the notification. These resource elements contain attributes that identify meta-data associated with each resource.

The "uri" attribute identifies the resource to which the

element corresponds. Typically, this will be a SIP URI that, if

subscribed to, would return the state of the resource. This

attribute MUST be present.

5.4. Name Attributes

Each list and resource element contains zero or more name elements.

These name elements contain human-readable descriptions or names for the resource list or resource. The contents of these elements are

somewhat analogous to the "Display Name" present in the SIP name-addr element.

Name elements optionally contain the standard XML "xml:lang"

attribute. The "xml:lang" attribute, if present, specifies the

language of the human-readable name. If this attribute is present,

it MUST contain a valid language tag. Language tags are defined in

RFC 3066 [6]. The language tag assists applications in determining

which of potentially several name elements should be rendered to the user.

5.5. Instance Attributes

Each resource element contains zero or more instance elements. These instance elements are used to represent a single notifier for the

resource. For event packages that allow forking, multiple virtual

subscriptions may exist for a given resource. Multiple virtual

subscriptions are represented as multiple instance elements in the

corresponding resource element. For subscriptions in which forking

does not occur, at most one instance will be present for a given

resource.

The "id" attribute contains an opaque string used to uniquely

identify the instance of the resource. The "id" attribute is unique only within the context of a resource. Construction of this string

is an implementation decision. Any mechanism for generating this

string is valid, as long as uniqueness within the resource is

assured.

The "state" attribute contains the subscription state for the

identified instance of the resource. This attribute contains one of the values "active", "pending", or "terminated". The meanings for Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]

these values are as defined for the "Subscription-State" header field in RFC 3265 [2].

If the "state" attribute indicates "terminated", then a "reason"

attribute MUST also be present. This "reason" attribute has the same values and meanings as those given for the "reason" parameter on the "Subscription-State" header field in RFC 3265 [2]. Note that the

"reason" attribute is included for informational purposes; the list

subscriber is not expected to take any automated actions based on the reason value.

Finally, the "cid" attribute, which MUST be present if the "state"

attribute is "active", identifies the section within the

multipart/related body that contains the actual resource state. This state is expressed in the content type defined by the event package

for conveying state. The cid attribute is the Content-ID for the

corresponding section in the multipart body.

The cid attribute MUST refer only to top-level parts of the

multipart/related document for which the RLMI document in which it

appears is the root.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]

For example, consider a multipart/related document containing

three parts; we’ll label these parts A, B, and C. Part A is type application/rlmi+xml, part B is type multipart/related, and part C is type application/pidf+xml. Part B is in turn a document

containing three parts: D, E, and F. Part D is of type

application/rlmi+xml, and parts E and F are of type

application/pidf+xml.

+-------------------------------------------+

| Top Level Document: multipart/related |

| |

| +---------------------------------------+ |

| | Part A: application/rlmi+xml | |

| +---------------------------------------+ |

| | Part B: multipart/related | |

| | | |

| | +-----------------------------------+ | |

| | | Part D: application/rlmi+xml | | |

| | +-----------------------------------+ | |

| | | Part E: application/pidf+xml | | |

| | +-----------------------------------+ | |

| | | Part F: application/pidf+xml | | |

| | +-----------------------------------+ | |

| | | |

| +---------------------------------------+ |

| | Part C: application/pidf+xml | |

| +---------------------------------------+ |

| |

+-------------------------------------------+

Any "cid" attributes in document A must refer only to parts B or

C. Referring to parts D, E, or F would be illegal. Similarly,

any "cid" attributes in document D must refer only to parts E or

F. Referring to any other parts would be illegal.

Also note that the subscription durations of any back-end

subscriptions are not propagated into the meta-information state

in any way.

5.6. Constructing Coherent Resource State

The resource list subscriber maintains a table for each resource

list. The table contains a row for each resource in the resource

list. Each row is indexed by the URI for that resource. That URI is obtained from the "uri" attribute on each element. The

contents of each row contain the state of that resource as conveyed

in the resource document.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]

For resources that provide versioning information (which is mandated by [2] for any formats that allow partial notification), each row

also contains a resource state version number. The version number of the row is initialized with the version specified in the first

document received, as defined by the corresponding event package.

This value is used when comparing versions of partial notifications

for a resource.

The processing of the resource list notification depends on whether

it contains full or partial state.

5.6.1. Processing Full State Notifications

If a notification contains full state, indicated by the

attribute "fullState" set to "true", the notification is used to

update the table. A check is first made to ensure that the "version" attribute of the attribute in the received message is greater than the local version number. If not, the received document is

discarded without any further processing. Otherwise, the contents of the resource-list table are flushed and repopulated from the contents of the document. A new row in the table is created for each

"resource" element.

5.6.2. Processing Partial State Notifications

If a notification contains partial state, indicated by the

attribute "fullState" set to "false", a check is made to ensure that no list notifications have been lost. The value of the local version number (the "version" attribute of the element) is compared to the version number of the new document.

o If the value in the new document is exactly one higher than the

local version number, the local version number is increased by

one, and the document is processed as described below.

o If the version in the document is more than one higher than the

local version number, the local version number is set to the value in the new document, and the document is processed as described

below. The list subscriber SHOULD also generate a refresh request to trigger a full state notification.

o If the version in the document is less than or equal to the local version, the document is discarded without any further processing. For each resource listed in the document, the subscriber checks to

see whether a row exists for that resource. This check is done by

comparing the Resource-URI value with the URI associated with the

row. If the resource doesn’t exist in the table, a row is added, and Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]

its state is set to the information from that "resource" element. If the resource does exist, its state is updated to be the information

from that "resource" element, as described in the definition of the

event package. If a row is updated or created such that its state is now "terminated," that entry MAY be removed from the table at any

time.

6. Example

This section gives an example call flow. It is not normative. If a conflict arises between this call flow and the normative behavior

described in this or any other document, the normative descriptions

are to be followed.

In this particular example, we request a subscription to a nested

presence list. The subscriber’s address-of-record is

"sip:adam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,", and the name of the nested list

resource that we are subscribing to is called

"sip:adam-buddies@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,". The underlying event package is "presence", described by [8].

In this example, the RLS has information to service some of the

resources on the list, but must consult other servers to retrieve

information for others. The implementation of the RLS in this

example uses the SIP SUBSCRIBE/NOTIFY mechanism to retrieve such

information.

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]

Terminal https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html, https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,

| | https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html, |

1 |---SUBSCRIBE--->| | |

2 |<-----200-------| | |

3 |<----NOTIFY-----| | |

4 |------200------>| | |

5 | |---SUBSCRIBE--->| |

6 | |<-----200-------| |

7 | |<----NOTIFY-----| |

8 | |------200------>| |

9 | |------------SUBSCRIBE----------->|

10| |<--------------200---------------|

11| |<-------------NOTIFY-------------|

12| |---------------200-------------->|

13|<----NOTIFY-----| | |

14|------200------>| | |

1. We initiate the subscription by sending a SUBSCRIBE message to

our local RLS. (There is no reason that the RLS we contact has to be in our domain, of course). Note that we must advertise

support for application/rlmi+xml and multipart/related because

we support the eventlist extension, and that we must advertise

application/pidf+xml because we are requesting a subscription to presence.

Terminal -> Local RLS

SUBSCRIBE sip:adam-buddies@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html, SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/TCP https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,;

branch=z9hG4bKwYb6QREiCL

Max-Forwards: 70

To:

From: ;tag=ie4hbb8t

Call-ID: cdB34qLToC@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,

CSeq: 322723822 SUBSCRIBE

Contact:

Event: presence

Expires: 7200

Supported: eventlist

Accept: application/pidf+xml

Accept: application/rlmi+xml

Accept: multipart/related

Accept: multipart/signed

Accept: application/pkcs7-mime

Content-Length: 0

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]

2. The Local RLS completes the SUBSCRIBE transaction. Note that

authentication and authorization would normally take place at

this point in the call flow. Those steps are omitted for

brevity.

Local RLS -> Terminal

SIP/2.0 200 OK

Via: SIP/2.0/TCP https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,;

branch=z9hG4bKwYb6QREiCL

To: ;tag=zpNctbZq

From: ;tag=ie4hbb8t

Call-ID: cdB34qLToC@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,

CSeq: 322723822 SUBSCRIBE

Contact:

Expires: 7200

Require: eventlist

Content-Length: 0

3. As is required by RFC 3265 [2], the RLS sends a NOTIFY

immediately upon accepting the subscription. In this example,

we are assuming that the local RLS is also an authority for

presence information for the users in the

"https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html," domain. The NOTIFY contains an RLMI

document describing the entire buddy list (initial notifies

require full state), as well as presence information for the

users about which it already knows. Note that, since the RLS

has not yet retrieved information for some of the entries on the list, those elements contain no elements. Local RLS -> Terminal

NOTIFY sip:https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html, SIP/2.0

Via: SIP/2.0/TCP https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,;

branch=z9hG4bKMgRenTETmm

Max-Forwards: 70

From: ;tag=zpNctbZq

To: ;tag=ie4hbb8t

Call-ID: cdB34qLToC@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2815264492.html,

CSeq: 997935768 NOTIFY

Contact:

Event: presence

Subscription-State: active;expires=7200

Require: eventlist

Content-Type: multipart/related;type="application/rlmi+xml";

start="";

boundary="50UBfW7LSCVLtggUPe5z"

Content-Length: 1560

Roach, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]

坚定不移贯彻新发展理念

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管理学原理

管理学原理 管理学是一门综合性的交叉学科,是系统研究管理活动的基本规律和一般方法的科学。管理学是适应现代社会化大生产的需要产生的,它的目的是:研究在现有的条件下,如何通过合理的组织和配置人、财、物等因素,提高生产力的水平。 管理是指在特定的环境下,管理者通过执行计划、组织、领导、控制等职能,整合组织的各项资源,实现组织既定目标的活动过程。 它有三层含义: (1) 管理是一种有意识,有目的的活动,它服务并服从于组织目标。 (2)管理是一个连续进行的活动过程,实现组织目标的过程,就是管理者执行计划组织领导控制等职能的过程。由于这一系列职能之间是相互关联的,从而使得管理过程体现为一个连续进行的活动过程。 (3)管理活动是在一定的环境中进行的,在开放的条件下,任何组织都处于千变万化的环境之中,复杂的环境成为决定组织生存与发展的重要因素。 折叠相关书籍 目前还没有一套普遍公认的完整的管理学原理体系。不同版本的管理学教科书和辞书,各有一套不同的管理学原理体系。 折叠《现代管理科学词库》

朱新民、李永春、周吉主编《现代管理科学词库》(上海交通大学出版社1986年9月) 中提出了下列管理原理体系:《现代管理科学词库》 ⑴系统原理:为了达到最佳管理,必须进行系统分析,抓住系统的三个环节:目的性、全局性、层次性。 ⑵整分合原理:现代高效率的管理,必须在整体规划下明确分工,在分工基础上有效地综合。 ⑶反馈原理:面对不断变化的客观实际,必须做到灵敏、准确、有力的反馈。 ⑷封闭原理:任一系统内的管理手段必须构成一个连续封闭的回路。 ⑸能级原理:将不同的个人,根据其能力大小,分别安排在适当层次的组织机构中,做到人尽其才,能者多劳。 ⑹弹性原理:管理必须保持充分的弹性,以适应各种可能的变化,实现动态管理。 ⑺动力原理:管理必须有强大的动力,包括物质动力、精神动力,信息动力,才能持续有效地进行。 折叠《管理学》 张正河、陆娟主编《管理学》的原理体系为: ⑴人本原理:以人(员工)为中心,以人为本。

周三多《管理学》简介

周三多版《管理学》 周三多版《管理学》是教育部“面向世纪教学内容和课程体系改革计划”以及高等教育出版社“高等教育百门精品课程教材建设计划”的研究成果, 是国内最受欢迎的标准管理学教材之一,并被全国余所高等院校广泛采用并作为管理学教学及研究生入学考试、博士生入学考试的典范教材。 周三多版《管理学》章节目录编排包括按照管理职能划分的总论、决策与计划、组织、领导、控制、创新等六个内容部分,分为十八章。文都网校考研《管理学》在授课过程中,教师会依次深入剖析专业课核心知识点对应的复习资料、基础知识框架梳理及其解析内容等。目的是帮助学生发现题目设置和解答的规律性,掌握题目对应的知识点和熟悉解题的金钥匙。从而降低考研专业课的复习难度,迅速提高专业课知识水平,为下一阶段的学习做好储备与铺垫。 考试重点难点早知道: 一、德尔菲法的特点;法约尔的跳板原则;切斯特.巴纳德对组织理论的贡献;管理的理念和方法对管理过程和结果的影响;管理的效率和效果的区别;社会人假设;管理科学理论。 二、终极性价值观与工具性价值观;管理者的责任;管理伦理;:跨文化管理;组织外部环境。 三、组织中的信息管理工作;信息系统;与Ⅱ;;虚拟团队;非确定性决策;群体决策;程序和非程序决策。 四、计划;计划与决策的关系;“计划跟不上变化,所以制定计划没有意义”如何理解这句话;在企业中怎样进行计划管理。 五、战略计划;分析法;企业战略;计划审评技术;企业目标与企业的宗旨和使命的关系;目标管理利弊;有效推行目标管理的条件。 六、委员会;有机式组织;直线人员与参谋人员;矩阵组织结构;虚拟组织;组织扁平化;授权;组织“横向化”;非正式组织;管理幅度与管理层次。 七、素质模型;弹性福利计划;组织氛围;雇员援助计划;纯基薪计划;评价中心;周边绩效;薪酬水平;劳动关系;团队管理;人力资源管理与人事管理;人本管理;薪酬管理的外部公平、内部公平与员工公平;培训效果评估;员工福利;培训需求分析;工作分析。 八、建设性冲突;组织层面变革;减少破坏冲突的方法;对建设有中国特色的组织文化的看法;企业文化。 九、变革型领导;概念技能;领导与管理;领导应该具备的技能;权力在行使领导职能的作用。

nginx设置rewrite规则

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深入理解新发展理念

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次科技和产业革命都深刻改变了世界发展面貌和格局。一些国家抓住了机遇,经济社会发展驶入快车道,经济实力、科技实力、军事实力迅速增强,甚至一跃成为世界强国。发端于英国的第一次产业革命,使英国走上了世界霸主地位;美国抓住了第二次产业革命机遇,赶超英国成为世界第一。从第二次产业革命以来,美国就占据世界第一的位置,这是因为美国在科技和产业革命中都是领航者和最大获利者。 中华民族是勇于创新、善于创新的民族。前面说到我国历史上的发展和辉煌,同当时我国科技发明和创新密切相关。我国古代在天文历法、数学、农学、医学、地理学等众多科技领域取得举世瞩目的成就。这些发明创造同生产紧密结合,为农业和手工业发展提供了有力支撑。英国哲学家培根这样讲到:印刷术、火药、指南针,这3种发明曾改变了整个世界事物的面貌和状态,以致没有一个帝国、教派和人物能比这3种发明在人类事业中产生更大的力量和影响。一些资料显示,16世纪以前世界上最重要的300项发明和发现中,我国占173项,远远超过同时代的欧洲。我国发展历史上长期处于世界领先地位,我国思想文化、社会制度、经济发展、科学技术以及其他许多方面对周边发挥了重要辐射和引领作用。近代以来,我国逐渐由领先变为落后,一个重要原因就是我们错失了多次科技和产业革命带来的巨大发展机遇。 当今世界,经济社会发展越来越依赖于理论、制度、科技、文化等领域的创新,国际竞争新优势也越来越体现在创新能力上。谁在创新上先行一步,谁就能拥有引领发展的主动权。当前,新一轮科技和产业革命蓄势

世界主要管理学家简介及其主要思想1

1、管理过程之父法约尔法国1841-1925 西方古典管理理论在法国的最杰出代表亨利·法约尔(Henry Fayol)法国科学管理专家。管理学先驱之一 法约尔的管理功能理论认为管理功能包括计划、组织、命令、协调和控制。管理企业的六项基本活动是:技术、商业、财务、安全、会计和管理(核心)。管理不是专家或经理独有的特权和责任,而是企业全体成员(包括工人)的共同职责,只是职位越高,管理责任越大。他在实践基础上总结出14条管理原则,即分工、职权与职责、纪律、统一指挥、统一领导、公益高于私利、个人报酬、集中化、等级链、秩序、公正、保持人员的稳定、首创精神、集体精神。其主要内容包括:任何一个下属组织只应该接受一个上级的命令,这是组织统一行动,协调力量和一致努力的必要条件;从最高权力层直至低层管理人员应组成类似金字塔式的组织,使发出命令、解决争端和传递信息都经过法定的渠道;一个管理者能有效地直接领导、指挥和监督的下属人数的极限一般为12个;组织应自上而下地管理,最终的管理责任在上层,而不是将管理责任分散,甚至消失在下层;管理的权力和责任共存,责任是权力的自然结果和必不可少的对等物,责任下放了,权力也必须下放。法约尔的管理功能理论在欧洲有深远的影响,也曾为美国传统行政学派所接受。 2、彼得·德鲁克(Peter F.Drucker) (1909.11.19~2005.11.11)一生共著书39本,在《哈佛商业评论》发表文章30余篇,被誉为“现代管理学之父” 1954年,德鲁克提出了一个具有划时代意义的概念——目标管理(Management By Objectives,简称为MBO),它是德鲁克所发明的最重要、最有影响的概念,并已成为当代管理学的重要组成部分。 目标管理的最大优点也许是它使得一位经理人能控制自己的成就。自我控制意味着更强的激励:一种要做得最好而不是敷衍了事的愿望。它意味着更高的成就目标和更广阔的眼界。目标管理的主要贡献之一就是它使得我们能用自我控制的管理来代替由别人统治的管理。 3、赫伯特·西蒙(Herbert·A·Simon,1916~?)美国管理学家和社会科学家 为决策贯彻管理的全过程,管理就是决策,组织就是决策,组织是由作为决策者的个人所组成的系统。综观其著作,除上述观点为组织方面的外,其余主要是发展了决策的科学方法体系。 4.哈罗德·孔茨(H.Koontz);美国管理学家,管理过程学派的主要代表人物之一 孔茨利用这些管理职能对管理理论进行分析、研究和阐述,最终得以建立起管理过程学派。孔茨是管理过程学派的集大成者,他继承了法约尔的理论,并把法约尔的理论更加系统化、条理化,使管理过程学派成为管理各学派中最具有影响力的学派。 管理过程学派的主要特点是将管理理论同管理人员所执行的管理职能,也就是管理人员所从事的工作联系起来。他们认为,无论组织的性质多么不同(如经济组织、政府组织、宗教组织和军事组织等),组织所处的环境有多么不同,但管理人员所从事的管理职能却是相同的,管理活动的过程就是管理的职能逐步展开和实现的过程。因此,管理过程学派把管理的职能作为研究的对象,他们先把管理的工作划分为若干职能,然后对这些职能进行研究,阐明每项职能的性质、特点和重要性,论述实现这些职能的原则和方法。管理过程学派认为,应用这种方法就可以把管理工作的主要方面加以理论概括并有助于建立起系统的管理理论,用以指导管理的实践。 5、亚当·斯密(1723~1790)是经济学的主要创立者。 6、泰罗(Frederick Winslow Taylor)(1856-1915)是美国古典管理学家,科学管理理论的主要倡导者,被后人尊称为“科学管理之父”。科学管理原理》是他的代表作,较为全

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